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-5867507943020059950 | List of presidents of the United States by age | List of presidents of the United States by age - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by age Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of presidents of the United States by age . The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration ( first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms ) , upon leaving office , and at the time of death . Each president 's lifespan ( age at death ) is measured in two ways , to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced . The first figure is the number of days between the president 's date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses , the same period is given in years and days , with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived , and the days being the number of days since the last birthday . Where the president is still living , their lifespan is calculated up to February 28 , 2018 . The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president , and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living . Contents ( hide ) 1 Age of U.S. presidents 1.1 Notes 2 Oldest living U.S. presidents 3 References 4 Sources Age of U.S. presidents See also : Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve ( mean age marked by red line , c. 55.5 years ) The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months . This is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president at the age of 42 years , 322 days , following William McKinley 's assassination ; the oldest was Donald Trump , who was 70 years , 220 days old at his inauguration . The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy , at 43 years , 163 days of age on election day ; the oldest was Ronald Reagan , who was 73 years , 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term . Assassinated three years into his term , John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt ( 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan ( 77 years , 349 days ) . Born on May 29 , 1917 , John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors , the greatest number to date : Lyndon Johnson ( 8 years , 9 months , and 2 days ) ; Ronald Reagan ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; Richard Nixon ( 4 years , 4 months , and 16 days ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 3 years , 10 months , and 15 days ) . Born on February 11 , 1911 , Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors , the greatest number to date : Richard Nixon ( 1 year , 11 months , and 7 days ) ; Gerald Ford ( 2 years , 5 months , and 8 days ) ; John F. Kennedy ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; and Jimmy Carter ( 13 years , 7 months , and 25 days ) . Three presidents -- Donald Trump , George W. Bush , and Bill Clinton -- were born in 1946 ( all within the span of 9 weeks ) . This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born . Two presidents -- James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding -- were born on November 2 ( 70 years apart ) . This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents . The oldest living U.S. president is George H.W. Bush , born June 12 , 1924 ( age 93 years , 261 days ) . On November 25 , 2017 , he also became the longest - lived president , surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford , who died at the age of 93 years , 165 days . The second oldest living president , Jimmy Carter , has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history , currently at 37 years , 39 days . He surpassed the previous record , held by Herbert Hoover ( 31 years , 230 days ) on September 7 , 2012 . The youngest living president is Barack Obama , born August 4 , 1961 ( age 56 years , 208 days ) . The shortest - lived president to have died by natural causes ( thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield , who were both assassinated ) was James K. Polk , who died of cholera at the age of 53 years , 225 days ; only 103 days after leaving office . Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s . They are ( in order of birth ) : John Adams ( 1735 -- 1826 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1874 -- 1964 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1911 -- 2004 ) Gerald Ford ( 1913 -- 2006 ) George H.W. Bush ( born 1924 ) Jimmy Carter ( born 1924 ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Washington , George George Washington 000000001732 - 02 - 22 - 0000 Feb 22 , 1732 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 Apr 30 , 1789 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004237520000000000 ♠ 65 years , 10 days 01,015 1,015 days ( 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days ) 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 Dec 14 , 1799 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days ( 24,767 days ) Adams , John A. John Adams 000000001735 - 10 - 30 - 0000 Oct 30 , 1735 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 7004224060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 125 days 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004238660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 125 days 09,253 9,253 days ( 7003925300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days ( 33,119 days ) Jefferson , Thomas Thomas Jefferson 000000001743 - 04 - 13 - 0000 Apr 13 , 1743 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 7004211440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 325 days 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004240660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 325 days 06,331 6,331 days ( 7003633100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 122 days ) 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 7004303970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 82 days ( 30,397 days ) Madison , James James Madison 000000001751 - 03 - 16 - 0000 Mar 16 , 1751 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 7004211720000000000 ♠ 57 years , 353 days 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004240940000000000 ♠ 65 years , 353 days 07,056 7,056 days ( 7003705600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 116 days ) 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 Jun 28 , 1836 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days ( 31,150 days ) Monroe , James James Monroe 000000001758 - 04 - 28 - 0000 Apr 28 , 1758 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 7004214940000000000 ♠ 58 years , 310 days 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004244160000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days 02,313 2,313 days ( 7003231300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 122 days ) 000000001831 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1831 7004267290000000000 ♠ 73 years , 67 days ( 26,729 days ) 6 Adams , John Q. John Q. Adams 000000001767 - 07 - 11 - 0000 Jul 11 , 1767 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 7004210550000000000 ♠ 57 years , 236 days 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004225160000000000 ♠ 61 years , 236 days 06,930 6,930 days ( 7003693000000000000 ♠ 18 years , 356 days ) 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 Feb 23 , 1848 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days ( 29,446 days ) 7 Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001767 - 03 - 15 - 0000 Mar 15 , 1767 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 7004226340000000000 ♠ 61 years , 354 days 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004255560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 354 days 03,018 3,018 days ( 7003301800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 96 days ) 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 Jun 8 , 1845 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days ( 28,574 days ) 8 Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001782 - 12 - 05 - 0000 Dec 5 , 1782 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 7004198120000000000 ♠ 54 years , 89 days 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004212730000000000 ♠ 58 years , 89 days 07,812 7,812 days ( 7003781200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 142 days ) 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 Jul 24 , 1862 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days ( 29,085 days ) 9 Harrison , William H. William H. Harrison 000000001773 - 02 - 09 - 0000 Feb 9 , 1773 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 7004248590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 23 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days 00,000 0 days 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days ( 24,890 days ) 10 Tyler , John John Tyler 000000001790 - 03 - 29 - 0000 Mar 29 , 1790 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000 Apr 4 , 1841 7004186330000000000 ♠ 51 years , 6 days 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004200630000000000 ♠ 54 years , 340 days 06,164 6,164 days ( 7003616400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 320 days ) 000000001862 - 01 - 18 - 0000 Jan 18 , 1862 7004262270000000000 ♠ 71 years , 295 days ( 26,227 days ) 11 Polk , James K. James K. Polk 000000001795 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1795 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1845 7004180190000000000 ♠ 49 years , 122 days 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004194800000000000 ♠ 53 years , 122 days 00,103 103 days 000000001849 - 06 - 15 - 0000 Jun 15 , 1849 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days ( 19,583 days ) 12 Taylor , Zachary Zachary Taylor 000000001784 - 11 - 24 - 0000 Nov 24 , 1784 000000001849 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1849 7004234750000000000 ♠ 64 years , 100 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days 00,000 0 days 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days ( 23,967 days ) 13 Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001800 - 01 - 07 - 0000 Jan 7 , 1800 000000001850 - 07 - 09 - 0000 Jul 9 , 1850 7004184450000000000 ♠ 50 years , 183 days 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004194140000000000 ♠ 53 years , 56 days 07,674 7,674 days ( 7003767400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 4 days ) 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1874 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days ( 27,088 days ) 14 Pierce , Franklin Franklin Pierce 000000001804 - 11 - 23 - 0000 Nov 23 , 1804 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1853 7004176330000000000 ♠ 48 years , 101 days 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004190940000000000 ♠ 52 years , 101 days 04,601 4,601 days ( 7003460100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 218 days ) 000000001869 - 10 - 08 - 0000 Oct 8 , 1869 7004236950000000000 ♠ 64 years , 319 days ( 23,695 days ) 15 Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001791 - 04 - 23 - 0000 Apr 23 , 1791 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1857 7004240560000000000 ♠ 65 years , 315 days 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004255170000000000 ♠ 69 years , 315 days 02,646 2,646 days ( 7003264600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 89 days ) 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 Jun 1 , 1868 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days ( 28,163 days ) 16 Lincoln , Abraham Abraham Lincoln 000000001809 - 02 - 12 - 0000 Feb 12 , 1809 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1861 7004190130000000000 ♠ 52 years , 20 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days 00,000 0 days 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days ( 20,516 days ) 17 Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001808 - 12 - 29 - 0000 Dec 29 , 1808 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205610000000000 ♠ 56 years , 107 days 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004219800000000000 ♠ 60 years , 65 days 02,340 2,340 days ( 7003234000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 149 days ) 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 Jul 31 , 1875 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days ( 24,320 days ) 18 Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001822 - 04 - 27 - 0000 Apr 27 , 1822 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1869 7004171130000000000 ♠ 46 years , 311 days 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004200350000000000 ♠ 54 years , 311 days 03,063 3,063 days ( 7003306300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 141 days ) 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 Jul 23 , 1885 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days ( 23,098 days ) 19 Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001822 - 10 - 04 - 0000 Oct 4 , 1822 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1877 7004198750000000000 ♠ 54 years , 151 days 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004213360000000000 ♠ 58 years , 151 days 04,337 4,337 days ( 7003433700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 319 days ) 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 Jan 17 , 1893 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days ( 25,673 days ) 20 Garfield , James A. James A. Garfield 000000001831 - 11 - 19 - 0000 Nov 19 , 1831 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1881 7004180030000000000 ♠ 49 years , 105 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days 00,000 0 days 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days ( 18,202 days ) 21 Arthur , Chester A. Chester A. Arthur 000000001829 - 10 - 05 - 0000 Oct 5 , 1829 000000001881 - 09 - 19 - 0000 Sep 19 , 1881 7004189770000000000 ♠ 51 years , 349 days 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004202390000000000 ♠ 55 years , 150 days 00,624 624 days ( 7002624000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 259 days ) 000000001886 - 11 - 18 - 0000 Nov 18 , 1886 7004208630000000000 ♠ 57 years , 44 days ( 20,863 days ) 22 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1885 7004175180000000000 ♠ 47 years , 351 days 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004189790000000000 ♠ 51 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 23 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001833 - 08 - 20 - 0000 Aug 20 , 1833 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1889 7004202850000000000 ♠ 55 years , 196 days 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004217460000000000 ♠ 59 years , 196 days 02,930 2,930 days ( 7003293000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 9 days ) 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 Mar 13 , 1901 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days ( 24,676 days ) 24 Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001837 - 03 - 18 - 0000 Mar 18 , 1837 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1893 7004204400000000000 ♠ 55 years , 351 days 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004219010000000000 ♠ 59 years , 351 days 05,590 5,590 days ( 15 years , 112 days ) 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days ( 26,030 days ) 25 McKinley , William William McKinley 000000001843 - 01 - 29 - 0000 Jan 29 , 1843 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1897 7004197580000000000 ♠ 54 years , 34 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days 00,000 0 days 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days ( 21,412 days ) 26 Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001858 - 10 - 27 - 0000 Oct 27 , 1858 000000001901 - 09 - 14 - 0000 Sep 14 , 1901 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 03,595 3,595 days ( 7003359500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 308 days ) 000000001919 - 01 - 06 - 0000 Jan 6 , 1919 7004219850000000000 ♠ 60 years , 71 days ( 21,985 days ) 27 Taft , William H. William H. Taft 000000001857 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1857 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1909 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 06,213 6,213 days ( 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days ) 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 Mar 8 , 1930 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days ( 26,471 days ) 28 Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001856 - 12 - 28 - 0000 Dec 28 , 1856 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1913 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004234410000000000 ♠ 64 years , 66 days 01,066 1,066 days ( 7003106600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 336 days ) 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 Feb 3 , 1924 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days ( 24,507 days ) 29 Harding , Warren G. Warren G. Harding 000000001865 - 11 - 02 - 0000 Nov 2 , 1865 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1921 7004202100000000000 ♠ 55 years , 122 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days 00,000 0 days 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days ( 21,091 days ) 30 Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001872 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1872 000000001923 - 08 - 02 - 0000 Aug 2 , 1923 7004186550000000000 ♠ 51 years , 29 days 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004206960000000000 ♠ 56 years , 243 days 01,403 1,403 days ( 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days ) 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 Jan 5 , 1933 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days ( 22,099 days ) 31 Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001874 - 08 - 10 - 0000 Aug 10 , 1874 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1929 7004199290000000000 ♠ 54 years , 206 days 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004213900000000000 ♠ 58 years , 206 days 11,553 11,553 days ( 7004115530000000000 ♠ 31 years , 230 days ) 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 Oct 20 , 1964 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days ( 32,943 days ) 32 Roosevelt , Franklin D. Franklin D. Roosevelt 000000001882 - 01 - 30 - 0000 Jan 30 , 1882 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1933 7004186600000000000 ♠ 51 years , 33 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days 00,000 0 days 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days ( 23,082 days ) 33 Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001884 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1884 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 Apr 12 , 1945 7004222530000000000 ♠ 60 years , 339 days 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004250930000000000 ♠ 68 years , 257 days 07,280 7,280 days ( 7003728000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 341 days ) 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 1972 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days ( 32,373 days ) 34 Eisenhower , Dwight D. Dwight D. Eisenhower 000000001890 - 10 - 14 - 0000 Oct 14 , 1890 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1953 7004227430000000000 ♠ 62 years , 98 days 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004256650000000000 ♠ 70 years , 98 days 02,989 2,989 days ( 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days ) 000000001969 - 03 - 28 - 0000 Mar 28 , 1969 7004286540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 165 days ( 28,654 days ) 35 Kennedy , John F. John F. Kennedy 000000001917 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1917 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1961 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days 00,000 0 days 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days ( 16,978 days ) 36 Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001908 - 08 - 27 - 0000 Aug 27 , 1908 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 Nov 22 , 1963 7004201750000000000 ♠ 55 years , 87 days 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004220610000000000 ♠ 60 years , 146 days 01,463 1,463 days ( 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 2 days ) 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 Jan 22 , 1973 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days ( 23,524 days ) 37 Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001913 - 01 - 09 - 0000 Jan 9 , 1913 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1969 7004204650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 11 days 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004224920000000000 ♠ 61 years , 212 days 07,196 7,196 days ( 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days ) 000000001994 - 04 - 22 - 0000 Apr 22 , 1994 7004296880000000000 ♠ 81 years , 103 days ( 29,688 days ) 38 Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000001913 - 07 - 14 - 0000 Jul 14 , 1913 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 Aug 9 , 1974 7004223060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 26 days 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004232010000000000 ♠ 63 years , 190 days 10,932 10,932 days ( 7004109320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 340 days ) 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 Dec 26 , 2006 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days ( 34,133 days ) 39 Carter , Jimmy Jimmy Carter 000000001924 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1 , 1924 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1977 7004191040000000000 ♠ 52 years , 111 days 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004205650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 111 days 13,553 13,553 days ( 7004135530000000000 ♠ 37 years , 39 days ) 2018 - 02 - 28 7004341180000000000 ♠ 93 years , 150 days ( 34,118 days ) 40 Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001911 - 02 - 06 - 0000 Feb 6 , 1911 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1981 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days 05,615 5,615 days ( 7003561500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 137 days ) 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 Jun 5 , 2004 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days ( 34,088 days ) 41 Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000001924 - 06 - 12 - 0000 Jun 12 , 1924 000000001989 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1989 7004235980000000000 ♠ 64 years , 222 days 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004250590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 222 days 09,170 9,170 days ( 7003917000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 39 days ) 2018 - 02 - 28 7004342290000000000 ♠ 93 years , 261 days ( 34,229 days ) 42 Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 000000001946 - 08 - 19 - 0000 Aug 19 , 1946 000000001993 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 1993 7004169560000000000 ♠ 46 years , 154 days 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004198780000000000 ♠ 54 years , 154 days 06,248 6,248 days ( 7003624800000000000 ♠ 17 years , 39 days ) 2018 - 02 - 28 7004261260000000000 ♠ 71 years , 193 days ( 26,126 days ) 43 Bush , George W. George W. Bush 000000001946 - 07 - 06 - 0000 Jul 6 , 1946 000000002001 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2001 7004199220000000000 ♠ 54 years , 198 days 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004228440000000000 ♠ 62 years , 198 days 03,326 3,326 days ( 7003332600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 39 days ) 2018 - 02 - 28 7004261700000000000 ♠ 71 years , 237 days ( 26,170 days ) 44 Obama , Barack Barack Obama 000000001961 - 08 - 04 - 0000 Aug 4 , 1961 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2009 7004173360000000000 ♠ 47 years , 169 days 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 169 days 00 , 134404 404 days ( 7002404000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 39 days ) 2018 - 02 - 28 7004206620000000000 ♠ 56 years , 208 days ( 20,662 days ) 45 Trump , Donald Donald Trump 000000001946 - 06 - 14 - 0000 Jun 14 , 1946 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 Jan 20 , 2017 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days 2018 - 02 - 28 7004288540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 364 days 24,895 2018 - 02 - 28 7004261920000000000 ♠ 71 years , 259 days ( 26,192 days ) # President Birth date Presidency start date Age at start date Presidency end date Age at end date Post-presidency timespan Death date Lifespan Notes ^ Jump up to : Birthdate as changed to New Style . ^ Jump up to : Died in office . ^ Jump up to : Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms ( 1889 -- 1893 ) , and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term ( 1897 ) until his death ( 1908 ) . Jump up ^ Resigned from office . ^ Jump up to : As of February 28 , 2018 . Oldest living U.S. presidents See also : Living Presidents of the United States Of the 44 persons who have served as president , 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time . Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any , from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later . Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest , from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later . On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death , but by the inauguration of a president who was older . Theodore Roosevelt ( born 1858 ) lost this distinction when William Taft ( born 1857 ) was inaugurated , then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson ( born 1856 ) was inaugurated . More recently , Richard Nixon ( born 1913 ) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan ( born 1911 ) was inaugurated . Furthermore , although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president ( at age 49 ) and a former president ( at age 50 ) , he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term . Consequently , Taft was the oldest living president twice : first during his presidency ( having succeeded the younger Roosevelt ) , and a second time after Wilson ( his successor as president but an older man ) died . Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction , at the age of 90 . On seven occasions , the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office . In the cases of John Adams , Ulysses S. Grant , Theodore Roosevelt , Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon , this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president ; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison , the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor ( John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively ) . President Dates Age at start date Age at end date Length Washington , George George Washington 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1789 -- December 14 , 1799 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days 7003388000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 228 days Adams , John John Adams 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1799 -- July 4 , 1826 7004234210000000000 ♠ 64 years , 45 days 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days 7003969800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 202 days Madison , James James Madison 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1826 -- June 28 , 1836 7004275030000000000 ♠ 75 years , 110 days 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days 7003364700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 360 days Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1836 -- June 8 , 1845 7004253070000000000 ♠ 69 years , 105 days 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days 7003326700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 345 days Adams , John Quincy John Quincy Adams 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1845 -- February 23 , 1848 7004284560000000000 ♠ 77 years , 332 days 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1848 -- July 24 , 1862 7004238200000000000 ♠ 65 years , 80 days 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days 7003526500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 151 days Buchanan , James James Buchanan 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1862 -- June 1 , 1868 7004260240000000000 ♠ 71 years , 92 days 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days 7003213900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 313 days Fillmore , Millard Millard Fillmore 000000001868 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1868 -- March 8 , 1874 7004249820000000000 ♠ 68 years , 146 days 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days 7003210600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 280 days Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson 000000001874 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1874 -- July 31 , 1875 7004238100000000000 ♠ 65 years , 69 days 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days Grant , Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant 000000001875 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1875 -- July 23 , 1885 7004194530000000000 ♠ 53 years , 95 days 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days 7003364500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 357 days Hayes , Rutherford B. Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001885 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1885 -- January 17 , 1893 7004229380000000000 ♠ 62 years , 292 days 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days 7003273500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 178 days Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 -- March 13 , 1901 7004217000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 150 days 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 55 days Cleveland , Grover Grover Cleveland 000000001901 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1901 -- June 24 , 1908 7004233700000000000 ♠ 63 years , 360 days 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days 7003266000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 103 days Roosevelt , Theodore Theodore Roosevelt 000000001908 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1908 -- March 4 , 1909 7004181370000000000 ♠ 49 years , 241 days 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001909 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days Wilson , Woodrow Woodrow Wilson 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 -- February 3 , 1924 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days 7003398800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 336 days Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 000000001924 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1924 -- March 8 , 1930 7004242460000000000 ♠ 66 years , 141 days 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days 7003222500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 33 days Coolidge , Calvin Calvin Coolidge 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 -- January 5 , 1933 7004210650000000000 ♠ 57 years , 247 days 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days Hoover , Herbert Herbert Hoover 000000001933 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1933 -- October 20 , 1964 7004213320000000000 ♠ 58 years , 148 days 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days 7004116110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 289 days Truman , Harry S. Harry S. Truman 000000001964 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1964 -- December 26 , 1972 7004293840000000000 ♠ 80 years , 165 days 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days Johnson , Lyndon B. Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001972 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1972 -- January 22 , 1973 7004234970000000000 ♠ 64 years , 121 days 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days Nixon , Richard Richard Nixon 000000001973 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1973 -- January 20 , 1981 7004219280000000000 ♠ 60 years , 13 days 7004248480000000000 ♠ 68 years , 11 days 7003292000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 000000001981 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1981 -- June 5 , 2004 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days 7003853700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 137 days Ford , Gerald Gerald Ford 000000002004 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2004 -- December 26 , 2006 7004331990000000000 ♠ 90 years , 327 days 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 000000002006 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2006 -- present 7004301470000000000 ♠ 82 years , 197 days Current 7003408200000000000 ♠ 11 years , 64 days President Dates Age at start date Age at end date Length References Jump up ^ `` Two former presidents share November 2 birthday '' . Indianapolis , Indiana : WTHR . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Sources Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey , `` The Presidents of the United States '' . The White House . Robert S. Summers , `` POTUS : Presidents of the United States '' . Internet Public Library . 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"The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 93 years, 261 days). On November 25, 2017, he also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years, 165 days. The second oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 37 years, 39 days. He surpassed the previous record, held by Herbert Hoover (31 years, 230 days) on September 7, 2012. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 56 years, 208 days)."
] | [
"George H. W. Bush"
] |
-54708643409039059 | Life of Pi (film) | Life of Pi ( film ) - wikipedia Life of Pi ( film ) Life of Pi Theatrical release poster Directed by Ang Lee Produced by Gil Netter Ang Lee David Womark Screenplay by David Magee Based on Life of Pi by Yann Martel Starring Suraj Sharma Irrfan Khan Tabu Adil Hussain Rafe Spall Gérard Depardieu Music by Mychael Danna Cinematography Claudio Miranda Edited by Tim Squyres Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Dune Entertainment Ingenious Media Haishang Films Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date September 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) ( NYFF ) November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Tamil French Budget $120 million Box office $609 million Life of Pi is a 2012 American survival drama film based on Yann Martel 's 2001 novel of the same name . Directed by Ang Lee , the film 's adapted screenplay was written by David Magee , and it stars Suraj Sharma , Irrfan Khan , Rafe Spall , Tabu , Adil Hussain , and Gérard Depardieu . The storyline revolves around an Indian man named `` Pi '' Patel , telling a novelist about his life story , and how at 16 he survives a shipwreck in which his family dies , and is adrift in the Pacific Ocean on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger . The film had its worldwide premiere as the opening film of the 51st New York Film Festival at both the Walter Reade Theater and Alice Tully Hall in New York City on September 28 , 2012 . Life of Pi emerged as a critical and commercial success , earning over US $609 million worldwide . It was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards which included the Best Picture -- Drama and the Best Director and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score . At the 85th Academy Awards it had eleven nominations , including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay , and won four ( the most for the event ) including Best Director for Ang Lee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production and casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Theatrical release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Top ten lists 6.4 Rhythm & Hues Studios controversy 6.5 Animal abuse allegations 6.6 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In Canada , novelist Yann Martel meets Pi Patel ; Martel has been told that Pi 's life story would be a good subject for a book . Pi tells his story to Yann : Pi 's father names him Piscine Molitor after the swimming pool in France . In secondary school in Pondicherry , he adopts the name `` Pi '' ( the Greek letter , π ) to avoid the sound - alike nickname `` Pissing Patel '' . He is raised in a Hindu family , but at 12 years old , is introduced to Christianity and then Islam , and decides to follow all three religions as he `` just wants to love God '' . His mother supports his desire to grow , but his rationalist father tries to secularize him . Pi 's family owns a zoo , and Pi takes interest in the animals , especially a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker . After Pi gets dangerously close to Richard Parker , his father forces him to witness the tiger killing a goat . When Pi is 16 , his father announces that they must move to Canada , where he intends to settle and sell the animals . The family books passage with the animals on a Japanese freighter . During a storm , the ship founders while Pi is on deck . He tries to find his family , but a crewman throws him into a lifeboat . A freed zebra jumps onto the boat with him , breaking its leg . The ship sinks into the Mariana Trench . Pi briefly sees what appears to be a survivor , but it turns out to be Richard Parker . After the storm , Pi awakens in the lifeboat with the zebra , and is joined by a resourceful orangutan . A spotted hyena emerges from under a tarpaulin covering half of the lifeboat and snaps at Pi , forcing him to retreat to the end of the boat . The hyena kills the zebra and later the orangutan . Richard Parker emerges from under the tarpaulin , killing the hyena before retreating back to cover for several days . Pi fashions a small tethered raft from flotation vests which he retreats to for safety from Richard Parker . Despite his moral code against killing , he begins fishing , enabling him to sustain the tiger as well . When the tiger jumps into the sea to hunt for fish and then comes threateningly towards Pi , Pi considers letting him drown , but ultimately helps him back into the boat . One night , a humpback whale breaches near the boat , destroying the raft and its supplies . Pi trains Richard Parker to accept him in the boat , and realizes that caring for the tiger is also helping keep himself alive . Weeks later they encounter a floating island of interconnected trees . It is a lush jungle of edible plants , fresh water pools and a large population of meerkats , enabling Pi and Richard Parker to eat and drink freely and regain strength . At night , the island transforms into a hostile environment . Richard Parker retreats to the lifeboat while Pi and the meerkats sleep in the trees ; the water pools turn acidic , digesting the fish in them . Pi deduces that the island is carnivorous after finding a human tooth embedded in a flower . Pi and Richard Parker leave the island , eventually reaching the coast of Mexico . Pi is saddened that Richard Parker does not acknowledge him before disappearing into the jungle . He is rescued and brought to a hospital . Insurance agents for the Japanese freighter company interview him , but do not believe his story and ask what really happened . He tells a different story , in which the animals are replaced by human survivors : his mother for the orangutan , an amiable sailor for the zebra , and the ship 's brutish cook for the hyena . In this story , the cook kills the sailor and feeds on his flesh . He also kills Pi 's mother after which Pi kills him with a knife and uses his remains as food and fish bait . The insurance agents are dissatisfied with this story , but they leave without questioning Pi further . Yann recognizes the parallels between the two stories , noting that in the second one , Pi fills the role of the tiger . Pi asks which story the writer prefers , and Yann chooses the first , to which Pi replies , `` and so it goes with God '' . Glancing at a copy of the insurance report , Yann sees that the agents also chose the first story . Cast ( edit ) Piscine Molitor `` Pi '' Patel Gautam Belur as Pi , age 5 Ayush Tandon as Pi , age 11 / 12 Suraj Sharma as Pi , age 16 Irrfan Khan as Pi , adult Rafe Spall as Yann Martel , the real - life Canadian novelist who wrote the novel Life of Pi Tabu as Gita Patel , Pi 's mother Adil Hussain as Santosh Patel , Pi 's father Ravi Patel , Pi 's older brother : Ayan Khan as Ravi , age 7 Mohamed Abbas Khaleeli as Ravi , age 13 / 14 Vibish Sivakumar as Ravi , age 18 / 19 Gérard Depardieu as the Cook Wang Po - chieh as Sailor Jag Huang as Sailor Shravanthi Sainath as Anandi , Pi 's teenage girlfriend Andrea Di Stefano as the Priest Elie Alouf as Francis Jump up ^ Pi refers to Francis in the film as `` Mamaji '' , a Hindi word for `` Maternal Uncle '' Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I wanted to use water because the film is talking about faith , and it contains fish , life and every emotion for Pi . And air is God , heaven and something spiritual and death . That 's how I see it . I believe the thing we call faith or God is our emotional attachment to the unknown . I 'm Chinese ; I believe in the Taoist Buddha . We do n't talk about a deity , which is very much like this book ; we 're not talking about religion but God in the abstract sense , something to overpower you . '' -- Ang Lee , on the use of water and the spiritual element of Life of Pi , November 17 , 2012 . The project had numerous directors and writers attached , and the Los Angeles Times credited Fox 2000 Pictures executive Elizabeth Gabler with keeping the project active . In February 2003 Gabler acquired the project to adapt Life of Pi into a film . She hired screenwriter Dean Georgaris to write an adapted screenplay . The following October , Fox 2000 announced a partnership with M. Night Shyamalan to direct the film . Shyamalan was attracted to the novel particularly because its main character also comes from Pondicherry in India . The partners anticipated for Shyamalan to direct the film adaptation after completing The Village . He also replaced Georgaris as the screenwriter , writing a new screenplay for the film . Ultimately , Shyamalan chose to film Lady in the Water after The Village ; he said later , `` I was hesitant ( to direct ) because the book has kind of a twist ending . And I was concerned that as soon as you put my name on it , everybody would have a different experience . '' In March 2005 , Fox 2000 entered talks with Alfonso Cuarón to direct . Cuarón decided to direct Children of Men instead , and in October 2005 , Fox 2000 hired Jean - Pierre Jeunet to direct the film . Jeunet began writing the adapted screenplay with Guillaume Laurant , and filming was scheduled to begin in mid-2006 , partially in India . Jeunet eventually left the project . In February 2009 , Fox 2000 Pictures hired Ang Lee to direct the film . In May 2010 , Lee and the producer Gil Netter proposed a reported budget of US $120 million , at which the studio balked , placing the project 's development on hold for a short time . David Magee was hired to write the screenplay , as Lee began to spend several months looking for someone to cast as Pi. Lee stated that water was a major inspiration behind making the film in 3 - D : `` I thought this was a pretty impossible movie to make technically . It 's so expensive for what it is . You sort of have to disguise a philosophical book as an adventure story . I thought of 3 - D half a year before ' Avatar ' was on the screen . I thought water , with its transparency and reflection , the way it comes out to you in 3 - D , would create a new theatrical experience and maybe the audience or the studio would open up their minds a little bit to accept something different . '' Following the premiere of the film , Lee stated that his desire to take risks and chances helped with his direction , saying `` In a strange way it did feel like we 're the vessels , we have to surrender to movie god . We have to let things happen . I just had this feeling , I 'll follow this kid to wherever this movie takes me . I saw the movie start to unravel in front of me . '' Pre-production and casting ( edit ) Suraj Sharma plays Pi at age 16 . After 3,000 young men auditioned for the film 's lead , in October 2010 Lee cast Suraj Sharma , a 17 - year - old student and an acting newcomer . Upon receiving the role , Sharma underwent extensive training in ocean survival , as well as in yoga and meditation practices to prepare for the part . Two months after Sharma was cast , it was announced that Gérard Depardieu would play the role of the Cook , Irrfan Khan would play the adult Pi , Adil Hussain would play Pi 's father , while Tabu was in talks to play the role of Pi 's mother . Canadian child actor Rajiv Surendra , best known at the time for a small part in Mean Girls , was one of the auditioners for the role of Pi . In 2016 , he published The Elephants in My Backyard , a memoir of his failed campaign to win the part . In an interview with Deccan Chronicle in 2017 , American actor Naren Weiss revealed that he too unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Pi . In April 2011 , it was announced that Tobey Maguire would be joining the film in the role originally referred to as `` a reporter . '' However , in September 2012 , it was announced that Lee had cut Maguire from the film . He justified the cut by stating that he did it `` to be consistent with the other casting choices made for the film , I decided to go with an entirely international cast . '' Like Shahrukh Khan , Lee described Maguire 's presence also as `` too jarringly recognizable . '' He reshot the scenes with Rafe Spall in the role of the book 's actual author . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the film began on January 18 , 2011 in Puducherry at the Holy Rosary Church in Muthialpet . Filming continued in Puducherry until January 31 and moved to other parts of India , including the popular hill station of Munnar in Kerala , as well as Taiwan . The crew filmed in Taiwan for five and a half months in Taipei Zoo , an airport in Taichung , and Kenting National Park , located in Pingtung County where Lee was born . The ocean scenes of the film were shot at a giant wave tank built by the crew in an abandoned airport . The tank is known as the world 's largest self - generating wave tank , with a capacity of 1.7 million gallons . With production scheduled to last two and a half months at the tank , cinematographer Claudio Miranda assisted in the tank 's design in order to get the most out of it for lighting , explaining , `` We knew we were going to be inside there shooting for 2.5 months , so it was worth it to be able to do anything we want . On all these kind of scenes , we had an idea of what the weather would be like . In that tank , I can create storm clouds , nightfall . We had curtains that I can block out ( light ) , doors to open and let in real sunlight , '' Miranda says . `` So lighting-wise , ( the movie ) had a big ebb and flow . '' After photography was completed in Taiwan , production moved back to India and concluded in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Post-production ( edit ) The lead visual effects company for Life of Pi was Rhythm & Hues Studios ( R&H ) . 3D effects for the film were created by a team of R&H artists in Los Angeles , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Kuala Lumpur , Vancouver and Kaohsiung . The R&H VFX ( Visual Effects ) Supervisor Bill Westenhofer said that discussions of the project began with Ang Lee in August 2009 . Westenhofer noted that Lee `` knew we had done the lion in the first Narnia movie . He asked , ' Does a digital character look more or less real in 3D ? ' We looked at each other and thought that was a pretty good question . '' He also stated that during these meetings , Lee said , `` ' I look forward to making art with you . ' This was really for me one of the most rewarding things I 've worked on and the first chance to really combine art with VFX . Every shot was artistic exploration , to make the ocean a character and make it interesting we had to strive to make it as visually stunning as possible . '' Rhythm & Hues spent a year on research and development , `` building upon its already vast knowledge of CG animation '' to develop the tiger . The British Film Institute 's Sight & Sound magazine suggested that , `` Life of Pi can be seen as the film Rhythm & Hues has been building up to all these years , by taking things they learned from each production from Cats & Dogs to Yogi Bear , integrating their animals in different situations and environments , pushing them to do more , and understanding how all of this can succeed both visually and dramatically . '' Artist Abdul Rahman in the Malaysian branch underscored the global nature of the effects process , saying that `` the special thing about Life of Pi is that it was the first time we did something called remote rendering , where we engaged our cloud infrastructure in Taiwan called CAVE ( Cloud Animation and Visual Effects ) . '' Additional visual effects studios that worked on the film include MPC , yU + co , Buf , Crazy Horse Effects , Look Effects , Christov Effects , Lola VFX , Reliance Mediaworks , and Stereo D . Music ( edit ) Life of Pi : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Mychael Danna Released 16 November 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Soundtrack Indian Classical Music Length 65 : 11 Label Sony Classical Records Producer Mychael Danna Mychael Danna soundtracks chronology Moneyball ( 2011 ) Moneyball 2011 Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Devil 's Knot ( 2013 ) Devil 's Knot 2013 Singles from Life of Pi : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pi 's Lullaby '' Released : November 19 , 2012 The film 's musical score was composed by Mychael Danna , who previously wrote the music to Lee 's films The Ice Storm and Ride with the Devil . A soundtrack album of the music was released by Sony Classical Records on 16 November 2012 . The album features the track `` Pi 's Lullaby '' , which was co-written by Danna and Bombay Jayashri , who performs the song in Tamil . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Due to the film 's holiday release , Life of Pi 's financial success had been under review . Dorothy Pomerantz of Forbes said , `` It looks like chances are very slim that the film will earn back its production and marketing costs let alone turn a profit . '' Pomerantz attributed this to the fact that film was not led by a big name star and faced other winter blockbusters . John Horn and Ben Fritz of The Los Angeles Times compared the film to Martin Scorsese 's Hugo , a large - budget 3D film that opened during the 2011 Thanksgiving week . They said that Life of Pi could have ended up like Hugo by `` failing to connect with moviegoers '' and become a `` financial failure . '' Similar speculation had been made by other news sources . Whether or not Hurricane Sandy would affect the film 's publicity was also a question . Because the film includes a massive storm , it was speculated that the recent storm might result in lower box office revenue due to the unintentional overtones of Sandy 's devastation . A Fox spokesperson made note that there were no plans to change the film 's marketing approach . During the marketing campaign for Life of Pi , the film was promoted as `` the next Avatar '' in trailers and TV spots . James Cameron , the director of Avatar , later became the subject of two featurettes that focus on the film 's 3D and computer - generated imagery . In addition , the original novel was re-released in a movie tie - in edition . This was later followed by the release of The Making of Life of Pi : A Film , a Journey , a book by Jean - Christophe Castelli that details how Life of Pi was brought to the big screen . Theatrical release ( edit ) Life of Pi had a wide release in the United States on November 21 , 2012 in both traditional and 3D viewing formats . It was originally scheduled to be released on December 14 , 2012 , but when The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey was announced for the same release date , Life of Pi was postponed a week . It was then shifted a month in advance . Home media ( edit ) Life of Pi was released on DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D in North America , on March 12 , 2013 . The film 's 2D Blu - ray release contains many special features , including a one - hour making - of special entitled A Filmmaker 's Epic Journey , two featurettes focusing on the film 's visual effects , as well as two behind - the - scene looks at storyboarding and pre-production artwork . In addition , the film 's 3D Blu - ray release contains five deleted scenes and a featurette entitled VFX Progressions that takes a look at what was shot and how it evolved to be what was rendered on screen . The Film was later was released on 4K UHD on March 8 , 2016 Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 8 , 2013 , Life of Pi has grossed US $124,772,844 in North America , and US $484,029,542 in other countries , for a worldwide total of US $609,006,177 . During its opening on the extended Thanksgiving weekend , the film debuted in 2,902 theaters throughout the United States and Canada and grossed US $30,573,101 . On the Chinese mainland , from November 22 to December 24 , the film topped the box office for three weeks , and grossed over US $91 million . As of January 24 , 2013 , it had also topped the box office for three weeks in Australia , Chile , and four weeks in Mexico and Peru . The film became the biggest Hollywood hit of the year in India and is also estimated to be the third - highest grossing Hollywood release of all time in the country behind Avatar and 2012 . Life of Pi has earned HK $45,058,653 ( US $5.8 million ) at the Hong Kong box office , making it the highest grossing Ang Lee film in Hong Kong . Critical response ( edit ) Life of Pi received highly positive reviews , with praise directed towards the visual effects , Ang Lee 's direction , David Magee 's screenplay , Mychael Danna 's musical score , and the editing . It has an 87 % approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 232 reviews with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . Its consensus reads `` A 3D adaptation of a supposedly `` unfilmable '' book , Ang Lee 's Life of Pi achieves the near impossible -- it 's an astonishing technical achievement that 's also emotionally rewarding . '' On Metacritic , the film has an average score of 79 out of 100 , based on 44 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave Life of Pi 4 out of 4 stars , referring to it as `` a miraculous achievement of storytelling and a landmark of visual mastery '' as well as `` one of the best films of the year . '' He particularly praised the film 's use of 3D that he described as `` deepen ( ing ) the film 's sense of places and events . '' Comparatively , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone highlighted the use of 3D in the film suggesting that `` like Hugo , from Martin Scorsese , Life of Pi puts 3D in the hands of a worldclass film artist . ( Ang ) Lee uses 3D with the delicacy and lyricism of a poet . You do n't just watch this movie , you live it . '' Parmita Borah of Eastern Fare says , `` There is this one scene in particular where the entire ocean is covered with jelly fish which makes you feel like ' this is what heaven must look like ' . '' The Los Angeles Times critic Betsy Sharkey referred to the film as a `` masterpiece , '' stating that There is always a poetic aesthetic that Lee brings to his best work -- the brutal martial arts ballet of Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon or the homophobic hatred against the backcountry grandeur of Brokeback Mountain , which would win him an Oscar for directing in 2006 . In Life of Pi , certainly given its technological achievements , the filmmaker has raised the bar . Not since James Cameron 's breathtaking blue Avatar in 2009 has 3 - D had such impact . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Cameron himself highlighted the film 's use of 3D , noting that Life of Pi breaks the paradigm that 3 - D has to be some big , action fantasy spectacle , superhero movie ( ... ) The movie is visually amazing , inventive , and it works on you in ways you 're not really aware of . It takes you on a journey , and unless you 've read the book -- which I had n't -- you have no idea where that journey is going . It does what good 3 - D is supposed to do , which is , it allows you to forget you 're watching a 3 - D movie . According to French journalist Marjolaine Gout , the movie is `` a philosophical tale where Noah 's Ark metamorphoses into ' The Raft of the Medusa ' '' . She adds that it is `` a visual masterpiece '' in which `` Ang Lee proves , once again , his talent as a universal storyteller '' . She also writes about the visual poetry of the movie reminding viewers of the works of classical painters and the symbolic of kolams . The film got 8 out of 10 stars , the readers gave 7 stars . Yann Martel , the author of the novel on which the film is based , found the film to be a `` delightful '' adaptation , saying , I 'm happy it works so well as a film . Even if the ending is not as ambiguous as the book 's , the possibility that there might be another version of Pi 's story comes at you unexpectedly and raises the same important questions about truth , perception and belief . A.O. Scott of The New York Times was critical of the film 's narrative frame , arguing that `` the movie invites you to believe in all kinds of marvelous things , but it also may cause you to doubt what you see with your own eyes -- or even to wonder if , in the end , you have seen anything at all . '' Scott further criticized the film for repressing the darker themes of the tale . Nick Schager of The Village Voice also panned the film stating `` A stacked - deck theological inquiry filtered through a Titanic - by - way - of -- Slumdog Millionaire narrative , Life of Pi manages occasional spiritual wonder through its 3 - D visuals but otherwise sinks like a stone . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 2 out of 5 stars , and states `` despite some lovely images and those eyepopping effects , it is a shallow and self - important shaggy - dog story -- or shaggy - tiger story ( ... ) It deserves every technical prize going . '' Richard Corliss of Time selected the film as the third - best movie of 2012 , as well as calling it the next Avatar . The film has been described as containing a `` subtle , artistic warning '' about the dangers of increased anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and ocean acidification , the acidic island Pi and Richard Parker encounter being compared to Castello Aragonese in the Tyrrhenian Sea near Naples and Richard Parker 's final dismissive departure representing the `` not too pleasant face of Gaia ( see Gaia hypothesis ) . '' Top ten lists ( edit ) Life of Pi was listed on many critics ' top ten lists . 1st -- Anne Thompson , Indiewire 1st -- Betsy Sharkey , Los Angeles Times 2nd -- David Germain , Associated Press 2nd -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times 3rd -- Richard Corliss , Time 3rd -- Noel Murray , The A.V. Club 4th -- Richard Roeper 4th -- Lisa Kennedy , Denver Post 4th -- Mary Pols , Time 6th -- Oliver Lyttelton , Indiewire 6th -- Rene Rodriguez , Miami Herald 6th -- David Edelstein , New York 8th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 9th -- Sean Axmaker , MSN Movies 10th -- Mike Scott , The Times - Picayune Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Phillip French , The Observer Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Claudia Puig , USA Today Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Joe Williams , St. Louis Post-Dispatch Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Stephen Whitty , The Star - Ledger Rhythm & Hues studios controversy ( edit ) Despite the Oscar for Best Visual Effects at the 2013 Academy Awards , Rhythm & Hues Studios ( who provided most of the visual effects for the film ) was forced to file for bankruptcy on February 11 , 2013 , citing unfair competition from subsidized and tax exempt foreign studios . This sparked a demonstration of nearly 500 VFX artists who protested outside the 2013 Academy Awards . Inside , during the Oscars , when R&H visual effects supervisor Bill Westenhofer brought up R&H during his acceptance speech for Life of Pi , the microphone was cut off . This started an uproar among many visual effects industry professionals , changing profile pictures on social media such as Facebook and Twitter to show the green key colour , in order to raise awareness for what is happening to the effects industry . In addition , director Ang Lee was criticized by the protest leader for his failure to thank the effect industry , `` Ang thanked the crew , the actors , his agent , his lawyer and the entire population of Taiwan right down to the team that built the wave - pool on the soundstage where Pi was shot , but failed to mention hundreds of artists who made not only the main character of the tiger , but replaced that pool , making it look like a real ocean for 80 % of his movie . '' He was also criticized for earlier complaining about the costs of visual effects . In February 2014 , Christina Lee Storm and Scott Leberecht released the documentary Life After Pi to YouTube . The documentary details the role Rhythm & Hues played in Life of Pi as well as the consequent bankruptcy . Bill Westenhofer also discusses his experience at the Oscars as he accepted a Visual Effects award for Rhythm & Hues ' work on Life of Pi . A trust named after Carnatic musician Irayimman Thampi has accused Bombay Jayashri 's Oscar - nominated song `` Pi 's Lullaby '' of not being an original composition . The trust has alleged that the first eight lines of the song is a word - by - word translation of composer Thampi 's renowned lullaby in Malayalam Omanathinkal Kidavo . Jayashri has denied the allegation . Animal abuse allegations ( edit ) A 2013 investigation by the Hollywood Reporter brought to light leaked emails suggesting that animals involved in the filming of Life of Pi had been mistreated during the filming despite the American Humane Association 's `` No Animals Were Harmed '' certification on the film . In an April 7 , 2011 ACA monitor , Gina Johnson , wrote that `` last week we almost killed King '' The email goes on to suggest that the incident , in which the tiger apparently nearly drowned while filming a scene , would be `` downplayed '' in the official report to the ACA . Additionally , the exposé alleges that Johnson was involved in a romantic relationship with one of the film 's producers , possibly representing a conflict of interest . Life of Pi director Ang Lee has described the animal abuse allegations as `` an accident '' in interviews . Following the publication of the Hollywood Reporter investigation , Gina Johnson resigned from her position with the ACA . New animal welfare concerns were raised in 2015 when PETA released a video that appeared to show Life of Pi animal trainer Michael Hackenberger swearing at and whipping a young tiger 19 times . In April 2016 , the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals filed animal cruelty charges against Hackenberger based on the video evidence . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Life of Pi Life of Pi was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won four ( more than any other film from 2012 ) : Best Director ( Ang Lee ) , Best Cinematography ( Claudio Miranda ) , Best Visual Effects ( Bill Westenhofer , Guillaume Rocheron , Erik - Jan de Boer and Donald R. Elliott ) and Best Original Score ( Mychael Danna ) . It was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards and won for Best Original Score . The film also won awards for cinematography , film editing , sound effects and original score at several other awards ceremonies . In addition to the Academy Award , Ang Lee won best director awards from the Kansas City , Las Vegas , and London Film Critics . The film was awarded the Best Picture award by the Las Vegas Film Critics Society and was named one of the top ten films of the year by the New York Film Critics and the Southeastern Film Critics . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Survival film , about the film genre , with a list of related films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi '' . filmlinc.com . New York Film Festival . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi ( 2012 ) '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi '' . AFI . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi ( 2012 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi '' . tiff.net . Toronto International Film Festival Subscription Series . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life of Pi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` A Festival Whose Age Is Just a Number '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Ang Lee wins best director Oscar for Life of Pi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( November 17 , 2012 ) . `` Ang Lee : Of water and Pi '' . Chicago Sun - Times . ^ Jump up to : Zeitchik , Steven ; Horn , John ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Life of Pi ' suffers another blow '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Brodesser , Claude ; McNary , Dave ( October 8 , 2003 ) . `` ' Pi ' in sky at Fox 2000 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Missy ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` ' Water ' Bearer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Brodesser , Claude ( March 31 , 2005 ) . `` Inside Move : New baker for Fox 's ' Pi ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 23 , 2005 ) . `` Jeunet gets piece of ' Pi ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Ang Lee circles ' Life of Pi ' film '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Best News : Ang Lee surrenders to ' Movie Gods ' '' . CNN . December 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Indian teen newcomer gets ' Life of Pi ' lead '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Patches , Matt ( November 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Life of Pi ' Newcomer Suraj Sharma Reveals Ang Lee 's Acting Boot Camp '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Gerard Depardieu and Irrfan Khan Cast in Ang Lee 's ' Life of Pi ' '' . Slash Film . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Memoir by Rajiv Surendra traces actor 's parallels with Life of Pi '' . The Globe and Mail , November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttling between worlds '' . Deccan Chronicle , June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tobey Maguire Joins ' Life of Pi ' Cast '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wales , George ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tobey Maguire cut from Ang Lee 's Life of Pi '' . Total Film . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 李 安 30 億 打造 《 奇幻 漂流 》 掐 預算 導演 兼 伙夫 '' . appledaily.com.tw . November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ang Lee begins shooting in Pondy , Life of Pi ' comes alive '' . The Times of India . January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caro , Mark ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` A perilous journey for ' Life of Pi ' director Ang Lee '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Life of Pi '' . News Desk . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( February 24 , 2013 ) . `` Oscar - nominated cinematographers explain how they envelop you in the story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Glimpse of Rhythm & Hues ( Asian Facilities ) Work on Ang Lee 's Masterpiece , ' Life of Pi . ' '' . animationxpress.com . Jump up ^ `` Making of Life of Pi : In Conversation with R&H '' . cgtantra.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm & Hues Taps NVIDIA Technology for Life of Pi '' . awn.com . November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A First Mate Bares His Fangs : Creating a Tiger for ' Life of Pi ' '' . The New York Times . November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm & Hues Makes Skies Soar '' . cgw.com . November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian team behind special effects for Life of Pi and Snow White movies '' . The Star . Malaysia . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Life of Pi 's ' digital magic '' . Los Angeles Times . January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi 's Stunning Effects '' . YouTube . November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How ' Life of Pi ' animators visualized Ang Lee 's blank slate '' . Chicago Tribune . December 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life of Pi : a tiger 's tale '' . fxguide.com . November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vfx team dares to take tiger by the tail '' . Variety . December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Video essay : The animal menagerie of Rhythm and Hues '' . British Film Institute 's Sight & Sound magazine . December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Local touch to Life Of Pi '' . New Straits Times . November 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Life of Pi ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Original Motion Picture Soundtrack of Life of Pi Available November 19 , 2012 '' . Sony Music . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Why I Hope ' Life of Pi ' Will Succeed at the Box Office ( Even Though I Know It Wo n't ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ; Fritz , Ben ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Life of Pi ' a huge gamble for 20th Century Fox '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` '' Life of Pi '' and `` Rise of Guardians '' Debut , but It 's Still `` Twilight '' Time at Box Office `` . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Box office preview : ' Breaking Dawn ' headed for Thanksgiving win '' . CNN . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Hurricane Sandy : ' Life of Pi 's ' unfortunate coincidence '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Forecast : ' Guardians , ' ' Pi ' Target Family Audiences Over Thanksgiving '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Two New Featurettes for Ang Lee 's Life of Pi Focus on the 3D and Creating a CG Tiger '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Victoria ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` Man Booker judges still proud of honouring Yann Martel 's Life of Pi '' . Calgary Herald . The Canadian Press . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Castelli , Jean - Christophe ( October 30 , 2012 ) . The Making of Life of Pi : A Film , a Journey . ISBN 9780062114136 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Life of Pi ' Moves Back One Week to Avoid ' Hobbit ' Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi Blu - ray and DVD , January 29 , 2013 '' . dvdsreleasedates.com . Jump up ^ Broadwater , Casey ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Life of Pi 3D Blu - ray Review : The Rime of the South - Asian Mariner '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Life of Pi 4K Blu - ray , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for Thanksgiving , November 21 -- 25 , 2012 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 少年 派 下 线 国内 票房 5.7 亿 '' . ent.qq.com . December 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 少年 派 三 连 冠 破 四 亿 '' . news.mtime.com . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Milestone : ' Life of Pi ' Crosses $500 million worldwide '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chile Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peru Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Life of Pi ' Becomes 2012 's Highest - Grossing Hollywood Release in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ang Lee 's Life of Pi top Hollywood Grosser of 2012 in India '' . bollywoodtrade.com . January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay . `` ' Life of Pi ' Becomes 2012 's Highest - Grossing Hollywood Release in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi Hong Kong Box Office '' . HK Neo Reviews . February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Life of Pi '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Life of Pi '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Borah , Parmita . `` Life of Pi -- a fascinating story '' . EF News International . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Life of Pi ' is a masterpiece by Ang Lee '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron : ' Life of Pi ' ' breaks the paradigm ' of 3 - D movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gout , Marjolaine . `` Review : ' Life of Pi ' by Ang Lee '' . Ecran Large . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Quill , Greg ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` Yann Martel on Life of Pi : Author gives 3D movie by Ang Lee thumbs up '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Plenty of Gods , but Just One Fellow Passenger '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` Life of Pi Is the Story of How Important Life of Pi Is '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradshw , Peter ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Life of Pi -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Movies of 2012 '' . Time . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Faunce `` Life of Pi 's Acidic Island a Warning of Our Warming World . The Conversation . January 27 , 2013 http://theconversation.edu.au/life-of-pis-acidic-island-a-warning-for-our-warming-world-11599 ( accessed January 27 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/feature/top-ten-lists-best-movies-of-2012 Jump up ^ Hart , Elly ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Life In The Movie Business : An Inside Look At The VFX Crisis '' . Gizmodo Australia . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( VFX protest at Oscars : images from the picket line + audio interview http://www.fxguide.com/quicktakes/visualeffectsprotestatoscars/ ) Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Biggest Oscars snub : A shark attack on the VFX industry an SFGate.com blog '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` The visual effects community sees red in the wake of Oscar protest and on - air snub '' . HitFix.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pulver , Andrew ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Ang Lee under fire from visual effects artists over Life of Pi speech '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn . `` Oscars 2013 : VFX Artists Blast ' Disgraceful ' TV Moments '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Life After Pi ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Documentary Chronicles Bankruptcy of Visual Effects Firm Rhythm & Hues '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Revealing ' Rhythm & Hues : Life After Pi ' Doc Exposes Grief , Anger and Troubled Business ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Documentary ' Life After Pi ' Chronicles Collapse of Rhythm & Hues ( Video ) '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` ' Life After Pi , ' doc on fall of visual effects house , to debut '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : A Case of two lullabies , Business Standard dated March 16 , 2013 . http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-case-of-two-lullabies-113031500573_1.html Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi : Is Bombay Jayashri 's Oscar nominated song ' Pi 's Lullaby ' not original ? '' . ibnlive.in.com . Jump up ^ `` Irayimman Thampi Trust alleges plagiarism '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Baum , Gary ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` No Animals Were Harmed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Report : Actually , Animals May Have Been Harmed in the Making of That Film '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Life of Pi tiger nearly drowned on set , report alleges '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ang Lee on ' Life of Pi ' Tiger Incident : ' It Was an Accident ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Life of Pi ' animal monitor resigns from American Humane Association after Hollywood Reporter exposé '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Life of Pi ' Tiger Trainer Allegedly Caught on Video Whipping Animal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stelloh , Tim ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Zoo Owner Whose Tiger Was in ' Life of Pi ' Charged With Animal Cruelty '' . NBC . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars -- The Nominees '' . The Academy Awards of Motion Pictures and the Arts . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2013 : the full list of winners '' . The Guardian . London . February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Life of Pi ( film ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the movie life of pi about | [
"Life of Pi is a 2012 American survival drama film based on Yann Martel's 2001 novel of the same name. Directed by Ang Lee, the film's adapted screenplay was written by David Magee, and it stars Suraj Sharma, Irrfan Khan, Rafe Spall, Tabu, Adil Hussain, and Gérard Depardieu. The storyline revolves around an Indian man named \"Pi\" Patel, telling a novelist about his life story, and how at 16 he survives a shipwreck in which his family dies, and is adrift in the Pacific Ocean on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger. The film had its worldwide premiere as the opening film of the 51st New York Film Festival at both the Walter Reade Theater and Alice Tully Hall in New York City on September 28, 2012.[9]\n"
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"an Indian man named \"Pi\" Patel, telling a novelist about his life story, and how at 16 he survives a shipwreck in which his family dies, and is adrift in the Pacific Ocean on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger"
] |
6924531975954587682 | A Star Is Born (1976 film) | A Star is Born ( 1976 film ) - Wikipedia A Star is Born ( 1976 film ) A Star Is Born Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Pierson Produced by Jon Peters Barbra Streisand Screenplay by Frank Pierson William A. Wellman Robert Carson John Gregory Dunne Joan Didion Based on A Star is Born by William A. Wellman Robert Carson Dorothy Parker Alan Campbell Starring Barbra Streisand Kris Kristofferson Gary Busey Music by Roger Kellaway ( score ) Kenny Ascher ( songs ) Rupert Holmes ( songs ) Kenny Loggins ( songs ) Leon Russell ( songs ) Paul Williams ( songs ) Barbra Streisand ( songs ) Cinematography Robert Surtees Edited by Peter Zinner Production company First Artists Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date December 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 12 - 08 ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $80 million A Star Is Born is a 1976 American musical drama film telling the story of a young woman , played by Barbra Streisand , an easy listening folkie type ingenue who enters the music business , and meets and falls in love with an established male rock'n'roll star , played by Kris Kristofferson , only to find her career ascending while his goes into decline . It is a remake of two earlier versions -- the 1937 version was a drama starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March , and the 1954 version was a musical starring Judy Garland and James Mason . It will be remade for a third time in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards and honors 5 Remakes 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) John Norman Howard ( Kris Kristofferson ) , a famous and self - destructive singer / songwriter rock star arrives late for a concert . He is drunk , sings a couple of songs , and walks off stage . John 's entourage , including his manager Brian ( Paul Mazursky ) , takes him to a bar where Esther Hoffman ( Barbra Streisand ) is singing . One of John 's fans find him there and starts a fight . Esther grabs John and helps him escape out a back door . They go to Esther 's , but she invites him to come back for breakfast . Over breakfast , she agrees to go to a concert with him . After arriving by helicopter , John rides a motorbike around the stage , snags a cable and crashes off the front of the stage . John is taken away by ambulance and his entourage leave in the helicopter forgetting Esther . Afterwards , John is resting at home by his pool . A radio DJ , Bebe Jesus ( M.G. Kelly ) , hovers over the pool in a helicopter and invites John to his studio . John gets angry and shoots at the helicopter . Bebe Jesus then threatens to never play John 's songs . Later , John goes to the radio station with a case of whiskey to make peace with Bebe Jesus . The disk jockey does not accept John 's apology and calls John an alcoholic over the air . Esther happens to be at the radio station at the same time , taping a commericial , John takes Esther to his mansion and writes her name on the wall with a can of spray paint . There , they make love , have a bath together , and he listens to her playing his piano . She thinks no one would be able to sing to the tune she has written , but he makes up with some lyrics and starts singing . At his next concert , John gets Esther on stage to sing . Although the audience boos when she starts to sing , she wins them over . Later , she tells John she wants them to get married . John replies that he 's no good for her , but she persists , and they marry . John takes Esther to a plot of land he has out west where they build a simple house . She wants a tour co-starring with him , but he thinks she should do the tour on her own . Esther 's career takes off , eclipsing his . John returns to the studio thinking of restarting his career . His band tells him they have gone on without him . At home alone , John begins to write a new song . As he records it , he is interrupted by the phone . Someone asks for Esther and wants to know whether he is her secretary . At the Grammy Awards , Esther wins for best female performance . While she is giving her acceptance speech , John arrives drunk and makes a scene . Later , Esther tries to talk Brian into giving John a last chance . John is writing songs again but in a different way . Brian calls on John and likes the new songs , but suggests John release some of his old hits along with the new songs . However , John wants to go with the new work only , so he turns down the offer . Back at his LA mansion , John finds Quentin ( Marta Heflin ) , a magazine writer , swimming half - naked in his swimming - pool . She says she would do anything to get an exclusive interview with Esther . When Esther arrives soon after , she finds them in bed together . Quentin tries to interview Esther , but John tells Quentin to get out . Esther and John end up going back to their small home out west where they have been happiest . One morning , John drives to the airport to get Brian . He puts on some of Esther 's songs , drives recklessly , and is killed in an accident . Afterwards , back at the LA mansion , Esther hears John 's voice calling out for someone to answer the phone . But she discovers it 's just a tape of the old song writing session during which the phone had interrupted his singing . At Esther 's next concert , the audience raises candles as tribute to her lost husband . She sings one of John 's songs but begins it as a ballad and ends it as a rock song . Cast ( edit ) Barbra Streisand as Esther Hoffman Howard Kris Kristofferson as John Norman Howard Gary Busey as Bobbie Ritchie Paul Mazursky as Brian Wexler Joanne Linville as Freddie Lowenstein Oliver Clark as Gary Danziger Venetta Fields as One ( of the Oreos ) Clydie King as Two ( of the Oreos ) Sally Kirkland as Photographer Marta Heflin as Quentin Rita Coolidge as Herself Tony Orlando as Himself M.G. Kelly as DJ Bebe Jesus Uncle Rudy as Mo Susan Richardson as Groupie ( uncredited ) Robert Englund as Marty ( uncredited ) Maidie Norman as Justice of the Peace ( uncredited ) Martin Erlichman as Manager ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Directed by Frank Pierson , the film updates the original story and screenplay of William A. Wellman and Robert Carson with additional contributions by Pierson , John Gregory Dunne and Joan Didion . It also features Gary Busey and Sally Kirkland . Venetta Fields and Clydie King perform as Streisand 's backing vocalists `` The Oreos '' . Kristofferson 's then wife Rita Coolidge and Tony Orlando appear briefly as themselves . The earlier films had portrayed the behind - the - scenes world of Hollywood film making . However , this version adapted the story to the music business . For example , the 1937 and 1954 films each portrayed the lead female character winning an Academy Award , while the 1976 version depicted the heroine winning a Grammy Award instead . A Star Is Born was co-produced by Streisand and her then - partner Jon Peters for Barwood Films and Warner Brothers , with Peters as the main producer and Streisand as executive . Among actors considered for the male lead were Neil Diamond and Marlon Brando . Streisand and Peters wanted Elvis Presley for the role : they met with Elvis and discussed the film , and he was interested in taking the part , thinking it would revive his film career . Elvis ' manager , Colonel Tom Parker , insisted Elvis have top billing and asked for a substantial sum of money for the role , even though he had not had an acting role since 1969 , and people were unsure what kind of box office draw he would be . This effectively ended Elvis 's involvement with the project . Parker also did not want to have Elvis portrayed as having a show business career in decline . This in fact was far from the truth , with Elvis playing to packed auditoriums wherever he toured in the States . Diamond , who knew Streisand and had attended high school with her at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn , was also seriously considered but had to decline due to his extensive concert commitments , and Kristofferson got the part of John Norman Howard . Kristofferson denied modelling his character on Jim Morrison : `` That 's a good idea but it 's not true . I do n't think I ever met Morrison . A lot of people said we looked alike -- shirts off , beards -- but that washed - up rock star was more about me . '' The film cost around $6 million to produce . Its soundtrack album was also an international success , reaching number 1 in many countries and selling nearly 15 million copies worldwide . It featured the ballad `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' , which became one of the biggest hits of Streisand 's career , spending three weeks at number one in the United States , and peaking at number three in the United Kingdom . The filming locations included many in Arizona such as downtown Tucson , Tucson Community Center , Sonoita and Tempe . Streisand 's character 's ( Esther Hoffman Howard ) clothing was straight out of Streisand 's own closet . The actual credit reads : Miss Streisand 's clothes from ... her closet . The film was choreographed by David Winters of West Side Story fame , who worked closely with Streisand to perfect the movie 's dancing sequences . Reception ( edit ) The film grossed $80 million at the U.S. box office , making it the 3rd highest grossing picture of 1976 . Critical reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 31 % based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of three . Paul Mavis , reviewing Warner 's 2006 disc release of A Star is Born for DVD Talk , wrote , `` There is something of value in A Star is Born -- one thing -- and that 's Kris Kristofferson 's amazingly adept , heartfelt performance as the doomed rock star , self - destructing despite the love of an up - and - coming singer ( Streisand ) . There 's not a wrong note in his performance . Unfortunately , the remainder of A Star is Born is an unmitigated disaster that has the megalomaniac fingerprints of Barbra Streisand and her hairdresser / producer boyfriend , Jon Peters , all over it . '' Conversely , Vincent Canby , in his review in The New York Times , says Kristofferson `` walks through the film looking very bored . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) The film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Evergreen '' with the award shared by its songwriters , Streisand and Paul Williams , and was also nominated in the categories of Best Cinematography ( Robert Surtees ) , Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , Dan Wallin , Robert Glass and Tom Overton ) and Original Song Score ( Roger Kellaway ) . It won five Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Streisand ) , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Kristofferson ) , Best Original Score ( Paul Williams and Kenny Ascher ) and Best Original Song , ( Streisand and Williams for `` Evergreen '' ) . The film 's music score and theme song also won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards for Most Performed Feature Film Standards and nominated BAFTA Awards for Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music and Best Sound Track , Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score written for a Motion Picture or Television Special In the two previous versions , Gaynor and Garland were each depicted on screen as winning an Oscar , yet neither won for their film in real life ( though Gaynor had won an Oscar before , as had Streisand ) . In this film , Streisand is instead depicted as winning a Grammy , and , in real life , the film 's song `` Evergreen '' won her both a Grammy ( for Song of the Year ) and an Oscar . According to at least one Streisand biography , unhappy with a few of Frank Pierson 's scenes , Streisand later directed them herself ( a claim also made for 1979 's The Main Event ) , adding to the rumors that she and Pierson clashed constantly during production . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- # 16 Remakes ( edit ) A Star Is Born was the second remake of the 1937 film , the first remake being the 1954 film starring Judy Garland and James Mason . The film was remade in Bollywood as Aashiqui 2 in 2013 . Warner Bros. announced they had plans to finance another remake . In March 2015 , it was announced that Bradley Cooper would be starring , directing , and co-produce the remake . In August 2016 , it was announced singer - actress Lady Gaga would be starring and composing new music for the remake . The film will be released on October 5 , 2018 . Home media ( edit ) In 2006 , the Region 1 DVD was released in North America in Dolby Digital 5.1 sound with extras including a full length commentary by Barbra Streisand , 16 minutes of never before seen and additional footage and the original wardrobe test . In 2007 the Region 2 DVD with the same extras was released in Germany . In 2008 the Region 4 DVD was released in Australia , the content of which appears to be the same as the Region 1 edition . The DVD has yet to be released in any other region . Warner Bros. released the film worldwide on the Blu - ray format on February 6 , 2013 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : A Star Is Born ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack album to the film was released by Columbia Records in 1976 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Max : `` Q&A : Kris Kristofferson '' ; Classic Rock # 148 , August 2010 , p34 Jump up ^ Filming locations for A Star Is Born Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ David Winters - Awards - IMDb Jump up ^ `` IMDb Pro : David Winters Business Details '' . Pro.imdb.com. April 5 , 1939 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Star is Born ( 1976 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1976 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Mavis ' review at DVD Talk Jump up ^ `` The 49th Academy Awards ( 1977 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nomines : 1977 '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut , Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ' A Star Is Born ' For Warner Bros '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born shifts release date back to fall 2018 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Star Is Born ( 1976 film ) . A Star Is Born on IMDb A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database A Star Is Born at AllMovie A Star Is Born at Rotten Tomatoes Records / A Star is Born Barbra Streisand Archives `` My Battles With Barbra and Jon '' , New West magazine article by director Frank Pierson The Village Voice article on the making of the film A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music `` The Man That Got Away '' `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1976 soundtrack Related What Price Hollywood ? Films directed by Frank Pierson The Looking Glass War ( 1969 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) King of the Gypsies ( 1978 ) Somebody Has to Shoot the Picture ( 1990 ) Citizen Cohn ( 1992 ) Lakota Woman : Siege at Wounded Knee ( 1994 ) Truman ( 1995 ) Dirty Pictures ( 2000 ) Conspiracy ( 2001 ) Soldier 's Girl ( 2003 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(1976_film)&oldid=849819326 '' Categories : 1976 films English - language films 1970s drama films 1970s musical films American films Films set in 1976 American musical drama films American rock music films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American independent films Musical film remakes Films directed by Frank Pierson Films about alcoholism Independent films Warner Bros. films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance First Artists films Barwood Films films Albums produced by Phil Ramone Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 15 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was 1976 a star is born filmed | [
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-4718141782215447797 | United States Marshals Service | United States Marshals Service - wikipedia United States Marshals Service Jump to : navigation , search `` US Marshals '' redirects here . For the film , see U.S. Marshals ( film ) . Not to be confused with the first Federal Air Marshal Service , an agency within the Transportation Security Administration . Not to be confused with Marshal of the United States Supreme Court . United States Marshals Service Common name U.S. Marshals Abbreviation USMS Seal of the U.S. Marshals Service Badge of a Deputy U.S. Marshal Flag of the U.S. Marshals Service Motto Justice , Integrity , Service Agency overview Formed September 24 , 1789 Legal personality Governmental : Government agency Jurisdictional structure Federal agency United States Constituting instrument United States Code , Title 28 , Chapter 37 General nature Federal law enforcement Civilian agency Operational structure Headquarters Crystal City , Arlington , Virginia , U.S. Sworn members 94 U.S. Marshals , 3,953 Deputy U.S. Marshals and criminal investigators Agency executive David Anderson , Acting Deputy Director Parent agency Department of Justice Website usmarshals.gov The United States Marshals Service ( USMS ) is a federal law enforcement agency within the U.S. Department of Justice ( 28 U.S.C. § 561 ) . It is the oldest American federal law enforcement agency and was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 during the presidency of George Washington as the Office of the United States Marshal . The USMS as it stands today was established in 1969 to provide guidance and assistance to Marshals throughout the federal judicial districts . USMS is an agency of the United States executive branch reporting to the United States Attorney - General but serves as the enforcement arm of the United States federal courts to ensure the effective operation of the judiciary and integrity of the constitution . The Marshals Service is the primary agency for fugitive operations , the protection of officers of the Federal Judiciary , the management of criminal assets , the operation of the United States Federal Witness Protection Program and the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System , and execution of federal arrest warrants . Throughout its history , the Marshals have also provided unique security and enforcement services including protecting African American students enrolling in the South during the civil rights movement , escort security for United States Air Force LGM - 30 Minuteman missile convoys , law enforcement for the United States Antarctic Program , and protection of the Strategic National Stockpile . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 2 Duties and responsibilities 2.1 Witness Protection Program 2.2 Fugitive programs 2.3 Special Operations Group 3 Training and equipment 3.1 Training 3.2 Firearms and protective gear 4 Organization 4.1 Headquarters 4.2 Federal Judicial Districts 5 Personnel 5.1 Titles 5.2 Deputy Marshals 5.3 Special Deputy Marshals 5.4 Coast Guard as Deputy Marshals 5.5 Court Security Officers 5.6 Detention Enforcement Officers 5.7 Inspectors 5.8 Line of duty deaths 5.9 Notable marshals 6 Criticism and controversy 6.1 Inspector General audits 6.2 Internal thefts 6.3 Racial discrimination 6.4 Ruby Ridge 7 U.S. Marshals in popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress . President George Washington signed the Judiciary Act into law on September 24 , 1789 . The Act provided that a United States Marshal 's primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States . The law defined marshals as officers of the courts charged with assisting federal courts in their law - enforcement functions : And be it further enacted , That a marshal shall be appointed in and for each district for a term of four years , but shall be removable from office at pleasure , whose duty it shall be to attend the district and circuit courts when sitting therein , and also the Supreme Court in the district in which that court shall sit . And to execute throughout the district , all lawful precepts directed to him , and issued under the authority of the United States , and he shall have the power to command all necessary assistance in the execution of his duty , and to appoint as shall be occasion , one or more deputies . The critical Supreme Court decision affirming the legal authority of the federal marshals was made in In re Neagle 135 U.S. 1 ( 1890 ) . For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs , typically controlled by the district judge . They were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896 . Many of the first US Marshals had already proven themselves in military service during the American Revolution . Among the first marshals were John Adams 's son - in - law Congressman William Stephens Smith for the District of New York , another New York district marshal , Congressman Thomas Morris , and Henry Dearborn for the district of Maine . From the nation 's earliest days , marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires , or as temporary transfers to the Marshals Service from other federal law - enforcement agencies . Marshals were also authorized to swear in a posse to assist with manhunts , and other duties , ad hoc . Marshals were given extensive authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts , and to carry out all lawful orders issued by federal judges , Congress , or the President . Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions . Local law enforcement officials were often called `` marshals '' so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official . Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work , but that was only a minor part of their workload . The largest part of the business was paper work -- serving writs ( e.g. , subpoenas , summonses , warrants ) , and other processes issued by the courts , making arrests and handling all federal prisoners . They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts . Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks , U.S. Attorneys , jurors , and witnesses . They rented the courtrooms and jail space , and hired the bailiffs , criers , and janitors . They made sure the prisoners were present , the jurors were available , and that the witnesses were on time . Deputy U.S. Marshal Morgan Earp in an 1881 photograph The marshals thus provided local representation for the federal government within their districts . They took the national census every decade through 1870 . They distributed presidential proclamations , collected a variety of statistical information on commerce and manufacturing , supplied the names of government employees for the national register , and performed other routine tasks needed for the central government to function effectively . 19th century ( edit ) During the settlement of the American Frontier , marshals served as the main source of day - to - day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own . U.S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the `` Old West '' era . They were involved in apprehending desperadoes such as Bill Doolin , Ned Christie , and , in 1893 , the infamous Dalton Gang after a shoot - out that left Deputy Marshals Ham Hueston , Lafe Shadley , and posse member Dick Speed , dead . Individual deputy marshals have been seen as legendary heroes in the face of rampant lawlessness ( see Notable marshals below ) with Wyatt Earp , Bat Masterson , Dallas Stoudenmire , and Bass Reeves as examples of well - known marshals . Bill Tilghman , Heck Thomas , and Chris Madsen formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as `` The Three Guardsmen '' when they worked together policing the vast , lawless Oklahoma and Indian Territories . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 tasked marshals to enforce the law , recover and arrest fugitive slaves . Any negligence in doing so exposed marshals and deputies to severe financial penalties . On October 26 , 1881 , Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp , his brothers , Special Deputy U.S. Marshals Morgan and Wyatt Earp , and Special Deputy U.S. Marshal John `` Doc '' H. Holliday gunned down Frank and Tom McLaury and Billy Clanton in the legendary gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone , Arizona . In 1894 , U.S. Marshals helped suppress the Pullman Strike . 20th century ( edit ) During the 1920s , U.S. Marshals enforced Prohibition . Marshals registered enemy aliens in wartime , sealed the American border against armed expeditions from foreign countries , and at times during the Cold War also swapped spies with the Soviet Union . U.S. marshals accompanying James Meredith to class In the 1960s the marshals were on the front lines of the civil rights movement , mainly providing protection to volunteers . In September 1962 , President John F. Kennedy ordered 127 marshals to accompany James Meredith , an African American who wished to register at the segregated University of Mississippi . Their presence on campus provoked riots at the university , but the marshals stood their ground , and Meredith registered . Marshals provided continuous protection to Meredith during his first year at Ole Miss , and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy later proudly displayed a deputy marshal 's dented helmet in his office . U.S. Marshals also protected black school children integrating public schools in the South . Artist Norman Rockwell 's famous painting The Problem We All Live With depicted a tiny Ruby Bridges being escorted by four towering United States Marshals in 1964 . Until 1965 , each U.S. District Court hired and administered its own marshals independently from all others . In 1965 , the Executive Office for US Marshals , was created as `` the first organization to supervise U.S. Marshals nationwide '' . The United States Marshals Service , a federal agency , was created in 1969 U.S. Marshals and Ruby Bridges by Norman Rockwell Since June 1975 , the Marshals Service have the mission of providing law enforcement support and escort security to United States Air Force LGM - 30 Minuteman and missile systems from military facilities . Since 1989 , the Marshals Service has been responsible for law enforcement among U.S. personnel in Antarctica . 21st century ( edit ) Marshals have protected American athletes at Olympic Games , the refugee boy Elián González before his return to Cuba in 2000 , and abortion clinics as required by federal law . In 2003 , Marshals retrieved North Carolina 's copy of the Bill of Rights . In 2002 , the Marshals Service was tasked by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) to provide protective security and law enforcement capabilities in the protection of the Strategic National Stockpile ( SNS ) , such as warehouses , materiel and CDC personnel during deployment . Marshals also provide secure transportation of critical medical supplies and bio-terrorism response resources throughout the nation . Senior Inspectors of the US Marshals Service SNS Security Operations ( SNSSO ) Program have deployed to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and responded during the H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009 . SNSSO Senior Inspectors have also staffed National Security Special Events ( NSSE ) with their state , local and other federal partners on a regular basis . In February 2017 , Marshals began providing protective security to United States Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos , the first time since 2009 that a United States Cabinet - level official has been provided security by the Marshals . Duties and responsibilities ( edit ) Bat Masterson ( standing second from right ) , Wyatt Earp ( sitting second from left ) , and other deputy marshals during the Wild West era . The Marshals Service is responsible for apprehending wanted fugitives , providing protection for the federal judiciary , transporting federal prisoners , protecting endangered federal witnesses , and managing assets seized from criminal enterprises . The Marshals Service is responsible for 55.2 % of arrests of federal fugitives . Between 1981 and 1985 , the Marshals Service conducted Fugitive Investigative Strike Team operations to jump - start fugitive capture in specific districts . In 2012 , U.S. marshals captured over 36,000 federal fugitives and cleared over 39,000 fugitive warrants . The Marshals Service also executes all lawful writs , processes , and orders issued under the authority of the United States , and shall command all necessary assistance to execute its duties . U.S. Marshals also have the common law - based power to enlist any willing civilians as deputies . In the Old West this was known as forming a posse , although under the Posse Comitatus Act , they can not use military troops in uniform representing their unit or the military service for law enforcement duties . However , if a serviceman / woman is off duty , wearing civilian clothing , and willing to assist a law enforcement officer on his / her own behalf , it is acceptable . Title 28 USC Chapter 37 § 564 . authorizes United States Marshals , deputy marshals and such other officials of the Service as may be designated by the Director , in executing the laws of the United States within a State , to exercise the same powers which a sheriff of the State may exercise in executing the laws thereof . Except for suits by incarcerated persons , non-prisoner litigants proceeding in forma pauperis , or ( in some circumstances ) by seamen , U.S. Marshals no longer serve leading process or subpoenas in private civil actions filed in the U.S. district courts . Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , process may be served by any U.S. citizen over the age of 18 who is not a party involved in the case . The Marshals still levy executions and serve writs of garnishment . Witness protection Program ( edit ) See also : United States Federal Witness Protection Program A chief responsibility of the Marshals is the United States Federal Witness Protection Program . Fugitive programs ( edit ) The Marshals Service publicizes the names of wanted persons it places on the list of U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitives , which is similar to and sometimes overlaps the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list or the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives Most Wanted List , depending on jurisdiction . The 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program was established in 1983 in an effort to prioritize the investigation and apprehension of high - profile offenders who are considered to be some of the country 's most dangerous fugitives . These offenders tend to be career criminals with histories of violence or whose instant offense ( s ) pose a significant threat to public safety . Current and past fugitives in this program include murderers , sex offenders , major drug kingpins , organized crime figures , and individuals wanted for high - profile financial crimes . The Major Case Fugitive Program was established in 1985 in an effort to supplement the successful 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program . Much like the 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program , the Major Case Fugitive Program prioritizes the investigation and apprehension of high - profile offenders who are considered to be some of the country 's most dangerous individuals . All escapes from custody are automatically elevated to Major Case status . The Wall Street Journal reported on 14 November 2014 that the Marshals Service 's Technical Operations Group utilizes a so - called dirtbox to track fugitives . Special Operations Group ( edit ) The Special Operations Group ( SOG ) was created in 1971 , and is the Marshals Service 's specially trained and highly disciplined tactical unit . It is a self - supporting response team capable of responding to emergencies anywhere in the US or its territories . Most of the deputy marshals who have volunteered to be SOG members serve as full - time deputies in Marshals Service offices throughout the nation , and they remain on call 24 hours a day . The SOG also maintains a small , full - time operational cadre stationed at the Marshals Service Tactical Operations Center at Camp Beauregard , where all deputies undergo extensive , specialized training in tactics and weaponry . Deputies must meet rigorous physical and mental standards . The group 's missions include : apprehending fugitives , protecting dignitaries , providing court security , transporting high - profile and dangerous prisoners , providing witness security , and seizing assets . Training and equipment ( edit ) Training ( edit ) Marshals Service hiring is competitive and comparable to the selection process for Special Agent positions in sister agencies . Typically fewer than five percent of qualified applicants are hired and must possess at a minimum a four - year bachelor 's degree or competitive work experience ( which is usually three or more years at a local or state police department ) . While the USMS 's hiring process is not entirely in the public domain , applicants must pass a written test , an oral board interview , an extensive background investigation , a medical examination and drug test , and multiple Fitness In Total ( FIT ) exams to be selected for training . Deputy U.S. Marshals complete a 21 1 / 2 - week training program at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco , Georgia . Firearms and protective gear ( edit ) Equipment used by the USMS The primary handgun for marshals are Glock pistols in . 40 S&W caliber ( 22 , 23 , 27 ) , and each deputy may carry a backup handgun of their choice if it meets certain requirements . Deputy Marshals are also equipped with body armor and collapsible batons for daily use , and ballistic shields , helmets , and protective goggles for serving high risk warrants . Members of the U.S. Marshal SOG Teams are armed with Colt 9mm SMG with Knight 's Armament Company suppressor , HK MP - 5 9mm SMG , Remington 870 and Ithaca DS 12 - gauge shotguns , . 357 magnum revolver , Smith & Wesson Model 654 . 45cal pistol , Beretta 9mm pistol , Remington 700 . 308 cal sniper rifle with scopes , M16A2 and CAR - 15 rifles Organization ( edit ) Marshals are briefed for Operation FALCON III , 2008 Deputy U.S. Marshals and Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department officers during a `` knock - and - announce '' procedure . The Marshals Service is based in Arlington , Virginia , and , under the authority and direction of the Attorney General , is headed by a Director , who is assisted by a Deputy Director . The Marshals Service headquarters provides command , control , and cooperation for the disparate elements of the service . Headquarters ( edit ) Director of the U.S. Marshals Service Chief of Staff Office of General Counsel Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Deputy Director of the U.S. Marshals Service Chief of District Affairs Office of Professional Responsibility Associate Director for Operations Judicial Security Division Investigative Operations Division Witness Security Division Tactical Operations Division Prisoner Operations Division Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System Chief Financial Officer Financial Services Division Associate Director for Administration Training Division Human Resources Division Information Technology Division Office of Public and Congressional Affairs Management Support Division Asset Forfeiture Division Federal judicial districts ( edit ) The US court system is divided into 94 federal judicial districts , each with a district court ( except the territory of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , which share a US Marshal ) . For each district there is a presidentially - appointed and Senate - confirmed United States marshal , a Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal ( GS - 14 or 15 ) ( and an Assistant Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal ( GS - 14 ) in certain larger districts ) , Supervisory Deputy U.S. Marshals ( GS - 13 ) , and as many deputy U.S. Marshals ( GS - 7 and above ) and special deputy U.S. Marshals as needed . In the United States federal budget for 2005 , funds for 3,067 deputy marshals and criminal investigators were provided . The U.S. Marshal for United States courts of appeals ( the 13 circuit courts ) is the U.S. Marshal in whose district that court is physically located . The director and each United States Marshal are appointed by the President of the United States and subject to confirmation by the United States Senate . The District U.S. Marshal is traditionally appointed from a list of qualified law enforcement personnel for that district or state . Each state has at least one district , while several larger states have three or more . Personnel ( edit ) United States Marshals escorting prisoner in court . Marshals arrest a suspect Deputy United States Marshal guarding prisoners . Titles ( edit ) Director of the United States Marshals Service : originally titled the Chief United States Marshal , top executive of the entire U.S. Marshals Service United States Marshal : for the top executive Marshals Service position ( political appointment ) in a federal judicial district Chief Deputy United States Marshal : the senior career manager for the federal judicial district who is responsible for management of the Marshals office and staff Supervisory Deputy United States Marshal : for positions in the Marshals Service responsible for the supervision of three or more deputy U.S. Marshals and clerks Deputy United States Marshal : for all nonsupervisory positions classifiable to this series Deputy Marshals ( edit ) Deputy U.S. Marshals start their careers as 0082 basic Deputy U.S. Marshals at the GS - 7 pay grade . After the first year in grade , they are promoted to GS - 9 , the following year GS - 11 , and finally journeyman GS - 12 ( automatic progression to the grade of GS - 13 is under consideration ) . Once deputies reach the GS - 11 pay grade , they are reclassified as 1811 Criminal Investigators . Criminal Investigators work additional hours and receive an additional 25 % Law Enforcement Availability Pay on top of their base pay . Deputies perform criminal investigations , execute warrants , and other investigative operations . They also protect government officials , process seized assets of crime rings for investigative agencies , and relocate and arrange new identities for federal witnesses in the United States Federal Witness Protection Program , which is headed by the USMS . After Congress passed the Adam Walsh Act , the U.S. Marshals Service was chosen to head the new federal sex offender tracking and prosecution hot team . Special Deputy Marshals ( edit ) `` The Director of the United States Marshals Service is authorized to deputize the following persons to perform the functions of a Deputy U.S. Marshal in any district designated by the Director : ( a ) Selected officers or employees of the Department of Justice ; ( b ) Selected federal , state , or local law enforcement officers whenever the law enforcement needs of the U.S. Marshals Service so require ; ( c ) Selected employees of private security companies in providing courtroom security for the Federal judiciary ; ( d ) Other persons designated by the Associate Attorney General pursuant to 28 CFR 0.19 ( a ) ( 3 ) . '' Coast Guard as Deputy Marshals ( edit ) Under Title 14 USC 634 ( b ) in the United States Coast Guard , `` Commissioned officers may be appointed as United States Deputy Marshals in Alaska . '' Court security officers ( edit ) Court Security Officers ( CSOs ) are contracted former law enforcement officers who receive limited deputations as armed Special Deputy Marshals and play a role in courthouse security . Using security screening systems , Court Security Officers attempt to detect and intercept weapons and other prohibited items that individuals attempt to bring into federal courthouses . There are more than 4,700 Court Security Officers with certified law enforcement experience deployed at more than 400 federal court facilities in the United States and its territories . Detention enforcement officers ( edit ) DEOs ( 1802s ) are responsible for the care of prisoners in USMS custody . They also are tasked with the responsibility of conducting administrative remedies for the U.S. Marshal . DEOs can be seen transporting , booking and securing federal prisoners while in USMS custody . They also provide courtroom safety and cell block security . Detention enforcement officers are deputized and fully commissioned federal law enforcement officers by the U.S. marshal . They are authorized to carry firearms and conduct all official business on behalf of the agency . Not all districts employ detention enforcement officers . Inspectors ( edit ) This title was created for promotions within the service usually for senior non-supervisory personnel . Operational ( GS - 1811 - 13 ) , non-supervisory , employees assigned to the Witness Protection Program are given the title Senior Inspector . Senior DUSMs assigned to regional fugitive task forces or working in special assignments requiring highly skilled criminal investigators often receive the title Inspector . Deputy marshals assigned to The Organized Crime Drug Enforcement ( OCDETF ) department within the USMS also hold the title of Senior Inspector . Inspectors receive a GS - 13 pay grade level . The titles of Senior Inspector and Chief Inspector are also sometimes used in the service for certain assignments and positions within the agency . Line of duty deaths ( edit ) More than 200 U.S. Marshals , deputy marshals , and special deputy marshals have been killed in the line of duty since Marshal Robert Forsyth was shot dead by an intended recipient of court papers in Augusta , Georgia , on January 11 , 1794 . He was the first U.S. federal law enforcement officer to be killed in the line of duty . The dead are remembered on an Honor Roll permanently displayed at Headquarters . Notable Marshals ( edit ) Wild Bill Hickok Bass Reeves Wyatt Earp Frank Eaton Jesse D. Bright ( 1812 -- 1875 ) , U.S. Marshal for Indiana ; later served as U.S. senator for that state Seth Bullock ( 1849 -- 1919 ) , businessman , rancher , sheriff for Montana , sheriff of Deadwood , South Dakota , U.S. Marshal of South Dakota John F. Clark , U.S. Marshals Service Director and U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of Virginia Charles Francis Colcord ( 1859 -- 1934 ) , rancher , businessman and marshal for Oklahoma Phoebe Couzins ( 1839 -- 1913 ) , lawyer , first woman appointed to the U.S. Marshals Henry Dearborn ( 1751 -- 1829 ) , marshal for the District of Maine Frederick Douglass ( 1818 -- 1895 ) , former slave and noted abolitionist leader , appointed U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia in 1877 Morgan Earp ( 1851 -- 1882 ) , Deputy U.S. Marshal , Tombstone , Arizona , appointed by his brother Wyatt Virgil Earp ( 1843 -- 1905 ) , Deputy U.S. Marshal , Tombstone , Arizona Wyatt Earp ( 1848 -- 1929 ) , Deputy U.S. Marshal ( appointed to his brother Virgil Earp 's place by the Arizona Territorial Governor ) Frank Eaton ( 1860 -- 1958 ) , Deputy U.S. Marshal for Judge Isaac C. Parker , author , cowboy , scout , Indian fighter , and mascot for Oklahoma State University ( `` Pistol Pete '' ) Richard Griffith ( 1814 -- 1862 ) , Brigadier General in the Confederacy during the Civil War Wild Bill Hickok ( 1837 -- 1876 ) , noted Western lawman , who served as a Deputy U.S. Marshal at Fort Riley , Kansas in 1867 -- 1869 Bass Reeves ( July 1838 -- January 1910 ) is thought by most to be one of the first Black men to receive a commission as a Deputy U.S. Marshal west of the Mississippi River . Before he retired from federal service in 1907 , Reeves had arrested over 3,000 felons . Ward Hill Lamon ( 1826 -- 1893 ) , friend , and frequent bodyguard of President Abraham Lincoln , who appointed him U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia . J.J. McAlester ( 1842 -- 1920 ) , U.S. Marshal for Indian Territory ( 1893 -- 1897 ) , Confederate Army captain , merchant in and founder of McAlester , Oklahoma as well as the developer of the coal mining industry in eastern Oklahoma , one of three members of the first Oklahoma Corporation Commission ( 1907 -- 1911 ) and the second Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma ( 1911 -- 1915 ) . Benjamin McCulloch ( 1811 -- 1862 ) , U.S. Marshal for Eastern District of Texas ; became a brigadier general in the army of the Confederate States during the American Civil War Henry Eustace McCulloch ( 1816 -- 1895 ) , U.S. Marshal for Eastern District of Texas . Brother of Benjamin McCulloch ; also a Confederate General James J.P. McShane ( 1909 -- 1968 ) , Appointed U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia by President John F. Kennedy then named chief marshal in 1962 John W. Marshall , U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of Virginia ( 1994 -- 1999 ) , first African - American to serve as Director of the U.S. Marshals Service ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Bat Masterson ( 1853 -- 1921 ) , noted Western lawman ; deputy to US marshal for Southern District of New York , appointed by Theodore Roosevelt Joseph Meek ( 1810 -- 1875 ) , territorial marshal for Oregon Thomas Morris ( 1771 -- 1849 ) , marshal for New York District . David Neagle , Shot former Chief Justice of California David S. Terry to protect US Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field resulting in US Supreme Court decision In re Neagle Henry Massey Rector ( 1816 -- 1899 ) , marshal for Arkansas , later governor of that state Porter Rockwell ( c. 1813 -- 1878 ) , deputy marshal for Utah William Stephens Smith ( 1755 -- 1816 ) , 1789 U.S. Marshal for New York district and son - in - law of President John Adams Dallas Stoudenmire ( 1845 -- 1882 ) , successful city marshal who tamed and controlled the remote , wild and violent town of El Paso , Texas ; became U.S. Marshal serving West Texas and New Mexico Territory just before his death Heck Thomas ( 1850 -- 1912 ) , Bill Tilghman ( 1854 -- 1924 ) , and Chris Madsen ( 1851 -- 1944 ) , the legendarily fearless `` Three Guardsmen '' of the Oklahoma Territory Cal Whitson ( 1845 -- 1926 ) , one - eyed deputy marshal for the Oklahoma Territory . Rooster Cogburn of the novel and film True Grit is largely based on Whitson William F. Wheeler ( 1824 -- 1894 ) , marshal for the Montana Territory James E. Williams ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , marshal for South Carolina , Medal of Honor recipient Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Inspector General audits ( edit ) An audit by the Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) ( November 2010 ) of the Justice Department found `` weaknesses in the USMS 's efforts to secure federal court facilities in the six USMS district offices we visited '' . The report found , among other things , that the Marshals Service 's Judicial Security Division had contracted private security firms to provide Court Security Officers without having completed background checks . Another incident involved the Marshals Service awarding a $300 million contract to a firm that had a known history of numerous criminal activities leading to convictions for mail fraud and bank fraud and false insurance claims in addition to a civil judgment against its Chief Financial Officer . Technical problems included Court Security Officers not being properly trained on security screening equipment , which also meant equipment not being used . The OIG noted that in February 2009 , several courthouses failed to detect mock explosives sent by Marshals Service Headquarters in order to test security procedures . They also found that eighteen percent of Court Security Officers had outdated firearms qualifications . Internal thefts ( edit ) On March 26 , 2009 , the body of Deputy U.S. Marshal Vincent Bustamante was discovered in Juarez , Mexico , according to the Marshals Service . Bustamante , who was accused of stealing and pawning government property , was a fugitive from the law at the time of his death . Chihuahua State Police said the body had multiple wounds to the head -- apparently consistent with an execution - style shooting . In January 2007 , Deputy U.S. Marshal John Thomas Ambrose was charged with theft of Justice Department property , disclosure of confidential information , and lying to federal agents during an investigation . Deputy Ambrose had been in charge of protecting mobster - turned - informant Nicholas Calabrese , who was instrumental in sending three mob bosses to prison for life . A federal jury convicted Ambrose on April 27 , 2009 , of leaking secret government information concerning Calabrese to William Guide , a family friend and former Chicago police officer who had also served time in prison for corruption . Ambrose also was convicted of theft of government property but acquitted of lying to federal agents . On October 27 , 2009 , Ambrose was sentenced to serve four years in prison . Racial discrimination ( edit ) In 1998 , retired Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal Matthew Fogg won a landmark EEO and Title VII racial discrimination and retaliation lawsuit against the Justice Department , for which he was awarded $4 million . The jury found the entire Marshals Service to be a `` racially hostile environment '' which discriminates against blacks in its promotion practices . U.S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson summarized the jurors ' decision by stating that they felt there was an `` atmosphere of racial disharmony and mistrust within the United States Marshal Service '' . As of 2011 , Fogg is president of `` Bigots with Badges '' , and executive director of CARCLE ( Congress Against Racism and Corruption in Law Enforcement ) , and is also associated with Law Enforcement Against Prohibition ( LEAP ) , a drug law reform organization of law enforcement officers . Ruby Ridge ( edit ) The Department of Justice under Janet Reno acknowledged wrongdoing in U.S. Marshals decisions surrounding a firefight at Ruby Ridge in 1992 , where it is alleged that a Deputy U.S. Marshal shot 14 - year - old Samuel Weaver in the back . Deputy US Marshals who were involved in a gunfight with Weaver 's father , who was wanted on a federal warrant for failure to appear , and another individual . Deputy United States Marshals dispute this claim . Deputy U.S. Marshal Billy Deegan was killed during a surveillance operation after identifying himself as a federal agent . This led to an extended gunfight in which both sides fired several rounds . Tragically , Samuel Weaver was shot and killed . His body was taken to a small building for more than a week and an autopsy was unable to determine entry and exit wounds ( see Idaho Federal Court Transcripts for clarification of this incident ) . `` Newsweek '' described the incident as `` one of the most shameful episodes in the history of American law enforcement . '' U.S. Marshals in popular culture ( edit ) Further information : List of fictional U.S. Marshals Raylan Givens in the tv series Justified Matt Dillon in the tv series Gunsmoke `` Rooster '' Cogburn in the films True Grit ( 1969 ) and True Grit ( 2010 ) See also ( edit ) Other U.S. federal law enforcement agencies Civilian Military Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Defense Criminal Investigative Service ( DCIS ) Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) Naval Criminal Investigative Service ( NCIS ) Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division ( MCCID ) Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) Army Criminal Investigation Command ( CID ) Federal Air Marshal Service ( FAMS ) Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( OSI ) Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) Coast Guard Investigative Service ( CGIS ) Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) Secret Service ( USSS ) References ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Jump up ^ United States Code , Title 28 , Chapter 37 Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : United States Marshals Service '' ( PDF ) . usmarshals.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States Marshals Service Historical Timeline '' . United States Marshals Service . n.d. Jump up ^ `` Department of Justice Organisation , Mission and Functions Manual : United States Marshals Service '' . United States Department of Justice . n.d . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States Marshals Service '' . Gpo.gov . n.d . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals Celebrate 225 Years of Service '' . Department Of Justice . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals Service , History , Oldest Federal Law Enforcement Agency '' . Usmarshals.gov. 2004 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Larry D. Ball , The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories , 1846 - 1912 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ `` Records of the United States Marshals Service '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . `` Fact Sheets : General Information '' . usmarshals.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Marshals Service Organizational Chart '' . United States Department of Justice . August 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Turk , David S. ( 2016 ) . Forging the Star : The Official Modern History of the United States Marshals Service . University of North Texas Press . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals make legal presence in Antarctica '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History in Custody : The U.S. Marshals Service Takes Possession of North Carolina 's Copy of the Bill of Rights '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Operations Support Division '' ( PDF ) . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Marshals Service , Strategic National Stockpile Security Operations '' . Sheriff Magazine . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post Danielle Douglas - Gabriel and Emma Brown . Betsy DeVos being guarded by U.S. Marshals Service February 17 2017 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals Service , 2013 Facts and Figures '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Marshals Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 28 USC Chapter 37 § 564 '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitives '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ATF Online -- Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms Jump up ^ `` Current U.S. Marshals Service Major Case Fugitives '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Devlin ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Americans ' Cellphones Targeted in Secret U.S. Spy Program '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Marshals Service Special Operations Group '' . SpecWarnet . n.d . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( USMS ) , U.S. Marshals Service . `` U.S. Marshals Service '' . www.usmarshals.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals Service for Students : A Week in the Life of a Deputy U.S. Marshal : Wednesday '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Position classification standard for United States Marshal series , GS - 0082 '' ( PDF ) . United States Office of Personnel Management . June 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Position Classification Standard for General Investigating / Criminal Investigating Series , GS - 1810 / 1811 '' ( PDF ) . United States Office of Personnel Management . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 28 CFR 0.112 - Special deputation . Title 28 - Judicial Administration Code of Federal Regulations LII / Legal Information Institute . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC 634 ( b ) '' . Does Not Matter . Government Printing Office . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Court Security Officer position requirements '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marshal Robert Forsyth '' . Officer Down Memorial Page . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constable Darius Quimby '' . Officer Down Memorial Page . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Audit of the United States Marshals Service 's Oversight of its Judicial Facilities Security Program '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Justice . November 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Wanted U.S. marshal 's body found in Mexico '' . CNN . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Mike ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` Deputy US Marshal John T. Ambrose To Be Tried For Leaking Secrets To The Mob '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Korecki , Natasha ; Frank Main ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Deputy U.S. Marshal Ambrose guilty on two charges '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trials '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ramaea7.com '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress Against Racism and Corruption in Law Enforcement '' . Jump up ^ `` Matthew F. Fogg '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 27 August 1995 ) . `` Echoes of Ruby Ridge '' . Newsweek . Further reading ( edit ) Ball , Larry D . The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories , 1846 - 1912 ( 1978 ) . Ball , Larry D. `` ' Just And Right In Every Particular ' : US Marshal Zan Tidball and the Politics of Frontier Law Enforcement . '' Journal of Arizona History 34.2 ( 1993 ) : 177 - 200 . Calhoun , Frederick S. , and US Dept of Justice . The Lawmen : United States Marshals and their Deputies ( Smithsonian Press , 1989 ) . online Ellis , Mark R. Law and order in Buffalo Bill 's country : legal culture and community on the Great Plains , 1867 - 1910 ( U of Nebraska Press , 2007 ) . Gomez , Laura E. `` Race , colonialism , and criminal law : Mexicans and the American criminal justice system in territorial New Mexico . '' Law and Society Review ( 2000 ) : 1129 - 1202 . Lamar , Howard R . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) p 678 - 79 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Marshals Service . Official website Court Security Program -- includes role in CSOs Authority of FBI agents , serving as special deputy United States marshals , to pursue non-federal fugitives Deputization of Members of Congress as special deputy U.S. marshals USC on the U.S. Marshals Service Retired US Marshals Association U.S. Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) Stacia Hylton Director of U.S. Marshals Service 12 / 23 / 10 to 6 / 9 / 15 United States Code 14 U.S.C. § 634 `` Officers holding certain offices '' Agencies under the United States Department of Justice Headquarters : Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building Jeff Sessions , Attorney General Rod Rosenstein , Deputy Attorney General Deputy Attorney General Justice Management Division Criminal Division National Security Division Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Prisons National Institute of Corrections United States Marshals Service Executive Office for Immigration Review Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management Office of the Federal Detention Trustee Office of the Pardon Attorney Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties Office of Professional Responsibility Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children Office of Tribal Justice Professional Responsibility Advisory Office United States Attorneys INTERPOL , U.S. National Central Bureau United States Parole Commission Office of Legal Counsel Associate Attorney General Office of Justice Programs Office of Dispute Resolution Office on Violence Against Women Community Oriented Policing Services Office of Information Policy Foreign Claims Settlement Commission Antitrust Division Civil Division Civil Rights Division Environment and Natural Resources Division Tax Division United States Trustee Program Community Relations Service Office of Legal Policy Assistant Attorneys General Antitrust Division Civil Division Civil Rights Division Criminal Division National Security Division Environmental and Natural Resources Division Justice Management Division Tax Division Office of Legal Counsel Office of Legal Policy Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Justice Programs Solicitor General Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Department of Commerce Office of Export Enforcement National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries : Office for Law Enforcement Department of Defense Defense Criminal Investigative Service Department of Defense police Defense Logistics Agency Police Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( Pentagon Police ) National Security Agency Police Army Department Intelligence and Security Command Criminal Investigation Command US Army Military Police Corps Department of the Army Police Army Department Police Corrections Command Navy Department Naval Criminal Investigative Service Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division Master - at - Arms Marine Corps Police Naval Academy Police Air Force Department Office of Special Investigations Security Forces Air Force Police Department of Health and Human Services United States Food and Drug Administration ( Office of Criminal Investigations ) National Institutes of Health Police Department of Homeland Security Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers United States Citizenship and Immigration Services United States Coast Guard Investigative Service Coast Guard Police Customs and Border Protection Federal Protective Service Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Secret Service Transportation Security Administration Office of Law Enforcement / Federal Air Marshal Service Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Police Bureau of Land Management : Office of Law Enforcement Hoover Dam Police National Park Service Rangers United States Park Police Fish and Wildlife Service : Office of Law Enforcement National Wildlife Refuge System : Division of Refuge Law Enforcement Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Police Federal Bureau of Prisons United States Marshals Service Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security Diplomatic Security Service Office of Foreign Missions Department of Transportation United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety Department of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division United States Mint Police U.S. Forest Service : Law Enforcement and Investigations USDA Department of Veterans Affairs Police Office of Secure Transportation DOE United States Congress Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives Sergeant at Arms of the Senate United States Capitol Police Government Printing Office Police Judicial branch U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System Marshal of the United States Supreme Court ( Supreme Court Police ) Other federal law enforcement agencies Amtrak Police Central Intelligence Agency Security Protective Service Environmental Protection Agency Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Federal Reserve Police National Zoological Park Police Postal Inspection Service ( U.S. Postal Police ) Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services VIAF : 141454629 LCCN : n79055156 GND : 6116630 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marshals_Service&oldid=825409710 '' Categories : Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States United States Marshals Service 1789 establishments in the United States United States Department of Justice agencies Court security Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 06 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is in charge of the us marshals | [
"\n\nUnited States Marshals Service\n\n\nCommon name\nU.S. Marshals\n\n\nAbbreviation\nUSMS\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeal of the U.S. Marshals Service\n\n\n\n\nBadge of a Deputy U.S. Marshal\n\n\n\n\nFlag of the U.S. Marshals Service\n\n\n\nMotto\nJustice, Integrity, Service\n\n\nAgency overview\n\n\nFormed\nSeptember 24, 1789\n\n\nLegal personality\nGovernmental: Government agency\n\n\nJurisdictional structure\n\n\nFederal agency\nUnited States\n\n\nConstituting instrument\nUnited States Code, Title 28, Chapter 37[1]\n\n\nGeneral nature\n\n\nFederal law enforcement\nCivilian agency\n\n\n\n\nOperational structure\n\n\nHeadquarters\nCrystal City, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.\n\n\nSworn members\n94 U.S. Marshals, 3,953 Deputy U.S. Marshals and criminal investigators[2]\n\n\nAgency executive\nDavid Anderson, Acting Deputy Director\n\n\nParent agency\nDepartment of Justice\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nusmarshals.gov\n\n"
] | [
"David Anderson"
] |
-9075218135116230593 | Continent | Continent - wikipedia Continent Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Continent ( disambiguation ) . Animated , colour - coded map showing the various continents and regions . Depending on the convention and model , some continents may be consolidated or subdivided : for example , Eurasia is most often subdivided into Asia and Europe ( red shades ) , while North and South America are sometimes recognised as one American continent ( green shades ) . A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world . Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria , up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents . Ordered from largest in size to smallest , they are : Asia , Africa , North America , South America , Antarctica , Europe , and Australia . Geologically the continents largely correspond to areas of continental crust that are found on the continental plates . However some areas of continental crust are regions covered with water not usually included in the list of continents . The area referred to as Zealandia is one such area ( see submerged continents below ) . Islands are frequently grouped with a neighbouring continent to divide all the world 's land into geopolitical regions . Under this scheme , most of the island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean are grouped together with the continent of Australia to form a geopolitical region called Oceania . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and application 1.1 Extent 1.2 Separation 1.3 Number 2 Area and population 3 Other divisions 3.1 Supercontinents 3.2 Subcontinents 3.3 Submerged continents 3.4 Microcontinents 3.5 Botanical continents 4 History of continental configurations 5 History of the concept 5.1 Early concepts of the Old World continents 5.2 European arrival in the Americas 5.3 The word continent 5.4 Beyond four continents 6 Geology 7 Highest and lowest points 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Definitions and application A Dymaxion map shows land masses with minimal shape distortion . By convention , `` continents are understood to be large , continuous , discrete masses of land , ideally separated by expanses of water . '' Several of the seven conventionally recognized continents are not discrete landmasses separated completely by water . The criterion `` large '' leads to arbitrary classification : Greenland , with a surface area of 2,166,086 square kilometres ( 836,330 sq mi ) is considered the world 's largest island , while Australia , at 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) is deemed the smallest continent . Earth 's major landmasses all have coasts on a single , continuous World Ocean , which is divided into a number of principal oceanic components by the continents and various geographic criteria . Extent The most restricted meaning of continent is that of a continuous area of land or mainland , with the coastline and any land boundaries forming the edge of the continent . In this sense the term continental Europe ( sometimes referred to in Britain as `` the Continent '' ) is used to refer to mainland Europe , excluding islands such as Great Britain , Ireland , Malta and Iceland , and the term continent of Australia may refer to the mainland of Australia , excluding Tasmania and New Guinea . Similarly , the continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia in central North America and may include Alaska in the northwest of the continent ( the two being separated by Canada ) , while excluding Hawaii , Puerto Rico , and Guam in the oceans . From the perspective of geology or physical geography , continent may be extended beyond the confines of continuous dry land to include the shallow , submerged adjacent area ( the continental shelf ) and the islands on the shelf ( continental islands ) , as they are structurally part of the continent . From this perspective the edge of the continental shelf is the true edge of the continent , as shorelines vary with changes in sea level . In this sense the islands of Great Britain and Ireland are part of Europe , while Australia and the island of New Guinea together form a continent . Map of island countries : these states are often grouped geographically with a neighboring continental landmass . As a cultural construct , the concept of a continent may go beyond the continental shelf to include oceanic islands and continental fragments . In this way , Iceland is considered part of Europe and Madagascar part of Africa . Extrapolating the concept to its extreme , some geographers group the Australian continental plate with other islands in the Pacific into one continent called Oceania . This divides the entire land surface of Earth into continents or quasi-continents . Separation Main article : Boundaries between the continents of Earth See also : List of transcontinental countries The ideal criterion that each continent be a discrete landmass is commonly relaxed due to historical conventions . Of the seven most globally recognized continents , only Antarctica and Australia are completely separated from other continents by ocean . Several continents are defined not as absolutely distinct bodies but as `` more or less discrete masses of land '' . Asia and Africa are joined by the Isthmus of Suez , and North and South America by the Isthmus of Panama . In both cases , there is no complete separation of these landmasses by water ( disregarding the Suez Canal and Panama Canal , which are both narrow and shallow , as well as being artificial ) . Both these isthmuses are very narrow compared to the bulk off the landmasses they unite . North America and South America are treated as separate continents in the seven - continent model . However , they may also be viewed as a single continent known as America or the Americas . This viewpoint was common in the United States until World War II , and remains prevalent in some Asian six - continent models . This remains the more common vision in Latin American countries , Spain , Portugal , France , Italy and Greece , where they are taught as a single continent . The criterion of a discrete landmass is completely disregarded if the continuous landmass of Eurasia is classified as two separate continents : Europe and Asia . Physiographically , Europe and South Asia are peninsulas of the Eurasian landmass . However , Europe is widely considered a continent with its comparatively large land area of 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , while South Asia , with less than half that area , is considered a subcontinent . The alternative view -- in geology and geography -- that Eurasia is a single continent results in a six - continent view of the world . Some view separation of Eurasia into Asia and Europe as a residue of Eurocentrism : `` In physical , cultural and historical diversity , China and India are comparable to the entire European landmass , not to a single European country . ( ... ) . '' However , for historical and cultural reasons , the view of Europe as a separate continent continues in several categorizations . If continents are defined strictly as discrete landmasses , embracing all the contiguous land of a body , then Africa , Asia , and Europe form a single continent which may be referred to as Afro - Eurasia . This produces a four - continent model consisting of Afro - Eurasia , America , Antarctica and Australia . When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice ages , greater areas of continental shelf were exposed as dry land , forming land bridges . At those times Australia -- New Guinea was a single , continuous continent . Likewise the Americas and Afro - Eurasia were joined by the Bering land bridge . Other islands such as Great Britain were joined to the mainlands of their continents . At that time there were just three discrete continents : Afro - Eurasia - America , Antarctica , and Australia - New Guinea . Number There are several ways of distinguishing the continents : Models Color - coded map showing the various continents . Similar shades exhibit areas that may be consolidated or subdivided . Four continents Afro - Eurasia America Antarctica Australia Five continents Africa Eurasia America Antarctica Australia Six continents Africa Asia Europe America Antarctica Australia Six continents Africa Eurasia North America South America Antarctica Australia / Oceania Seven continents Africa Asia Europe North America South America Antarctica Australia / Oceania The seven - continent model is usually taught in China , India , Pakistan , the Philippines , parts of Western Europe and most English - speaking countries , including Australia and the United Kingdom . The six - continent combined - Eurasia model is mostly used in Russia , Eastern Europe , and Japan . The six - continent combined - America model is often used in France and its former possessions , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Latin America , and Greece . A five - continent model is obtained from this model by excluding Antarctica as uninhabited . This is used , for example in the United Nations and in the Olympic Charter . The term Oceania refers to a group of island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean , together with the continent of Australia . Pacific islands with ties to other continents ( such as Japan , Hawaii or Easter Island ) are usually grouped with those continents rather than Oceania . This term is used in several different continental models instead of Australia . Area and Population This section possibly contains previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of continents by population The following table summarizes area and population of each continental region using the seven continent model . Continent Area ( km2 ) Area ( mi2 ) Percent total landmass Population Percent total pop . Most populous city ( proper ) Africa 30,370,000 11,730,000 20.4 % 1,186,178,000 16.1 % Lagos , Nigeria Antarctica 13,720,000 5,300,000 9.2 % 4,490 0.0 % McMurdo Station Asia 43,820,000 16,920,000 29.5 % 4,393,296,000 59.8 % Shanghai , China Europe 10,180,000 3,930,000 6.8 % 738,442,000 10.0 % Moscow , Russia North America 24,490,000 9,460,000 16.5 % 573,777,000 7.8 % Mexico City , Mexico Australia 9,008,500 3,478,200 5.9 % 39,331,000 0.5 % Sydney , Australia South America 17,840,000 6,890,000 12.0 % 418,447,000 5.7 % São Paulo , Brazil Jump up ^ Includes the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt . Jump up ^ Population is non-permanent and varies . Jump up ^ Includes East Thrace ( Turkey ) and Western New Guinea ( Indonesia ) , excludes Russia and Egypt . Jump up ^ Includes Asiatic Russia , excludes Turkey . Jump up ^ Includes Central America and the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Excludes Indonesia . Comparison of area ( by tens of millions of square kilometers ) and population ( by billions of people ) Graph showing population by continent as a percentage of world population ( 1750 -- 2005 ) The total land area of all continents is 148,647,000 square kilometres ( 57,393,000 sq mi ) , or 29.1 % of earth 's surface ( 510,065,600 km or 196,937,400 sq mi ) . Other divisions Supercontinents Aside from the conventionally known continents , the scope and meaning of the term continent varies . Supercontinents , largely in evidence earlier in the geological record , are landmasses that comprise more than one craton or continental core . These have included Laurasia , Gondwana , Vaalbara , Kenorland , Columbia , Rodinia , and Pangaea . Subcontinents Certain parts of continents are recognized as subcontinents , especially the large peninsulas separated from the main continental landmass by geographical features . The most notable examples are the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula . The southern cone of South America and Alaskan peninsula of North America are other examples . In many of these cases , the `` subcontinents '' concerned are on different tectonic plates from the rest of the continent , providing a geological justification for the terminology . Greenland , generally reckoned as the world 's largest island on the northeastern periphery of the North American Plate , is sometimes referred to as a subcontinent . This is a significant departure from the more conventional view of a subcontinent as comprising a very large peninsula on the fringe of a continent . Where the Americas are viewed as a single continent ( America ) , it is divided into two subcontinents ( North America and South America ) or three ( with Central America being the third ) . When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent , Europe is treated as a subcontinent . Submerged continents Some areas of continental crust are largely covered by the sea and may be considered submerged continents . Notable examples are Zealandia , emerging from the sea primarily in New Zealand and New Caledonia , and the almost completely submerged Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean . Microcontinents Some islands lie on sections of continental crust that have rifted and drifted apart from a main continental landmass . While not considered continents because of their relatively small size , they may be considered microcontinents . Madagascar , the largest example , is usually considered an island of Africa but has been referred to as `` the eighth continent '' from a biological perspective . Botanical continents `` Botanical continents '' defined by the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions . `` Continents '' may be defined differently for specific purposes . The Biodiversity Information Standards organization has developed the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions , used in many international plant databases . This scheme divides the world into nine `` botanical continents '' . Some match the traditional geographical continents , but some differ significantly . Thus the Americas are divided between Northern America ( Mexico northwards ) and Southern America ( Central America and the Caribbean southwards ) rather than between North America and South America . History of continental configurations Main article : Geological history of the Earth History of the concept The Ancient Greek geographer Strabo holding a globe showing Europa and Asia Early concepts of the old world continents The term `` continent '' translates Greek ἤπειρος , properly `` landmass , terra firma '' , the proper name of Epirus and later especially used of Asia ( i.e. Asia Minor ) , The first distinction between continents was made by ancient Greek mariners who gave the names Europe and Asia to the lands on either side of the waterways of the Aegean Sea , the Dardanelles strait , the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus strait and the Black Sea . The names were first applied just to lands near the coast and only later extended to include the hinterlands . But the division was only carried through to the end of navigable waterways and `` ... beyond that point the Hellenic geographers never succeeded in laying their finger on any inland feature in the physical landscape that could offer any convincing line for partitioning an indivisible Eurasia ... '' Ancient Greek thinkers subsequently debated whether Africa ( then called Libya ) should be considered part of Asia or a third part of the world . Division into three parts eventually came to predominate . From the Greek viewpoint , the Aegean Sea was the center of the world ; Asia lay to the east , Europe to the north and west , and Africa to the south . The boundaries between the continents were not fixed . Early on , the Europe -- Asia boundary was taken to run from the Black Sea along the Rioni River ( known then as the Phasis ) in Georgia . Later it was viewed as running from the Black Sea through Kerch Strait , the Sea of Azov and along the Don River ( known then as the Tanais ) in Russia . The boundary between Asia and Africa was generally taken to be the Nile River . Herodotus in the 5th century BC , however , objected to the unity of Egypt being split into Asia and Africa ( `` Libya '' ) and took the boundary to lie along the western border of Egypt , regarding Egypt as part of Asia . He also questioned the division into three of what is really a single landmass , a debate that continues nearly two and a half millennia later . Eratosthenes , in the 3rd century BC , noted that some geographers divided the continents by rivers ( the Nile and the Don ) , thus considering them `` islands '' . Others divided the continents by isthmuses , calling the continents `` peninsulas '' . These latter geographers set the border between Europe and Asia at the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea , and the border between Asia and Africa at the isthmus between the Red Sea and the mouth of Lake Bardawil on the Mediterranean Sea . Medieval T and O map showing the three continents as domains of the sons of Noah -- Asia to Sem ( Shem ) , Europe to Iafeth ( Japheth ) , and Africa to Cham ( Ham ) . Through the Roman period and the Middle Ages , a few writers took the Isthmus of Suez as the boundary between Asia and Africa , but most writers continued to consider it the Nile or the western border of Egypt ( Gibbon ) . In the Middle Ages , the world was usually portrayed on T and O maps , with the T representing the waters dividing the three continents . By the middle of the 18th century , `` the fashion of dividing Asia and Africa at the Nile , or at the Great Catabathmus ( the boundary between Egypt and Libya ) farther west , had even then scarcely passed away '' . European arrival in the Americas Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies in 1492 , sparking a period of European exploration of the Americas . But despite four voyages to the Americas , Columbus never believed he had reached a new continent -- he always thought it was part of Asia . In 1501 , Amerigo Vespucci and Gonçalo Coelho attempted to sail around what they considered the southern end of the Asian mainland into the Indian Ocean , passing through Fernando de Noronha . After reaching the coast of Brazil , they sailed a long way further south along the coast of South America , confirming that this was a land of continental proportions and that it also extended much further south than Asia was known to . On return to Europe , an account of the voyage , called Mundus Novus ( `` New World '' ) , was published under Vespucci 's name in 1502 or 1503 , although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer . Regardless of who penned the words , Mundus Novus credited Vespucci with saying , `` I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe , or Asia or Africa '' , the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three . Within a few years the name `` New World '' began appearing as a name for South America on world maps , such as the Oliveriana ( Pesaro ) map of around 1504 -- 1505 . Maps of this time though , still showed North America connected to Asia and showed South America as a separate land . Universalis Cosmographia , Waldseemüller 's 1507 world map -- the first to show the Americas separate from Asia In 1507 Martin Waldseemüller published a world map , Universalis Cosmographia , which was the first to show North and South America as separate from Asia and surrounded by water . A small inset map above the main map explicitly showed for the first time the Americas being east of Asia and separated from Asia by an ocean , as opposed to just placing the Americas on the left end of the map and Asia on the right end . In the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio , Waldseemüller noted that the earth is divided into four parts , Europe , Asia , Africa and the fourth part , which he named `` America '' after Amerigo Vespucci 's first name . On the map , the word `` America '' was placed on part of South America . The word continent From the 16th century the English noun continent was derived from the term continent land , meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin terra continens . The noun was used to mean `` a connected or continuous tract of land '' or mainland . It was not applied only to very large areas of land -- in the 17th century , references were made to the continents ( or mainlands ) of Isle of Man , Ireland and Wales and in 1745 to Sumatra . The word continent was used in translating Greek and Latin writings about the three `` parts '' of the world , although in the original languages no word of exactly the same meaning as continent was used . While continent was used on the one hand for relatively small areas of continuous land , on the other hand geographers again raised Herodotus 's query about why a single large landmass should be divided into separate continents . In the mid-17th century , Peter Heylin wrote in his Cosmographie that `` A Continent is a great quantity of Land , not separated by any Sea from the rest of the World , as the whole Continent of Europe , Asia , Africa . '' In 1727 , Ephraim Chambers wrote in his Cyclopædia , `` The world is ordinarily divided into two grand continents : the old and the new . '' And in his 1752 atlas , Emanuel Bowen defined a continent as `` a large space of dry land comprehending many countries all joined together , without any separation by water . Thus Europe , Asia , and Africa is one great continent , as America is another . '' However , the old idea of Europe , Asia and Africa as `` parts '' of the world ultimately persisted with these being regarded as separate continents . Hollandia Nova , 1659 map prepared by Joan Blaeu based on voyages by Abel Tasman and Willem Jansz , this image shows a French edition of 1663 Beyond four continents From the late 18th century , some geographers started to regard North America and South America as two parts of the world , making five parts in total . Overall though , the fourfold division prevailed well into the 19th century . Europeans discovered Australia in 1606 , but for some time it was taken as part of Asia . By the late 18th century , some geographers considered it a continent in its own right , making it the sixth ( or fifth for those still taking America as a single continent ) . In 1813 , Samuel Butler wrote of Australia as `` New Holland , an immense island , which some geographers dignify with the appellation of another continent '' and the Oxford English Dictionary was just as equivocal some decades later . Antarctica was sighted in 1820 during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition and described as a continent by Charles Wilkes on the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838 , the last continent identified , although a great `` Antarctic '' ( antipodean ) landmass had been anticipated for millennia . An 1849 atlas labelled Antarctica as a continent but few atlases did so until after World War II . From the mid-19th century , atlases published in the United States more commonly treated North and South America as separate continents , while atlases published in Europe usually considered them one continent . However , it was still not uncommon for American atlases to treat them as one continent up until World War II . From the 1950s , most U.S. geographers divided the Americas into two continents . With the addition of Antarctica , this made the seven - continent model . However , this division of the Americas never appealed to Latin Americans , who saw their region spanning an América as a single landmass , and there the conception of six continents remains dominant , as it does in scattered other countries . Some geographers regard Europe and Asia together as a single continent , dubbed Eurasia . In this model , the world is divided into six continents , with North America and South America considered separate continents . Geology This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Continental crust and Plate tectonics Geologists use the term continent in a different manner from geographers , where a continent is defined by continental crust : a platform of metamorphic and igneous rock , largely of granitic composition . Some geologists restrict the term ' continent ' to portions of the crust built around stable Precambrian `` shield '' , typically 1.5 to 3.8 billion years old , called a craton . The craton itself is an accretionary complex of ancient mobile belts ( mountain belts ) from earlier cycles of subduction , continental collision and break - up from plate tectonic activity . An outward - thickening veneer of younger , minimally deformed sedimentary rock covers much of the craton . The margins of geologic continents are characterized by currently active or relatively recently active mobile belts and deep troughs of accumulated marine or deltaic sediments . Beyond the margin , there is either a continental shelf and drop off to the basaltic ocean basin or the margin of another continent , depending on the current plate - tectonic setting of the continent . A continental boundary does not have to be a body of water . Over geologic time , continents are periodically submerged under large epicontinental seas , and continental collisions result in a continent becoming attached to another continent . The current geologic era is relatively anomalous in that so much of the continental areas are `` high and dry '' ; that is , many parts of the continents that were once below sea level are now elevated well above it due to changes in sea levels and the subsequent uplifting of those continental areas from tectonic activity . The tectonic plates underlying the continents and oceans Some argue that continents are accretionary crustal `` rafts '' that , unlike the denser basaltic crust of the ocean basins , are not subjected to destruction through the plate tectonic process of subduction . This accounts for the great age of the rocks comprising the continental cratons . By this definition , Eastern Europe , India and some other regions could be regarded as continental masses distinct from the rest of Eurasia because they have separate ancient shield areas ( i.e. East European craton and Indian craton ) . Younger mobile belts ( such as the Ural Mountains and Himalayas ) mark the boundaries between these regions and the rest of Eurasia . There are many microcontinents , or continental fragments , that are built of continental crust but do not contain a craton . Some of these are fragments of Gondwana or other ancient cratonic continents : Zealandia , which includes New Zealand and New Caledonia ; Madagascar ; the northern Mascarene Plateau , which includes the Seychelles . Other islands , such as several in the Caribbean Sea , are composed largely of granitic rock as well , but all continents contain both granitic and basaltic crust , and there is no clear boundary as to which islands would be considered microcontinents under such a definition . The Kerguelen Plateau , for example , is largely volcanic , but is associated with the breakup of Gondwanaland and is considered a microcontinent , whereas volcanic Iceland and Hawaii are not . The British Isles , Sri Lanka , Borneo , and Newfoundland are margins of the Laurasian continent -- only separated by inland seas flooding its margins . Plate tectonics offers yet another way of defining continents . Today , Europe and most of Asia constitute the unified Eurasian Plate , which is approximately coincident with the geographic Eurasian continent excluding India , Arabia , and far eastern Russia . India contains a central shield , and the geologically recent Himalaya mobile belt forms its northern margin . North America and South America are separate continents , the connecting isthmus being largely the result of volcanism from relatively recent subduction tectonics . North American continental rocks extend to Greenland ( a portion of the Canadian Shield ) , and in terms of plate boundaries , the North American plate includes the easternmost portion of the Asian land mass . Geologists do not use these facts to suggest that eastern Asia is part of the North American continent , even though the plate boundary extends there ; the word continent is usually used in its geographic sense and additional definitions ( `` continental rocks , '' `` plate boundaries '' ) are used as appropriate . The movement of plates has caused the formation and break - up of continents over time , including occasional formation of a supercontinent that contains most or all of the continents . The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period of 2.0 -- 1.8 billion years and broke up about 1.5 -- 1.3 billion years ago . The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth 's continents , and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago . The eight continents later re-assembled into another supercontinent called Pangaea ; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia ( which became North America and Eurasia ) and Gondwana ( which became the remaining continents ) . Highest and lowest points See also : Extremes on Earth , Extreme points of Earth , and Seven Summits The following table lists the seven continents with their highest and lowest points on land , sorted in decreasing highest points . Continent Highest point Elevation ( m ) Elevation ( ft ) Country or territory containing highest point Lowest point Elevation ( m ) Elevation ( ft ) Country or territory containing lowest point Asia Mount Everest 8,848 29,029 China and Nepal Dead Sea − 427 − 1,401 Israel , Jordan and Palestine South America Aconcagua 6,960 22,830 Argentina Laguna del Carbón − 105 − 344 Argentina North America Denali 6,198 20,335 United States Death Valley † − 86 − 282 United States Africa Mount Kilimanjaro 5,895 19,341 Tanzania Lake Assal − 155 − 509 Djibouti Europe Mount Elbrus 5,642 18,510 Russia Caspian Sea − 28 − 92 Russia Antarctica Vinson Massif 4,892 16,050 ( none ) Deep Lake , Vestfold Hills † − 50 − 160 ( none ) Australia Puncak Jaya 4,884 16,024 Indonesia ( Papua ) Lake Eyre − 15 − 49 Australia † The lowest exposed points are given for North America and Antarctica . The lowest non-submarine bedrock elevations in these continents are the trough beneath Jakobshavn Glacier ( − 1,512 metres ( − 4,961 ft ) ) and Bentley Subglacial Trench ( − 2,540 metres ( − 8,330 ft ) ) , but these are covered by kilometers of ice . Some sources list the Kuma -- Manych Depression ( a remnant of the Paratethys ) as the geological border between Europe and Asia . This would place the Caucasus outside of Europe , thus making Mont Blanc ( elevation 4810 m ) in the Graian Alps the highest point in Europe - the lowest point would still be the shore of the Caspian Sea . See also List of continent name etymologies List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent List of supercontinents List of transcontinental countries Lists of cities Subregion Continental Europe Continents -- Wikipedia book References Jump up ^ `` Continents : What is a Continent ? '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 29 . `` Most people recognize seven continents -- Asia , Africa , North America , South America , Antarctica , Europe , and Australia , from largest to smallest -- although sometimes Asia and Europe are considered a single continent , Eurasia . '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean '' . Columbia Encyclopedia ( 2006 ) . New York : Columbia University Press . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution of land and water on the planet Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... '' UN Atlas of the Oceans Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( 2004 ) . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` continent n . 5 . a . '' ( 1989 ) Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition . Oxford University Press ; `` continent n . '' ( 2006 ) The Concise Oxford English Dictionary , 11th edition revised . ( Ed . ) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson . 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In Ian Douglas ( Ed . ) , Companion Encyclopedia of Geography : The Environment and Humankind . London : Routledge , p. 30 . `` Ocean waters extend onto continental rocks at continental shelves , and the true edges of the continents are the steeper continental slopes . The actual shorelines are rather accidental , depending on the height of sea - level on the sloping shelves . '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 40 : `` The joining of Australia with various Pacific islands to form the quasi continent of Oceania ... '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , Chapter 1 : `` While it might seem surprising to find North and South America still joined into a single continent in a book published in the United States in 1937 , such a notion remained fairly common until World War II . ( ... ) By the 1950s , however , virtually all American geographers had come to insist that the visually distinct landmasses of North and South America deserved separate designations . '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. ? . Jump up ^ R.W. McColl , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` continents '' . Encyclopedia of World Geography. 1 . Facts on File , Inc. p. 215 . ISBN 9780816072293 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 26 . 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New York : Oxford University Press ; p. 260 . Jump up ^ `` F - 10 Curriculum Geograph '' . Australian Curriculum , Assessment , and Reporting Authority . Jump up ^ `` National curriculum in England : geography programmes of study '' . UK Department for Education . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Academia Española '' . Lema.rae.es . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division - Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications ( M49 ) '' . unstats.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Charter . International Olympic Committee . 8 December 2014 . p. 10 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . the five interlaced rings , which represent the union of the five continents Jump up ^ `` Total Population -- Both Sexes '' . World Population Prospects , the 2015 Revision . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . July 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ See also Demographics of Antarctica . Antarctica . CIA World Factbook . March 2011 data . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes проигнорировал Москву '' . www.irn.ru . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , James A. ( 14 May 2014 ) , `` Continents '' , in R.W. McColl , Encyclopedia of World Geography , Infobase Publishing , p. 215 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7229 - 3 Jump up ^ Molnar , Peter ( 26 March 2015 ) , Plate Tectonics : A Very Short Introduction , OUP Oxford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 104396 - 3 p. 98 : Thus , we can calculate past positions of the India plate , with the Indian subcontinent as its passenger , with respect to the Eurasia plate . p. 116 : The Arabian subcontinent later , approximately 35 million years ago , collided with southern Eurasia to form the Zagros Mountains of southwestern Iran . Jump up ^ Nares Strait and the drift of Greenland : a conflict in plate tectonics , Museum Tusculanum Press , pp. 32 -- , ISBN 978 - 87 - 635 - 1150 - 6 Jump up ^ Farmer , G. Thomas ; Cook , John ( 12 January 2013 ) , Climate Change Science : A Modern Synthesis : Volume 1 - The Physical Climate , Springer Science & Business Media , pp. 281 -- , ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5757 - 8 Jump up ^ Gallay , Alan ( 11 June 2015 ) , Colonial Wars of North America , 1512 - 1763 ( Routledge Revivals ) : An Encyclopedia , Routledge , pp. 204 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 48719 - 7 Jump up ^ Innes , John L. ; Haron , Abu Hassan ( 2000 ) , Air Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrializing Regions , CABI , pp. 36 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 932 - 6 Jump up ^ Vivares , Dr Ernesto ( 28 March 2014 ) , Exploring the New South American Regionalism ( NSAR ) , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , pp. 40 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 6961 - 2 Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas M. ( October 2005 ) , Encyclopedia of the Developing World , Psychology Press , pp. 1637 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 388 - 0 Jump up ^ In Ibero - America , North America usually designates a region ( subcontinente in Spanish ) of the Americas containing Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and Bermuda ; the land bridge of Central America is generally considered a subregion of North America. Norteamérica ( Mexican version ) Archived 30 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. / ( Spaniard version ) . Encarta Online Encyclopedia ... Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hillstrom , Kevin ; Collier Hillstrom , Laurie ( 2003 ) . Africa and the Middle East : a continental overview of environmental issues . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 688 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brummitt , R.K. ( 2001 ) . World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions : Edition 2 ( PDF ) . International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences ( TDWG ) . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , Henry Stuart Jones , A Greek - English Lexicon ( 1940 ) , s.v. ἤπειρος . The English noun was introduced in the mid-16th century , shortened from continent land ( 15th century ) , adopted from Latin terra continens `` continuous landmass '' . ^ Jump up to : Toynbee , Arnold J. ( 1954 ) . A Study of History . London : Oxford University Press , v. 8 , pp. 711 - 12 . Jump up ^ Tozer , H.F. ( 1897 ) . A History of Ancient Geography . Cambridge : University Press . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Tozer , H.F. ( 1897 ) . A History of Ancient Geography . Cambridge : University Press . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Tozer , H.F. ( 1897 ) . A History of Ancient Geography . Cambridge : University Press . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Herodotus . Translated by George Rawlinson ( 2000 ) . The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( 2 ) . Ames , Iowa : Omphaloskepsis , book 2 , p. 18 . Archived 19 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Herodotus . Translated by George Rawlinson ( 2000 ) . The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 ... Ames , Iowa : Omphaloskepsis , book 4 , p. 38 . `` I can not conceive why three names ... should ever have been given to a tract which is in reality one , '' Jump up ^ Strabo . Translated by Horace Leonard Jones ( 1917 ) . Geography. ( 3 ) Harvard University Press , book 1 , ch. 4. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Goddard , Farley Brewer ( 1884 ) . `` Researches in the Cyrenaica '' . The American Journal of Philology , 5 ( 1 ) p. 38 . Jump up ^ O'Gorman , Edmundo ( 1961 ) . The Invention of America . Indiana University Press . pp. 106 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Formisano , Luciano ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Letters from a New World : Amerigo Vespucci 's Discovery of America . New York : Marsilio , pp. xx - xxi . ISBN 0 - 941419 - 62 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Zerubavel , Eviatar ( 2003 ) . Terra Cognita : The Mental Discovery of America . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers , pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0987 - 7 . Jump up ^ Formisano , Luciano ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Letters from a New World : Amerigo Vespucci 's Discovery of America . New York : Marsilio , p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 941419 - 62 - 2 . Jump up ^ Zerubavel , Eviatar ( 2003 ) . Terra Cognita : The Mental Discovery of America . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers , pp. 80 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0987 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` continent n . '' ( 1989 ) Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` continent n . '' ( 2006 ) The Concise Oxford English Dictionary , 11th edition revised . ( Ed . ) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Emanuel. ( 1752 ) . A Complete Atlas , or Distinct View of the Known World . London , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis & Wigen , The Myth of Continents ( 1997 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` continent n . 5 . a . '' ( 1989 ) Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd edition . Oxford University Press . `` the great island of Australia is sometimes reckoned as another ( continent ) '' Jump up ^ Lewis , Martin W. ; Kären E. Wigen ( 1997 ) . The Myth of Continents : a Critique of Metageography . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20743 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Martin W. ; Kären E. Wigen ( 1997 ) . The Myth of Continents : a Critique of Metageography . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20742 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20743 - 2 . Jump up ^ Some geographers list only six continents , combining Europe and Asia into Eurasia . In parts of the world , students learn that there are just five continents : Eurasia , Australia , Africa , Antarctica , and the Americas . `` How many continents are there ? '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kominz , Michelle A. ( 2001 ) . `` Sea level variations over geologic time '' . Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences ( PDF ) . San Diego : Academic Press . p. 2609 . Jump up ^ `` UT Austin scientist plays major rule in study of underwater `` micro-continent '' `` . Utexas.edu . Archived from the original on 3 November 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sci / Tech ' Lost continent ' discovered '' . BBC News . 1999 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Guochun ; Cawood , Peter A. ; Wilde , Simon A. ; Sun , M. ( November 2002 ) . `` Review of global 2.1 -- 1.8 Ga orogens : implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 59 : 125 -- 162 . Bibcode : 2002ESRv ... 59 ... 125Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 02 ) 00073 - 9 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Guochun ; Sun , M. ; Wilde , Simon A. ; Li , S.Z. ( November 2004 ) . `` A Paleo - Mesoproterozoic supercontinent : assembly , growth and breakup '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 67 : 91 -- 123 . Bibcode : 2004ESRv ... 67 ... 91Z . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2004.02. 003 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Joel . Jakobshavn Bed Elevation Archived 27 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Center for the Remote Sensing of the Ice Sheets , Dept of Geography , University of Kansas . Bibliography Lewis , Martin W. ; Wigen , Kären E. ( 1997 ) . The Myth of Continents : a Critique of Metageography . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20742 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20743 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Continents ( category ) `` What are continents ? '' YouTube video by CGP Grey `` Continent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World Category Portal Earth sciences Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category LCCN : sh85031556 GND : 4165153 - 4 Geography portal Environment portal Ecology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continent&oldid=811538650 '' Categories : Continents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles that may contain original research from November 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles containing Spanish - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the names of the seven continents of the world | [
"A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1]",
"A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1]",
"A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1]",
"A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1]",
"A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1]",
"A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1]",
"A continent is one of several very large landmasses of the world. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1]"
] | [
"Asia",
"Africa",
"North America",
"South America",
"Antarctica",
"Europe",
"Australia"
] |
5190477093639869123 | My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 7) | My Little Pony : friendship is Magic ( Season 7 ) - wikipedia My Little Pony : friendship is Magic ( Season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic season 7 Country of origin United States Canada Release Original network Discovery Family Original release April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episodes The seventh season of the animated television series My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , developed by Lauren Faust , is currently airing on the Discovery Family channel in the United States . The series is based on Hasbro 's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation , or `` G4 '' , of the My Little Pony franchise . Season 7 of the series premiered on April 15 , 2017 on Discovery Family , an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro . The show follows a pony named Twilight Sparkle as she learns about friendship in the town of Ponyville . Twilight continues to learn with her close friends Applejack , Rarity , Fluttershy , Rainbow Dash and Pinkie Pie . Each represents a different face of friendship , and Twilight discovers herself to be a key part of the magical artifacts , the `` Elements of Harmony '' . The ponies share adventures and help out other residents of Ponyville , while working out the troublesome moments in their own friendships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Minor 1.3. 1 Single role 1.3. 2 Multiple roles 1.4 Guest stars 1.4. 1 Single role 1.4. 2 Multiple roles 2 Episodes 3 Notes 4 Songs 5 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tara Strong as Twilight Sparkle Rebecca Shoichet as Twilight Sparkle ( singing voice ) Tabitha St. Germain as Rarity Kazumi Evans as Rarity ( singing voice ) Ashleigh Ball as Applejack and Rainbow Dash Andrea Libman as Fluttershy and Pinkie Pie Shannon Chan - Kent as Pinkie Pie ( singing voice ) Cathy Weseluck as Spike Recurring ( edit ) Kelly Sheridan as Starlight Glimmer Nicole Oliver as Princess Celestia Tabitha St. Germain as Princess Luna The Cutie Mark Crusaders Michelle Creber as Apple Bloom Madeleine Peters as Scootaloo Claire Corlett as Sweetie Belle Minor ( edit ) Single role ( edit ) John de Lancie as Discord Kathleen Barr as Trixie Kyle Rideout as Thorax Ian Hanlin as Sunburst Ali Milner as Princess Ember Andrew Francis as Shining Armor Ingrid Nilson as Maud Pie Peter Kelamis as Big Daddy McColt Kelly Sheridan as Sassy Saddles Kelly Metzger as Spitfire Rebecca Shoichet as Sugar Belle Trevor Devall as Hoity Toity Garry Chalk as Prince Rutherford Chiara Zanni as A.K. Yearling / Daring Do Brenda Crichlow as Zecora Richard Cox as Mr. Breezy Multiple roles ( edit ) Michael Dobson as Bulk Biceps and Dr. Caballeron Vincent Tong as Garble and Feather Bangs Peter New as Big McIntosh and Goldie Delicious Tabitha St. Germain as Flurry Heart , Granny Smith , Pound Cake , Zipporwhill , Photo Finish , Nightmare Moon , Pearly Stitch , and Mrs. Cake Britt McKillip as Princess Cadance and Peach Fuzz Nicole Oliver as Miss Cheerilee , Dr. Fauna , and Daybreaker Andrea Libman as Pumpkin Cake , Fleetfoot , Lily Lace , and Bon Bon Ashleigh Ball as Nurse Redheart , Lyra Heartstrings , and Daisy Kazumi Evans as Wrangler and Rose Cathy Weseluck as Mayor Mare and Lily Brian Drummond as Filthy Rich , Davenport , and Dr. Horse Guest stars ( edit ) Single role ( edit ) Jason Simpson as Spearhead Russell Roberts as Rusty Tenure Mark Gibbon as Hard Hat Mackenzie Gray as Dandy Grandeur Graham Verchere as Chipcutter Jason Deline as Bow Hothoof Sarah Edmondson as Windy Whistles Michael Antonakos as Starstreak Caitriona Murphy as Inky Rose Maggie Blue O'Hara as Strawberry Sunrise Tony Alcantar as Mayor of Fillydelphia Scott Underwood as Mayor of Baltimare William Shatner as Grand Pear Felicia Day as Pear Butter Bill Mondy as Burnt Oak Alyssya Swales as Toola Roola Aine Sunderland as Coconut Cream Ellen - Ray Hennessy as Mistmane Elysia Rotaru as Sable Spirit Giles Panton as Flash Magnus Paul Dobson as Commander Ironhead Janyse Jaud as Mrs. Trotsworth Doron Bell as Cattail Mariee Devereux as Meadowbrook Multiple roles ( edit ) Bill Newton as Bright Mac and Pharynx Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 144 `` Celestial Advice '' Denny Lu and Tim Stuby Joanna Lewis and Kristine Songco April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) 0.25 Starlight Glimmer , Trixie , Thorax , and Discord are awarded medals of honor for defeating Queen Chrysalis and bringing harmony to the Changeling Kingdom . During the celebration reception , Twilight Sparkle realizes she has nothing left to teach Starlight because of her accomplishment , so she turns to Princess Celestia , her own former mentor , for advice . Twilight considers following Celestia 's example by sending Starlight to study away from Ponyville , and she becomes fraught with worry as she shows Celestia various scenarios of Starlight 's studies that all end in disaster . Celestia breaks into laughter , admitting that she had the same anxieties over sending Twilight away out of fear of growing distant from her student . Twilight feels assured and announces Starlight 's graduation to the party goers . To Twilight 's joy , Starlight decides not to leave Ponyville until she feels ready to do so . 145 `` All Bottled Up '' Denny Lu and Tim Stuby Joanna Lewis and Kristine Songco April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) 0.21 While Twilight and her friends are away on a friendship retreat , Starlight remains at the castle to help Trixie practice her unicorn magic . Trixie carelessly uses a teleportation spell on Twilight 's Cutie Map table , sending it to an unknown location . Starlight 's rage causes a red cloud of magic to spew from her horn , which she contains in a glass bottle for fear of hurting Trixie . During their search for the map , Starlight 's anger at Trixie 's carefree behavior continues to mount until the bottle accidentally breaks and releases the cloud , which infects other nearby ponies and makes them attack Trixie . Starlight is able to dispel the cloud by venting her anger to Trixie , who apologizes . The two find the map at the spa where they first met , and return it to the castle just as Twilight and her friends arrive . 146 `` A Flurry of Emotions '' Denny Lu and Tim Stuby Sammie Crowley and Whitney Wetta April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) 0.22 Shining Armor and Princess Cadance appoint Twilight to babysit Flurry Heart while they attend an art show to take a break from raising their infant daughter . Twilight gladly accepts the chance to spend time with her niece , despite her commitment to visiting sick foals at the hospital . When Twilight runs late for her appointment , she takes Flurry Heart along to remain on schedule , proving to be too busy to give Flurry Heart necessary attention . This causes Flurry Heart to act out and cause problems everywhere they go , culminating with her wreaking havoc around the hospital while searching for her stuffed snail toy . After Twilight scolds and frightens Flurry Heart , she recognizes her own negligence towards her niece and apologizes . Meanwhile , Shining Armor and Cadance begin to miss Flurry Heart and leave the art show early , returning to find Twilight spending quality time with her while Spike takes Twilight 's place at the hospital . 147 `` Rock Solid Friendship '' Denny Lu and Tim Stuby Nick Confalone April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) N / A After Maud Pie earns her `` rocktorate '' in rock science , Pinkie Pie takes her sister on a tour of Ponyville in the hope that she will move in with her . Maud , unimpressed with Ponyville 's selection of rocks and minerals , agrees to stay if she can make a friend who understands her passion for rocks . She meets Starlight , and the two become fast friends as they unearth a beautiful grotto near Ponyville together . However , Pinkie fails to notice their friendship in her excitement , and she constantly tries forcing them to get along . Maud becomes annoyed with Pinkie 's interference and decides to move to Ghastly Gorge by herself instead . Realizing her mistake , Pinkie convinces Maud to give Ponyville a second chance , promising not to intrude on her . Maud reunites with Starlight and sets up her new home in the underground grotto . 148 5 `` Fluttershy Leans In '' Denny Lu and Tim Stuby Gillian M. Berrow May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) N / A When Ponyville 's animal clinic is overrun with sick and injured animals , Fluttershy decides to help by following her dream of building a wildlife sanctuary . Her friends recommend three experts to assist with the project : Wrangler , an animal handler ; Hard Hat , a construction worker ; and Dandy Grandeur , an interior decorator . However , each expert disagrees with Fluttershy 's vision , and they begin work on an entirely different structure without her consent , which proves to be unfit for the animals . Outraged at the experts for ignoring her directions , Fluttershy replaces them with her friend Big Daddy McColt , who uses his building experience to complete the sanctuary her way . 149 6 `` Forever Filly '' Denny Lu and Tim Stuby Michael P. Fox and Wil Fox May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) N / A Rarity , feeling nostalgic for her sisterly bonding with Sweetie Belle , decides to spend the day together with her . However , all of Rarity 's planned activities are things Sweetie Belle has outgrown , which Rarity fails to notice as Sweetie Belle reluctantly humors her . After finally growing annoyed with Rarity and leaving her , Sweetie Belle joins Apple Bloom and Scootaloo in helping another filly , Zipporwhill , reconnect with her pet dog , who has similarly grown disinterested in playing with her . Sweetie Belle figures out that Zipporwhill has been treating her grown dog like a puppy , and encourages her to find new ways to play . Rarity overhears this and apologizes for not treating Sweetie Belle her age , the sisters agreeing to try new activities together . 150 7 `` Parental Glideance '' Denny Lu and Tim Stuby Josh Hamilton May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) N / A Scootaloo interviews Rainbow Dash 's parents , Bow Hothoof and Windy Whistles , for a school report about her idol . The two are ecstatic when Scootaloo tells them that Rainbow Dash is now a Wonderbolt , and immediately visit their daughter to cheer for her . However , Rainbow Dash is mortified by her parents ' overenthusiastic support , confiding in Scootaloo that she deliberately hid her induction from them for this reason . When her parents begin celebrating every mundane thing she does , Rainbow Dash snaps and angrily sends them away . Disappointed in her behavior , Scootaloo shows Rainbow Dash her report and helps her realize that her parents ' lifelong support has built her into the confident and talented pony she is now . Rainbow Dash reconciles with her parents by performing a private Wonderbolts show for them to express her appreciation . 151 8 `` Hard to Say Anything '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Becky Wangberg May 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) 0.19 The Cutie Mark Crusaders discover that Big McIntosh has a crush on Sugar Belle from Starlight 's village . They encourage Big Mac to confess his feelings , but he is interrupted by Feather Bangs , a pompous stallion who also has affections for Sugar Belle . The Crusaders help Big Mac compete against Feather Bangs using grand , romantic gestures , but Sugar Belle is overwhelmed by their advances and rejects both stallions . Dejected , the Crusaders help Big Mac prepare a more meaningful gift for Sugar Belle by building her a new bakery display case like she always wanted . Sugar Belle is delighted and accepts Big Mac 's feelings , while the Crusaders decide to help the brokenhearted Feather Bangs find new love with his own admirers . 152 9 `` Honest Apple '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Kevin Lappin June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) N / A Rarity selects Applejack to serve as a judge for an upcoming fashion show . Applejack accepts , figuring that she simply needs to give her honest opinion . Before the show , Applejack is mystified by the other judges and stylists ' fashion sense and heavily criticizes their design choices , bluntly telling them her belief that fashion is ridiculous . The offended fashion ponies storm out , forcing the show to be cancelled . When Applejack tries defending her opinions , Rarity takes her to a pony who unapologetically disregards apples , making Applejack realize how hurtful her own comments were . Gathering the fashion ponies , Applejack manages to get the show uncancelled . When given the deciding vote during the show , Applejack finds new admiration in the stylists ' hard work and names all of them the winner . 153 10 `` A Royal Problem '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Joanna Lewis and Kristine Songco June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 0.15 The Cutie Map summons Starlight to solve a feud between Princesses Celestia and Luna , who feel unappreciated by each other . When the sisters argue over whose royal duties are more difficult , Starlight impulsively casts a spell that temporarily switches their cutie marks and abilities , intending to make them swap roles to change their perspective . The sisters agree to Starlight 's idea , initially confident in their new responsibilities before quickly discovering their respective hardships : Luna finding it taxing to keep up appearances in public throughout the day ; and Celestia realizing the loneliness of guarding Equestria at night . While observing her subjects ' dreams , Celestia finds Starlight suffering from a nightmare where the sisters ' feud has escalated into a battle between Nightmare Moon and Celestia 's own evil alter ego , Daybreaker . With both sisters admitting their jobs are equally challenging , Celestia dispels Starlight 's nightmare with Luna 's support , finally ending their feud . 154 11 `` Not Asking for Trouble '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre May Chan June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) N / A Pinkie Pie is invited to the rustic village of Yakyakistan , where she partakes in the yak holiday of Yikslurbertfest to prove her understanding of yak culture . During their customary stomping ritual , Pinkie and the yaks accidentally cause an avalanche that buries the entire village in snow , leaving them without food or shelter . Unable to dig the snow away on their own , Pinkie offers to gather her friends to assist the yaks , but the proud Prince Rutherford stubbornly rejects any outside help and opts to wait for the snow to melt instead . Pinkie disregards the prince and rallies her friends to secretly remove the snow while they sleep . Awakening the next morning to find the snow gone , Rutherford and the yaks commend Pinkie for helping them without their asking , and make her an honorary yak . 155 12 `` Discordant Harmony '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Michael P. Fox and Wil Fox August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) N / A After joining Fluttershy for another tea party , Discord realizes he has never invited her for tea before , and extends the invitation . While shopping for supplies , Discord encounters Pinkie Pie , who suggests that he should make sure to have a party that would make Fluttershy feel comfortable . Discord takes it upon himself to change himself and his home in his realm to be much more normal in appeal to Fluttershy . When Fluttershy arrives , she sees that Discord is fading away , unable to make chaos . She rectifies the situation by creating chaos for him , which helps to restore him to normal . She reminds him that they get along so well because they are so different , and she was hoping to have a tea party under Discord 's chaotic setting rather than one like her own . The two enjoy a chaotic tea party together . 156 13 `` The Perfect Pear '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Joanna Lewis and Kristine Songco August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) N / A Apple Bloom encounters a kindly old pear merchant named Grand Pear in the market . When she tells Applejack and Big McIntosh about it , they tell her about a long - standing feud between the Apple and Pear families that Granny Smith refuses to talk about . Visiting Goldie Delicious for more information , the siblings discover that their mother , Buttercup , was Grand Pear 's daughter named Pear Butter . Through stories told by friends of their parents , the siblings learn about the star - crossed romance between Pear Butter and their father , Bright Mac , which is complicated by Grand Pear 's plans to move his family away from Ponyville . Bright Mac and Pear Butter hold a secret wedding ceremony that is discovered by their disapproving parents as soon as they are married . Pear Butter asserts her place with the Apple family and cuts ties with Grand Pear when he refuses to accept their love . In the present , the Apple siblings arrange a meeting between Granny Smith and the now remorseful Grand Pear , allowing their estranged grandparents to reconcile . 157 14 `` Fame and Misfortune '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre M.A. Larson August 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) N / A After an encounter with two feuding fillies , Twilight decides to publish her and her friends ' shared friendship journal to help other ponies learn the lessons written inside . The journal becomes a success , but draws unintended reactions from readers : Rarity loses popularity for her supposed selfishness ; Pinkie Pie is laughed at for her every word ; Rainbow Dash is followed by fans who fixate solely on her entries ; Fluttershy is criticized for her inconsistent assertiveness ; Applejack is swamped by admirers who consider themselves a part of the Apple family ; and Twilight is regarded as less interesting due to her princesshood . Confronted by a mob of critics who bicker over which pony is the best , the six friends try to convince them that their flaws are what make their friendship strong , but the mob ponies only continue to argue . Twilight bemoans the journal 's misinterpretation until Starlight finds the two fillies from before , who tell Twilight that the journal was able to help them become better friends , which satisfies the six friends . 158 15 `` Triple Threat '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Josh Hamilton August 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 19 ) N / A Spike invites Dragon Lord Ember to Ponyville for an official friendship meeting , forgetting that he has already invited Thorax for a get - together on the same day . When both guests arrive , Spike fears the two will not get along and decides to keep them separate . After this happens , the Cutie Map unexpectedly alerts Spike of a friendship problem in Ponyville , and he begins avoiding Ember and Thorax to find it . Ember angrily confronts Spike for his suspicious behavior , causing Thorax to threaten her in Spike 's defense . Spike is forced to reveal his deception to both of his friends , deeply upsetting them . After the two help each other work out their respective leadership problems , however , Ember and Thorax become friends and forgive Spike , fulfilling his friendship mission . 159 16 `` Campfire Tales '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Barry Safchik and Michael Platt August 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) N / A The Cutie Mark Crusaders ' big - little sister camping trip with Applejack , Rarity , and Rainbow Dash is ruined when a swarm of ravenous fly - ders infest the camp . Taking refuge in a cave , the older mares decide to pass the time by telling the fillies each of their favorite folktales . First , Applejack tells the story of Rockhoof , a scrawny stallion who digs a trench to save his village from a volcanic eruption , growing in size and strength . Next , Rarity 's tells the story of Mistmane , a unicorn sorceress who sacrifices her beauty to lift a curse of ugliness on her embittered friend . Finally , Rainbow Dash tells of Flash Magnus , a pegasus soldier who braves terrifying dragons with a fireproof shield to rescue his comrades . After the fly - ders leave , the fillies are inspired by the tales to make the best of their camping trip . 160 17 `` To Change a Changeling '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Kevin Lappin September 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) N / A During a visit to the Changeling Kingdom , Starlight and Trixie are attacked by Thorax 's unreformed brother , Pharynx , who refuses to adopt the hive 's new , peaceful ways . The other changelings feel uneasy around Pharynx and elect that he be banished from the hive for his ceaseless bullying . Starlight and Trixie agree , but when they confront Thorax over the issue , he is reluctant because Pharynx would always defend him from being teased by the other changelings . Starlight is inspired to lure a maulwurf , a giant bear - mole creature , to the hive , expecting Pharynx to come to Thorax 's rescue in an act of brotherly love , only to find that Pharynx has already left of his own volition . Starlight , Trixie , and Thorax find him fending off the maulwurf to protect the hive , proving that he still cares for the changelings ' safety . After working together to defeat the monster , Pharynx is accepted by the other changelings and transforms . 161 18 `` Daring Done ? '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Gillian M. Berrow September 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) N / A Rainbow Dash is distressed when she and Pinkie Pie discover that A.K. Yearling has announced her retirement from writing the Daring Do book series , thus ending her adventures as the titular hero . When the two confront her , Yearling explains that she has grown disheartened over the collateral damage her heroics have caused , resulting in her being despised by the public . The two take Yearling to make amends in the city of Somnambula , where they discover that her nemesis Dr. Caballeron has been using Daring Do 's tarnished reputation as a cover to commit thefts and blame them on her . When Rainbow Dash speaks in Daring Do 's defense , Caballeron holds her hostage and lures Daring Do into a trap . Encouraged by Pinkie not to lose hope , Yearling rescues Rainbow Dash and ends her retirement , regaining public support by exposing Caballeron 's deception and using her wealth to repair the city damages . 162 19 `` It Is n't the Mane Thing About You '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Josh Haber September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) N / A Rarity gets her mane ruined by Pinkie Pie 's sticky party string before an important photo shoot . Zecora gives Rarity a specially made shampoo , but Rarity accidentally takes an identical remover potion intended for Pinkie 's mess instead , and she loses most of her mane in the shower . While Zecora works on a remedy , Rarity is devastated when other ponies fail to notice her as she hides her mane out of shame . Zecora later tells Rarity that a magical fix for her mane is impossible , and her friends can not make her a suitable wig in time , so she reluctantly cancels the shoot . Reminded by her friends that her mane does not define who she is , Rarity refashions her thinned mane into a punk - inspired look and confidently returns to her daily routine . Months later , after Rarity 's mane has fully grown back , she is delighted to discover her friends had arranged a paparazzi shoot with her in her punk style , starting a new fashion trend . 163 20 `` A Health of Information '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Sammie Crowley and Whitney Wetta September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) N / A While helping Fluttershy gather supplies in a swamp , Zecora contracts a rare and terrible disease called swamp fever that threatens to eventually turn her into a tree , for which no cure is known . Holding herself responsible for Zecora 's condition , Fluttershy vows to heal her as quickly as possible , no matter what it takes . After much sleepless searching , Fluttershy finds a special , remedial bee honey first discovered by her idol , the legendary healer Mage Meadowbrook . By this time , Fluttershy contracts swamp fever as well , but she continues to push herself for Zecora 's sake until she ultimately passes out for three days due to extreme exhaustion during a confrontation with the territorial bees . A rested Fluttershy reflects that her careless determination has only endangered Zecora , so she enacts a careful plan to extract the honey using Meadowbrook 's mask as a disguise , successfully treating Zecora and herself . 164 21 `` Marks and Recreation '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) TBD The Cutie Mark Crusaders start a day camp to help foals earn their cutie marks , but a camper who wishes to remain a blank flank interferes . 165 22 `` Once Upon a Zeppelin '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) TBD Twilight takes her family on a vacation cruise , later learning it is actually a paid meet - and - greet experience with her . 166 23 `` Secrets and Pies '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA October 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) TBD Pinkie Pie suspects Rainbow Dash of secretly hating her pies . 167 24 `` Uncommon Bond '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) TBD Starlight worries that Sunburst has more in common with her other friends than he does with her . 168 25 `` Shadow Play '' ( Part 1 ) Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA October 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) TBD Twilight sets out to rescue her idol , the historical Star Swirl the Bearded , from a thousand - year imprisonment . 169 26 `` Shadow Play '' ( Part 2 ) Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA October 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) TBD After releasing Equestria 's ancient heroes from limbo , Twilight and her friends must work together to defeat the Pony of Shadows . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Information about the directors are taken from the episode 's opening credits . Jump up ^ Information about the writers are taken from the episode 's opening credits . Jump up ^ This episode aired on April 30 , 2017 in Canada ( Treehouse TV ) . Jump up ^ This episode aired on May 6 , 2017 in Canada ( Treehouse TV ) . Jump up ^ This episode aired on May 7 , 2017 in Canada ( Treehouse TV ) . Jump up ^ This episode aired on May 13 , 2017 in Canada ( Treehouse TV ) . Jump up ^ This episode aired on May 14 , 2017 in Canada ( Treehouse TV ) . Jump up ^ This episode aired on May 20 , 2017 in Canada ( Treehouse TV ) . Jump up ^ This episode aired on May 21 , 2017 in Canada ( Treehouse TV ) . Jump up ^ This episode aired on June 20 , 2017 in Australia ( Boomerang ) . Jump up ^ This episode aired on June 20 , 2017 in Australia ( Boomerang ) . Jump up ^ This episode was published on YouTube on September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Russian dub of this episode aired on September 18 , 2017 in Russia ( Carousel ) . Songs ( edit ) Main article : List of songs in My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic § Season 7 ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic . Season 7 . Episode 1 - 26 . 2017 . 22 minutes in . Discovery Family Channel . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.15. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.22. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) . `` MLP Season 7 Episode 5 - Fluttershy Leans In - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) . `` MLP Season 7 Episode 6 - Forever Filly - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) . `` MLP Season 7 Episode 7 - Parental Glideance - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) . `` MLP Season 7 Episode 8 - Hard to Say Anything - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.27. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) . `` MLP Season 7 Episode 9 - Honest Apple - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) . `` MLP Season 7 Episode 10 - A Royal Problem - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.10. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) . `` MLP Season 7 Episode 11 - Not Asking for Trouble - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) . `` ( AU ) MLP Season 7 Episode 12 - Discordant Harmony - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Calpain ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) . `` ( AU ) MLP Season 7 Episode 13 - The Perfect Pear - Stream / Discussion '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Episode 18 - Daring Done - Released Early on Youtube ! '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Russia Releases MLP Season 7 - A Health of Information Early '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Albert , Jared ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Discovery Family : September 2017 Programming Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Discovery Family . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Jared ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Discovery Family : October 2017 Programming Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Discovery Family . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . ( hide ) My Little Pony ( 2010 -- present ; including Friendship Is Magic television series ) Media Animation Friendship Is Magic characters episodes songs DVD releases setting My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) soundtrack Software Twilight Sparkle , Teacher for a Day Gameloft video game Other IDW comics Issues Collectible card game TV episodes Season 1 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) `` The Cutie Mark Chronicles '' Season 2 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) `` The Return of Harmony '' `` Hearts and Hooves Day '' `` A Canterlot Wedding '' Season 3 ( 2012 -- 2013 ) `` The Crystal Empire '' `` Magical Mystery Cure '' Season 4 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) `` Pinkie Pride '' `` Twilight 's Kingdom '' Season 5 ( 2015 ) `` The Cutie Map '' `` Slice of Life '' Season 6 ( 2016 ) `` A Hearth 's Warming Tail '' Season 7 ( 2017 ) Fandom BronyCon Bronies ( documentary film ) A Brony Tale Them 's Fightin ' Herds Related Discography Overall history of the franchise Equestria Girls ( spin - off ) Films Equestria Girls ( 2013 ) Rainbow Rocks ( 2014 ) Friendship Games ( 2015 ) Legend of Everfree ( 2016 ) Other Miniseries ( 2017 ) Summertime Shorts ( 2017 ) Book Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_(season_7)&oldid=802539455 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episodes Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 20 : 20 . About Wikipedia | when does my little pony season 7 air | [
"The seventh season of the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, developed by Lauren Faust, is currently airing on the Discovery Family channel in the United States. The series is based on Hasbro's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation, or \"G4\", of the My Little Pony franchise. Season 7 of the series premiered on April 15, 2017 on Discovery Family, an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro."
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"April 15, 2017"
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-5088132479499600653 | Virginia–Virginia Tech football rivalry | Virginia -- Virginia Tech football rivalry - wikipedia Virginia -- Virginia Tech football rivalry Jump to : navigation , search `` Commonwealth Cup '' redirects here . For other uses , see Commonwealth Cup ( disambiguation ) . For more details on this rivalry in other sports , see Virginia -- Virginia Tech rivalry . Virginia -- Virginia Tech football rivalry Virginia Cavaliers Virginia Tech Hokies First meeting October 5 , 1895 Latest meeting November 26 , 2016 Next meeting November 24 , 2017 Statistics Meetings total 98 All - time series Virginia Tech leads , 56 -- 37 -- 5 Largest victory Virginia Tech , 48 -- 0 ( 1983 ) Longest win streak Virginia Tech , 13 ( 2004 -- present ) Current win streak Virginia Tech , 13 ( 2004 -- present ) Lane Stadium , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg Scott Stadium , University of Virginia , Charlottesville The Virginia -- Virginia Tech football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Virginia Cavaliers football team of the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech Hokies football team of Virginia Tech . The two schools first met in 1895 and have played annually since 1970 . Since 1964 , the game has always been played at either Lane Stadium or Scott Stadium on the campuses of the two universities . But the series has at times been played in Richmond ( 1903 , 1904 , and 1957 ) ; Norfolk ( 1940 , 1941 , and 1942 ) ; and at Victory Stadium in Roanoke ( in 17 of the 19 years between 1945 and 1963 ) . Since 1990 , the game has been held in late November , often on Thanksgiving weekend . Virginia Tech leads the series 56 -- 37 -- 5 , and the Cup series 17 -- 3 . At 97 games , it is the longest series for the Hokies and second - longest for the Cavaliers , after the 118 game series between Virginia and North Carolina known as the South 's Oldest Rivalry . The game counts for 1 point in the Commonwealth Clash each year , and is part of the greater Virginia -- Virginia Tech rivalry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commonwealth Cup Trophy 2 Hunter Carpenter in early football days 3 Game results 4 References 5 External links Commonwealth Cup trophy ( edit ) In 1996 , a trophy was created for the rivalry , known as the Commonwealth Cup . The winning team holds the trophy until the next game , which has been held annually since 1970 . Currently , Virginia Tech holds the cup , having won the 2016 game . The trophy is constructed of marble and cherry wood , and is four feet high . It also contains the scores of all of the games in the series . The cup is engraved with the names of the two schools and is mounted atop a trapezoidal base that makes up most of the trophy 's length . The front of the base features a stylized map of Virginia with Blacksburg and Charlottesville represented by stars on the map . ' Hunter Carpenter in early football days ( edit ) The Virginia - Virginia Tech rivalry has existed since the late 1800s , but did not reach pre-eminence until the 1980s . Traditionally , Virginia 's primary rival had been the Tar Heels of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , which remains the South 's Oldest Rivalry . Virginia Tech 's rival was the Virginia Military Institute , with whom they shared a military tradition and similar acronyms ( VMI and VPI ) . The UVA / VPI rivalry began in earnest 1899 , a year that saw Virginia take on northern powerhouses Penn State and Michigan . Virginia 's final game of the season was against a squad in the middle of a disastrous first full season , the Virginia Polytechnic Institute . That game , a 28 -- 0 decision for Virginia , was a footnote in their year . But for at least one Virginia Tech player , the blowout was much more . Hunter Carpenter enrolled at Virginia Tech in 1898 . He became a man possessed by one thing after the 1899 rout : beating UVA in football . However , after five years of college , Hunter Carpenter graduated from Virginia Tech without achieving his goal . Infuriated , he played in 1904 at the University of North Carolina . `` I just want to beat the University of Virginia , '' Carpenter was quoted as saying by the Associated Press , in reference to his move to Chapel Hill . However , as a standout on the Tar Heels ' football squad , he again failed to win against Virginia for two years in a row . Carpenter returned to Virginia Tech in 1905 for a last shot at beating Virginia in his eighth year of college football . Going into the 1905 game , UVA was 8 -- 0 against VPI by a cumulative score of 170 -- 5 . The Cavalier Daily ran a story outlining Carpenter 's motives and move from Virginia Tech to UNC and back to Tech over the preceding eight years . Virginia accused Carpenter of being a professional player , as he had played college football already for nearly a decade . Carpenter signed an affidavit that he had not received payment to play against UVA and , against a backdrop of recrimination , Carpenter led VPI to an 11 - 0 lead . Carpenter was ejected midway through the game for throwing the ball at the face of a Virginia defender , but stayed on the sidelines to watch as neither team was able to score against each other . Carpenter left immediately after the game and moved to Middleton , New York , never to return to the Commonwealth . Carpenter retired 1 -- 7 against UVA , but the Cavaliers still refused to play Virginia Tech again until 1923 . Game results ( edit ) Virginia victories Virginia Tech victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score October 5 , 1895 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 38 -- 0 October 31 , 1896 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 44 -- 0 November 11 , 1899 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 28 -- 0 November 14 , 1900 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 17 -- 5 5 October 26 , 1901 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 16 -- 0 6 November 15 , 1902 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 6 -- 0 7 October 24 , 1903 Richmond , VA Virginia 21 -- 0 8 November 5 , 1904 Richmond , VA Virginia 5 -- 0 9 November 4 , 1905 Charlottesville , VA VPI 11 -- 0 10 November 17 , 1923 Charlottesville , VA VPI 6 -- 3 11 November 15 , 1924 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 6 -- 0 12 November 14 , 1925 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 10 -- 0 13 October 23 , 1926 Blacksburg , VA VPI 6 -- 0 14 October 22 , 1927 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 7 -- 0 15 November 10 , 1928 Blacksburg , VA VPI 20 -- 0 16 November 9 , 1929 Charlottesville , VA VPI 32 -- 12 17 November 8 , 1930 Blacksburg , VA VPI 31 -- 13 18 November 14 , 1931 Charlottesville , VA Tie 0 -- 0 19 November 12 , 1932 Blacksburg , VA VPI 13 -- 0 20 November 18 , 1933 Charlottesville , VA Tie 6 -- 6 21 November 17 , 1934 Blacksburg , VA VPI 19 -- 6 22 November 16 , 1935 Charlottesville , VA Tie 0 -- 0 23 November 14 , 1936 Blacksburg , VA VPI 7 -- 6 24 November 13 , 1937 Charlottesville , VA VPI 14 -- 7 25 October 15 , 1938 Blacksburg , VA Virginia 14 -- 6 26 November 18 , 1939 Charlottesville , VA VPI 13 -- 0 27 November 2 , 1940 Norfolk , VA VPI 6 -- 0 28 November 1 , 1941 Norfolk , VA Virginia 34 -- 0 29 October 31 , 1942 Norfolk , VA VPI 20 -- 14 30 October 27 , 1945 Roanoke , VA Virginia 31 -- 13 31 October 5 , 1946 Roanoke , VA Tie 21 -- 21 32 October 4 , 1947 Roanoke , VA Virginia 41 -- 7 33 October 2 , 1948 Roanoke , VA Virginia 28 -- 0 34 October 8 , 1949 Roanoke , VA Virginia 26 -- 0 35 October 7 , 1950 Roanoke , VA Virginia 45 -- 6 36 October 6 , 1951 Roanoke , VA Virginia 33 -- 0 37 October 4 , 1952 Roanoke , VA # 16 Virginia 42 -- 0 38 September 26 , 1953 Charlottesville , VA VPI 20 -- 6 39 October 23 , 1954 Roanoke , VA VPI 6 -- 0 40 October 22 , 1955 Roanoke , VA VPI 17 -- 13 41 October 27 , 1956 Roanoke , VA VPI 14 -- 7 42 October 19 , 1957 Richmond , VA Virginia 38 -- 7 43 October 11 , 1958 Roanoke , VA VPI 22 -- 13 44 October 17 , 1959 Richmond , VA VPI 40 -- 14 45 October 22 , 1960 Roanoke , VA VPI 40 -- 6 46 October 21 , 1961 Roanoke , VA VPI 20 -- 0 47 October 6 , 1962 Roanoke , VA VPI 20 -- 15 48 October 5 , 1963 Roanoke , VA VPI 10 -- 0 49 October 3 , 1964 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 20 -- 17 50 October 23 , 1965 Blacksburg , VA VPI 22 -- 14 No . Date Location Winner Score 51 October 22 , 1966 Charlottesville , VA VPI 24 -- 7 52 September 12 , 1970 Blacksburg , VA Virginia 7 -- 0 53 November 6 , 1971 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 6 -- 0 54 September 16 , 1972 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 24 -- 20 55 October 20 , 1973 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 27 -- 15 56 October 19 , 1974 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 28 -- 27 57 October 18 , 1975 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 24 -- 17 58 October 16 , 1976 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 14 -- 10 59 October 15 , 1977 Blacksburg , VA Tie 14 -- 14 60 October 21 , 1978 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 17 -- 7 61 November 10 , 1979 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 20 -- 18 62 October 18 , 1980 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 30 -- 0 63 November 28 , 1981 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 20 -- 3 64 November 25 , 1982 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 21 -- 14 65 November 19 , 1983 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 48 -- 0 66 September 29 , 1984 Blacksburg , VA Virginia 26 -- 23 67 October 19 , 1985 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 28 -- 10 68 October 25 , 1986 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 42 -- 10 69 September 19 , 1987 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 14 -- 13 70 October 29 , 1988 Blacksburg , VA Virginia 16 -- 10 71 November 11 , 1989 Charlottesville , VA # 18 Virginia 32 -- 25 72 November 24 , 1990 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 38 -- 13 73 November 23 , 1991 Charlottesville , VA # 20 Virginia 38 -- 0 74 November 21 , 1992 Blacksburg , VA # 23 Virginia 41 -- 38 75 November 20 , 1993 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 20 -- 17 76 November 19 , 1994 Blacksburg , VA # 16 Virginia 42 -- 23 77 November 18 , 1995 Charlottesville , VA # 20 Virginia Tech 36 -- 29 78 November 29 , 1996 Blacksburg , VA # 17 Virginia Tech 26 -- 9 79 November 29 , 1997 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 34 -- 20 80 November 28 , 1998 Blacksburg , VA # 16 Virginia 36 -- 32 81 October 2 , 1999 Charlottesville , VA # 8 Virginia Tech 31 -- 7 82 November 25 , 2000 Blacksburg , VA # 6 Virginia Tech 42 -- 21 83 November 17 , 2001 Charlottesville , VA # 18 Virginia Tech 31 -- 17 84 November 30 , 2002 Blacksburg , VA # 22 Virginia Tech 21 -- 9 85 November 29 , 2003 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 35 -- 21 86 November 27 , 2004 Blacksburg , VA # 11 Virginia Tech 24 -- 10 87 November 19 , 2005 Charlottesville , VA # 7 Virginia Tech 52 -- 14 88 November 25 , 2006 Blacksburg , VA # 17 Virginia Tech 17 -- 0 89 November 24 , 2007 Charlottesville , VA # 8 Virginia Tech 33 -- 21 90 November 29 , 2008 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 17 -- 14 91 November 28 , 2009 Charlottesville , VA # 14 Virginia Tech 42 -- 13 92 November 27 , 2010 Blacksburg , VA # 14 Virginia Tech 37 -- 7 93 November 26 , 2011 Charlottesville , VA # 4 Virginia Tech 38 -- 0 94 November 24 , 2012 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 17 -- 14 95 November 30 , 2013 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 16 -- 6 96 November 28 , 2014 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 24 -- 20 97 November 28 , 2015 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 23 -- 20 98 November 26 , 2016 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 52 -- 10 Series : Virginia Tech leads 56 -- 37 -- 5 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia Tech vs Virginia '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ hokiesports.com Jump up ^ Hokiesports.com Commonwealth Cup Trophy . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Erik ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Virginia allegiances driven by rivalry on football field '' . College Football Update . USA Today . External links ( edit ) Official VT Athletics Site Official UVA Athletics Site Virginia Cavaliers football Venues Madison Hall Field ( 1888 -- 1912 ) Lambeth Field ( 1913 -- 1930 ) Scott Stadium ( 1931 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Florida State ( Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy ) Maryland North Carolina ( South 's Oldest Rivalry ) Virginia Tech ( Commonwealth Cup ) Culture & lore CavMan `` The Cavalier Song '' `` The Good Old Song '' Cavalier Marching Band Georgia Tech vs. Virginia 1990 People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders W.A. Lambeth Seasons 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Virginia Tech Hokies football Venues Sheib Field ( 1894 -- 1901 ) Gibboney Field ( 1902 -- 1908 ) Miles Field ( 1909 -- 1925 ) Miles Stadium ( 1926 -- 1964 ) Lane Stadium ( 1965 -- present ) Victory Stadium ( alternate , 1942 -- 1971 ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Boston College Georgia Tech Miami Virginia ( Commonwealth Cup ) West Virginia ( Black Diamond Trophy ) VMI ( former ) Culture & lore HokieBird `` Tech Triumph '' The Marching Virginians Battle at Bristol People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rivalries of the Atlantic Coast Conference Conference O'Rourke -- McFadden Trophy ( Boston College -- Clemson ) Boston College -- Syracuse Boston College -- Virginia Tech Clemson -- Florida State Clemson -- Georgia Tech Textile Bowl ( Clemson -- NC State ) Duke -- North Carolina basketball / overall Victory Bell ( Duke -- North Carolina football ) Duke -- NC State Duke -- Wake Forest Florida State -- Miami Florida State -- Virginia Georgia Tech -- Virginia Tech Miami -- Virginia Tech North Carolina -- NC State overall North Carolina -- NC State North Carolina -- Wake Forest NC State -- Wake Forest South 's Oldest Rivalry ( North Carolina -- Virginia ) Pittsburgh -- Syracuse Virginia -- Virginia Tech Commonwealth Cup ( Virginia -- Virginia Tech football ) Non-conference Auburn -- Clemson Auburn -- Georgia Tech Beanpot ( Boston College -- Boston U -- Harvard -- Northeastern ice hockey ) Boston College -- Holy Cross Boston College -- Harvard ( basketball ) Commonwealth Classic ( Boston College -- UMass basketball ) Boston College -- UMass Clemson -- Georgia Clemson -- South Carolina Colgate -- Syracuse Connecticut -- Notre Dame ( women 's basketball ) Duke -- Maryland ( basketball ) Duke -- Michigan ( basketball ) Florida -- Florida State Green Line Rivalry ( Boston College -- Boston U ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) Kentucky -- Louisville overall Governor 's Cup ( Kentucky -- Louisville football ) Louisville -- Memphis Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate ( Georgia -- Georgia Tech ) Georgia Tech -- Tennessee Georgia Tech -- Tulane Maryland -- Virginia Florida -- Miami Miami -- Nebraska NC State -- South Carolina North Carolina -- South Carolina NC State -- East Carolina Notre Dame -- UCLA basketball River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) City Game ( Pittsburgh -- Duquesne ) Penn State -- Pittsburgh Backyard Brawl ( Pittsburgh -- West Virginia ) Georgetown -- Syracuse Penn State -- Syracuse Syracuse -- West Virginia Virginia Tech -- West Virginia VMI -- Virginia Tech Notre Dame football rivalries Boston College -- Notre Dame Georgia Tech -- Notre Dame Miami -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Pittsburgh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia -- Virginia_Tech_football_rivalry&oldid = 808910698 '' Categories : Atlantic Coast Conference College football rivalries in the United States College sports in Virginia Virginia Cavaliers football Virginia Tech Hokies football 1895 establishments in Virginia Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time uva beat tech in football | [
"\n\n\n\n\nNo.\nDate\nLocation\nWinner\nScore\n\n\n1\nOctober 5, 1895\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n38–0\n\n\n2\nOctober 31, 1896\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n44–0\n\n\n3\nNovember 11, 1899\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n28–0\n\n\n4\nNovember 14, 1900\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n17–5\n\n\n5\nOctober 26, 1901\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n16–0\n\n\n6\nNovember 15, 1902\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n6–0\n\n\n7\nOctober 24, 1903\nRichmond, VA\nVirginia\n21–0\n\n\n8\nNovember 5, 1904\nRichmond, VA\nVirginia\n5–0\n\n\n9\nNovember 4, 1905\nCharlottesville, VA\nVPI\n11–0\n\n\n10\nNovember 17, 1923\nCharlottesville, VA\nVPI\n6–3\n\n\n11\nNovember 15, 1924\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n6–0\n\n\n12\nNovember 14, 1925\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n10–0\n\n\n13\nOctober 23, 1926\nBlacksburg, VA\nVPI\n6–0\n\n\n14\nOctober 22, 1927\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n7–0\n\n\n15\nNovember 10, 1928\nBlacksburg, VA\nVPI\n20–0\n\n\n16\nNovember 9, 1929\nCharlottesville, VA\nVPI\n32–12\n\n\n17\nNovember 8, 1930\nBlacksburg, VA\nVPI\n31–13\n\n\n18\nNovember 14, 1931\nCharlottesville, VA\nTie\n0–0\n\n\n19\nNovember 12, 1932\nBlacksburg, VA\nVPI\n13–0\n\n\n20\nNovember 18, 1933\nCharlottesville, VA\nTie\n6–6\n\n\n21\nNovember 17, 1934\nBlacksburg, VA\nVPI\n19–6\n\n\n22\nNovember 16, 1935\nCharlottesville, VA\nTie\n0–0\n\n\n23\nNovember 14, 1936\nBlacksburg, VA\nVPI\n7–6\n\n\n24\nNovember 13, 1937\nCharlottesville, VA\nVPI\n14–7\n\n\n25\nOctober 15, 1938\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia\n14–6\n\n\n26\nNovember 18, 1939\nCharlottesville, VA\nVPI\n13–0\n\n\n27\nNovember 2, 1940\nNorfolk, VA\nVPI\n6–0\n\n\n28\nNovember 1, 1941\nNorfolk, VA\nVirginia\n34–0\n\n\n29\nOctober 31, 1942\nNorfolk, VA\nVPI\n20–14\n\n\n30\nOctober 27, 1945\nRoanoke, VA\nVirginia\n31–13\n\n\n31\nOctober 5, 1946\nRoanoke, VA\nTie\n21–21\n\n\n32\nOctober 4, 1947\nRoanoke, VA\nVirginia\n41–7\n\n\n33\nOctober 2, 1948\nRoanoke, VA\nVirginia\n28–0\n\n\n34\nOctober 8, 1949\nRoanoke, VA\nVirginia\n26–0\n\n\n35\nOctober 7, 1950\nRoanoke, VA\nVirginia\n45–6\n\n\n36\nOctober 6, 1951\nRoanoke, VA\nVirginia\n33–0\n\n\n37\nOctober 4, 1952\nRoanoke, VA\n#16 Virginia\n42–0\n\n\n38\nSeptember 26, 1953\nCharlottesville, VA\nVPI\n20–6\n\n\n39\nOctober 23, 1954\nRoanoke, VA\nVPI\n6–0\n\n\n40\nOctober 22, 1955\nRoanoke, VA\nVPI\n17–13\n\n\n41\nOctober 27, 1956\nRoanoke, VA\nVPI\n14–7\n\n\n42\nOctober 19, 1957\nRichmond, VA\nVirginia\n38–7\n\n\n43\nOctober 11, 1958\nRoanoke, VA\nVPI\n22–13\n\n\n44\nOctober 17, 1959\nRichmond, VA\nVPI\n40–14\n\n\n45\nOctober 22, 1960\nRoanoke, VA\nVPI\n40–6\n\n\n46\nOctober 21, 1961\nRoanoke, VA\nVPI\n20–0\n\n\n47\nOctober 6, 1962\nRoanoke, VA\nVPI\n20–15\n\n\n48\nOctober 5, 1963\nRoanoke, VA\nVPI\n10–0\n\n\n49\nOctober 3, 1964\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n20–17\n\n\n50\nOctober 23, 1965\nBlacksburg, VA\nVPI\n22–14\n\n\n\n\nNo.\nDate\nLocation\nWinner\nScore\n\n\n51\nOctober 22, 1966\nCharlottesville, VA\nVPI\n24–7\n\n\n52\nSeptember 12, 1970\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia\n7–0\n\n\n53\nNovember 6, 1971\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia Tech\n6–0\n\n\n54\nSeptember 16, 1972\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n24–20\n\n\n55\nOctober 20, 1973\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n27–15\n\n\n56\nOctober 19, 1974\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n28–27\n\n\n57\nOctober 18, 1975\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n24–17\n\n\n58\nOctober 16, 1976\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia Tech\n14–10\n\n\n59\nOctober 15, 1977\nBlacksburg, VA\nTie\n14–14\n\n\n60\nOctober 21, 1978\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n17–7\n\n\n61\nNovember 10, 1979\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n20–18\n\n\n62\nOctober 18, 1980\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n30–0\n\n\n63\nNovember 28, 1981\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia Tech\n20–3\n\n\n64\nNovember 25, 1982\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n21–14\n\n\n65\nNovember 19, 1983\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia Tech\n48–0\n\n\n66\nSeptember 29, 1984\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia\n26–23\n\n\n67\nOctober 19, 1985\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia Tech\n28–10\n\n\n68\nOctober 25, 1986\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n42–10\n\n\n69\nSeptember 19, 1987\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n14–13\n\n\n70\nOctober 29, 1988\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia\n16–10\n\n\n71\nNovember 11, 1989\nCharlottesville, VA\n#18 Virginia\n32–25\n\n\n72\nNovember 24, 1990\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n38–13\n\n\n73\nNovember 23, 1991\nCharlottesville, VA\n#20 Virginia\n38–0\n\n\n74\nNovember 21, 1992\nBlacksburg, VA\n#23 Virginia\n41–38\n\n\n75\nNovember 20, 1993\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia Tech\n20–17\n\n\n76\nNovember 19, 1994\nBlacksburg, VA\n#16 Virginia\n42–23\n\n\n77\nNovember 18, 1995\nCharlottesville, VA\n#20 Virginia Tech\n36–29\n\n\n78\nNovember 29, 1996\nBlacksburg, VA\n#17 Virginia Tech\n26–9\n\n\n79\nNovember 29, 1997\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n34–20\n\n\n80\nNovember 28, 1998\nBlacksburg, VA\n#16 Virginia\n36–32\n\n\n81\nOctober 2, 1999\nCharlottesville, VA\n#8 Virginia Tech\n31–7\n\n\n82\nNovember 25, 2000\nBlacksburg, VA\n#6 Virginia Tech\n42–21\n\n\n83\nNovember 17, 2001\nCharlottesville, VA\n#18 Virginia Tech\n31–17\n\n\n84\nNovember 30, 2002\nBlacksburg, VA\n#22 Virginia Tech\n21–9\n\n\n85\nNovember 29, 2003\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia\n35–21\n\n\n86\nNovember 27, 2004\nBlacksburg, VA\n#11 Virginia Tech\n24–10\n\n\n87\nNovember 19, 2005\nCharlottesville, VA\n#7 Virginia Tech\n52–14\n\n\n88\nNovember 25, 2006\nBlacksburg, VA\n#17 Virginia Tech\n17–0\n\n\n89\nNovember 24, 2007\nCharlottesville, VA\n#8 Virginia Tech\n33–21\n\n\n90\nNovember 29, 2008\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n17–14\n\n\n91\nNovember 28, 2009\nCharlottesville, VA\n#14 Virginia Tech\n42–13\n\n\n92\nNovember 27, 2010\nBlacksburg, VA\n#14 Virginia Tech\n37–7\n\n\n93\nNovember 26, 2011\nCharlottesville, VA\n#4 Virginia Tech\n38–0\n\n\n94\nNovember 24, 2012\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n17–14\n\n\n95\nNovember 30, 2013\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia Tech\n16–6\n\n\n96\nNovember 28, 2014\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n24–20\n\n\n97\nNovember 28, 2015\nCharlottesville, VA\nVirginia Tech\n23–20\n\n\n98\nNovember 26, 2016\nBlacksburg, VA\nVirginia Tech\n52–10\n\n\nSeries: Virginia Tech leads 56–37–5\n\n\n\n\n"
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"November 29, 2003"
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-2708182267887971815 | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution | Steam power during the Industrial Revolution - wikipedia Steam power during the Industrial Revolution Jump to : navigation , search The steam engine was one of the most important technologies of the Industrial Revolution , although steam did not replace water power in importance in Britain until after the Industrial Revolution . From Englishman Thomas Newcomen 's atmospheric engine , of 1712 , through major developments by Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James Watt , the steam engine began to be used in many industrial settings , not just in mining , where the first engines had been used to pump water from deep workings . Early mills had run successfully with water power , but by using a steam engine a factory could be located anywhere , not just close to water . Water power varied with the seasons and was not available In 1775 Watt formed an engine - building and engineering partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton . The partnership of Boulton & Watt became one of the most important businesses of the Industrial Revolution and served as a kind of creative technical centre for much of the British economy . The partners solved technical problems and spread the solutions to other companies . Similar firms did the same thing in other industries and were especially important in the machine tool industry . These interactions between companies were important because they reduced the amount of research time and expense that each business had to spend working with its own resources . The technological advances of the Industrial Revolution happened more quickly because firms often shared information , which they then could use to create new techniques or products . From mines to mills , steam engines found many uses in a variety of industries . The introduction of steam engines improved productivity and technology , and allowed the creation of smaller and better engines . After Richard Trevithick 's development of the high - pressure engine , transport - applications became possible , and steam engines found their way into boats , railways , farms and road vehicles . Steam engines are an example of how changes brought by industrialization led to even more changes in other areas . The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the Industrial Revolution , however it should be remembered that for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution the majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man - power for driving small machines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thomas Savery 's steam pump 2 Thomas Newcomen 's steam engine 3 James Watt 's steam engines 4 Development after Watt 4.1 The Corliss Engine 5 Major Applications 5.1 Moving from Water to Steam Power 5.2 The Steamboat 5.2. 1 Steamboat and Water Transport 5.3 Railroad 6 References Thomas Savery 's steam pump ( edit ) The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in 1798 . He constructed and patented in London the first engine , which he called the `` Miner 's Friend '' since he intended it to pump water from mines . This thing was used steam at 22 to 100 atmospheres ( 19890 -- 15000 psi ) and had no moving parts other than hand - operated valves . The steam once admitted into the cylinder was first condensed by an external cold water spray , thus creating a partial vacuum which drew water up through a pipe from a lower level ; then valves were opened and closed and a fresh charge of steam applied directly on to the surface of the water now in the cylinder , forcing it up an outlet pipe discharging at higher level . The engine was used as a low - lift water pump in a few mines and numerous water works , but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions . Thomas Newcomen 's steam engine ( edit ) Newcomen 's atmospheric steam engine The first safe and successful steam power plant was introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 . Newcomen apprently conceived his machine quite independently of Savery , but as the latter had taken out a very wide - ranging patent , Newcomen and his associates were obliged to come to an arrangement with him , marketing the engine until 1733 under a joint patent . Newcomen 's engine appears to have been based on Papin 's experiments carried out 30 years earlier , and employed a piston and cylinder , one end of which was open to the atmosphere above the piston . Steam just above atmospheric pressure ( all that the boiler could stand ) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity - induced upstroke ; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum ; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder , raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity - actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft . The engine 's downward power stroke raised the pump , priming it and preparing the pumping stroke . At first the phases were controlled by hand , but within ten years an escapement mechanism had been devised worked by of a vertical plug tree suspended from the rocking beam which rendered the engine self - acting . A number of Newcomen engines were successfully put to use in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a lot of capital to build , and produced about 5 hp . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the nineteenth century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread to France , Germany , Austria , Hungary and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s , the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 . James Watt 's steam engines ( edit ) A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt . With the close collaboration of Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably , the use of a steam jacket around the cylinder to keep it at the temperature of the steam and , most importantly , a steam condenser chamber separate from the piston chamber . These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five , saving 75 % on coal costs . The Newcomen engine could not , at the time , be easily adapted to drive a rotating wheel , although Wasborough and Pickard did succeed in doing so in about 1780 . However , by 1783 the more economical Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type with a centrifugal governor , parallel motion and flywheel which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful . By 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp . An estimate of the total power that could be produced by all these engines was about 11,200 hp . This was still only a small fraction of the total power generated in Britain by waterwheels ( 120,000 hp ) and by windmills ( 15,000 hp ) . Newcomen and other steam engines generated at the same time about 24,000 hp . Development after Watt ( edit ) The development of machine tools , such as the lathe , planing and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines . In the early 19th century after the expiration of Watt 's patent , the steam engine underwent great increases in power due to the use of higher pressure steam which Watt had always avoided because of the danger of exploding boilers , which were in a very primitive state of development . Until about 1800 , the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained portative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Further decrease in size due to use of higher pressure came towards the end of the 18th Century when the Cornish engineer , Richard Trevithick and the American engineer , Oliver Evans , independently began to construct higher pressure ( about 40 pounds per square inch ( 2.7 atm ) ) engines which exhausted into the atmosphere . This allowed an engine and boiler to be combined into a single unit compact and light enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats . Trevithick was a man of versatile talents , and his activities were not confined to small applications . Trevithick developed his large Cornish boiler with an internal flue from about 1812 . These were also employed when upgrading a number of Watt pumping engines , greatly increasing power and productivity ; this led to the highly efficient large Cornish engines that continued to be built right up to the end of the 19th Century . The Corliss engine ( edit ) The Corliss Engine displayed at the International Exhibition of Arts , Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine of 1876 Due to the ever - increasing power demands of the 1800s , especially in manufacturing , innovations were made to existing steam engines and a number of entirely new steam engines were developed . Of these , few brought the high levels of horsepower and efficiency produced by the Corliss engine . Named after its inventor , George Henry Corliss , this stationary steam engine was introduced to the world in 1849 . The engine boasted a number of desired features , including fuel efficiency ( lowering cost of fuel by a third or more ) , low maintenance costs , 30 % higher rate of power production , high thermal efficiency , and the ability to operate under light , heavy , or varying loads while maintaining high velocity and constant speed . While the engine was loosely based on existing steam engines keeping the simple piston - flywheel design , the majority of these features were brought about by the engine 's unique valves and valve gears . Unlike most engines employed during the era that were using mainly slide - valve gears , Corliss created his own system that used a wrist plate to control a number of different valves . Each cylinder was equipped with four valves , with exhaust and inlet valves at both ends of the cylinder . Through a precisely tuned series of events opening and closing these valves , steam is admitted and released at a precise rate allowing for linear piston motion . This provided the engine 's most notable feature , the automatic variable cut - off mechanism . This mechanism is what allowed the engine to function under varying loads without losing efficiency , stalling , or being damaged . Using a series of cam gears , which could adjust valve timing ( essentially acting as a throttle ) , the engine 's speed and horsepower was adjusted . This proved extremely useful for most of the engine 's applications . In the textile industry , it allowed for production at much higher speeds while lowering the likelihood that threads would break . In metallurgy , the extreme and abrupt variations of load experienced in rolling mills were also countered by the technology . These examples demonstrate that the Corliss engine was able to lead to much higher rates of production , while preventing costly damages to machinery and materials . It was referred to as `` the most perfect regulation of speed . '' Corliss kept a detailed record of the production , collective horsepower , and sales of his engines up until the patent expired . He did this for a number of reasons , including tracking those who infringed on the patent rights , maintenance and upgrade details , and especially as data used to extend the patent . With this data , a more clear understanding of the engine 's influence is provided . By 1869 , nearly 1200 engines had been sold , totaling 118,500 horsepower . Another estimated 60,000 horsepower was being utilized by engines that were created by manufacturers infringing on Corliss 's patent , bringing the total horsepower to roughly 180,000 . This relatively small number of engines produced 15 % of the United States ' total 1.2 million horsepower . The mean horsepower for all Corliss engines in 1870 was 100 , while the mean for all steam engines ( including Corliss engines ) was 30 . Some very large engines even allowed for applications as large as 1,400 horsepower . Many were convinced of the Corliss engine 's benefits , but adoption was slow due to patent protection . When Corliss was denied a patent extension in 1870 , it became a prevalent model for stationary engines in the industrial sector . By the end of the 19th century , the engine was already having a major influence on the manufacturing sector , where it made up only 10 % of the sector 's engines , but produced 46 % of the horsepower . The engine also became a model of efficiency outside of the textile industry as it was used for pumping the waterways of Pawtucket , Rhode Island in 1878 and by playing an essential role in the expansion of the railroad by allowing for very large - scale operations in rolling mills . Many steam engines of the 19th century have been replaced , destroyed , or repurposed , but the longevity of the Corliss engine is apparent today in select distilleries where they are still used as a power source . Major applications ( edit ) Moving from water to steam power ( edit ) Water power , the world 's preceding supply of power , continued to be an essential power source even during the height of steam engine popularity . The steam engine , however , provided many benefits that could n't be realized by relying solely on water power , allowing it to quickly become industrialised nations ' dominant power source ( rising from 5 % to 80 % of the total power in the US from 1838 - 1860 ) . While many consider the potential for an increase in power generated to be the dominant benefit ( with the average horsepower of steam powered mills producing four times the power of water powered mills ) , others favor the potential for agglomeration . Steam engines made it possible to easily work , produce , market , specialize , viably expand westward without having to worry about the less abundant presence of waterways , and live in communities that were n't geographically isolated in proximity to rivers and streams . Cities and towns were now built around factories where steam engines served as the foundation for the livelihood of many of the citizens . By promoting the agglomeration of individuals , local markets were established and often met with impressive success , cities quickly grew and were eventually urbanized , the quality of living increased as infrastructure was put in place , finer goods could be produced as acquisition of materials became less difficult and expensive , direct local competition led to higher degrees of specialization , and labor and capital were in rich supply . In some counties where the establishments utilized steam power , population growths were even seen to increase . These steam powered towns encouraged growth locally and on the national scale , further validating the economic importance of the steam engine . The steamboat ( edit ) This period of economic growth , which was ushered in by the introduction and adoption of the steamboat , was one of the greatest ever experienced in the United States . Around 1815 , steamboats began to replace barges and flatboats in the transport of goods around the United States . Prior to the steamboat , rivers were generally only used in transporting goods from east to west , and from north to south as fighting the current was very difficult and often impossible . Non-powered boats and rafts were assembled up - stream , would carry their cargo down stream , and would often be disassembled at the end of their journey ; with their remains being used to construct homes and commercial buildings . Steamboat on the Yukon River Following the advent of the steamboat , the United States saw an incredible growth in the transportation of goods and people , which was key in westward expansion . Prior to the steamboat , it could take between three and four months to make the passage from New Orleans to Louisville , averaging twenty miles a day . With the steamboat this time was reduced drastically with trips ranging from twenty - five to thirty - five days . This was especially beneficial to farmers as their crops could now be transported elsewhere to be sold . The steamboat also allowed for increased specialization . Sugar and Cotton were shipped up north while goods like poultry , grain and pork were shipped south . Unfortunately , the steamboat also aided in the internal slave trade . With the steamboat came the need for an improved river system . The natural river system had features that either was n't compatible with steamboat travel or was only available during certain months when rivers were higher . Some obstacles included rapids , sand bars , shallow waters and waterfalls . To overcome these natural obstacles , a network of canals , locks and dams were constructed . This increased demand for labor spurred tremendous job growth along the rivers . The economic benefits of the steamboat extended far beyond the construction of the ships themselves , and the goods they transported . These ships led directly to growth in the coal and insurance industries , along with creating demand for repair facilities along the rivers . Additionally the demand for goods in general increased as the steamboat made transport to new destinations both wide reaching and efficient . Steamboat and water transport ( edit ) After the first steamboat was invented and achieved a number of successful trials , it was quickly adopted and led to an even quicker change in the way of water transport . In 1814 , the city of New Orleans recorded 21 steamboat arrivals , but over the course of the following 20 years that number exploded to more than 1200 . The steamboat 's role as a major transportation source was secured . The transport sector saw enormous growth following the steam engine 's application , leading to major innovations in canals , steamboats , and railroads . The steamboat and canal system revolutionized trade of the United States . As the steamboats gained popularity , enthusiasm grew for the building of canals . In 1816 , the US had only 100 miles of canals . This needed to change , however , as the potential increase in traded goods from east to west convinced many that canals were a necessary connection between the Mississippi - Ohio waterways with the Great Lakes . Railroad ( edit ) The use of steam engines on railroads proved to be extraordinary in the fact that now you could have large amounts of goods and raw materials delivered to cities and factories alike . Trains could deliver these to places far away at a fraction of the cost traveling by wagon . Railroad tracks , which were already in use in mines and various other situations , became the new means of transportation after the first locomotive was invented . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenkins , Ryhs ( 1971 ) ( 1936 ) . Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times . Cambridge ( 1st ) , Books for Libraries Press ( 2nd ) : The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780836921670 < The Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins , Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office > Jump up ^ Hulse , David H : The Early Development of the Steam Engine ; TEE Publishing , Leamington Spa , UK , 1999 ISBN 1 - 85761 - 107 - 1 Jump up ^ Hills , Rev. Dr. Richard ( 2006 ) , James Watt Vol 3 : Triumph through Adversity , 1785 - 819 , Ashbourne , Derbyshire , England : Landmark Publishing , p. 217 , ISBN 1 - 84306 - 045 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis ( 1979 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the US , 1780 - 1930 , Vol I . The University Press of Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Nathan ; Trajtenberg , Manuel ( 2004 ) . `` A General Purpose Technology at Work : The Corliss Steam Engine in the late 19th Century US '' . The Journal of Economic History . 64 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 99 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1780 - 1930 , Vol. II : Steam Power . Charlottesville : The University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ Tribe , J ( 1903 ) . Compound Corliss Engines . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Milwaukee , Tribe . Jump up ^ Burn , D.L. ( January 1931 ) . `` The Genesis of American Engineering Competition , 1850 - 1870 '' . Economic History Review . Jump up ^ Benett , Stuart ( 1986 ) . A History of Control Engineering 1800 - 1930 . Institution of Engineering and Technology . ISBN 0863410472 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , F.F. ( 1892 ) . Power and Speed in Cotton Mills , Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Northeast Cotton Manufacturers Association . Boston . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , G.H. ( 1870 ) . In the Matter of the Petition of George H. Corliss for an Extension of His letters Patent for Improvements in Steam Engines . Providence : Providence Press Company . ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , W.P. ( 1880 ) . Reports on the Water - power of the United States : Statistics of Power and Machinery Employed in Manufactures . 10th U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , M. `` Corliss Engine Group Gear Mechanisms Corliss Steam Engine '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Atack , J ; Bateman , F ; Weiss , T ( 1980 ) . `` The Regional Diffusion and Adoption of the Steam Engine in American Manufacturing '' . The Journal of Economic History . 40 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 308 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700108216 . Jump up ^ Fenichel , A.H. ( 1966 ) . `` Growth and Diffusion of Power in Manufacturing 1839 - 1919 . In Output , Employment and Productivity in the United States after 1800 '' . National Bureau of Economic Research , Studies in Income and Wealth. 30 : 443 -- 478 . Jump up ^ Atack , J ( 1979 ) . `` Fact in Fiction ? Relative Costs of Steam and Water Power : A Simulation Approach '' . Explorations in Economic History . 16 : 409 -- 437 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4983 ( 79 ) 90029 - 9 . Jump up ^ Temin , P ( June 1966 ) . `` Steam and Waterpower in the Early Nineteenth Century '' . Journal of Economic History . Jump up ^ Krugman , P ( 1991 ) . Geography and Trade . MIT Press . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , David ( 1982 ) . The Ohio River ; Gateway to Settlement . Indiana Historical Society . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Camfield , Gregg . `` Economic Development ; Mark Twain 's Mississippi '' . Mark Twain 's Mississippi . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hedeen , Jane . `` The Economic Impact of the Steamboat '' ( PDF ) . http://indianahistory.org . Indiana Historical Society . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Williams , L.A. ( 1882 ) . History of the Ohio Falls Cities and their Counties : With illustrations and bibliographical sketches . Cleveland : L.A. Williams and Company . p. 220 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` History of Steamboat on the Mississippi River '' . http://www.mississippiriverinfo.com/history-of-steamboats-on-the-Mississippi-river/ . Mississippi River Cruises . External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) General The Growth of the Steam - engine . Robert H. Thurston , A.M. , C.E. , New York : D. Appleton and Comithcmpany , 1878 . Burstall , Aubrey F. ( 1965 ) . A History of Mechanical Engineering . The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 52001 - X . Hills , Richard L. ( 1989 ) . Power from Steam . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45834 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_power_during_the_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=816048287 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution Steam power Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the steam engine invented in the industrial revolution | [
"The first safe and successful steam power plant was introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. Newcomen apprently conceived his machine quite independently of Savery, but as the latter had taken out a very wide-ranging patent, Newcomen and his associates were obliged to come to an arrangement with him, marketing the engine until 1733 under a joint patent.[2] Newcomen's engine appears to have been based on Papin's experiments carried out 30 years earlier, and employed a piston and cylinder, one end of which was open to the atmosphere above the piston. Steam just above atmospheric pressure (all that the boiler could stand) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity-induced upstroke; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder, raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity-actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft. The engine's downward power stroke raised the pump, priming it and preparing the pumping stroke. At first the phases were controlled by hand, but within ten years an escapement mechanism had been devised worked by of a vertical plug tree suspended from the rocking beam which rendered the engine self-acting."
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"1712"
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-2523362605244945681 | Texture (music) | Texture ( Music ) - wikipedia Texture ( Music ) Introduction to Sousa 's `` Washington Post March , '' mm . 1 -- 7 Play ( help info ) features octave doubling ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 133 ) and a homorhythmic texture . In music , texture is how the tempo , melodic , and harmonic materials are combined in a composition , thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece . Texture is often described in regard to the density , or thickness , and range , or width , between lowest and highest pitches , in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices , or parts , and the relationship between these voices ( see Common types below ) . For example , a thick texture contains many ' layers ' of instruments . One of these layers could be a string section , or another brass . The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the instruments playing the piece . The thickness varies from light to thick . A piece 's texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once , the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony , tempo , and rhythms used ( Benward & Saker 2003 , ) . The types categorized by number and relationship of parts are analyzed and determined through the labeling of primary textural elements : primary melody ( PM ) , secondary melody ( SM ) , parallel supporting melody ( PSM ) , static support ( SS ) , harmonic support ( HS ) , rhythmic support ( RS ) , and harmonic and rhythmic support ( HRS ) ( Isaac & Russell 2003 , p. 136 ) . Contents 1 Common types 2 Additional types 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Common types ( edit ) In musical terms , particularly in the fields of music history and music analysis , some common terms for different types of texture are : Type Description Visual Audio Monophonic Monophonic texture includes a single melodic line with no accompaniment . ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 136 ) . PSMs often double or parallel the PM they support ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' melody ( Kliewer 1975 , pp. 270 -- 301 ) . Pop Goes the Weasel Tune for Pop Goes the Weasel Problems playing this file ? See media help . Biphonic Two distinct lines , the lower sustaining a drone ( constant pitch ) while the other line creates a more elaborate melody above it . Pedal tones or ostinati would be an example of a SS ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . Pedal tone in Bach 's Prelude no . 6 in D Minor , BWV 851 , from The Well Tempered Clavier , Book I , mm . 1 -- 2 . All pedal tone notes are consonant except for the last three of the first measure ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 99 ) . Pedal tone Bach File : Pedal tone Bach - BWV 851 , m. 1 - 2. mid Pedal tone in Bach 's Prelude no . 6 in D Minor , BWV 851 , from The Well Tempered Clavier , Book I , mm . 1 -- 2 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Polyphonic or Counterpoint or Contrapuntal Multiple melodic voices which are to a considerable extent independent from or in imitation with one another . Characteristic texture of the Renaissance music , also prevalent during the Baroque period ( Benward & Saker 2003 , pp. 1999 , 199,158,137 , 136,129,110 , 90 , 59 , 35 , 11 , 9 , 0 ) ) . Polyphonic textures may contain several PMs ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . A bar from J.S. Bach 's `` Fugue No. 17 in A flat '' , BWV 862 , from Das Wohltemperirte Clavier ( Part I ) , a famous example of contrapuntal polyphony . Play ( help info ) Book 1 -- Fugue No. 21 in B - flat major ( BWV 866 ) performed on a Flemish harpsichord by Martha Goldstein Problems playing this file ? See media help . Homophonic The most common texture in Western music : melody and accompaniment . Multiple voices of which one , the melody , stands out prominently and the others form a background of harmonic accompaniment . If all the parts have much the same rhythm , the homophonic texture can also be described as homorhythmic . Characteristic texture of the Classical period and continued to predominate in Romantic music while in the 20th century , `` popular music is nearly all homophonic , '' and , `` much of jazz is also '' though , `` the simultaneous improvisations of some jazz musicians creates a true polyphony '' ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 136 ) . Homophonic textures usually contain only one PM ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . HS and RS are often combined , thus labeled HRS ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . Homophony in Tallis ' `` If Ye Love Me '' , composed in 1549 . The voices move together using the same rhythm , and the relationship between them creates chords : the excerpt begins and ends with an F major triad . Tallis ' `` If ye love me '' Beginning of Tallis ' `` If ye love me , '' notated above . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Homorhythmic Multiple voices with similar rhythmic material in all parts . Also known as `` chordal '' . May be considered a condition of homophony or distinguished from it . see above Heterophonic Two or more voices simultaneously performing variations of the same melody . Many classical pieces feature different kinds of texture within a short space of time . An example is the Scherzo from Schubert 's piano sonata in B major , D575 . The first four bars are monophonic , with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 1 -- 4 Schubert Piano Sonata in B major scherzo bars 1 -- 4 Bars 5 -- 10 are homophonic , with all voices coinciding rhythmically : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 5 -- 10 Schubert Piano Sonata in B scherzo bars 5 -- 10 Bars 11 -- 20 are polyphonic . There are three parts , the top two moving in parallel ( interval of a tenth ) . The lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats . The passage climaxes abruptly with a bar 's silence : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 11 -- 20 Schubert Piano Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 11 -- 20 After the silence , the polyphonic texture expands from three to four independent parts moving simultaneously in bars 21 - 4 . The upper two parts are imitative , the lowest part consists of a repeated note ( pedal point ) and the remaining part weaves an independent melodic line : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 21 -- 24 Schubert Piano Sonata in B majore Scherzo bars 21 -- 24 The final four bars revert to homophony , bringing the section to a close ; Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 25 -- 28 Schubert Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 25 -- 28 A complete performance can be heard by following this link : Listen Additional types ( edit ) Although in music instruction certain styles or repertoires of music are often identified with one of these descriptions this is basically added music ( for example , Gregorian chant is described as monophonic , Bach Chorales are described as homophonic and fugues as polyphonic ) , many composers use more than one type of texture in the same piece of music . A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time , rather than in succession . A more recent type of texture first used by György Ligeti is micropolyphony . Other textures include polythematic , polyrhythmic , onomatopoeic , compound , and mixed or composite textures ( Corozine 2002 , p. 34 ) . See also ( edit ) Style brisé References ( edit ) Benward , Bruce , and Marilyn Nadine Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , seventh edition , vol. 1 . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . Corozine , Vince ( 2002 ) . Arranging Music for the Real World : Classical and Commercial Aspects . Pacific , MO : Mel Bay . ISBN 0 - 7866 - 4961 - 5 . OCLC 50470629 . Hanning , Barbara Russano , Concise History of Western Music , based on Donald Jay Grout & Claudia V. Palisca 's A History of Western Music , Fifth Edition . Published by W.W. Norton & Company , New York , Copyright 1998 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97168 - 6 . Isaac , and Russell ( 2003 ). . Kliewer , Vernon ( 1975 ) . `` Melody : Linear Aspects of Twentieth - Century Music '' . In Aspects of Twentieth - Century Music , edited by Gary Wittlich , pp. 270 -- 301 . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 049346 - 5 . Kokoras , Panayiotis ( 2005 ) . Towards a Holophonic Musical Texture . In Proceedings of the ICMC2005 -- International Computer Music Conference , . Barcelona : International Computer Music Conference . Further reading ( edit ) Anon. : `` Monophony '' , Grove Music Online , edited by Deane L. Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ) . Copland , Aaron . ( 1957 ) . What to Listen for in Music , revised edition . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc . Demuth , Norman . 1964 . Musical Forms and Textures : A Reference Guide , second edition . London : Barrie and Rockliff . Frobenius , Wolf , Peter Cooke , Caroline Bithell , and Izaly Zemtsovsky : `` Polyphony ' , Grove Music Online . edited by Deane Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ) . Hyer , Brian : `` Homophony '' , Grove Music Online , edited by Deane Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ) . Keys , Ivor. 1961 . The Texture of Music : From Purcell to Brahms . London : D. Dobson . Mailman , Joshua B. 2014 . `` Trajectory , Material , Process , and Flow in Robert Morris 's String Quartet Arc '' . Perspectives of New Music 52 , no . 2 : 249 -- 83 . White , John David . 1995 . Theories of Musical Texture in Western History . Perspectives in Music Criticism and Theory 1 ; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1678 . New York : Garland Publishers . External links ( edit ) A Guide to Musical Texture with multimedia Musical textures Monophony Homorhythm and Homophony Heterophony Polyphony and Counterpoint Micropolyphony GND : 4185693 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texture_(music)&oldid=860592999 '' Categories : Musical texture Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles with incomplete citations from August 2015 All articles with incomplete citations Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी עברית Latina Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2018 , at 18 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the texture of a melodic line with harmonic accompaniment is | [
"\n\n\nType\n\nDescription\n\nVisual\n\nAudio\n\n\nMonophonic\n\nMonophonic texture includes a single melodic line with no accompaniment. (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 136). PSMs often double or parallel the PM they support (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137).\n\n \"Pop Goes the Weasel\" melody (Kliewer 1975, pp. 270–301).\n\n\n\n\n\nPop Goes the Weasel\n\nTune for Pop Goes the Weasel\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\n\n\nBiphonic\n\nTwo distinct lines, the lower sustaining a drone (constant pitch) while the other line creates a more elaborate melody above it. Pedal tones or ostinati would be an example of a SS (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137).\n\n Pedal tone in Bach's Prelude no. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851, from The Well Tempered Clavier, Book I, mm. 1–2. All pedal tone notes are consonant except for the last three of the first measure (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 99).\n\n\n\n\n\nPedal tone Bach\nFile:Pedal tone Bach - BWV 851, m.1-2.mid\nPedal tone in Bach's Prelude no. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851, from The Well Tempered Clavier, Book I, mm. 1–2.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\n\n\nPolyphonic or Counterpoint or Contrapuntal\n\nMultiple melodic voices which are to a considerable extent independent from or in imitation with one another. Characteristic texture of the Renaissance music, also prevalent during the Baroque period (Benward & Saker 2003, pp. 1999,199,158,137, 136,129,110,90,59,35,11,9,0)[verification needed]). Polyphonic textures may contain several PMs (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137).\n\n A bar from J.S. Bach's \"Fugue No.17 in A flat\", BWV 862, from Das Wohltemperirte Clavier (Part I), a famous example of contrapuntal polyphony. Play (help·info)\n\n\n\n\n\nBook 1 – Fugue No. 21 in B-flat major (BWV 866)\n\nperformed on a Flemish harpsichord by Martha Goldstein\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\n\n\nHomophonic\n\nThe most common texture in Western music: melody and accompaniment. Multiple voices of which one, the melody, stands out prominently and the others form a background of harmonic accompaniment. If all the parts have much the same rhythm, the homophonic texture can also be described as homorhythmic. Characteristic texture of the Classical period and continued to predominate in Romantic music while in the 20th century, \"popular music is nearly all homophonic,\" and, \"much of jazz is also\" though, \"the simultaneous improvisations of some jazz musicians creates a true polyphony\" (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 136). Homophonic textures usually contain only one PM (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137). HS and RS are often combined, thus labeled HRS (Benward & Saker 2003, p. 137).\n\n Homophony in Tallis' \"If Ye Love Me\", composed in 1549. The voices move together using the same rhythm, and the relationship between them creates chords: the excerpt begins and ends with an F major triad.\n\n\n\n\n\nTallis' \"If ye love me\"\n\nBeginning of Tallis' \"If ye love me,\" notated above.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\n\n\nHomorhythmic\n\nMultiple voices with similar rhythmic material in all parts. Also known as \"chordal\". May be considered a condition of homophony or distinguished from it.\n\nsee above\n\n\n\n\nHeterophonic\n\nTwo or more voices simultaneously performing variations of the same melody.\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Homophonic"
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-6044816269552667153 | Dumbwaiter | Dumbwaiter - wikipedia Dumbwaiter For other uses , see dumbwaiter ( disambiguation ) . A dumb waiter also known as a lazy waiter ( Speiseaufzug ) in the oldest restaurant in Munich , the Hundskugel , with the hand - pulled cart in the `` UP '' position and only the rope visible . A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry objects rather than people . Dumbwaiters found within modern structures , including both commercial , public and private buildings , are often connected between multiple floors . When installed in restaurants , schools , kindergartens , hospitals , retirement homes or in private homes , the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen . The term seems to have been popularized in the United States in the 1840s , after the model of earlier `` dumbwaiters '' now known as serving trays and lazy Susans . The mechanical dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon , a New York City inventor . Cannon first filed for the patent of a brake system ( US Patent no . 260776 ) that could be used for a dumbwaiter on January 6 , 1883 . Cannon later filed for the patent on the mechanical dumbwaiter ( US Patent No. 361268 ) on February 17 , 1887 . Cannon reportedly generated a vast amount of royalties from the dumbwaiter patents until his death in 1897 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Regulations governing construction and operation 3 In history 4 In culture 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) A simple dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft , dropped by a rope on a pulley , guided by rails ; most dumbwaiters have a shaft , cart , and capacity smaller than those of passenger elevators , usually 45 to 450 kg ( 100 to 992 lbs . ) Before electric motors were added in the 1920s , dumbwaiters were controlled manually by ropes on pulleys . Early 20th - century codes sometimes required fireproof dumbwaiter walls and self - closing fireproof doors and mention features such as buttons to control movement between floors and locks on doors preventing them from opening unless the cart is stopped at that floor . Dumbwaiter Lifts in London were extremely popular in the houses of the rich and privileged . Maids would use them to deliver laundry to the laundry room from different rooms in the house . They negated the need to carry handfuls of dirty washing through the house , saving time and preventing injury . A legal complaint about a Manhattan restaurant 's dumbwaiter in 1915 , which also mentions that food orders are shouted up and down the shaft , describes its operation and limitations as follows : ( There is ) ... great play between the cart of the dumb - waiter and the guides on which it runs , with the result that the running of the cart is accompanied by a loud noise . The rope which operates the cart of the dumb - waiter runs in a wheel with a very shallow groove , so that the rope is liable to and does at times slip off ... The cart has no shock absorbers at the top , so that when it strikes the top of the shaft or wheel there is a loud report ... ( T ) he ropes of the dumb - waiter strike such wall at frequent intervals with a loud report ... ( T ) he dumb - waiter is often negligently operated , by running it faster than necessary , and by letting it go down with a sudden fall . More recent dumbwaiters can be more sophisticated , using electric motors , automatic control systems , and custom freight containers of other kinds of elevators . Recently constructed book lifts in libraries and mail or other freight transports in office towers may be larger than many dumbwaiters in public restaurants and private homes , supporting loads as heavy as 450 kg ( 992 lbs ) . Regulations governing construction and operation ( edit ) Building codes have regulated the construction and operation of dumbwaiters in parts of North America since the 19th century . Modern dumbwaiters in the United States and Canada must comply with American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) codes and , therefore , have features similar to those of passenger elevators . The construction , operation and usage of dumbwaiters varies widely according to country . In history ( edit ) After defecting from the Soviet underground in 1938 , Whittaker Chambers gave a last stash of stolen documents to his nephew - in - law , Nathan Levine , who hid them in a dumbwaiter on his mother 's house in Brooklyn . A decade later , Chambers asked his nephew to retrieve them ( which Chambers referred to as his `` life preserver '' ) . Handwritten and typewritten papers therein came from Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White ( and became known as the `` Baltimore Documents '' ) . Microfilm contained therein was subpoenaed and sensationalized ( misnamed the `` Pumpkin Papers '' in the press ) by Richard M Nixon for HUAC . In culture ( edit ) Harold Pinter wrote a play in 1960 called The Dumb Waiter , in which a dumbwaiter forms a key element . In the 2005 movie Zathura : A Space Adventure , Danny uses his home 's dumbwaiter to hide from his brother , and later to move around the house without being seen by the Zorgons . Gallery ( edit ) in Japan Matot Rope Pulled Dumbwaiter , circa 1940 Robert Toombs House References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : George R. Strakosch ( 1998 ) . The Vertical Transport Handbook . New York : John Wiley and Sons , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 16291 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Robert Cullmer and Albert Bauer ( 1912 ) . Elevator Shaft Construction . New York : W.T. Comstock Company , 1912 . p. 30 . Limited Preview , Google Books , accessed August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Quinion , Michael . World Wide Words : `` Lazy Susan '' . 24 Apr 2010 . Accessed 11 Aug 2013 . Jump up ^ United States . Patent Office ( 1883 ) . American Architect and Architecture , Volume 13 . Boston : J.R. Osgood & Company , 1883 . p. 11 . Limited Preview , Google Books , accessed October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States . Patent Office ( 1887 ) . Official gazette of the United States Patent Office , Volume 39 , Issues 1 - 4 . Washington : Government Printing Office , 1887 . p. 252 . Limited Preview , Google Books , accessed October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ J.H. Beers & Co ( 1897 ) . Commemorative biographical record of Dutchess County , New York . Chicago : J.H. Beers & Co. , 1897 . p. 258 . , retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anthony Avillo ( 2002 ) . Fireground Strategies . Tulsa : PennWell Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87814 - 840 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.tower-lifts.co.uk/goods-lifts/dumbwaiter-lifts/ Jump up ^ System , National Reporter ; Superior Court ( new York ) , New York ( State ) ; Court Of Appeals , New York ( State ) ; Supreme Court , New York ( State ) ; Company , West Publishing ( 1916 ) . `` DARR V. COHEN '' ( print and Web ) . New York Supplement , National Reporter System , New York ( State ) Superior Court . New York : West Publishing Company , 1916 . 158 ( c. 3 ) : 325 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Cases argued and determined in the Court of Appeals , Supreme and lower courts of record of New York State , with key number annotations . Via Google Books . ( Original from the University of California . Digitized August 3 , 2007 . ) Jump up ^ http://acelifts.com/dumbwaiter-lifts/ Jump up ^ See `` ASME Product Catalogue '' . ASME . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ASME A17. 1 covers safety for new elevators ; A17. 2 , elevator inspection ; A17. 3 , safety for existing elevators ; and A17. 4 , emergency procedures , including those applying to modern dumbwaiters . Jump up ^ Chambers , Whittaker ( 1952 ) . Witness . New York : Random House . pp. 799 ( total ) . LCCN 52005149 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Food elevators at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumbwaiter&oldid=840304886 '' Categories : Building engineering Elevators Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 01 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is another name for a dumb waiter | [
"A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry objects rather than people. Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including both commercial, public and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. When installed in restaurants, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen.[1][2]"
] | [
"small freight elevator or lift"
] |
5943530384972969646 | Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Nepal) | Ministry of Education , Science and Technology ( Nepal ) - Wikipedia Ministry of Education , Science and Technology ( Nepal ) Ministry of Education , Science and Technology शिक्षा , विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय Emblem of Nepal Agency overview Formed 1951 Headquarters Singha Durbar , Kathmandu , Nepal Minister responsible PRAKASH SUNUWAR , Minister of Education , Science and Technology Website moestys.gov.np The Ministry of Education , Science and Technology ( Nepali : शिक्षा , विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय ) is a governmental body of Nepal responsible for the overall development of education in Nepal . The ministry is responsible for formulating educational policies and plans and managing and implementing them across the country through the institutions under it . In 2018 , under the second Oli cabinet , the portfolio of the ministry was enlarged and the portfolios of Science and Technology were added to the then Ministry of Education , while the Ministry of Science and Technology was discontinued . The current minister of Education , Science and Technology is Giriraj Mani Pokharel , who has already had this post in the first Oli cabinet in 2015 . Former Ministers of Education ( edit ) This is a list of all ministers of Education since the Nepalese Constituent Assembly election in 2013 : Name Party Assumed Office Left Office Portfolio Chitra Lekha Yadav Nepali Congress 25 February 2014 Minister of Education Giriraj Mani Pokharel Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist Centre ) 19 October 2015 Dhaniram Paudel Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist Centre ) 14 August 2016 31 May 2017 Gopal Man Shrestha Nepal Loktantrik Forum 7 June 2017 15 February 2018 Giriraj Mani Pokharel Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist Centre ) 16 March 2018 Ministry of Education , Science and Technology See also ( edit ) Gender inequality in Nepal Human rights in Nepal List of schools in Nepal List of engineering colleges in Nepal ( intake capacity of engineering colleges ) List of universities and colleges in Nepal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Education , Ministry of ( 15 October 2017 ) . `` Ministry of Education , Singhdurbar , Kathmandu , Nepal '' . Mor.gov.np . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Read online latest news and articles from Nepal '' . Ekantipur.com . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Education News - Page 1 '' . Edusanjal . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Government restructuring its ministries '' . República . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 9 ministers sworn in '' . The Kathmandu Post . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the new cabinet of ministers '' . Nepali Times . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five new ministers sworn in '' . Setopati . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deuba sworn in as 40th PM , forms Cabinet by inducting 7 ministers '' . The Kathmandu Post . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM inducts 15 new ministers in his Cabinet '' . The Kathmandu Post . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Nepalese government ministries and agencies Ministries Ministry of Agricultural and Livestock Development Ministry of Culture , Tourism and Civil Aviation Ministry of Defence Ministry of Education , Science and Technology Ministry of Energy , Water Resources and Irrigation Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration Ministry of Finance Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Forests and Environment Ministry of Health and Population Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Industry , Commerce and Supplies Ministry of Information and Communications Ministry of Labour , Employment , Women , Children and Social Security Ministry of Land Management , Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation Ministry of Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport Ministry of Urban Development Departments Auditor General Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority Department of Archaeology Central Bureau of Statistics Civil Aviation Authority Customs Department Department of Education Election Commission Inland Revenue Department Law Commission Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads National Human Rights Commission Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Public Service Commission National Reconstruction Authority Passport Department National Planning Commission Office of the President Department of Printing Nepal articles History Khasas Kiratas Shakya Siddhartha Gautama Maithali Sita Janaka Licchavi Arimalla Khasa kingdom Baise Rajya Chaubisi rajya Gorkha Kingdom Prithvi Narayan Shah Unification Kalu Pande Kingdom of Nepal Shah dynasty Sino - Nepalese War Bhimsen Thapa Anglo - Nepalese War Balbhadra Kunwar Treaty of Sugauli Rana dynasty Kot massacre Jung Bahadur Rana Nepalese -- Tibetan War Tribhuvan Nepal -- Britain Treaty of 1923 Nepali Congress Democracy movement in 2006 Birendra Royal massacre Jana Andolan Ganesh Man Singh Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Pushpa Kamal Dahal ( Prachanda ) Civil War 2015 Nepal Earthquake Geography Mountains Himalayas Dhaulagiri Annapurna Manaslu Mount Everest Makalu Kanchanjunga Areas Kathmandu Valley Siliguri Corridor ( Chicken 's Neck ) Madhesh Inner Madhesh Tibetan Plateau Rivers Arun Karnali ( Ghaghara ) Koshi ( Kosi ) Narayani ( Gandaki ) West Rapti Subdivisions Districts Provinces Cities Gaupalikas Cities Biratnagar Birgunj Bharatpur Hetauda Itahari Damak Janakpur Kathmandu ( capital ) Nepalgunj Patan Pokhara Politics Constitution Constituent Assembly Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT LGBT history Military Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Council of Ministers Supreme Court Chief Justice Village Development Committees Economy Agriculture Energy companies South Asian Free Trade Area Rupee ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Cuisine Music Demographics Education universities and colleges schools Languages literature Gorkhas ( Gurkhas ) International rankings Madhesi people Nepal Academy Newar people Sherpas Sport Football Cricket Olympics Media Newar traditional clothing Public holidays Religion Religion Hinduism Buddhism Pashupatinath Temple Ceremonies and festivals Bratabandha ( Upanayana ) Dashain Nwaran Pasni Tihar Chhath Dipankha Yatra Holi Issues Capital punishment Intersex rights LGBT rights Health Human rights International rankings Outline Index Portal This Nepal - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Technology_(Nepal)&oldid=842789425 '' Categories : Government ministries of Nepal Education ministries Nepal stubs Talk About Wikipedia Languages नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 17 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the present education minister of nepal | [
"The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Nepali: शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय) is a governmental body of Nepal responsible for the overall development of education in Nepal. The ministry is responsible for formulating educational policies and plans and managing and implementing them across the country through the institutions under it.[1][2][3] In 2018, under the second Oli cabinet, the portfolio of the ministry was enlarged and the portfolios of Science and Technology were added to the then Ministry of Education, while the Ministry of Science and Technology was discontinued.[4] The current minister of Education, Science and Technology is Giriraj Mani Pokharel, who has already had this post in the first Oli cabinet in 2015.[5]\n"
] | [
"Giriraj Mani Pokharel"
] |
8329954941445779586 | Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark | Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark - wikipedia Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark Author Alvin Schwartz Illustrator Stephen Gammell Cover artist Stephen Gammell Country United States Language English Genre Horror , children 's Publisher Harper & Row Published 1981 -- 1991 Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark is a series of three children 's books written by Alvin Schwartz and illustrated by Stephen Gammell . The titles of the books are Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark ( 1981 ) , More Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark ( 1984 ) , and Scary Stories 3 : More Tales to Chill Your Bones ( 1991 ) . Contents 1 Overview 2 Books 3 Film adaptation 4 Documentary 5 See also 6 References Overview ( edit ) Schwartz drew heavily from folklore and urban legends as the topic of his stories , researching extensively and spending more than a year on writing each book . The first volume was published in 1981 , and the books have subsequently been collected in both a box set and a single volume . There is also an audiobook version of each book , read by George S. Irving . The audiobooks are presented in unabridged format with the exception of a handful of missing stories from the first book . This series is listed as being the most challenged series of books from 1990 -- 1999 and seventh most challenged from 2000 -- 2009 by the American Library Association for its violence . The surreal , nightmarish illustrations contained within are also a frequently challenged component of the original books . To celebrate the books ' 30th anniversary in 2011 , Harper Collins re-released the books with new illustrations from Brett Helquist , the illustrator of A Series of Unfortunate Events . This was well received from fans of Gammell 's illustrations , citing that they are not as effective or as scary as the originals . To further elaborate , critics note the remade drawings are not only in fact insulting to horror , art , but also both Stephen Gammell and Alvin Schwartz themselves , new and old fans alike , and that the original messages and themes are lost when not paired with the drawings made for them . A counterpoint often made to people against the original drawings is that if a child ca n't handle the disturbing images , they wo n't be able to handle the disturbing stories . Books ( edit ) # Title Original published date Pages ISBN Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark October 14 , 1981 128 ISBN 978 - 0 - 397 - 31927 - 5 The first book contains 29 stories , including `` The Big Toe '' , `` The Thing '' , `` The Haunted House '' , `` The Hearse Song '' , `` The Dead Man 's Brains '' , `` The Hook '' , `` High Beams '' , `` The Babysitter '' , `` The Viper '' , and `` The Ghost with the Bloody Fingers '' . More Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark October 31 , 1984 112 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8124 - 4914 - 3 The second book contains 28 stories , including `` Something was Wrong '' , `` One Sunday Morning '' , `` The Little Black Dog '' , `` The Bride '' , `` The Drum '' , `` Oh , Susannah ! '' , `` The Bed by the Window '' , `` The Church '' , `` Cemetery Soup '' , and `` Thumpity - Thump '' . Scary Stories 3 : More Tales to Chill Your Bones September 1 , 1991 128 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3418 - 6 The third and final book contains 25 stories , including `` The Appointment '' , `` Harold '' , `` The Dead Hand '' , `` The Dream '' , `` Sam 's New Pet '' , `` The Red Spot '' , `` No , Thanks '' , `` Is Something Wrong ? '' , `` T-H-U-P-P-P-P-P-P-P ! '' , and `` You May Be Next ... '' . Compilation The Scary Stories Treasury July 25 , 2004 128 ISBN 978 - 0 - 760 - 76273 - 8 A compilation of all three books . Compilation Scary Stories : The Complete 3 - Book Collection July 25 , 2017 368 ISBN 978 - 0062682895 A box set of all three books with the original illustrations from Stephen Gammell . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark ( film ) In 2013 , CBS Films acquired the rights to the Alvin Schwartz 's children 's book series Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark , with the intent of producing it as a potential feature film . It was announced in 2014 that writer John August will pen the film for CBS Films . On January 14 , 2016 , it was announced that Guillermo del Toro would develop the project for CBS Films with potentially attached to direct , while he would also produce the film along with Sean Daniel , Jason Brown , and Elizabeth Grave . On February 24 , 2016 , CBS Films hired screenwriting brothers duo Dan and Kevin Hageman to polish the draft written by August , and before him the script was written by Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton . On April 29th 2018 , Guilermo Del Toro was announced as co writer of the film . In August 2018 , Michael Garza , Austin Abrams , Gabriel Rush , Austin Zajur and Natalie Ganzhorn joined the cast with André Øvredal directing . Documentary ( edit ) A documentary about the book series titled Scary Stories was produced , which involved the family of Alvin Schwartz and features the controversial nature of the books as well as the folklore and the art that inspired many over the years . It features R.L. Stine and several other authors of 1980s and 1990s children 's horror . It debuted at Panic Fest in Kansas City . See also ( edit ) In a Dark , Dark Room and Other Scary Stories Scary Stories for Sleep - overs Tales for the Midnight Hour Short & Shivery Children 's literature portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Alvin ; Vardell , Sylvia ( 1987 ) . `` Profile : Alvin Schwartz '' . Language Arts . 64 ( 4 ) : 426 -- 432 . ^ Jump up to : Monahan , Maureen ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` 14 Terrifying Facts About ' Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark ' '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 ala.org/bbooks '' . Ala.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Banned / Challenged Books : 2000 - 2009 ala.org/bbooks '' . Ala.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark : Gammell vs. Helquist '' . Adventuresinpoortaste.com. 2011 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Films Nabs ' Scary Stories To Tell In The Dark ' Pitch From ' Saw ' Scribes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark ' Will Get Rewritten by ' Frankenweenie ' Writer John August '' . DTheMovieNetwork.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Warms To ' Scary Stories To Tell In The Dark ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro 's ' Scary Stories ' Lands ' Lego Movie ' Writers '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro 's Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark Movie Sets Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PANIC FEST : ' Scary Stories ' ( Documentary ) '' . Downright Creepy. 2018 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Olcese , Abby ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Panic Fest Review : SCARY STORIES Is A Spooky Trip Down Memory Lane '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Anthology Horror Children 's Books 1970s Tales for the Midnight Hour 1980s Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark Short & Shivery 1990s Scary Stories for Sleep - overs Haunted Kids Bruce Coville 's Book of Monsters Spooky Stories for a Dark and Stormy Night Tales to Give You Goosebumps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scary_Stories_to_Tell_in_the_Dark&oldid=866384752 '' Categories : Series of children 's books 1981 children 's books 1981 short story collections Horror short story collections Children 's short story collections Harper & Row books Books adapted into films Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 00 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | scary stories to tell in the dark artist | [
"Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark is a series of three children's books written by Alvin Schwartz and illustrated by Stephen Gammell. The titles of the books are Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark (1981), More Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark (1984), and Scary Stories 3: More Tales to Chill Your Bones (1991) .\n"
] | [
"Stephen Gammell"
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5238413901406772034 | El Señor de los Cielos (season 5) | El Señor de los Cielos ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia El Señor de los Cielos ( Season 5 ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search El Señor de los Cielos ( season 5 ) El Señor de los Cielos season 5 poster Starring Rafael Amaya Fernanda Castillo Carmen Aub Sabrina Seara Vanessa Villela Maricela González Mariana Seoane Miguel Varoni Country of origin United States No. of episodes 92 ( aired ) Release Original network Telemundo Original release June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) -- present List of El Señor de los Cielos episodes The fifth season of the drama television series El Señor de los Cielos premiered on Telemundo on June 20 , 2017 . The season follows the revenge of Aurelio against his nephew Víctor Casillas and his enemy La Felina . It stars Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas -- A Mexican drug lord , along with Fernanda Castillo , Carmen Aub , Vanessa Villela , Sabrina Seara , and incorporation into the lead role of Maricela González , and Mariana Seoane and Miguel Varoni both including as special participation . The fifth season of the series was made available on Blim on September 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Special guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Reception 5 Episodes 6 References Plot ( edit ) Aurelio Casillas ( Rafael Amaya ) has retreated from action and business to live his relationship with Emiliana Contreras ( Vanessa Villela ) , his last lover , at a ranch near the mountain known as the Golden Triangle between the states of Sonora , Sinaloa and Durango , apparently enjoying their condition of `` dead '' for the authorities . However , within his soul and in his cold brain , he prepares because he knows that soon the war that is pending with Víctor ( Jorge Luis Moreno ) , his nephew , will begin soon , and one of the two will not come alive . It will be a war to the death that will shed a great deal of blood and not of other people , but of his own family . Mónica ( Fernanda Castillo ) was seriously injured from the day of her wedding and it 's been a while since she awoke from the coma that kept her on the verge of death . While Doña Alba ( Lisa Owen ) , she is in danger when attackers destroy the convent where she was long confined and uses her son to save her skin and the nuns who are at risk of rape and death . Víctor , oblivious to everything that has happened to Mónica and the rest of his family , lives crazy for not finding his wife . Rage and rancor have taken possession of him and he has Mexico plunged into horror and chaos . Los Maras Salvatruchas and other emerging organizations at their command , all ruthless and cruel , have been engaged in dealing with drugs , kidnappings , piracy and trafficking in persons , leading the government to declare itself in emergency . His loyal collaborator , Superjavi ( Alejandro López ) has decided to withdraw to Colombia and operate from there because he knows that he will not reach a good end if he stays next to Víctor , and seeks the alliance with Aurelio . Ismael ( Iván Arana ) , meanwhile , has occupied the position of family counselor Casillas and will do everything possible to try to have his family united and above all , to achieve a truce between his father and his cousin . La Felina ( Maricela González ) , who had been detained , warns Emiliana , her ally , that she will be extradited and rescued to make her a part of her cartel , all behind Aurelio . Once in the street , La Felina organizes a group of Colombians to support Emiliana . Mónica , once recovered , joins the business again , setting up her own group , ready to end all past joining with the Casillas to be released from that trap of their own heart . Nevertheless , Aurelio discovers the great lie of Emiliana and Lourdes ( Ofelia Medina ) and must give the reason to Mónica , who always confronted them , and to look for an alliance with her that will begin by the strategies of its politics of war , but in a very little time will try to take it to their bed , as they both wish , but out of pride they deny . They will be Aurelio and his new allies , the posters of the old guard , in union with the Colombians , who paradoxically , will save the country from its total destruction , before the impassive look of the authorities . Once peace is attained , with the pain of her own shed blood , she will seek to close with Mónica the story they have unfinished , not knowing if this is possible after so much pain and so much death . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of El Señor de los Cielos cast members Rafael Amaya , Fernanda Castillo , and Carmen Aub ( left to right ) portray Aurelio Casillas , Mónica Robles , Rutila Casillas , respectively . Vanessa Villela and Miguel Varoni ( left to right ) portray Emiliana Contreras and Leandro Quezada , respectively . Main ( edit ) Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Fernanda Castillo as Mónica Robles Carmen Aub as Rutila Casillas Sabrina Seara as Esperanza Salvatierra Vanessa Villela as Emiliana Contreras Maricela González as Eunice Lara / La Felina Mariana Seoane as Mabel Castaño / Ninón del Valle Miguel Varoni as Leandro Quezada Recurring ( edit ) Plutarco Haza as Dalvio Navarrete / El Ingeniero Wendy de los Cobos as Aguasanta `` Tata '' Guerra Lisa Owen as Alba Casillas Patricia Vico as Pilar Ortiz Jorge Luis Moreno as Víctor Casillas Jr . Iván Arana as Ismael Casillas Manuel Balbi as Rodrigo Rivero Lanz Jesús Moré as Omar Terán Carlos Mata as Juan Carlos Salvatierra Lorena del Castillo as Oficial Evelyn García Juan Martín Jauregui as Sebastián Almagro Ofelia Medina as Lourdes Contreras Ernesto Benjumea as Melquiades Soler / Penumbra Ricardo Leguizamo as Rafael Jiménez / Doble 30 Catherina Cardozo as Giuseppina `` Pina '' Cortini José Juan Meraz as David Ponce Alex Walerstein as El Greñas Alam Slim as Jaime Ernesto Rosales Alejandro Félix as Chatarrero Francisco Calvillo as Rubén Saba Carlos Puente as Pompeyo Daniela Zavala as Arelis Mendoza José Sedek as Bernardo Castillo Polo Monarrez as Filemón Paloma Jiménez as Paloma Villareal Iván Tamayo as Jorge Elías Salazar Alejandro López as El Súper Javi Emmanuel Esparza as Tony Pastrana Rafael Novoa as Pepe Cadena / El Duro Leonardo Álvarez as Leonardo Castaño / El Chemita Special guest stars ( edit ) Roberto Tapia as Himself Production ( edit ) During a radio interview with Javier Poza , Fernanda Castillo confirmed that the series would have a fifth season . In a press renewal series release for the 2017 - 2018 television season , NBCUniversal Telemundo Enterprises announced that the series would be renewed for a fifth and sixth season. On May 8 , 2017 , it was confirmed that the production for the fifth season had begun in Mexico City. On May 25 , 2017 , Telemundo confirmed the main plot of the season in an advance that went on the air . On June 8 , 2017 , Telemundo published an exclusive preview of the series through its website . Casting ( edit ) The new season has the previous cast of the previous seasons , also introduced new characters as Mariana Seoane as Mabel Castaño , character that appeared previously in the series El Chema . It also has the integration of actors Rafael Novoa and Emmanuel Esparza . As do the Venezuelan actors , Carlos Mata as Juan Carlos Salvatierra and Catherina Cardozo as Giuseppina . Reception ( edit ) In its premiere the average series a total of 2.27 million spectators , surpassing thus to La Piloto , series of Univision and with that towards competition in its final chapters . After that the series became the most viewed season of the series , forcing Univision to change its programming in the schedule of the 10pm / 9c several times . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of El Señor de los Cielos episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 343 `` Sed de venganza '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2.27 While on the hunt , Aurelio watches from afar the operations carried out by Víctor Jr ; On the other hand in Mexico the President requests an explanation to Rivero its man of confidence on the operation that is carried out from three months to find the whereabouts of Mónica Robles , since the people do not believe in him due to all the problems Which have been presented in the country in recent months . While talking to one of his men , Víctor asks this guy if he already knows anything about his wife 's whereabouts since he must retrieve it as he sees fit . While reviewing the organization of the event to celebrate Independence Day Paloma tells her husband not to count on his company ; To attend this event . Due to her fight with a recluse Felina communicates with Lourdes since she feels insecure to be there , since she believes that at some point they can kill her . 344 `` Hay un Plan B '' June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 1.97 Alba manages to communicate with her son to tell her that she is in a convent in Sinaloa and because her life is in danger she needs your help as soon as possible ; But before he can do something for his Mom , Aurelio meets with a group of the army commanded by Rivero ; On the other hand The president attends with his wife to the commemoration of the day of independence , without knowing that one of his enemies plans something against him , meanwhile Aurelio tries to escape of hands of Rivero , along with its men and it obtains Stop his nephew 's plans . On the other hand in the convent , Alba is interrogated by one of the men who have it retained to know where one of its companions is and Emilia speaks with Lourdes since she feels that its plans of revenge against Aurelio have changed . Felina on her part , looks for the way to know who is the person who wants to kill her ; While in this prison . 345 `` Casillas contra Casillas '' June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 2.30 When escaping from Rivero 's hands , Aurelio manages to reach the convent where his mother is kidnapped ; But before being able to enter this place , Aurelio and his men realize that the men of the navy are in this same place , Meanwhile Victor continues with his plans to end the life of the President . Later , Aurelio enlists his men to confront the men of the navy and meanwhile the doctor tries to save the life of Monica who went into unemployment . After confronting the men of the navy Aurelio and his men face the other group that have kidnapped to the nuns . After talking with Felina , Emilia is angry with her because of her threats . For his part , the President asks Rivero to continue with the parade as he will not be intimidated by any of his enemies . 346 `` Tras el pez gordo '' June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 1.81 After managing to rescue his mother , Aurelio returns to his ranch where he receives good news of the health of Mónica ; To know this news Aurelio calls to Rutila so that it arrives at this site and share in family ; Later Mónica manages to wake up from the coma after three months and learns that Aurelio fell in love with Emiliana and now has new plans with her ; Hearing this , Mónica asks Dona Alba to talk to her son so he can get into sanity ; Since his instinct tells him that Emiliana is not to be trusted . Meanwhile Rutila receives a visit from Omar since he needs to talk to her because his cousin tried to kill him twice . Later Emiliana asks Aurelio to remove from the ranch to Mónica before they have a problem between the two and Dona Alba confesses to Monica that she will go again on the side of her family ; But rather takes advantage of his stay at the ranch to meet and talk with his new grandson . 347 5 `` La fuga de La Felina '' June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 1.80 After knowing that Emiliana is the daughter of Lencho Contreras , Doña Alba asks this woman for her father and finds out that he was killed ; After this conversation things between Aurelio and Emiliana become tense and the lord of the heavens promises to his wife to help find the person who killed his father . Elsewhere , Emiliana speaks with her trusted man to entrust her with the mission to rescue Felina before she is extradited . Later in Cuidad de México , Rutila lists suitcases to go to the rink and reunite with his father ; Although earlier it calls its new conquest ; For her part , Doña Alba asks her son what happens to Emiliana since she feels that the tension has increased between the two ; While Víctor prepares to carry out a new plan and Mónica talks to Ramón about what happened while she was in a coma . 348 6 `` Nexos con el narcotráfico '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 1.86 In the middle of the party , Emiliana learns that the plan to rescue La Felina did not go as planned ; after this Emiliana looks for the way to solve this problem as soon as possible and Aurelio realizes that something is happening to her ; when talking to his wife Emiliana has no choice but to tell Aurelio the truth . For his part , Lourdes gives indications to Piston to take La Felina before the police re-capture . Meanwhile in Los Angeles , Salazar continues to follow Aurelio to find out who is responsible for washing his fortune and the president meets with his team to talk about what is happening in his government . After talking to Aurelio , Mónica looks for Emiliana to talk with her about the true intentions she has with him . 349 7 `` Mediadora '' June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 1.82 Aurelio meets with his colleagues to talk about what his nephew is doing , since he can not stand this situation anymore because all the cities are falling . Meanwhile Jorge talks to Esperanza because he wants to understand why she is involved in the world of drug trafficking ; And Doña Alba talks to Mónica since she wants to advise her and ask her to never hide anything from her son if she wants her relationship to last . While Aurelio talks to one of his associates , El Greñitas brings him information of the place where his nephew may be moving ; And Víctor talks to his men to give them indications of what they are going to be in the country . Later , Mónica talks to Rutila about her plans ; But just then Emiliana arrives and Mónica seizes the moment to make clear a few things before leaving . 350 8 `` Corazón partido '' June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 1.92 Emiliana talks to her babysitter to tell him that Aurelio is aware of his plans as he realized what he was doing while trying to get La Felina out of jail ; And observing Emiliana , Doña Alba tells her grandson that she needs a man of confidence to accompany her to a place . Later , Aurelio meets with his partner to show him what his son managed to do to find Víctor and while they talk , he realizes that he hides information from where his mother is . On the other hand , Doña Alba arrives at the rancho that was of the Lencho Contreras and discovers that Lourdes is not dead as affirmed Emiliana ; When leaving the house Lourdes tells Alba that his son was the person who killed his employer . After receiving a call , Salazar is informed that she must take Esperanza to the angels since they know that she is part of the drug trafficking and now she must cooperate with justice . For his part , Aurelio knows where his mother is and asks Ishmael to accompany him to Emiliana 's ranch . 351 9 `` Encuentros decisivos '' June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) 1.71 Upon discovering that Emiliana lied to him about the death of his babysitter , Aurelio seeks revenge on them ; But his mother asks him not to retaliate against them ; But wants to be away from his life ; Because of this Aurelio promises not to end their lives ; But surprisingly Lourdes confronts him ; And after this Aurelio tells his mother to start the hunt to get Emiliana . Meanwhile Omar receives the support of the national party to strengthen his government ; And for his part Salazar is presented with his superior as he seeks to propose a deal for Esperanza to be protected by law . Arriving at his ranch , Rutila asks his dad , brother and grandmother what is happening , since the attitude of the three is different . For his part , Emiliana arrives in Bogotá and meets with an attorney to find and represent a woman who is important to her . 352 10 `` Esperanza , la informante '' July 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) N / A Mónica calls Javier since he wants to return to business and for this he seeks to find new allies ; Rutila receives a call from his cousin Víctor because he wants to know how his wife is . After talking to his friend ; Rutila tells her grandmother that her cousin Víctor wants to see her and that is why she wants to accompany her ; The next day Emiliana talks to her lawyer to collect all her money and get rid of Aurelio ; But before continuing to talk to him ; He realizes that a man is after her . Later , Esperanza meets with an agent to tell him everything he knows about Aurelio Casillas 's business ; While Felina is in charge of helping her cellmate . Upon arriving in Colombia , Aurelio calls Javier since he wants to meet with him ; And the Feline receives an unexpected visit . 353 11 `` Emiliana declara la guerra '' July 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 04 ) N / A After meeting with Emiliana , Felina asks her lawyer for solutions to get out of jail , while Rutila and Doña Alba try to convince Víctor to change his plans so that there is no war between him and Aurelio ; While , Mónica talks to Javier about his relationship with Aurelio . For his part , the President tells Rivero to take time off because he can not stand this situation any longer ; And Aurelio talks to Javier about a favor he needs to get him as soon as possible . Later on with the information he gives about Aurelio ; Hope causes a detective to handle all his accounts . After talking to Víctor , Rutila apologizes to his grandmother for making her go to this appointment ; But while they talk , she receives a call from Emiliana who seeks to talk to Dona Alba to know what happened to her babysitter . 354 12 `` Desaparecida '' July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) 1.77 Being in the jungle Mónica and Aurelio revive their love story ; And while they speak Aurelio , he tells her that many things happened while he was in a coma and for this he must make a decision to join him or go with Víctor . For his part , Esperanza tells Jorge that he is very afraid of what can happen to him when Aurelio knows that she betrays him by giving all her fortune to the DEA ; Meanwhile Emiliana looks for the gentleman who indicated La Felina and García has an affair with Rivero so that he does everything possible and takes it out of the prison as quickly as possible . On the other hand , Víctor finds out that there are people who are moving in their zones and Javier realizes that Ismael has problems with the accounts that Esperanza handled . 355 13 `` Despiertan al Diablo '' July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Mónica calls her cousin Omar to tell her that they should be reunited since she will resume her business and for this she will have to teach her some things ; Rutila tells his brother that what his mother publishes on social networks is very dangerous for everyone . In the meantime ; Felina is visited in jail by Javier since he wants to help her out of this place and Victor is in charge of making an operation against Aurelio and his men ; Meanwhile , Esperanza suffers a panic attack since Aurelio discovered that she betrayed him . Later , Emiliana calls her lawyer to find out how her friend 's case is going ; As she needs to get her out of jail as quickly as possible . 356 14 `` Lluvia de balas '' July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 1.68 Rivero and García continue to investigate the life of Aurelio and now they obtain more evidence in its favor ; For her part Monica receives very little merchandise to continue with her business and for this reason she calls Javier since she broke her deal . In the middle of the confrontation with Víctor ; The engineer calls Aurelio to tell him this situation since they need reinforcements ; When he finds himself in trouble , Víctor realizes that the fight is lost and for this he withdraws ; When leaving this situation the engineer is visited by Aurelio who takes this fact in a funny way , which makes him give up to continue helping him . For her part , Dona Alba helps her granddaughter Rutila to organize a romantic dinner , which she will have with her new conquest and her brother . Later , Esperanza arrives in her new City where she will be subject to the witness protection program and will now be known as Martha . Being calmer Aurelio talks with the engineer about the decisions that his nephew Victor has made ; But before continuing with his pact the engineer tells him that he must learn to respect them . 357 15 `` Plomo en casa de Rutila '' July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) 1.86 Mónica talks to her man of confidence since now she must meet personally with the paramilitaries ; In another part , Salazar tells Rivero that Esperanza decided to help them with the information of the operations of Aurelio and thus to finish once and for all with him ; Meanwhile Omar is informed that he must remain in his room since his friend has been beating his companion ; Later , Aurelio asks him to look at his computer to find out how his bank accounts are going on and finds out that Salazar , Rivero and Esperanza have conspired against him . Later on , Felina finds out that her court date was advanced and Esperanza 's father is looking for a person to help him find his daughter as soon as possible . Finally , Víctor talks to his trusted man to recruit more people for his next plans . 358 16 `` El soplón '' July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 1.86 After visiting his daughter , Aurelio learns that the army is behind him ; For which he tries to handle this situation . For his part Víctor arrives in Medellín to talk business with one of the most important drug traffickers in this country . While , Javier and his people prepare to carry out the plan to rescue the Feline . After leaving Víctor of the property of double 30 , this one tells Mónica that it can betray it since it has more important businesses with Víctor . Later Sebastián speaks to Salazar because he does not think to collaborate to him more , after what the army did in the house of his girlfriend and Rutila is visited in its house by Rivero ; Later , La Felina encounters Aurelio after being rescued by Javier . 359 17 `` Emiliana suplica por su vida '' July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 1.81 Upon learning that the Felina managed to escape from prison ; Emiliana feels anguished since she thinks that someone very important is behind all this ; So he calls the Feline man of trust to know if she is in Muso . For his part Aurelio is responsible for hunting his prey . Meanwhile Víctor is in charge of checking the bar before traveling since everything on his return must be ready ; And Mónica visits Javier to contrale that he did very well for Medellin . Later , Emiliana tells the truth to Andres because he is the only person he can trust and Ismael realizes that all his parents ' bank accounts are at zero . The next morning the Feline receives the visit of men sent by Velandia . 360 18 `` El presidente como cómplice '' July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 1.79 Víctor continues to look for boys to join his army against his own family ; While the crosshairs manages to find the whereabouts of this man and now follows in his footsteps ; For his part , Aurelio manages to find Emiliana , after a long hunt ; And having her face to face , Emiliana tries to explain to Aurelio why she did what she did . Meanwhile , Felina along with the men of Aurelio manages to enter the house of Velandia . After the visit of a policeman to his house , Rutila calls to Monica since now they have problems because of the businesses that they did in the past . Esperanza prepares to start her new life as Maestra and Rivero tells Salazar about a new track , so his help is indispensable . 361 19 `` Tambores de guerra '' July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 1.49 Doña Alba calls Aurelio and wants to propose that he try to solve things with his grandson , because he can not stand this situation anymore . Arriving in Mexico Monica meets with her cousin at the airport because she wants to talk to him about new business ; Later Aurelio calls his nephew Víctor and he tells him that in order to speak face to face he needs to be handed over to Mónica . Meanwhile in Muso ; Felina tells Pilar the story of her father and younger brother . Aurelio talks to his mother to tell him that I call Victor to settle their differences , but due to his stubbornness take other measures . In the middle of their conversation , Omar tells Mónica that she can not stand the coexistence with his wife anymore . 362 20 `` Fuego cruzado '' July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 1.86 When finding the whereabouts of Víctor , Aurelio meets with the engineer since they must take measures on the matter . Dona Alba talks to her granddaughter since she is very worried about what may happen between the meeting of her grandson and her son ; And also asks Rutila to stay away from Mónica since she does not want him to lose everything he has been able to get clean . Meanwhile Sebastian calls Salazar to contrale that Rutila received a call from a woman named Mónica . In another place , Mónica embarks on a trip to the Angels since there must meet with a very important man for its businesses ; But knowing that it is Tony Pastrana , Monica thinks that things may not go as she expects them . 363 21 `` Desenmascarar al presidente '' July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 1.84 After being shot by his uncle , Víctor is torn between life and death ; When arriving at Los Angeles Mónica , is with a man named Rubén who asks that to be able to speak with her it must go without escorts and Tony is informed that its exit ticket is already ready . For his part Sebastian asks Rutila to tell him what is happening to help her . Later , the President asks Rivero to cover the shooting that was presented in the place where he is since he does not want anyone to know about this event . When arriving at Bogota Pilar tells the Feline that if the place in which they are not very dangerous for them , after facing his nephew ; The greasy man tells Aurelio that his accounts are empty . 364 22 `` Choque de titanes '' July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 1.77 Knowing the current state of their bank accounts , Aurelio does not give up and tells his son that they will return to business ; And ask your daughter for help . In the middle of the operative Salazar tells Rivero that they are following to Rutila and for this they count on the aid of their fianc2e . Recovering from the bullet his uncle gave him , Victor thinks about what they will do now . Meanwhile Esperanza 's mother asks her ex-husband to stop looking for his daughter since she does not want to know if she may be dead . Javier meets with Felina since she wants to be a member of the business that he proposed . Ismael tells his grandmother about the experience she experienced in confronting her cousin and Monica meets Tony Pastrana . 365 23 `` Más poder , segura venganza '' July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 1.51 Aurelio is with a member of the guerrilla as he needs his group to provide him with merchandise . Arriving home , Sebastian meets the two agents of the DEA . Javier says goodbye to Felina and Pilar since the two are going to be a time outside the country . Rutila calls to Monica to contrale that Victor can be dead . Omar receives in his office Jose and Jaime since they must talk about the investigation that is taking against him , and Juan Carlos does not give up to find his daughter hope . Rivero tells Evelyn that the DEA is conducting an investigation against Rutila . 366 24 `` Robo cibernético '' July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 1.65 Víctor continues to recover from his wound and while he is at the head of his business he learns that one of the drug traffickers with whom he does business , is also doing it with Monica . For his part , Aurelio makes a desperate decision to see that his finances do not improve ; And when he learns about his father 's plans , Ishmael complains that he wants to betray his daughter . After observing the collection of paintings , Rutila asks to him that Sebastián helps to take the certificates of the works since it urges him to sell them . Meanwhile , Salazar tries to find clues from Esperanza and Rivero talks to Uscateguii about the information he has to unmask more than one person from the Government . For her part , Monica is worried after the talk she had with Rutila . 367 25 `` El punto débil '' July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 1.90 After the discussion with his son , Aurelio looks for him in the university to talk with him . For his part , Tony Pastrana is in charge of finding people to carry out their purposes against the Casillas . Salazar does not give up and manages to find his wife . While Rivero meets with the parents of Esperanza since they are desperate since more than a month they do not have news of his daughter . Victor learns of the plans that his wife is going to carry out ; And Monica visits Rutila to help her with a new business ; While the Greñas continues to review Rutila 's accounts and also continues the search for Esperanza . Finally , Rivero learns that Omar ordered to investigate . 368 26 `` El imperio de Casillas '' July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 1.83 When arriving in Spain Felina and Pilar are responsible for making new relationships to enlarge their business in this area ; While Aurelio learns that Monica is doing business with people related to Tony Pastrana and also learns that he is out of jail . When checking their accounts , Rutila realizes that something happened and Mónica comes face to face with Víctor after a long time . 369 27 `` Un remolino de poder '' July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 1.89 After his unexpected reunion with Víctor , Monica is taken by force by this guy . For his part , Omar goes back to see his friend Javier and wants to offer him a deal . Meanwhile , Víctor asks one of his men to investigate everything related to Tony Pastrana . After the loss of money of his account , Rutila talks with the people of the bank to know that happened and when finding out that it could be a car robbery , Rutila realizes that his father was who took this money . Tony finds out they found one of Aurelio 's sons and so he decides to travel to Mexico . Columbus asks Salazar if he was looking for Esperanza , because he does not believe that he was sick . Upon reaching his mine Javier encounters one of his enemies . 370 28 `` Plan sangriento '' July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 1.64 Seeing that Mónica does not answer the phone , Double Thirty is worried because his money is involved . Felina calls Sutamerchan to tell her to return to Colombia and the Tata continues with her relapses of health . El Greñas tells Ismael that he found some collectors to whom they can sell the works . Rivero tells Evelyn she can not stand another minute to see her in jail ; Since if they can continue with the investigation she would be in danger . Salazar is visited by Esperanza 's parents , because they need to know what happened to her . Victor asks Ramon if something happened between Mónica and Aurelio while she was recovering . Aurelio travels to Colombia in order to meet with the Paramilitary Chief . 371 29 `` Casillas vs. Doble 30 '' July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 1.48 The wife of Nazareno calls Ishmael because they have many economic problems and need him to help them out of this situation . Doble Treinta agrees to speak with Aurelio and in the middle of his talk Aurelio asks this paramilitary not to do business with Mónica since he could have problems with Víctor . Omar asks his wife to accompany him to an important dinner he will have with an old friend and with whom he will talk about business . Ismael talks to his teacher about the decisions he must make before leaving the family business and Rutila tells his grandmother that his father was the one who stole the 5 million dollars from his bank account . Mónica asks a solution to Víctor to let her leave his side . 372 30 `` El escudo ante la guerra '' July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) 1.72 Omar visits Rutila because he is worried about his cousin , since for some time he has not answered his calls . On the other hand , Víctor decides to visit Rutila and his grandmother since he wants to apologize for having made them believe that he was dead . In another place Javier tells Aurelio that there is not enough drug that he needs to continue his business and in the middle of this conversation Ismael calls his father to tell him that his brother Nazareno was killed because of Tony Pastrana . When seeing the security cameras that installed in the house of the Tata , Rivero realizes that Navarrete is in this same place . After a long journey , La Felina meets with a man from his past . Later , Javier promises Aurelio to help him get back up to avenge the death of his son . 373 31 `` Siniestro en el antro '' August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 1.78 When calling to the house of its daughter , Víctor speaks with Aurelio because he wants to propose new treatments to him and the Felina finds out on the part of the father of his son what really happened to his first - born ; after the conversation he had with Raymundo and La Felina lets you understand that things between the two are already different . After the fight with the girl , Monica looks for a way out of this place before Victor returns ; for his part , Pilar is again facing his addictions and now struggles not to fall back into this temptation ; in the middle of dinner Paloma and Omar have a discussion in front of Javier . Upon arriving at the Feline 's house , Aurelio meets Raymundo . When trying to leave the brothel in which her husband was held , Monica confronts her two trusted people and Victor learns that his wife is in danger . 374 32 `` Conexión presidencial '' August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 1.78 Seeing that the relationship with Zoe can be finished , Esperanza reveals to him its true identity ; Doña Alba calls her grandson Ismael since she needs to tell him that Víctor is alive and Monica may be in danger ; after talking to his grandmother Ismael asks Greenas to take care of his sister - in - law ; to know what happened in the bar , Sebastián calls Salazar to tell him that apparently his goal is on this site , after an intense search Víctor manages to find Monica . After meeting Raymundo , Aurelio asks Felina to speak alone and wants to propose new business . With the arrival of Rivero at his cousin 's bar , Rutila offers to be able to intervene in this matter and after spoiling the operation he wanted to carry out Rivero called the President to tell him that he stopped Rutila . 375 33 `` La jugada de Terán '' August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 1.66 376 34 `` Los Casillas frente a frente '' August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 1.57 377 35 `` Cita sangrienta '' August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) 2.25 378 36 `` El plan inesperado '' August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 2.18 379 37 `` Infeliz encuentro '' August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 1.88 380 38 `` Escándalo a la vista '' August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 1.99 381 39 `` El presidente , un sicario '' August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 1.76 382 40 `` Callar a un testigo clave '' August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 2.00 383 41 `` Más de una baja '' August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 2.02 384 42 `` Rodean a los Casillas '' August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) 1.95 385 43 `` Drones , balas y allanamiento '' August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 1.98 386 44 `` Condenados a morir '' August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) 1.74 387 45 `` Declara o destapan la olla '' August 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) 2.14 388 46 `` Rivero firma su sentencia '' August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 2.09 389 47 `` Rutila en la mira '' August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) 1.96 390 48 `` Callan al informante '' August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) 1.86 391 49 `` Contra la pared '' August 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) 2.11 392 50 `` Morir , antes que entregarse '' August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 2.11 393 51 `` Al pie de la letra '' August 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) 2.03 394 52 `` ¿ Traición a la patria ? '' August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 2.05 395 53 `` Pilar muere de celos '' September 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) 1.62 396 54 `` Triángulo de amor '' September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 2.10 397 55 `` Ninón `` se encarga '' de su rival '' September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 2.44 398 56 `` La estampida de Esperanza '' September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) 2.14 399 57 `` La frustración de Mónica '' September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 1.77 400 58 `` Casillas jura vengarse '' September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 2.09 401 59 `` Uzcátegui , en terreno movedizo '' September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 1.75 402 60 `` Una trampa para Aurelio '' September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 2.14 After learning of the death of his wife , Aurelio remembers the moments that shared with her and now looks for the way to withstand the pain that feels by this lost . In the middle of the event Monica makes a proposal to the Feline ; and Raymundo calls Leandro to tell him that in Europe the sale of the drug is moving very well . After speaking with Raymundo , Leandro communicates with the commander Penumbras to invite him to meet so that he can talk about new alliances . Rutila tells her sister - in - law that things in their lives will change from now on and for this they will support each other . While talking to the Feline , Monica takes the time to ask about the new woman who has Aurelio . 403 61 `` La Felina no come cuentos '' September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) 1.81 After learning of the possible death of Pilar , the Feline and Aurelio make the decision to go to the morgue to identify the body ; but just then the Madame arrives and Feline asks Aurelio to take this woman away before a fight is struck between the two . Upon entering Monica 's room , Tony reads a letter she left before leaving . Rutila takes some time alone to talk to his brother about the proposal that Uscategui made and Greenas calls Skinny to give him the exact location where Esperanza is . Later , Aurelio stays alone with Pilar to say goodbye to her and Monica makes a radical decision after seeing that Tony use it . 404 62 `` Peligrosa atracción '' September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 1.67 While in the hotel Esperanza realizes that the men of Casillas managed to find his whereabouts . Elsewhere , the Feline asks Aurelio if he is now interested in Madame and Monica remembers her older brother ; to see the state in which is its patroness Ramón tries to calm it . After leaving things clear to his partner , Aurelio tells him to give in the name of Pilar and the Engineer claims his wife to hide his health problems . In the middle of the dinner , Carmen tries to seduce Ismael without anyone noticing it . After telling the truth to her husband , Tata tells Navarrete that she is training her friend so that the day she dies , he is next to a good woman . Finally , Tony looks for Monica to ask him not to leave his side . 405 63 `` De cara a la prensa '' September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 1.95 After talking to her daughter , Pina asks her ex-husband to return to Venezuela since she wants them not to be in danger . Meanwhile Felina follows the track of her friend 's cell phone with the help of Sutamerchan and La Niña . On the other hand , Pao claims Ismael for the attitude of his sister - in - law and Carmen realizes that Rutila spent the night with Javier . Castillo meets with the President since he wants to know what information has the poster of Tony Pastrana . Later Monica calls her cousin to meet again . On the other hand , the Madame asks her trusted man to investigate Raymundo and Aurelio feels that it is time for him to go for Esperanza . 406 64 `` Ex amantes que negocian '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 1.87 Upon learning of the illness of his wife , El Ingeniero decides to accompany her to the doctor so that she begins with the treatment as soon as possible . Esperanza calls Mónica to know if she can trust her when they see each other and after seeing that her employer has hung up this call ; Ramón talks about a proposal for Aurelio to return his son . In another place La Madame receives an unexpected visit of the Feline ; who arrives to his house to accept the apology that asked him previously and thus to be able to clarify things . Later Salazar tells Colon that he has clues of the drug shipment that are waiting in Europe . Back in Madrid , Aurelio calls Mónica to meet and Tony asks one of his men to investigate the tankers who are going to get to the City . 407 65 `` Rastrean a Esperanza '' September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 1.95 After the conversation he had with Aurelio , Monica calls Esperanza to ask him to take care of himself since Aurelio will not rest until he can find her ; Upon learning this , Esperanza decides to communicate with Ismael and ask him directly why he is doing all these things . In another place Monica talks to Rutila to tell her that she will be back to the City and Sutamerchan and the Girl tell the Feline that they were able to see that the car that was in the house of the Madame ; but Felina tells them that he will not attack her until she has collected all the evidence against her . Meanwhile , Castillo tells Salazar that he is in Sebastian 's apartment but has not been able to find any trace of him . 408 66 `` Más que un mensajero '' September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 1.90 When meeting with El Ingeniero , Ismael learns of the illness that suffers his mother ; meanwhile the Tata remembers to Aurelio ; but just at that moment Ishmael enters his room to ask his mother for an explanation . Rutila receives a call from his father who informs him that the police are investigating Sebastián 's whereabouts and after hearing this conversation , Javier thinks about how to tell Aurelio what is happening with his daughter . Pao tells his friend that he can not stop thinking about Ismael and Juan Carlos remembers the moments that he lived with his ex-wife . Meanwhile , Columbus calls Ali to ask for more information on the drug that will arrive in Europe and Salazar realizes that he is being persecuted . 409 67 `` Torturan a Salazar '' September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 1.99 On seeing what happened in the place where Ali was found , La Madame thinks that this was not an attack , but that it must have been a matter of work . In the meantime Penunbras receives some photos of the subject that his men managed to retain and when he sees these photos , Aurelio tells Penumbras that he is happy about the day as he has a few things to do with this man . Elsewhere , Paloma is relapsed again ; so Castillo asks the President to take her to the emergency room and Colón decides to call Castillo to tell him that Salazar did not show up at the point where he was leaving Venezuela . After a long journey Esperanza manages to reach the place where she is going to meet Tony and Mónica notices the approach of Rutila with Javier . 410 68 `` Alianza para matar '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 1.94 After learning what Aurelio did , Mónica calls Esperanza to tell him that Salazar was kidnapped by the guerrillas and now Aurelio was in charge of getting information from him ; to see the state in which Mónica is , Javier takes the time to ask who he was talking to because he feels very tense . In the meantime , Aurelio continues to torture Salazar so that the information will lead him to find his ex-partner and Esperanza communicates with Colón to ask if it is true that Salazar is in the hands of his enemy . Later , Raymundo meets with Leandro , Doble 30 and Penumbras to talk about the problem they have with Mexicans and Tony meets with his guest . 411 69 `` De hombre a hombre '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1.92 Realizing that his friend is investigating his wife , Ismael learns that she is Arelis ' best friend . When arriving at the house of his daughter , Aurelio demands to him to Javier to mess with his women and because of this situation Javier asks Aurelio to speak alone to clarify this subject ; in another place Arelis reveals the truth to his best friend of his situation of love and Aurelio seizes the moment to know the children of Nazareno . While having breakfast with his wife Juan Carlos tells him of the new plans that he wants to develop in Mexico and Tony asks Esperanza if he thought about the proposal that did him . Colón and Castillo are looking for ways to enter the Colombian jungles without the guerrilla realizing that they are in this place . 412 70 `` Testigo , pero no cómplice '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 2.04 While talking with Aurelio , this one reminds Mónica of the important moments that lived in Guadalajara ; meanwhile Raymundo tries to convince his wife that the best way to continue in the business is to eliminate the Mexicans and Javier tells Rutila what I talk to his dad . For his part , Ismael asks the Greenas to be aware of a ship that is loaded with cocaine and after a long journey Colon and Castillo manage to enter a Colombian jungle where they believe that Salazar may be kidnapped . Later , Aurelio takes the opportunity to talk with his daughter about the relationship he has with Javier and also wants to tell him what he thinks of her . Penunbras and Leandro talk about the successful businesses they are doing abroad . 413 71 `` Traición o negocios '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 2.08 After Aurelio 's visit , Rutila asks Carmen to be careful about approaching him too much because she knows what the extent of her father has . On the other hand La Güera asks El Ingeniero and Ismael if they are going to fulfill the will of the Tata and Aurelio arrives at the house of this woman so that they speak alone of its state of health and its son Ismael . After rescuing Salazar , Castillo Colón travel to Europe in order to stop the drug shipment that is about to arrive at this place . The journalists who work with Uscategui propose that they interview the first lady since she can give them important information about Omar Terán and Felina tells Raymundo that he is ungrateful for going against Aurelio . 414 72 `` La depresión de Esperanza '' September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 2.00 After finding out that Pao knows Salazar and Arelis , Isamel looks for it to explain this situation to him ; On the other hand , Colón tells his men that they were able to find the location of the oil ship and that they do not have problems with Venezuela ; act in accordance with the protocol . In another place Juan Carlos , talks to Arelis about the distance that he had with Pina during their marriage and Mónica tells Esperanza that Rutila and Javier are leaving . After clarifying matters with Ismael , Pao asks him to help her get her boyfriend to her best friend and Aurelio asks directly to Raymundo if he met behind his back with Penumbras . 415 73 `` La retirada de Casillas '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 2.09 Seeing the state of mind in which Esperanza is , Mónica tries to advise her to get out of this situation . In another place Aurelio the Madame and Raymundo make themselves present in the port to know that people are the ones who want to spoil its cargo and Penunbras learns that the people of the DEA has not spoken of the kidnapping of Salazar . Doble Treinta is in charge of setting up an operation to receive Mónica and her new partner . Ali communicates with Tony to tell him that he has his eyes on Aurelio although the place is full of undercover agents and cops , so the plans against him would be a risk . Elsewhere , Pao tries to convince her friend to go out with one of Ismael 's friends and Felina tells El Ingeniero and Tata that now she will only concentrate on the emerald business . 416 74 `` Treinta toneladas lo valen '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2.08 Aurelio asks his new partner what their contribution will be for the operation they are going to carry out , since they must recover the merchandise to the place . On the other hand , Omar learns of the blow that the authorities made to the drug traffickers and because of this he is worried about what people can think of his Government ; but just at that moment Paloma again has a strong relapse . Esperanza tells Mónica that she is very worried about what happened to Aurelio 's cargo and Mónica asks Tony to tell her the truth . Raymundo calls his wife to ask for a new help and Javier asks Rutila to visit him in Colombia . Castillo proposes to his friends to continue searching for clues that lead him to find the whereabouts of Aurelio . 417 75 `` El secuestro '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.97 After the call he received from the President , Castillo thinks that he is passing information on the cargo to Aurelio . When he wakes up , Paloma tells his lover that he feels very bad , El Ingeniero thinks about the moments he has lived next to La Tata and seeing that everything that affects him , this man decides to call Aurelio to ask him to leave to collaborate in his affairs while he is outside of Mexico . Meanwhile , Ismael is in charge of coordinating the operation that they are going to carry out to recover the merchandise and Aurelio takes the time to be alone with the Madame to tell him that he is distrusting his trusted man . Finally , Tony tells Mónica that he is going to kidnap Ninon 's son . 418 76 `` Casillas al rescate '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 2.06 Juan Carlos tries to convince Arelis so that she can get closer to Aurelio . Penunbras arrives at Javier 's camp to ask for his help and Mónica tells Tony that apparently the Colombians will no longer make deals with the Mexicans . Juliana asks Javier for explanations about his change of attitude and receives a very sincere response from him that does not leave her feeling happy then he warns Rutila that he has fulfilled what was promised . Mabel remembers the last time she saw Chema Venegas while having a conversation with Aurelio about Tony Pastrana and his intentions to take his son away . Mónica asks Rafel to stand firm or advise him to look for a new distributor . 419 77 `` Sicariato '' October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) TBD Omar decides to give a wheel of prey to make it clear to the Mexicans that he has no evidence to ensure that Aurelio Casillas is still alive . After being present in this interview , Uzcategui asks Castillo to help her by moving her influences to know the true state of health of the first lady and El Ingeniero asks his wife to stop taking as this would further affect his condition of health . Ninón asks his trusted man to get all the videos the police have so he can find his son as soon as possible . Upon entering his wife 's room , Omar realizes that Paloma has escaped from this place and Simón tells Ninón that in order to help her she should not intervene anyone else in this matter . 420 78 `` El coraje de Ninón '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 1.96 Omar decides to give a wheel of prey to make it clear to the Mexicans that he has no evidence to ensure that Aurelio Casillas is still alive . After being present in this interview , Uzcategui asks Castillo to help her by moving her influences to know the true state of health of the first lady and El Ingeniero asks his wife to stop taking as this would further affect his condition of health . Ninón asks his trusted man to get all the videos the police have so he can find his son as soon as possible . Upon entering his wife 's room , Omar realizes that Paloma has escaped from this place and Simón tells Ninón that in order to help her she should not intervene anyone else in this matter . 421 79 `` Casillas y sus dos batallas '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1.97 Tony tells Mónica that Ninón manages to discover the place where his son was kidnapped ; after learning of this , Mónica tells her partner that she is wrong leaving this woman alive since she will never forgive what made him happen to the person he loves the most . Meanwhile , Aurelio and his men are in charge of starting the hunt and Skynni tells his cousin that Navarrete is responsible for sending more people so that they can end once and for all with Esperanza . La Guera asks El Ingeniero to invite her to another glass so they can get to know each other better . Paloma asks her lover to leave before her husband finds her ; because he is afraid of what can happen to him and Ismael is in charge of that the operation that was entrusted to him is a complete success . 422 80 `` Arrasan con todo '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.07 Aurelio proposes to Ninón that they go to Mexico since from there they can continue with the operations without problems ; but his partner tells him that she can not return to this place since her life would be in danger . Tony asks Mónica to introduce him to his cousin ; but before this woman proposes a new deal . Omar asks his escorts to leave him alone with his wife . In the middle of his journey to reach the airport Raymundo communicates with Ismael to tell him that things went as they had agreed and Colón tells his friends to find another place to land since on the track Aurelio 's men would finish them . Felina learns the cause of the death of her friend Pilar . 423 81 `` El poder del billete '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.07 Skinny asks El Ingeniero to let him finish off with Tony Pastrana once and for all . Juan Carlos shows Arelis a chip that I have to do to find Aurelio Casillas . Rutila calls Javier to know what are the problems that Colombians are having with them . Penunbras communicates with Leandro to ask that he be an inn at his house and Ninon says goodbye to his son . Raymundo proposes to La Felina that they go to Paris since it wants to celebrate that they could recover the shipment . After hearing the conversation of Penunbras , Javier decides to remove it from its territory . Uscatequi asks for an explanation about the rumors of the first lady 's state of health . Omar tells Jaime that things are coming out as they were agreed upon . Mónica asks her cousin to see her because she wants to introduce her to someone very important . 424 82 `` En busca de El Chema '' October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBD Ninón asks Aurelio what place he now occupies in his life ; since he wants him to forget about his ex-partner . Felina tells Raymundo that he agrees with what he thinks but he will not stop doing business with the Mexicans . Tony offers Omar much more money than Aurelio offered him . Filemon tells his employer that Casillas is able to recover the merchandise that was taken away by the authorities and is now doing business in France . In the midst of a discussion with Ninón , the Felina finds out the true identity of this woman . Ismael gives a big surprise to his sister and Mónica . Maira tells the President that his wife 's mother has not stopped calling to find out how her daughter is . 425 83 `` Amante incrédulo '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 2.04 After a little talk with Mónica and Rutila , Leonardo proposes to help him find his father . Leandro asks Penumbras that while he is at home he should not see the girl who is training to be his wife . Rutila finds out that Salazar arrived at his house because he wants to ask him some questions about his ex-boyfriend Sebastián . Raymundo asks his wife to stop fighting with Ninón since she thinks she is like this because this woman is with her partner . Aurelio asks Mabel if she had anything to do with Pilar 's death . Leonardo asks Monica to tell him what person Rutila is talking about and Leandro decides to agree to talk to Susana 's mom . Doble Treinta talks to one of his men to talk about the new production they must do and Omar finds out that his wife suffered a cardiac arrest . 426 84 `` Presidente sin escrúpulos '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) TBD Upon learning that his wife suffered a cardiac arrest , Omar tells Jaime that they are already passing ; because he does not believe that Paloma leaves this crisis ; but upon arriving at the Presidential House Omar learns that the doctors were able to revive her . Korina claims to Colón for letting him remove the cargo that they managed to seize and while talking with Carmen , Leonardo learns that her husband died because of Tony Pastrana who is also a partner of Mónica . Arelis tells his best friend that I enjoy the time I spend with Greñas . Aurelio calls his son to tell him that they will go hunting in Chicago . Mabel tells the Felina that happened to Pilar for her is already a closed case and Omar calls Maira to tell him that his wife has just passed away . 427 85 `` El blanco es Esperanza '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1.78 After the death of Mrs. Paloma , Castillo asks Maira to give her information about the doctors who attended her . Aurelio tells El Ingeniero that they will see in Chicago since he wants to get rid of Esperanza ; but when leaving the house this woman realizes that someone observes them . In the middle of the confrontation with Casillas 's men , Tony tells Esperanza to take care that he is safe and the Girl is injured . Ismael finds out that his mother is getting worse because of the problem she has with alcohol . Arelis tells his friend that he has not stopped thinking for a second Greñas and Juan Carlos agrees to meet Salazar . After being attacked , Tony tells Esperanza that they will go to Mexico since in Chicago they are not sure . Upon seeing the state in which his cousin is , Skinny asks El Ingeniero for help . 428 86 `` ¿ Infiltrados ? '' October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 2.06 Upon arriving at the house of his daughter , Aurelio learns that Rutila went to spend a few days in Colombia and Mónica takes the opportunity to welcome Mabel to the family . Penunbras asks Leandro if he could solve his family problems ; but just at that moment this man receives a call from Raymundo who tells him to return to Colombia as quickly as possible . Felina asks Simón to have the coroner tape a video explaining what happened to his friend . Javier tells Rutila that he is not sure she wants to live in the jungle with him . Monica looks for Aurelio to talk alone about the presence of Mabel in the house and Penunbras asks his partner to finish Javier to stay with his business . Juan Carlos risked his life to speak with Casillas . 429 87 `` Oídos sordos '' October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 1.81 After finding the house of Aurelio , Juan Carlos has no choice but to tell him how he did in order to find his hiding place ; but before making deals with Esperanza 's father ; Aurelio asks him to give the address where his ex-wife is . Salazar tells Arelis that he needs his help in order to help Esperanza and for this he needs to tell him everything his parents are doing . Meanwhile , La Tata organizes a new plan for her husband to notice her friend . Ismael tells Greenas that he believes Juan Carlos found his father 's whereabouts through Arelis ; but right then , Aurelio tells his son that they were able to find them by means of the woman with whom he is leaving . 430 88 `` La próxima víctima '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) TBD After remembering the last moments of the life of his father - in - law , his wife Jimena and what he lived with his other women ; Aurelio communicates with Mónica to tell her that she has retained the parents of Esperanza . Arelis looks for Pao to tell him that I use his friendship to find the location of Casillas ; since his boss Juan Carlos Salvatierra realized that his daughter was doing business with the narcos . After listening to her friend , Pao tells him that Ismael wants to see her again and Mónica tries to explain to Aurelio because she was helping Esperanza . Rutila asks Javier if he will accept Quesada 's invitation to his estate . Castillo seeks the first lady 's doctor to know if she may have been poisoned . 431 89 `` Casillas se queda con Isidro '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) TBD After learning that the Navy managed to pass the second ring of security Aurelio prepares to face them . Meanwhile Mónica takes care of getting her son and the others out before things get out of control . Felina tells Ahmed that he is sure that he was the moment they attacked Simón . When entering the estate of Aurelio , Colón realizes that this man set a trap for them . El Ingeniero tells Tata that because of his son they found the house where Aurelio was hiding . Espereanza tells Tony that he must go alone to the appointment with Casillas because if he accompanies his life would be in danger . Mabel arrives at Rutila 's house to demand that Mónica deliver him to Isidro . 432 90 `` Sin piedad '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) TBD After an unexpected confrontation against Ahmed , this one decides to end the life of Sutamerchan and before dying La Felina tells him that he will not give up until avenging his death . After the tense meeting with the President , the doctor of the First Lady communicates with Castillo since he wants to tell you what he could find out in his videos . Navarrete is surprised by the Guera when he arrives at his house . Salazar tells Arelis to take care of his security and that of his friend and Colón advises his partner to try to have a relationship with her so she can forget Esperanza . Felina tells Aurelio that he killed Ahmed after he confessed that he was the person who killed Pilar . 433 91 `` El momento de la verdad '' October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBD After knowing Tony 's plan , Esperanza decides not to risk the lives of her parents and that is why she asks Tony to let her go alone to this date . After listening to Mabel , Aurelio asks if he feels guilty about what happened with Pilar . Javier asks Rutila to concentrate on them because Esperanza can not do anything . Before seeing Aurelio , Esperanza says goodbye to Tony and he uses the moment to give him some tools with which he can defend himself . Omar gives a speech to dismiss his wife and also uses the moment to give the ashes to his family . 434 92 `` Casillas gana otra vez '' October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) TBD After knowing Tony 's plan , Esperanza decides not to risk the lives of her parents and that is why she asks Tony to let her go alone to this date . After listening to Mabel , Aurelio asks if he feels guilty about what happened with Pilar . Javier asks Rutila to concentrate on them because Esperanza can not do anything . Before seeing Aurelio , Esperanza says goodbye to Tony and he uses the moment to give him some tools with which he can defend himself . Omar gives a speech to dismiss his wife and also uses the moment to give the ashes to his family . 435 93 TBA October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBD 436 94 TBA November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) TBD 437 95 TBA November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` El señor de los Cielos 5 ¡ ya tiene fecha de estreno ! '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ¡ Ya sabemos cuándo se estrenará ' El Señor de los Cielos 5 ' ! '' . espectaculos.televisa.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Franco , René . `` Quinta temporada `` El Señor de los Cielos '' estrenará por blim . La Taquilla `` . radioformula.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Grupo Fórmula . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ¿ Quién es Leo `` el Chemita '' en el Señor de los Cielos 5 ? Lo que tienes que saber `` . ahoramismo.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Habrá quinta temporada de El Señor de los Cielos '' . laverdad.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Villafañe , Veronica . `` Enrique Iglesias Performs At Telemundo Upfront Event As Network Pitches New Season Shows '' . forbes.com . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Quinta temporada de El señor de los Cielos inicia grabaciones ¡ mira las primeras imágenes ! '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Mónica Robles reaparece en explosivo promocional de El señor de los Cielos 5 '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avance Exclusivo : Mira un adelanto de la quinta temporada de El Señor de los Cielos ( VIDEO ) '' . telemundo.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mariana Seoane , feliz con su participación en el `` El señor de los cielos '' `` . yucatan.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nuevos galanes en El Señor de los Cielos 5 roban cámara a Rafael Amaya '' . tvnotas.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Romero , Hillary . `` Carlos Mata y Catherina Cardozo se incorporan a la nueva temporada del Señor de los Cielos '' . ondalasuperestacion.com ( in Spanish ) . 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( hide ) El Señor de los Cielos Luis Zelkowicz List Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes Seasons Season 1 Season 5 Characters Aurelio Casillas Related Señora Acero El Chema Queen of the South Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= El_Señor_de_los_Cielos_ ( season_5 ) &oldid = 808118595 '' Categories : El Señor de los Cielos 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does el senor de los cielos return | [
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-7553819995079481784 | First Battle of Bull Run | First battle of Bull Run - wikipedia First battle of Bull Run This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 17 June 2018 . First Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Manassas Part of the American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run . Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison , 1889 Date July 21 , 1861 ( 1861 - 07 - 21 ) Location Fairfax County and Prince William County , Virginia 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Result Decisive Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Political leaders : Abraham Lincoln Military commanders : Winfield Scott Irvin McDowell Robert Patterson Political leaders : Jefferson Davis Military commanders : P.G.T. Beauregard Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( WIA ) Joseph E. Johnston Units involved Department of Northeastern Virginia : Army of Northeastern Virginia Department of Pennsylvania : Patterson 's Command ( not engaged ) Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Strength Army of Northeastern Virginia : 35,732 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Patterson 's Command : 14 -- 18,000 ( not engaged ) 32,000 -- 34,000 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Casualties and losses 2,708 ( 481 killed ; 1,011 wounded ; 1,216 missing ) 1,982 ( 387 killed ; 1,582 wounded ; 13 missing ) Manassas Campaign Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Arlington Mills Vienna , Virginia Hoke 's Run Blackburn 's Ford 1st Bull Run Virginia ( 1861 ) Northeastern Virginia ( 1861 ) The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west - southwest of Washington , D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion . Yielding to political pressure , Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed . A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson , stood its ground , which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname , `` Stonewall '' . The Confederates launched a strong counterattack , and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire , many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout . McDowell 's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington , D.C. Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties , and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated . The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war . Units were committed piecemeal , attacks were frontal , infantry failed to protect exposed artillery , tactical intelligence was nil , and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively . McDowell , with 35,000 men , was only able to commit about 18,000 , and the combined Confederate forces , with about 32,000 men , committed only 18,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military and political situation 1.2 Irvin McDowell 1.3 Intelligence 1.4 McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign 1.5 Prelude to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 Morning phase 3.1. 1 Matthews Hill 3.2 Noon phase 3.2. 1 Henry House Hill 3.3 Union retreat 4 Aftermath 4.1 Brief observations 4.2 Detailed casualties 4.2. 1 Union 4.2. 2 Confederate 4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events 4.4 Effect on the Confederacy 4.5 Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War 4.6 `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' 4.7 Confusion between the battle flags 4.8 Conclusions 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour 6 In popular culture 7 Sesquicentennial 8 Battlefield preservation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Memoirs and primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Military and political situation ( edit ) Main article : Manassas Campaign Further information : Origins of the American Civil War ; Battle of Fort Sumter ; Western Virginia Campaign ; Border states ( American Civil War ) ; President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers ; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War ; and American Civil War Opposing political leaders Pres . Abraham Lincoln , USA Pres . Jefferson Davis , CSA Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861 Confederate Union Further map details , see : Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2 . On April 15 , 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America . To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia . In Washington , D.C. , as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital , General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states . He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans . While the Army `` strangled '' the Confederacy in the west , the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts . The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' . Instead , many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond , only one hundred miles south of Washington , would quickly end the war . By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington . Since General Scott was seventy - five years old and physically unable to lead this force , the administration searched for a more suitable field commander . Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , General in Chief , USA Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott 's plan to crush the Confederacy , economically . It is sometimes called the `` Anaconda plan '' . Irvin McDowell ( edit ) Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan , 42 - year - old Maj . Irvin McDowell . Although McDowell was a West Point graduate , his command experience was limited . In fact , he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General 's Office . While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase , a former Ohio governor and senator . Now , through Chase 's influence , McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command ( by President Abraham Lincoln ) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , which included the military forces in and around Washington ( Army of Northeastern Virginia ) . McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia , 35,000 men arranged in five divisions . Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations , McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops . Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments , but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level . He was reassured by President Lincoln , `` You are green , it is true , but they are green also ; you are all green alike . '' Against his better judgment , McDowell commenced campaigning . Intelligence ( edit ) During the previous year , U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City , including Rose O'Neal Greenhow , a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts . He provided her with a code for messages . After he left to join the Confederate Army , he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her . On July 9 and 16 , 1861 , Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run , including the plans of Union general McDowell . McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign ( edit ) On July 16 , 1861 , McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent , about 35,000 men ( 28,452 effectives ) . McDowell 's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns , while the third column moved around the Confederates ' right flank to the south , cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army . He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River , the next defensible line in Virginia , which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital . McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July , but the troops , unaccustomed to marching , moved in starts and stops . Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water , regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks . The Confederate Army of the Potomac ( 21,883 effectives ) under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the United States capital . McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army . Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson 's 18,000 men engaged Johnston 's force ( the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives , augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes 's brigade of 1,465 ) in the Shenandoah Valley , preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard . Movements July 16 -- 21 , 1861 Situation July 18 Battlefield of Manassas After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat , the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville . McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army 's rear . In the meantime , McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard , who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run . On July 18 , the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right ( southeast ) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn 's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway . Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard 's assistance if possible . Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon , while Stuart 's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson . Patterson was completely deceived . One hour after Johnston 's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington , `` I have succeeded , in accordance with the wishes of the General - in - Chief , in keeping General Johnston 's force at Winchester . '' For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly . He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction . If the rumors were true , McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates , instead of 22,000 . Another reason for quick action was McDowell 's concern that the ninety - day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire . `` In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force '' , he wrote Washington on the eve of battle . In fact , the next morning two units of McDowell 's command , their enlistments expiring that day , would turn a deaf ear to McDowell 's appeal to stay a few days longer . Instead , to the sounds of battle , they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service . Becoming more frustrated , McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left ( northwest ) flank instead . He planned to attack with Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler 's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig . Gens . David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford . From here , these divisions could march into the Confederate rear . The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson ( Tyler 's Division ) would harass the enemy at Blackburn 's Ford , preventing them from thwarting the main attack . Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area . Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan , it had a number of flaws : it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks , skills that had not been developed in the nascent army ; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take ; finally , McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston 's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard 's men . Prelude to battle ( edit ) On July 19 -- 20 , significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run . Johnston arrived with all of his army , except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith , who were still in transit . Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn 's Ford , and Beauregard 's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville . Johnston , the senior officer , approved the plan . If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously , it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other 's left flank . McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents , so he called for the balloon Enterprise , which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe in Washington , to perform aerial reconnaissance . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Key Union commanders Brig. Gen . Irvin McDowell , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( Commanding ) , USA Brig. Gen . Daniel Tyler , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 1st Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . David Hunter , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 2nd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Samuel P. Heintzelman , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 3rd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Theodore Runyon , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 4th Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Dixon S. Miles , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 5th Div . ) USA Maj. Gen . Robert Patterson , Patterson 's Command , USA McDowell 's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each . Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments . An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade . The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000 , although only about 18,000 were actually engaged . The Union army was organized as follows : 1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army , contained four brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck , Col. Erasmus Keyes , Col. William T. Sherman , and Col. Israel B. Richardson ; 2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades . These were led by Cols . Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside ; 3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades , led by Cols . William B. Franklin , Orlando B. Willcox , and Oliver O. Howard ; 4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged , contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries ; 5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades , commanded by Cols . Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies ; While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia , a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington , near Harper 's Ferry . Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson , 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley . Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Commands Present For duty Total Aggregate Officers Men General staff 19 21 First ( Tyler 's ) Division 569 12,226 9,494 9,936 Second ( Hunter 's ) Division 121 2,364 2,525 2,648 Third ( Heintzelman 's ) Division 382 8,680 9,385 9,777 Fourth ( Runyon 's ) Division 247 5,201 5,502 5,752 Fifth ( Miles ' ) Division 289 5,884 5,917 6,207 Twenty - first New York Volunteers 37 684 707 745 Twenty - fifth New York Militia 39 519 534 573 Second United States Cavalry , Company E 56 63 73 Total 1,707 35,614 34,127 35,732 Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania , commanded by Major - General Patterson , June 28 , 1861 . PATTERSON 'S COMMAND Commanding officer Troops Present for duty Infantry Cavalry Artillery Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Bvt . Maj. Gen. Geo . Cadwalader First division 322 6,637 11 307 7 251 Maj. Gen. W.H. Keim Second division 322 6,410 74 Total 644 13,047 14 381 7 251 Aggregate present for duty Infantry 13,691 Cavalry 395 Artillery 258 Total 14,344 Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Brig. Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Army of the Potomac Brig. Gen . Joseph E. Johnston , CSA Army of the Shenandoah , ( Commanding ) Joseph E. Johnston 's forces was organized as follows : The Army of the Potomac ( Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard ) was organized into six infantry brigades , with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments . Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades . The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000 . Beauregard 's army also contained thirty - nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry . The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades . These were : 1st Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham ; 2nd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ; 3rd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ; 4th Brigade , under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet ; 5th Brigade , under Col. Philip St. George Cocke ; 6th Brigade , under Col. Jubal Early ; 7th Brigade , under Col. Nathan G. Evans . Reserve Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes The Army of the Shenandoah ( Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ) was also organized into brigades . It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each , which totaled approximately 12,000 men . Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery . In addition to the infantry , there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J.E.B. Stuart . Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000 , only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run . The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades : 1st Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson ; 2nd Brigade , commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow ; 3rd Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee ; 4th Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith . Abstract front field return , First Corps ( Army of the Potomac ) , July 21 , 1861 . ( Dated September 25 , 1861 . ) ARMY OF THE POTOMAC Commands . General and Staff Officers Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers Men . Officers Men . Officers Men . First Brigade 211 4,070 Second Brigade 133 2,307 Third Brigade 128 1,989 Fourth Brigade 160 2,364 Fifth Brigade 208 8,065 Sixth Brigade 261 2,356 Seventh Louisiana 44 773 Eighth Louisiana 43 803 Hampton Legion 27 627 Thirteenth Virginia 34 642 Harrison 's Battalion ( three companies ) 13 196 Troops ( ten ) of cavalry 38 545 Washington ( Louisiana ) Artillery 19 201 Kemper 's battery 76 Latham 's battery 86 Loudoun Battery 55 Shield 's battery 82 Camp Pickens ( heavy artillery ) 18 275 Total 22 1,215 18,354 85 1,383 51 775 Aggregates : Infantry 19,569 Cavalry 1,468 Artillery 826 21,863 Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's division , or Army of the Shenandoah ( C.S.A. ) , for June 30 , 1861 . ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH Commanding officer . Troops . PRESENT FOR DUTY . Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Colonel Jackson First brigade 128 2,043 81 Col. F.S. Bartow Second brigade 155 2,391 59 Brigadier - General Bee Third brigade 161 2,629 78 Col. A. Elzey Fourth brigade 156 2,106 45 Col. J.E.B. Stuart First Virginia Cavalry 21 313 Col. A.C. Cummings Virginia Volunteers 14 227 Total 614 9,396 21 313 15 263 Aggregate present for duty . General staff 32 Infantry 10,010 Cavalry 334 Artillery 278 10,654 Battle ( edit ) Morning phase ( edit ) Matthews Hill ( edit ) Situation morning , July 21 Situation at 05 : 30 -- 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) On the morning of July 21 , 1861 , McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ( about 12,000 men ) from Centreville at 2 : 30 a.m. , marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs . Tyler 's division ( about 8,000 ) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge . The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems . Tyler 's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike . The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate , little more than a cart path in some places , and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9 : 30 a.m. Tyler 's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m. At 5 : 15 a.m. , Richardson 's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell 's Ford on the Confederate right , some of which hit Beauregard 's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast , alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted . Nevertheless , he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville . Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution . Although he intended for Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack , Ewell , at Union Mills Ford , was simply ordered to `` hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment 's notice '' . Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell , but found himself moving forward alone . Holmes was also supposed to support , but received no orders at all . U.S. cavalry at Sudley Spring Ford An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves to fire a cannon at U.S. forces at gunpoint . According to John Parker , a former slave , he was forced by his Confederate captors to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run . All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan `` Shanks '' Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men . Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge , but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints . He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander , Beauregard 's signal officer , observing from 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest on Signal Hill . In the first use of wig - wag semaphore signaling in combat , Alexander sent the message `` Look out for your left , your position is turned . '' Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill , a low rise to the northwest of his previous position . The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat 's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , `` Wheat 's Tigers '' . After Wheat 's command was thrown back , and Wheat seriously wounded , Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow , bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men . They successfully slowed Hunter 's lead brigade ( Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside ) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young 's Branch , at the northern end of Henry House Hill . One of Tyler 's brigade commanders , Col. William Tecumseh Sherman , crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders . This surprise attack , coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj . George Sykes , collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11 : 30 a.m. , sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 4 , Additional Map 5 , Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7 . ) Noon phase ( edit ) Henry House Hill ( edit ) As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position , the remainder of Evans 's , Bee 's , and Bartow 's commands received some cover from Capt . John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6 - pounder guns , who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill . They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard , who had just arrived from Johnston 's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm , `` Portici '' . Fortunately for the Confederates , McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately , choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts . James B. Ricketts ( Battery I , 1st U.S. Artillery ) and Charles Griffin ( Battery D , 5th U.S. ) from Dogan 's Ridge . Attacks on Henry House Hill , noon -- 2 p.m Union retreat , after 4 p.m. Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson 's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon , accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton 's Legion , and Col. J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry . The Hampton Legion , some 600 men strong , managed to buy Jackson time to construct a defensive line on Henry House Hill by firing repeated volleys at Sherman 's advancing brigade . Hampton had purchased about 400 British Enfield rifles to equip the men with , however it is not clear if his troops had them at Bull Run or if the weapons arrived after the battle . If so , they would have been the only foreign - made weapons on the field . The 79th New York was thoroughly decimated by Hampton 's musket fire and began to disintegrate . Wade Hampton gestured towards their colonel , James Cameron , and remarked `` Look at that brave officer trying to lead his men and they wo n't follow him . '' Shortly afterwards , Cameron , the brother of US Senator Simon Cameron , was fatally wounded . It has been claimed that Hampton deliberately targeted officers of the 79th New York in revenge for the death of his nephew earlier in the day , although he had in fact been killed by soldiers of the 69th New York . Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill , where they were shielded from direct fire , and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line , which he posted on the crest of the hill ; as the guns fired , their recoil moved them down the reverse slope , where they could be safely reloaded . Meanwhile , McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan 's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support . Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards ( 270 m ) against Jackson 's 13 . Unlike many engagements in the Civil War , here the Confederate artillery had an advantage . The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges , with many shots fired over the head of their targets . Ruins of Judith Henry 's house , `` Spring Hill '' , after the battle Postwar house on site of Judith Henry house in Manassas Judith Henry grave One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry , an 85 - year - old widow and invalid , who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House . As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire , he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building . A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow 's feet and inflicted multiple injuries , from which she died later that day . `` The Enemy are driving us '' , Bee exclaimed to Jackson . Jackson , a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute , is said to have replied , `` Then , Sir , we will give them the bayonet . '' Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting , `` There is Jackson standing like a stone wall . Let us determine to die here , and we will conquer . Rally behind the Virginians . '' This exclamation was the source for Jackson 's ( and his brigade 's ) nickname , `` Stonewall '' . Bee was shot through the stomach shortly after speaking and died the next day , thus it is unclear exactly what he meant , moreover none of his subordinates wrote reports of the battle . Col. States Rights Gist , serving as Bee 's aide - de-camp , took command of the brigade . Major Burnett Rhett , chief of staff to General Johnston , claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson 's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee 's and Bartow 's brigades while they were under heavy pressure . Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee 's statement was meant to be pejorative : `` Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall ! '' Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line , hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates . At approximately 3 p.m. , these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia , whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms , causing Griffin 's commander , Maj . William F. Barry , to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them . Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart 's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( Ellsworth 's Fire Zouaves ) , which was supporting the battery , killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry . Capitalizing on this success , Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts 's guns and they were captured as well . As additional Federal infantry engaged , the guns changed hands several times . Capture of Ricketts ' Battery , painting by Sidney E. King , National Park Service The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle . Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill , outnumbering the Confederates two to one , no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously . Jackson continued to press his attacks , telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry , `` Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards ! Then fire and give them the bayonet ! And when you charge , yell like furies ! '' For the first time , Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell . At about 4 p.m. , the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke 's brigade . To the west , Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard 's brigade from Heintzelman 's division . Also at 4 p.m. , two Confederate brigades - Col. Jubal Early 's , which had moved from the Confederate right , and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith 's ( commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded ) , which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley -- crushed Howard 's brigade . Beauregard ordered his entire line forward . At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell 's army was disintegrating . Thousands , in large and small groups or as individuals , began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville . McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers , but most had had enough . Unable to stop the mass exodus , McDowell gave orders for Porter 's regular infantry battalion , near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas - Sudley Road , to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew . The unit briefly held the crossroads , then retreated eastward with the rest of the army . McDowell 's force crumbled and began to retreat . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 8 , Additional Map 9 , Additional Map 10 , Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12 . ) Union retreat ( edit ) The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings , but it was poorly managed by the Union officers . A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell 's force . As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville , discarding their arms and equipment , McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles 's division to act as a rear guard , but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington . In the disorder that followed , hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner . Wagons and artillery were abandoned , including the 30 - pounder Parrott rifle , which had opened the battle with such fanfare . Expecting an easy Union victory , the wealthy elite of nearby Washington , including congressmen and their families , had come to picnic and watch the battle . When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder , the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages . Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well , Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage , despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating . An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank , using the brigades of Brig . Gens . Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet , was a failure . The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham 's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard , and found that Richardson 's brigade blocked the road to Centreville , he called off the pursuit . In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory . Instead , a telegram arrived stating `` General McDowell 's army in full retreat through Centreville . The day is lost . Save Washington and the remnants of this army . '' The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital . From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond , `` We have won a glorious but dear - bought victory . Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Brief observations ( edit ) First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large , ill - trained bodies of recruits , led by inexperienced officers . Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively ; although nearly 60,000 men were present at the battle , only 18,000 had actually been engaged . Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield , he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades , instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole . Other factors contributed to McDowell 's defeat : Patterson 's failure to hold Johnston in the valley ; McDowell 's two - day delay at Centreville ; allowing Tyler 's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ; and the 2 1 / 2 - hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews ' Hill , which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill . On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level , generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves . Johnston 's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory . Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time , almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle . After reaching Manassas Junction , Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard , but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive . Jackson and Bee 's brigades had done the largest share of fighting in the battle ; Jackson 's brigade had fought almost alone for four hours and sustained over 50 % casualties . Detailed casualties ( edit ) Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point . Union casualties were 460 killed , 1,124 wounded , and 1,312 missing or captured ; Confederate casualties were 387 killed , 1,582 wounded , and 13 missing . Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron , brother of President Lincoln 's first Secretary of War , Simon Cameron . Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow , who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War . General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day . Compared to later battles , casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy . Both Union and Confederate killed , wounded , and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each . Two Confederate brigade commanders , Jackson and Edmund Kirby - Smith , were wounded in the battle . No Union officers above the regimental level were killed ; two division commanders ( Samuel Heintzelman and David Hunter ) , and one brigade commander ( Orlando Willcox ) were wounded . Union ( edit ) Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Troops Killed Wounded Missing Remarks Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men General staff First Division , General TYLER : First Brigade , Colonel Keyes 19 46 5 149 Eighteen others slightly wounded . Second Brigade , General Schenck 16 15 15 Third Brigade , Colonel Sherman 117 15 193 13 240 Fourth Brigade , Colonel Richardson Not engaged . Guarding Blackburn 's Ford . Total , First Division 6 152 19 254 19 404 Second Division , Colonel HUNTER : First Brigade , Colonel Porter 83 9 139 9 236 Four surgeons missing . Second Brigade , Colonel Burnside 5 35 85 59 Five surgeons missing . Total Second Division 6 118 12 224 11 295 Third Division , Colonel HEINTZELMAN : Division headquarters . First Brigade , Colonel Franklin 68 13 183 22 Second Brigade , Colonel Willcox 70 11 161 186 Third Brigade , Colonel Howard 48 7 108 6 174 Total , Third Division 6 186 32 452 10 382 Fourth Division , General RUNYON In reserve on the Potomac . Fifth Division , Colonel MILES : First Brigade Colonel Blenker 6 16 94 Second Brigade , Colonel Davies Total , Fifth Division 6 17 95 Grand total 19 462 64 947 40 1,176 Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Batteries Commanders Guns lost Remarks Rifled Smooth Total First U.S. Artillery , Company G ( two 20 - pounder Parrotts , one 30 - pounder Parrott ) . Lieutenant Edwards 20 - pounders saved First U.S. Artillery , Company I ( six 10 - pounder Parrots ) Captain Ricketts 6 6 None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company D Captain Arnold None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company E ( two 13 - pounder James , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Carlisle Two 6 - pounders saved Fifth S. Artillery ( Company D ) , ( two 10 - pounder Parrotts , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Griffin 5 One 10 - pounder saved Rhode Island Battery ( six 13 - pounder James ) 5 5 One saved Total lost 17 8 25 Confederate ( edit ) Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Command Killed Wounded Missing Aggregate Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY First Louisiana ( battalion ) 8 5 33 48 Seventh Louisiana 23 26 Thirteenth Mississippi 6 6 Seventeenth Mississippi 9 11 Eighteenth Mississippi 6 28 38 Fifth North Carolina Second South Carolina 5 6 37 48 Fourth South Carolina 10 9 70 6 96 Fifth South Carolina 23 26 Eighth South Carolina 5 20 28 Hampton Legion 19 100 121 First Virginia 6 6 Seventh Virginia 9 37 47 Eighth Virginia 6 23 30 Seventeenth Virginia Eighteenth Virginia 6 12 19 Nineteenth Virginia 6 Twenty - eighth Virginia 9 9 Forty - ninth Virginia 9 29 40 ARTILLERY Alexandria Light Artillery Latham 's Loudoun Washington ( La . ) CAVALRY Thirtieth Virginia 9 Hanover ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH INFANTRY Fourth Alabama 36 6 151 Seventh Georgia 18 12 122 Eighth Georgia 38 6 153 First Maryland 5 Second Mississippi 21 79 Eleventh Mississippi 7 21 Sixth North Carolina 22 46 Third Tennessee Second Virginia 15 69 Fourth Virginia 30 100 Fifth Virginia 6 47 Tenth Virginia 6 10 Twenty - seventh Virginia 18 122 Thirty - third Virginia 44 101 Total First Corps 6 99 29 490 12 632 Total Second Corps 19 263 34 1,029 Grand total 25 362 63 1,519 12 632 Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY . We are utterly and disgracefully routed , beaten , whipped by secessionists . -- Union diarist George Templeton Strong If the war had turned out to be of short duration , Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union . But if , as now seemed more plausible , a long and nasty war was inevitable , that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side . It provided a wake - up call for those optimists -- like Seward or even Lincoln -- who had hoped for or counted on a quick result . -- David Detzer , Donnybrook Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad , upon Congress , and upon the Commander - in - chief . It framed new patterns of thought and led to far - reaching changes in the conduct of the war . The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising . Volunteering accelerated , 90 - day men reenlisted , states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude ... As they realized victory would not come readily , a new mood fastened upon Northerners . An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ... -- James A. Rawley , Turning Points of the Civil War Effect on the Union and subsequent events ( edit ) Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington , D.C. , with very little standing in their way . On July 24 , Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax . He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces , but was forced to land in Confederate territory . It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters . He reported that his observations `` restored confidence '' to the Union commanders . The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated . Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined . On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service . On July 25 , eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War , Simon Cameron , for federal service in either Patterson 's or McDowell 's command arrived in Washington , D.C. , and were finally accepted . Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another , smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , near Leesburg , Virginia . The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball 's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs . Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run , the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell 's army . Although the committee 's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson 's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard , Patterson 's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle , and he was no longer in the service . The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat , and McDowell bore the chief blame . On 25 July 1861 , he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , who would soon be named general - in - chief of all the Union armies . McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later , at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Effect on the Confederacy ( edit ) The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted . There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory , the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well . Once the euphoria of victory had worn off , Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers . Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army . Stonewall Jackson , arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory , received no special recognition , but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign . Privately , Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory . Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow : `` Our President and our General direct me to thank you . We rely upon you for further information . The Confederacy owes you a debt . ( Signed ) JORDAN , Adjutant - General . '' The battle also had long - term psychological consequences . The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces , while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union . In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one - sided outcome `` proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy '' . Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation , James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory , together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders , also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months . Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Turning point of the American Civil War § Confederate victory in First Battle of Bull Run ( July 1861 ) `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' ( edit ) The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861 . The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting ; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms . The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park , but the Union name ( Bull Run ) also has widespread currency in popular literature . Confusion between the battle flags ( edit ) Battlefield confusion between the battle flags , especially the similarity of the Confederacy 's `` Stars and Bars '' and the Union 's `` Stars and Stripes '' when fluttering , led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag , which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general . Conclusions ( edit ) First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle , and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict . The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men . One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run , now combat veterans , would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run / Manassas . Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour ( edit ) Map 1 : Situation Mid-July 1861 Map 2 : Beauregard 's defensive situation ( Mid-July 1861 ) Map 3 : Situation at 05 : 30 - 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 4 : Situation at 10 : 30 - 11 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 5 : Situation at 11 : 00 - 11 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 6 : Situation at 12 : 00 - 12 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 7 : Situation at 13 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 8 : Situation at 14 : 30 - 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 9 : Situation at 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 10 : Situation at 15 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 11 : Situation at 16 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 12 : Situation at 16 : 30 - 17 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) In popular culture ( edit ) The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals , but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation . The battle forms the climax of the film Class of ' 61 . It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South , in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray . Manassas ( 1999 ) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels . The battle is described in Rebel ( 1993 ) , the first volume of Bernard Cornwell 's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels . The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair 's novella Manassas , which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War . The battle is also depicted in John Jakes 's The Titans , the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles , a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent . The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song , `` Battle of Bull Run '' . Shaman , second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon , includes an account of the battle . The battle is also depicted in the song `` Yankee Bayonet '' by indie - folk band The Decemberists . In Murder at 1600 , Detective Harlan Regis ( Wesley Snipes ) has built a plan - relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot . Sesquicentennial ( edit ) The National Jubilee of Peace building at Grant and Lee avenues in Manassas , Virginia , is draped with the U.S. flag for the 150th anniversary commemoration , held on July 21 , 2011 , of the First Battle of Bull Run . Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011 . Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War . The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23 -- 24 , 2011 . Throughout the year , there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities . The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21 -- 24 , 2011 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park . Located north of Manassas , in Prince William County , Virginia , it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles : the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30 , 1862 ( also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas , respectively ) . The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North ( Union ) and the South ( Confederacy ) , and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname `` Stonewall . '' Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago . More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year . ( In comparison , roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington , DC . ) As a historic area under the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Second Battle of Bull Run Armies in the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1861 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Origins of the American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Manassas Campaign Manassas National Battlefield Park Bull Run Mountains Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 314 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 469 -- 470 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Abtract from returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 309 ) . ^ Jump up to : Strength figures vary by source . Eicher , p. 87 - 88 : 35,000 Union , 32,000 Confederate ; Esposito , map 19 : 35,000 Union , 29,000 Confederate ; Ballard , 35,000 Union ( 18,000 engaged ) , 34,000 Confederate ( 18,000 engaged ) ; Salmon , p. 20 : 28,450 Union , 32,230 Confederate ; Kennedy , p. 14 : 35,000 Union , 33,000 Confederate ; Livermore , p. 77 : 28,452 Union `` effectives '' , 32,323 Confederate engaged . Writing in The Century Magazine , adjutant generals James B. Fry cites Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,572 Union men ( including stragglers not on the field ) and 24 guns engaged , Thomas Jordan cites Archived August 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,052 Confederate men and 37 guns engaged . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 and pages 568 -- 569 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 327 ) . Jump up ^ 2,896 ( 460 killed ; 1,124 wounded ; 1,312 captured / missing ) , according to Eicher , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties in the Army of the Potomac ( Confederate ) July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 570 ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page V ( Preface ) . Jump up ^ Ballard , 3 . Jump up ^ Ballard , 4 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 4 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 77 ; Williams , p. 21 ; McPherson , p. 336 ; Davis , p. 110 , attributes the remark to general - in - chief Winfield Scott . ^ Jump up to : Fishel , Edwin C. , The Secret War For The Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 , pp. 59 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Greenhow , Rose O'Neal '' , ( 1817 -- 1864 ) , The National Archives -- People Description. 1817 -- 1864 , ( accessed February 5 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow '' , National Archives and Records Administration , World Digital Library Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 8 . ^ Jump up to : Livermore , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 9 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 10 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 . Jump up ^ Beatie , pp. 285 -- 88 ; Esposito , text for Map 21 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 94 ; Esposito , Map 22 . Jump up ^ Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 43 -- 45 ; Alexander , pp. 50 -- 51 . Alexander recalls that the signal was `` You are flanked . '' Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 312 -- 13 ; Rafuse , A Single Grand Victory `` , p. 131 ; Esposito , Map 22 ; Eicher , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 313 ; Eicher , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 357 ; Davis , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 82 ; Robertson , p. 264 . McPherson , p. 342 , reports the quotation after `` stone wall '' as being `` Rally around the Virginians ! '' Jump up ^ See , for instance , McPherson , p. 342 . There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all . See Freeman , vol. 1 , pp. 733 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 96 -- 98 ; Esposito , Map 23 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 314 -- 15 ; McPherson , pp. 342 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 315 ; Eicher , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 32 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 98 ; Esposito , Map 24 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 76 ; Esposito , Map 24 ; Davis , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 35 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pages 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 434 -- 435 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , page 36 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 328 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Haydon , pp. 192 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Curtin , Andrew G. ( January 8 , 1862 ) . `` Message of Andrew G. Curtin , Governor of Pennsylvania , to the Legislature , '' . Executive Department : 8 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 492 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Greenhow , Rose O'Neal , My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington , London : Richard Bentley , 1863 , p. 18 , full text online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina Jump up ^ James M. McPherson ( 1988 ) . The Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . pp. 347 -- 350 . ISBN 9780199743902 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 346 , n . 7 . McPherson 's popular one - volume history of the war uses the two names interchangeably because he states that `` neither name has any intrinsic superiority over the other . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` Plan a trip and discover your story '' . visitpwc.com . Jump up ^ `` manassascivilwar.org '' . manassascivilwar.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Washington DC GO ! References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Ballard , Ted . First Battle of Bull Run : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 068078 - 6 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : Birth of Command , November 1860 -- September 1861 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81141 - 3 . Brown , J. Willard . The Signal Corps , U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion . U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association , 1896 . Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 06036 - X . Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . First Blood : Fort Sumter to Bull Run . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4704 - 5 . Detzer , David . Donnybrook : The Battle of Bull Run , 1861 . New York : Harcourt , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603143 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Praeger , 1959 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Haydon , F. Stansbury . Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6442 - 9 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Rafuse , Ethan S. `` First Battle of Bull Run . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Rafuse , Ethan S. A Single Grand Victory : The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas . The American Crisis Series . Wilmington , DE : SR Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2875 - 7 . Rawley , James A. Turning Points of the Civil War . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . Robertson , James I. , Jr . Stonewall Jackson : The Man , The Soldier , The Legend . New York : MacMillan Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Williams , T. Harry . Lincoln and His Generals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 9654382 - 6 - 0 . National Park Service battle description Professor Thaddeus Lowe 's Official Report ( Part I ) Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Dyer , Frederick H. , A compendium of the War of the Rebellion , Volume 1 , 1908 , Des Moines IA Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Robert Underwood Johnson , Clarence Clough Buell , Battles and Leaders of the Civil War : The Opening Battles , Volume 1 ( Pdf ) , New York : The Century Co. , 1887 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bull Run . Cunningham , Horace H. ( 1968 ) . Field medical services at the Battles of Manassas ( Bull Run ) . Athens : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820333557 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Davis , William C. Battle at Bull Run : A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0867 - 7 . Goldfield , David , et al . The American Journey : A History of the United States . 2nd ed . New York : Prentice Hall , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 088243 - 7 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run : An atlas of the First Bull Run ( Manassas ) Campaign , including the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , June -- October 1861 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 60 - 9 . Hankinson , Alan . First Bull Run 1861 : The South 's First Victory . Osprey Campaign Series # 10 . London : Osprey Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 133 - 5 . Hennessy , John , Ethan Rafuse , and Harry Smeltzer . `` Historians ' Forum : The First Battle of Bull Run . '' Civil War History 57 # 2 ( June 2011 ) : 106 -- 120 . Hines , Blaikie . The Battle of First Bull Run , Manassas Campaign -- July 16 -- 22 , 1861 : An Illustrated Atlas and Battlefield Guide . Maine : American Patriot Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61364 - 129 - 3 . Longacre , Edward G . The Early Morning of War : Bull Run , 1861 ( 2014 ) . Rable , George . `` The Battlefield and Beyond . '' Civil War History 53 # 3 ( September 2007 ) : 244 -- 51 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Battle of Bull Run . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manassas National Battlefield Park . Battle of Bull Run : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) `` Map of the Battles of Bull Run , 1861 '' , prepared by Army engineer , National Archives and Record Administration , at World Digital Library Manassas National Battlefield Park website First Battle of Manassas : An End to Innocence , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Harper 's Weekly 1861 Report on the Battle of Bull Run Civil War Home website on First Bull Run Animated history of the First Battle of Bull Run FirstBullRun.co.uk The First Battle of Bull Run public domain audiobook at LibriVox First Manassas Campaign with Official Records and Reports Map of the Battles of Bull Run Near Manassas . Solomon Bamberger . Zoomable high - resolution map . Newspaper coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run Manassas Civil War 150th Anniversary July 21 -- 24 , 2011 at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2011 - 05 - 05 ) Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Bull Run '' . The American Cyclopædia . Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. 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Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Stonewall Jackson Leadership Instructor , Virginia Military Institute Colonel , Virginia Militia Stonewall Brigade Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia Mexican -- American War Siege of Veracruz Battle of Contreras Battle of Chapultepec Battle for Mexico City American Civil War raids and expeditions Great Train Raid of 1861 Romney Expedition American Civil War battles and campaigns First Battle of Manassas Valley Campaign Seven Days Battles Northern Virginia Campaign Maryland Campaign Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville Historic items Thomas Jonathan Jackson ( sculpture ) Winchester Headquarters Stone Mountain Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar Monument Avenue `` Stonewall Jackson 's Way '' CSS Stonewall USS Stonewall USS Stonewall Jackson Related Lee -- Jackson Day Virginia portal Fairfax County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington metropolitan area Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area Administration Fairfax County Public Schools Fairfax County Board of Supervisors Fairfax County Park Authority Fairfax County Economic Development Authority Fairfax County Public Library Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department Fairfax County Police Department Fairfax County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Fairfax Symphony Orchestra Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce Landmarks Fairfax County Government Center Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts Inova Fairfax Hospital Mount Vernon Gunston Hall Tysons Corner Center Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park Great Falls Park Steven F. 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Education George Mason University University of Fairfax Northern Virginia Community College Prince William County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Washington Dulles International Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 Culture Battles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University University of Northern Virginia Municipalities and communities of Prince William County , Virginia , United States County seat : Manassas Towns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico CDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Lake Ridge Linton Hall Loch Lomond Marumsco Montclair Neabsco Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base ‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporated communities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run&oldid=846189362 '' Categories : Fairfax County in the American Civil War Manassas Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Prince William County in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Virginia July 1861 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Webarchive template other archives Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 18 . 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"The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas[1] (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces."
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-9158623285796492704 | Grand Hotel (Scarborough) | Grand hotel ( Scarborough ) - wikipedia Grand hotel ( Scarborough ) Jump to : navigation , search Britannia Grand Hotel The Grand Hotel , Scarborough Former names The Grand Hotel Cliff Hotel General information Architectural style Baroque Address St Nicholas Cliff Town or city Scarborough , North Yorkshire Country England Coordinates 54 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 0 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W / 54.280493 ° N 0.398233 ° W / 54.280493 ; - 0.398233 Coordinates : 54 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 0 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W / 54.280493 ° N 0.398233 ° W / 54.280493 ; - 0.398233 Construction started 1863 Completed 1867 Renovated 1978 and 2005 Cost £ 100,000 ( 1867 ) Owner Britannia Hotels Height 37m Technical details Floor count 4 + Eaves Level + 2 attic storey + 3 basement levels Design and construction Architect Cuthbert Brodrick Designations Grade II Listed Other information Number of rooms 413 Parking No Parking Website https://www.britanniahotels.com/hotels/the-grand-hotel-scarborough/ The Grand Hotel is a large hotel in Scarborough , North Yorkshire , England , overlooking the town 's South Bay . It is a Grade II * listed building that is owned by Britannia Hotels and has undergone a £ 7 million refurbishment . At the time of its grand opening in 1867 , it was the largest hotel and the largest brick structure in Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 2.1 Incidents 3 Notable guests 4 References 5 External links Design ( edit ) Detail of one of the hotel 's four towers The hotel was designed by the Hull architect Cuthbert Brodrick , who was better known as the designer of several Leeds buildings , and when completed in 1867 was one of the largest hotels in the world , as well as one of the first giant purpose - built hotels in Europe . The hotel 's distinctive yellow ( also referred to as tawny ) brickwork was made locally in Hunmanby and is complemented with traditional red brickwork around the windows . The building is designed around the theme of time : four towers to represent the seasons , 12 floors for the months of the year , 52 chimneys symbolise the weeks , and originally there were 365 bedrooms , one for each day of the year . Following the renovation the room count was reduced to 280 . The hotel itself is in the shape of a ' V ' in honour of Queen Victoria . The hotel 's heyday was arguably during Victorian times , when wealthy holidaymakers made up the establishment 's clientele . As Scarborough was a famous spa town , the building 's baths originally included an extra pair of taps , so guests could wash in seawater as well as fresh . The design has similarities to contemporaries of the period that were stylised as `` French Second Empire mode '' . The windows on the ground and first floors are round headed . Those on the first floor also have a continuous iron rail balcony . All first to third floor windows have a cornice over the top denoting the floor boundary . The Eaves level windows are located between the projecting brackets for the eaves . The attic windows are squared dormer on the lower level and rounded on the upper . The attic levels , being part of the roof are covered in slate . On the narrow end of the building there is domed structure between the two towers . Facing the sea , the three basement levels can be seen clearly extended the full length of the building . A glass - enclosed terrace has been added on top of this . The building was first listed on 8 June 1973 with number 1243163 under the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest . History ( edit ) Construction began in 1863 and was completed in 1867 , at a cost of over £ 100,000 . At the time , it was the largest brick building in Europe . The first manager was M. Augustus Fricour , who had previously been in charge at the Hotel Mirabeau in Paris . The grand opening was on 24 July 1867 . From 1887 , the hotel forged a link with the local annual cricket festival and allowed guests attending the exclusive use of the old dining room . The connection was extended to the cricket ground in the late 1940s , when staff from the hotel would serve food and drink to the players . In 1939 , the hotel became the home to RAF trainees and the corner cupolas housed anti-aircraft guns . The hotel was badly damaged when the German Navy bombarded the town in 1914 . The bombardment of the town occurred on 16 December 1914 soon after 8 a.m. by the battlecruisers Derfflinger and Von der Tann , accompanied by the light cruiser Kolberg . It was reported that the hotel was hit at least 30 times . Following the Iranian Embassy siege in 1980 , the hotel was used in a covert training exercise by the SAS in preparation for other anticipated terrorist incidents . Currently , the hotel caters towards the budget end of the spectrum . The hotel was bought by Butlins , the company better known for its holiday camps , in 1978 and was run as an inexpensive choice of accommodation . In November 2004 , the hotel was purchased by Britannia from Grand Leisure Group . Incidents ( edit ) The hotel 's blue plaques During the first decade of the 21st century , the hotel suffered a number of health and safety issues . Several cases of sickness had been reported in the mid-1990s under its previous ownership , and in 2002 , an outbreak of gastroenteritis hospitalised one man and affected more than 200 guests and staff . A month later , 54 people fell ill , leading to ten days ' closure to carry out cleaning . In October 2004 , a number of guests were quarantined in their rooms because of reports of sickness . In December , the hotel shut for ten days after an outbreak of the Norwalk virus . That incident , in which no one required hospital treatment , closed the establishment for several days . A spokesperson for the North Yorkshire Health Protection Unit blamed the incidents on the age of the building and `` bad luck '' . In 2006 , the hotel was fined £ 10,000 after a guest drank water that contained dangerous levels of bleach . In June 2011 , seventy guests were affected by an outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea . The cause was said to most likely to be a viral gastrointestinal infection , but that had not been confirmed.In March 2007 , 120 people fell ill with the Norwalk virus ; infection control specialists stressed that the management should not be held responsible , as similar outbreaks are commonplace elsewhere . In 2005 , an investigative BBC report revealed several health issues at the hotel , including the presence of E. coli bacteria . This report was branded `` sensationalist '' by Scarborough council 's environmental health officer . In May 2006 , a fire broke out on the sixth floor of the building , possibly caused by renovation work . The hotel was quickly evacuated while local fire crews dealt with what they described as `` quite a severe fire '' . Extinguishing the blaze took over 40 minutes because of the number of stairs in the building and the amount of smoke , which both hampered firefighters ' movements . In September 2006 , the management installed extra netting and spikes on the exterior of the building to deter nesting seagulls . The birds , which are regarded as a nuisance in parts of the town , had been disturbing guests with mating calls . Their droppings were also responsible for a significant proportion of the hotel 's cleaning expenses . In 2016 the local council was set to take action against the increasing numbers of gulls within the town and local area . Notable guests ( edit ) The hotel has a three blue plaques . One notes that Anne Brontë , the Yorkshire writer , died at lodgings on the site of the current hotel . Another mentions that the RAF trainees during the Second World War were stationed there . Still another commemorates the opening of the building . Winston Churchill stayed in the hotel during a Conservative Party Conference . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Grand Hotel , Scarborough '' . Britannia Hotel . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Best Breaks '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Walk through Time '' . BBC North Yorkshire . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Victorian Architecture '' . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Grand Hotel ( 1243163 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Woodhouse , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Scarborough Book of Days . The History Press . ISBN 0752494007 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Stephen ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` Black Day in History for Scarborough '' . The Press . York . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Britannia Group Acquisition '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel May Reopen Tomorrow after Outbreaks of Sickness '' . Yorkshire Post . 22 December 2004 . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bleach Contaminated Hotel 's Drinking Water '' . Chartered Institute of Environmental Health . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Scarborough Grand Hotel vomiting bug investigated '' . BBC News . 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel praised for speedy reaction to sickness bug '' . Scarborough Evening News . 27 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel not - so - Grand '' . BBC Inside Out . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel claims on TV are sensationalist '' . Scarborough Evening News . 14 February 2005 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel bid to evict '' . Scarborough Evening News . 22 September 2006 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Seaside town plagued by gulls fights back against its feathered marauders '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill 's at a milestone of a wonderful life '' . The Scarborough News . Scarborough. 3 April 2007 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Hotel , Scarborough . Britannia Hotels - official site Historic England . `` Details from image database ( 446711 ) '' . Images of England . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Hotel_(Scarborough)&oldid=792077107 '' Categories : Hotels in North Yorkshire Buildings and structures in Scarborough , North Yorkshire Grade II * listed buildings in North Yorkshire Butlins hotels Hotel buildings completed in 1867 1867 establishments in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 09 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the grand hotel in scarborough built | [
"\n\nBritannia Grand Hotel\n\n\n\nThe Grand Hotel, Scarborough\n\n\n\nFormer names\nThe Grand Hotel\nCliff Hotel\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nArchitectural style\nBaroque\n\n\nAddress\nSt Nicholas Cliff\n\n\nTown or city\nScarborough, North Yorkshire\n\n\nCountry\nEngland\n\n\nCoordinates\n54°16′50″N 0°23′54″W / 54.280493°N 0.398233°W / 54.280493; -0.398233Coordinates: 54°16′50″N 0°23′54″W / 54.280493°N 0.398233°W / 54.280493; -0.398233\n\n\nConstruction started\n1863\n\n\nCompleted\n1867\n\n\nRenovated\n1978 and 2005\n\n\nCost\n£100,000 (1867)\n\n\nOwner\nBritannia Hotels\n\n\nHeight\n37m\n\n\nTechnical details\n\n\nFloor count\n4 + Eaves Level + 2 attic storey + 3 basement levels\n\n\nDesign and construction\n\n\nArchitect\nCuthbert Brodrick\n\n\nDesignations\nGrade II Listed\n\n\nOther information\n\n\nNumber of rooms\n413\n\n\nParking\nNo Parking\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nhttps://www.britanniahotels.com/hotels/the-grand-hotel-scarborough/\n\n"
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"1867"
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-6183661726737697385 | End of World War II in Europe | End of World war II in Europe - wikipedia End of World war II in Europe Jump to : navigation , search The German Instrument of Surrender signed at Reims , 7 May 1945 West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender to the Soviet Union and the Western Allies took place in late April and early May 1945 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline of surrenders and deaths 2 See also 3 Citations 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Timeline of surrenders and deaths ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II Allied forces begin to take large numbers of Axis prisoners : The total number of prisoners taken on the Western Front in April 1945 by the Western Allies was 1,500,000. April also witnessed the capture of at least 120,000 German troops by the Western Allies in the last campaign of the war in Italy . In the three or four months up to the end of April , over 800,000 German soldiers surrendered on the Eastern Front . In early April , the first Allied - governed Rheinwiesenlagers were established in western Germany to hold hundreds of thousands of captured or surrendered Axis Forces personnel . Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) reclassified all prisoners as Disarmed Enemy Forces , not POWs ( prisoners of war ) . The legal fiction circumvented provisions under the Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of former combatants . By October , thousands had died in the camps from starvation , exposure and disease . The Dachau death train consisted of nearly forty railcars containing the bodies of between 2,000 and 3,000 prisoners who were evacuated from Buchenwald on 7 April 1945 . Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps and refugees : Allied forces began to discover the scale of The Holocaust . The advance into Germany uncovered numerous Nazi concentration camps and forced labor facilities . Up to 60,000 prisoners were at Bergen - Belsen when it was liberated on 15 April 1945 , by the British 11th Armoured Division . Four days later troops from the American 42nd ( Rainbow ) Infantry Division found Dachau . Allied troops forced the remaining SS guards to gather up the corpses and place them in mass graves . Due to the prisoners ' poor physical condition , thousands continued to die after liberation . Captured SS guards were subsequently tried at Allied war crimes tribunals where many were sentenced to death . However , up to 10,000 Nazi war criminals eventually fled Europe using ratlines such as ODESSA . Germans leave Finland : On 25 April 1945 , the last Germans were expelled by the Finnish Army from Finland and retreated into Norway . Mussolini 's death : On 25 April 1945 , Italian partisans liberated Milan and Turin . On 27 April 1945 , as Allied forces closed in on Milan , Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans . It is disputed whether he was trying to flee from Italy to Switzerland ( through the Splügen Pass ) , and was traveling with a German anti-aircraft battalion . On 28 April , Mussolini was executed in Giulino ( a civil parish of Mezzegra ) ; the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed there . The bodies were then taken to Milan and hung up on the Piazzale Loreto of the city . On 29 April , Rodolfo Graziani surrendered all Fascist Italian armed forces at Caserta . This included Army Group Liguria . Graziani was the Minister of Defence for Mussolini 's Italian Social Republic . The front page of The Montreal Daily Star announcing the German surrender . Final positions of the Allied armies , May 1945 Axis - held territory at the end of the war in Europe shown in blue Keitel signs surrender terms , 8 May 1945 in Berlin Hitler 's death : On 30 April , as the Battle of Nuremberg and the Battle of Hamburg ends with American and British occupation , in addition to the Battle of Berlin raging above him with the Soviets surrounding the city , along with his escape route cut off by the Americans , realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini 's fate , German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Führerbunker along with Eva Braun , his long - term partner whom he had married less than 40 hours before their joint suicide . In his will , Hitler dismissed Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , his second - in - command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich . Hitler appointed his successors as follows ; Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as the new Reichspräsident ( `` President of Germany '' ) and Joseph Goebbels as the new Reichskanzler ( Chancellor of Germany ) . However , Goebbels committed suicide the following day , leaving Dönitz as the sole leader of Germany . German forces in Italy surrender : On 29 April , the day before Hitler died , Oberstleutnant Schweinitz and Sturmbannführer Wenner , plenipotentiaries for Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff and SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff , signed a surrender document at Caserta after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with the Western Allies , which were viewed with great suspicion by the Soviet Union as trying to reach a separate peace . In the document , the Germans agreed to a ceasefire and surrender of all the forces under the command of Vietinghoff at 2pm on 2 May . Accordingly , after some bitter wrangling between Wolff and Albert Kesselring in the early hours of 2 May , nearly 1,000,000 men in Italy and Austria surrendered unconditionally to British Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander at 2pm on 2 May . German forces in Berlin surrender : The Battle of Berlin ended on 2 May . On that date , General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defense Area , unconditionally surrendered the city to General Vasily Chuikov of the Soviet army . On the same day the officers commanding the two armies of Army Group Vistula north of Berlin , ( General Kurt von Tippelskirch , commander of the German 21st Army and General Hasso von Manteuffel , commander of Third Panzer Army ) , surrendered to the Western Allies. 2 May is also believed to have been the day when Hitler 's deputy Martin Bormann died , from the account of Artur Axmann who saw Bormann 's corpse in Berlin near the Lehrter Bahnhof railway station after encountering a Soviet Red Army patrol . Lehrter Bahnhof is close to where the remains of Bormann , confirmed as his by a DNA test in 1998 , were unearthed on 7 December 1972 . German forces in North West Germany , Denmark , and the Netherlands surrender : On 4 May 1945 , the British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery took the unconditional military surrender at Lüneburg from Generaladmiral Hans - Georg von Friedeburg , and General Eberhard Kinzel , of all German forces `` in Holland ( sic ) , in northwest Germany including the Frisian Islands and Heligoland and all other islands , in Schleswig - Holstein , and in Denmark ... includ ( ing ) all naval ships in these areas '' , at the Timeloberg on Lüneburg Heath ; an area between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen . The number of German land , sea and air forces involved in this surrender amounted to 1,000,000 men . On 5 May , Großadmiral Dönitz ordered all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases . At 16 : 00 , General Johannes Blaskowitz , the German commander - in - chief in the Netherlands , surrendered to Canadian General Charles Foulkes in the Dutch town of Wageningen in the presence of Prince Bernhard ( acting as commander - in - chief of the Dutch Interior Forces ) . German forces in Bavaria surrender : At 14 : 30 on 4 May 1945 , General Hermann Foertsch surrendered all forces between the Bohemian mountains and the Upper Inn river to the American General Jacob L. Devers , commander of the American 6th Army Group . Central Europe : On 5 May 1945 , the Czech resistance started the Prague uprising . The following day , the Soviets launched the Prague Offensive . In Dresden , Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann let it be known that a large - scale German offensive on the Eastern Front was about to be launched . Within two days , Mutschmann abandoned the city , but was captured by Soviet troops while trying to escape . Hermann Göring 's surrender : On 6 May , Reichsmarshall and Hitler 's second - in - command , Hermann Göring , surrendered to General Carl Spaatz , who was the commander of the operational United States Air Forces in Europe , along with his wife and daughter at the Germany - Austria border . He was by this time the most powerful Nazi official still alive . German forces in Breslau surrender : At 18 : 00 on 6 May , General Hermann Niehoff , the commandant of Breslau , a ' fortress ' city surrounded and besieged for months , surrendered to the Soviets . Jodl and Keitel surrender all German armed forces unconditionally : Thirty minutes after the fall of `` Festung Breslau '' ( Fortress Breslau ) , General Alfred Jodl arrived in Reims and , following Dönitz 's instructions , offered to surrender all forces fighting the Western Allies . This was exactly the same negotiating position that von Friedeburg had initially made to Montgomery , and like Montgomery the Supreme Allied Commander , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , threatened to break off all negotiations unless the Germans agreed to a complete unconditional surrender to all the Allies on all fronts . Eisenhower explicitly told Jodl that he would order western lines closed to German soldiers , thus forcing them to surrender to the Soviets . Jodl sent a signal to Dönitz , who was in Flensburg , informing him of Eisenhower 's declaration . Shortly after midnight , Dönitz , accepting the inevitable , sent a signal to Jodl authorizing the complete and total surrender of all German forces . At 02 : 41 on the morning of 7 May , at SHAEF headquarters in Reims , France , the Chief - of - Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command , General Alfred Jodl , signed an unconditional surrender documents for all German forces to the Allies ; committing representatives of the German High Command to attend a definitive signing ceremony in Berlin . General Franz Böhme announced the unconditional surrender of German troops in Norway on 7 May . It included the phrase `` All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European Time on May 8 , 1945 . '' The next day , Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and other German OKW representatives travelled to Berlin , and shortly before midnight signed an amended and definitive document of unconditional surrender , explicitly surrendering to all the Allied forces in the presence of Marshal Georgi Zhukov and representatives of SHAEF . The signing ceremony took place in a former German Army Engineering School in the Berlin district of Karlshorst ; it now houses the German - Russian Museum Berlin - Karlshorst . German forces on the Channel Islands surrender : At 10 : 00 on 8 May , the Channel Islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15 : 00 during which he announced : `` Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight , but in the interests of saving lives the ' Cease fire ' began yesterday to be sounded all along the front , and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today . '' VE - Day : News of the imminent surrender broke in the West on 8 May , and celebrations erupted throughout Europe and parts of the British Empire . In the US , Americans awoke to the news and declared 8 May V-E Day . As the Soviet Union was to the east of Germany it was 9 May Moscow Time when the German military surrender became effective , which is why Russia and many other European countries east of Germany commemorate Victory Day on 9 May . German units cease fire : Although the military commanders of most German forces obeyed the order to surrender issued by the ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) -- the German Armed Forces High Command ) , not all commanders did so . The largest contingent were Army Group Centre under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner who had been promoted to Commander - in - Chief of the Army on 30 April in Hitler 's last will and testament . On 8 May , Schörner deserted his command and flew to Austria ; the Soviet Army sent overwhelming force against Army Group Centre in the Prague Offensive , forcing German units in Army Group Centre to capitulate by 11 May . The other forces which did not surrender on 8 May surrendered piecemeal : The Second Army , under the command of General von Saucken , on the Heiligenbeil and Danzig beachheads , on the Hel Peninsula in the Vistula delta surrendered on 9 May , as did the forces on the Greek islands ; and the garrisons of the last Atlantic pockets in France , in Saint - Nazaire , La Rochelle ( after the Allied siege ) , and Lorient . Battle of Slivice , the last battle in Czechoslovakia , on 12 May On 13 May , the Red Army halted all offensives in Europe . Isolated pockets of resistance in Czechoslovakia were mopped up by this date . People gathered in Whitehall to hear Winston Churchill 's victory speech , 8 May 1945 The garrison on Alderney , one of the Channel Islands occupied by the Germans , surrendered on 16 May , one week after the garrisons on Guernsey and Jersey had surrendered on 9 May and those on Sark on 10 May . The Georgian Uprising of Texel ( 5 April -- 20 May ) was Europe 's last battlefield in World War II . It was fought between Georgian Nazi - collaborationist army units on Texel against the German occupiers of that Dutch island . Another military engagement took place in Yugoslavia ( today 's Slovenia ) , on 14 and 15 May , known as the Battle of Poljana . A small group of German soldiers deployed on Svalbard in Operation Haudegen to establish and man a weather station there lost radio contact in May 1945 ; they surrendered to some Norwegian seal hunters on 4 September , two days after the Surrender of Japan . Dönitz government ordered dissolved by Eisenhower : Karl Dönitz continued to act as if he were the German head of state , but his Flensburg government ( so - called because it was based at Flensburg in northern Germany and controlled only a small area around the town ) , was not recognized by the Allies . On 12 May an Allied liaison team arrived in Flensburg and took quarters aboard the passenger ship Patria . The liaison officers and the Supreme Allied Headquarters soon realized that they had no need to act through the Flensburg government and that its members should be arrested . On 23 May , acting on SHAEF 's orders and with the approval of the Soviets , American Major General Rooks summoned Dönitz aboard the Patria and communicated to him that he and all the members of his Government were under arrest , and that their Government was dissolved . The Allies had a problem , because they realized that although the German armed forces had surrendered unconditionally , SHAEF had failed to use the document created by the `` European Advisory Commission '' ( EAC ) and so there had been no formal surrender by the civilian German government . This was considered a very important issue , because just as the civilian , but not military , surrender in 1918 had been used by Hitler to create the `` stab in the back '' argument , the Allies did not want to give any future hostile German regime a legal argument to resurrect an old quarrel . Order JCS 1067 is signed into effect by President Harry S. Truman on 10 May 1945 . This was part of the post-war economic plan that advocated how the Allied occupation would include measures to prevent Germany from waging further war by eliminating its armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries required for military strength . This included the removal or destruction of all industrial plants and equipment in the Ruhr . In 1947 , JCS 1067 was replaced by JCS 1779 that aimed at restoring a `` stable and productive Germany '' ; this led to the introduction of the Marshall Plan . Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers was signed by the four Allies on 5 June . It included the following : The Governments of the United States of America , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic , hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany , including all the powers possessed by the German Government , the High Command and any state , municipal , or local government or authority . The assumption , for the purposes stated above , of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany . -- US Department of State , Treaties and Other International Acts Series , No. 1520 . The Oder - Neisse Line It is disputed whether this assumption of power constituted debellation -- the end of a war caused by the complete destruction of a hostile state . Potsdam Agreement signed on 12 August 1945 ; in connection to this , the Allied leaders planned the new post-war German government , resettled war territory boundaries , de facto annexed a quarter of pre-war Germany situated east of the Oder - Neisse line , mandated and organized the expulsion of the millions of Germans who remained in the annexed territories and elsewhere in the east . They also ordered German demilitarization , denazification , industrial disarmament and settlements of war reparations . The Allied zones of occupation in post-war Germany , highlighting the Soviet zone ( red ) , the inner German border ( heavy black line ) and the zone from which British and US troops withdrew in July 1945 ( purple ) . The provincial boundaries are those of pre-Nazi Weimar Germany , before the present Länder were established . Allied Control Council created to effect the Allies assumed supreme authority over Germany , specifically to implement their assumed joint authority over Germany . On 30 August , the Control Council constituted itself and issued its first proclamation , which informed the German people of the Council 's existence and asserted that the commands and directives issued by the Commanders - in - Chief in their respective zones were not affected by the establishment of the Council . Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Germany was proclaimed on 13 December 1946 by US President Truman . Paris Peace Conference ended on 10 February 1947 with the signing of peace treaties by the wartime Allies with the minor European Axis powers ( Italy , Romania , Hungary , Bulgaria , and Finland ; although Italy by some was considered a major power ) . The Federal Republic of Germany , that had been founded on 23 May 1949 ( when its Basic Law was promulgated ) had its first government formed on 20 September 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed on 7 October . End of state of war with Germany was declared by many former Western Allies in 1950 . In the Petersberg Agreement of 22 November 1949 , it was noted that the West German government wanted an end to the state of war , but the request could not be granted . The US state of war with Germany was being maintained for legal reasons , and though it was softened somewhat it was not suspended since `` the US wants to retain a legal basis for keeping a US force in Western Germany '' . At a meeting for the Foreign Ministers of France , the UK , and the US in New York from 12 September -- 19 December 1950 , it was stated that among other measures to strengthen West Germany 's position in the Cold War that the western allies would `` end by legislation the state of war with Germany '' . In 1951 , many former Western Allies did end their state of war with Germany : Australia ( 9 July ) , Canada , Italy , New Zealand , the Netherlands ( 26 July ) , South Africa , the United Kingdom ( 9 July ) , and the United States ( 19 October ) . The state of war between Germany and the Soviet Union was ended in early 1955 . `` The full authority of a sovereign state '' was granted to the Federal Republic of Germany on 5 May 1955 under the terms of the Bonn -- Paris conventions . The treaty ended the military occupation of West German territory , but the three occupying powers retained some special rights , e.g. vis - à - vis West Berlin . Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany : Under the terms of this peace treaty , the Four Powers renounced all rights they formerly held in Germany , including Berlin . As a result , Germany became fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 . Under the terms of the Treaty , the Allies were allowed to keep troops in Berlin until the end of 1994 ( articles 4 and 5 ) . In accordance with the Treaty , occupying troops were withdrawn by that deadline . US soldiers view the corpses of prisoners which lie strewn along the road in the newly liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp See also ( edit ) World War II portal War portal History portal End of World War II in Asia Aftermath of World War II Allied Commissions Council of Foreign Ministers Effects of World War II German Instrument of Surrender Line of contact Surrender of Japan Western betrayal German prisoners of war in northwest Europe Citations ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Facsimile of the original text , the transcription used in the Avalon source for the paragraph is erroneous . In this case , `` effect '' is correct . The implication is that annexation of Germany did not occur with the assumption of all the powers of the German state by the four Allied powers . However the next paragraph explicitly stated that the `` ( four Allied powers ) will hereafter determine the boundaries of Germany or any part thereof and the status of Germany or of any area at present being part of German territory '' . Jump up ^ Although the Allied powers considered this a debellatio ( The human rights dimensions of population , UNHCR web site , p. 2 § 138 ) other authorities have argued that the vestiges of the German state continued to exist even though the Allied Control Council governed the territory ; and that eventually a fully sovereign German government resumed over a state that never ceased to exist ( Junker , Detlef ( 2004 ) , Junker , Detlef ; Gassert , Philipp ; Mausbach , Wilfried ; et al. , eds. , The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War , 1945 -- 1990 : A Handbook , 2 , Cambridge University Press , co-published with German Historical Institute , Washington D.C. , p. 104 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 79112 - X . ) References Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph Story of the War , ( January 1st to October 9th 1945 ) page 153 ^ Jump up to : the Times , 1 May 1945 , page 4 Jump up ^ ( Biddiscombe 1998 , p. 253 ) Jump up ^ Davidson , Eugene ( 1999 ) . The Death and Life of Germany . University of Missouri Press . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1249 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Armoured Division ( Great Britain ) '' , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Jump up ^ `` Station 11 : Crematorium -- Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site '' . Kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiesel , Elie ( 2002 ) . After the Darkness : Reflections on the Holocaust . New York , NY : Schocken Books . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Knoch , Habbo ( 2010 ) . Bergen - Belsen : Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940 -- 1945 , Concentration Camp 1943 -- 1945 , Displaced Persons Camp 1945 -- 1950 . Catalogue of the permanent exhibition . Wallstein . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8353 - 0794 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greene , Joshua ( 2003 ) . Justice At Dachau : The Trials Of An American Prosecutor . New York : Broadway . p. 400 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0879 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wiesenthal , Simon ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Odessa '' . Justice not Vengeance . George Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Ernest F. Fisher Jr : United States Army in WWII , The Mediterranean - Cassino to the Alps . Page 524 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph Story of the War fifth volume page 153 Jump up ^ Dollinger , Hans . The Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67 - 27047 . p. 239 Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2002 ) . Berlin : The Downfall 1945 . Viking - Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Karacs , Imre ( 4 May 1998 ) . `` DNA test closes book on mystery of Martin Bormann '' . Independent . London . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The German Surrender Documents -- WWII Jump up ^ `` Monty Speech & German Surrender 1945 '' . British Pathé . Retrieved December 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ the Times , 5 May 1945 , page 4 Jump up ^ World War II Timeline : western Europe : 1945 ^ Jump up to : Ron Goldstein Field Marshal Keitel 's surrender BBC additional comment by Peter -- WW2 Site Helper Jump up ^ ( Page 228 , `` The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan '' , Hans Dollinger ( de ) , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67 - 27047 ) ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : During the summers of World War II , Britain was on British Double Summer Time which meant that the country was ahead of CET time by one hour . This means that the surrender time in the UK was `` effective from 0001 hours on May 9 ''. RAF Site Diary 7 / 8 May Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1990 , p. 258 last paragraph . Jump up ^ The Churchill Centre : The End of the War in Europe Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Morgenthau , Henry ( 1944 ) . `` Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany ( The original memorandum from 1944 , signed by Morgenthau ) ( text and facsimile ) '' . Box 31 , Folder Germany : Jan. - Sept. 1944 ( i297 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum ( published 27 May 2004 ) . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Demilitarization of Germany : It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after surrender . This means completely disarming the German Army and people ( including the removal or destruction of all war material ) , the total destruction of the whole German armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael R ( 2003 ) . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 169 -- 170 . ISBN 0743244540 . ^ Jump up to : Plenipotentiaries 1945 , p. 1 ( 3 PDF ) . Jump up ^ Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany , The Avalon Project , Yale Law School , Retrieved 14 September 2008 Jump up ^ United Nations War Crimes Commission ( 1997 ) , Law reports of trials of war criminals : United Nations War Crimes Commission , Wm . S. Hein , p. 13 , ISBN 1 - 57588 - 403 - 8 Jump up ^ Yearbook of the International Law Commission ( PDF ) , II Part Two , 1993 , p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Werner v. United States ( 188 F. 2d 266 ) , United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit , 4 April 1951 . Website of Public.Resource.Org Jump up ^ A Step Forward Time Magazine Monday , 28 November 1949 Jump up ^ Staff . Full text of `` Britannica Book Of The Year 1951 '' Open - Access Text Archive . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ War 's End Time Magazine , 16 July 1951 Jump up ^ Elihu Lauterpacht , C.J. Greenwood . International law reports . Volume 52 , Cambridge University Press , 1979 ISBN 0 - 521 - 46397 - 1 . p. 505 Jump up ^ James H. Marsh . World War II : Making the Peace , The Canadian Encyclopedia , Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ 1951 in History BrainyMedia.com . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ H. Lauterpacht ( editor ) , International law reports Volume 23 . Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 949009 - 37 - 7 . p. 773 Jump up ^ US Code -- Title 50 Appendix -- War and National Defense , U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Spreading Hesitation Time Magazine Monday , 7 February 1955 References ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2002 ) , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking - Penguin Books , p. 342 Plenipotentiaries ( 5 June 1945 ) , `` Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with respect to Germany by the United Kingdom , the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the provisional government of the French Republic ( facsimile ) '' , Germany No . i ( 1945 ) : Unconditional Surrender of Germany Declaration and other Documents issued by the Governments of the United Kingdom , the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( PDF ) , pp. 1 -- 6 ( 3 -- 7 PDF ) , retrieved December 2013 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1969 ) , Battle for Berlin : End of the Third Reich , London : Macdomald & Co , p. 128 Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1990 ) , `` Chapter XV : The Victory Sealed : Surrender at Reims '' , The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944 -- 1946 , Center of Military History , United States Army , Washington , D.C. , Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75 - 619027 Further reading ( edit ) Deutsche Welle special coverage of the end of World War II -- features a global perspective . On this Day 7 May 1945 : Germany signs unconditional surrender Account of German surrender , BBC Charles Kiley ( Stars and Stripes Staff Writer ). Details of the Surrender Negotiations This Is How Germany Gave Up London ' 45 Victory Parade , photos and the exclusion of the Polish ally Multimedia map of the war ( 1024x768 & Macromedia Flash Plugin 7. x ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : German Instrument of Surrender , 1945 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Winston Churchill announces the Surrender of Germany The short film A DEFEATED PEOPLE ( 1946 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive End of World War II in Europe is available for free download at the Internet Archive World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - 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-3970859204366569129 | A Goofy Movie | A Goofy Movie - wikipedia A Goofy Movie A Goofy Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Lima Produced by Dan Rounds Screenplay by Jymn Magon Chris Matheson Brian Pimental Story by Jymn Magon Based on Goof Troop by Mike Peraza Starring Jason Marsden Bill Farmer Jim Cummings Kellie Martin Rob Paulsen Tevin Campbell Music by Carter Burwell Edited by Gregory Perler Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Television Animation Walt Disney Animation Australia Walt Disney Animation France Walt Disney Animation Canada Disney MovieToons Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution , Inc . Release date April 7 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 07 ) Running time 78 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $35.3 million A Goofy Movie is a 1995 animated musical comedy drama film , produced by Disney MovieToons and Walt Disney Television Animation and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . The animated directorial debut of Kevin Lima , the film is based on The Disney Afternoon television series Goof Troop created by Mike Peraza , and acts as a follow - up to the show . Taking place several years after the events of Goof Troop , A Goofy Movie follows Goofy and his son , Max , who is now in high school , and revolves around the father - son relationship between the two as Goofy takes Max on a fishing trip out of fear that Max is drifting away from him , unintentionally interfering with Max 's social life , particularly his relationship with Roxanne , his high school crush . It features the voices of Jason Marsden , Bill Farmer , Jim Cummings , Kellie Martin , Pauly Shore , Jenna von Oÿ , and Wallace Shawn , and prominently features the singing voice of Tevin Campbell as Powerline , a fictional pop star . The film was also dedicated to Pat Buttram , who died during the film 's production . A Goofy Movie was released theatrically on April 7 , 1995 , by Walt Disney Pictures to mixed reviews from critics and moderate box office success . It has since gained a cult following among millennials . A direct - to - video sequel to the film titled An Extremely Goofy Movie was released in February 2000 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Goofy is the single father of teenager Max Goof , although the two have a tense relationship . On the last day of school before summer vacation , Max and his best friends P.J. and Robert `` Bobby '' Zimuruski hijack the auditorium stage in the middle of Principal Mazur 's speech , creating a small concert where Max performs , while costumed as the pop singer Powerline . The performance succeeds in making Max a school celebrity and impressing his love interest , Roxanne , but he , P.J. , and Bobby are sent to Mazur 's office . While waiting outside of the office , Roxanne speaks with Max and agrees to go with him to a party where Powerline 's concert will be viewed live on television . However , Mazur telephones Goofy and exaggerates Max 's actions , forewarning him that Max 's behavior may result in him facing capital punishment . Oblivious to Max 's plans with Roxanne , Goofy decides to take Max on a fishing trip to Lake Destiny , Idaho , following a cross-country map route he and his father took years ago . Before they leave town , Max manages to stop by Roxanne 's house to call off their date , but when the heartbroken Roxanne mentions going with someone else , Max panics and instead fabricates a story about his father knowing Powerline , telling her he will be on stage at the concert . Despite his son 's objections , Goofy plans his own trip , with initially disastrous results . Max hurts his father 's feelings after Goofy inadvertently humiliates Max at an opossum - based theme park . Later , Pete and P.J. happen to meet up with them while camping by a lake . While P.J. informs Max of how all their peers back home anticipate seeing him onstage at the Powerline concert , Pete advises Goofy to keep Max under control . Goofy takes his son fishing and shows him the Perfect Cast fishing technique , accidentally luring Bigfoot to their camp . Pete and P.J. flee , leaving Goofy and Max to spend the night with Bigfoot . At night , while Goofy sleeps , Max alters the map 's route to Los Angeles , where the concert is taking place . The next morning , Goofy decides to make Max the navigator of the trip . The two go to several locations that satisfy both of them . Eventually , they stop by a motel where they meet Pete and P.J. again . When Pete overhears a conversation between the boys , he tells Goofy that Max has tricked him into traveling to Los Angeles . The next day , Goofy and Max come to a junction : one leading to Idaho , the other to California . Max chooses the route to California , making Goofy stop the car at the Grand Canyon and storm off in anger . With the brake loose , the car drives off on its own ; Goofy and Max chase after it and end up in a river . After a heated argument , Goofy solemnly declares that no matter how old Max gets he will always be his son , and the two finally reconcile with each other . After learning of Max 's promise to Roxanne , Goofy decides to take him to the concert in Los Angeles . The two nearly plummet to their deaths down a waterfall , but Max saves Goofy using the Perfect Cast technique . Goofy and Max make it to the concert , and while attempting to sneak backstage , they end up onstage and dance with Powerline , watched by Pete , P.J. and Roxanne on separate televisions . Goofy and Max later return to Roxanne 's house in their damaged car . Max tells the truth to Roxanne , though she accepts it and admits she always had feelings for him , ever since the first time she ever heard him laugh , `` Ah - hyuck ! '' ; thus , a relationship starts between them . Goofy 's car suddenly explodes because of damage it had sustained , ejecting Goofy in the process , who then falls through the porch roof of Roxanne 's house , and Max proceeds to introduce him to Roxanne . Voice Cast ( edit ) Jason Marsden as Maximillan `` Max '' Goof , Goofy 's insecure teenage son . Aaron Lohr makes a guest appearance as Max 's singing voice . Bill Farmer as Goofy , Max 's father who works as a photographer at a photo studio in a mall department store . Kellie Martin as Roxanne , Max 's high school crush and love interest Jim Cummings as Pete , Goofy 's coworker who he and Max happen upon during their road trip . Rob Paulsen as P.J. , Pete 's son and Max 's best friend Pauly Shore ( uncredited ) as Robert `` Bobby '' Zimuruski , Max and P.J. 's other best friend at school . Jenna von Oÿ as Stacey , Roxanne 's best friend . Julie Brown as Lisa , a student in Max 's high school who , along with some other students , makes fun of Max until his performance as Powerline made her and the students congratulate Max . She is Chad 's girlfriend . Joey Lawrence as Chad , a student in Max 's high school who , along with some other students , makes fun of Max until his performance as Powerline made him and the students congratulate Max . He is Lisa 's boyfriend . Tevin Campbell as the singing voice of Powerline , a famous pop star celebrity who Max looks up to . Wallace Shawn as Principal Mazur , the bad - tempered principal of Max 's school . Frank Welker as Bigfoot , a monster who lives in the forest . Kevin Lima as Lester the Possum Florence Stanley as a Waitress Jo Anne Worley as Miss Maples Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse , who is seen hitchhiking alongside Donald Duck during Max and Goofy 's road trip . He is also later seen in the audience at the Powerline Concert in L.A. Pat Buttram as the Possum Park Emcee Robyn Richards as Lesters Grinning Girl Herschel Sparber as a Security guard Brittney Alyse Smith as the Photo Studio Girl Corey Burton as Wendell Pat Carroll as a restaurant waiter . Production ( edit ) A Goofy Movie was the directorial debut for Disney crew member Kevin Lima , who went on to direct the Disney films Tarzan ( 1999 ) , 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) and Enchanted ( 2007 ) . In 1995 , Lima said that `` Instead of just keeping Goofy one - dimensional as he 's been in the past , we wanted to give an emotional side that would add to the emotional arc of the story . We wanted the audience to see his feelings instead of just his antics . '' Although based upon a Disney TV series , A Goofy Movie was jointly produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation , Walt Disney Television Animation , Disney MovieToons , Walt Disney Animation France . and Walt Disney Animation Australia . Pre-production was done at the main Feature Animation studio in Burbank , California , starting as early as mid-1993 . The animation work was done at Walt Disney Animation France in Paris , France supervised by Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , with additional scenes animated at Disney 's studio in Sydney , Australia under the direction of Steve Moore , and clean - up work done at the main Burbank studio . Additional clean - up / animation was done by Phoenix Animation Studios in Canada , and Digital ink and paint by the Pixibox studio in France . According to Bill Farmer , who provided the voice talent for Goofy , in a panel interview , producers had asked him to give Goofy a `` normal dad voice '' as opposed to the voice he traditionally gives the character , but Farmer refused to , stating that `` no one wants to hear that . '' The voice of Max was done by Jason Marsden , whereas his singing voice was done by Aaron Lohr . The movie is dedicated to Pat Buttram , who voiced the emcee at possum park , as he passed away after finishing voice work for the film . Music ( edit ) The score for A Goofy Movie was provided by Carter Burwell . Burwell was the primary composer ; after Burwell had recorded his score with Shirley Walker orchestrating and conducting , Davis was hired to rework his score rather than write a completely new one . Burwell later wrote : `` My score had relied somewhat on unusual instrumentation -- banjo , percussion and choir for example -- and Disney wanted the sweeping scale and familiar affect of symphonic score '' . Davis is credited with `` additional music '' on the movie and the soundtrack album . The songs `` I 2 I '' and `` Stand Out '' were performed by R&B singer Tevin Campbell . The soundtrack album for A Goofy Movie was released by Walt Disney Records on March 18 , 1995 . Mitchell Musso covered the song `` Stand Out '' for the DisneyMania 7 album , which was released on March 9 , 2010 . A Goofy Movie Original Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` I 2 I '' ( Tevin Campbell and Rosie Gaines ) 4 : 37 2 . `` After Today '' ( Aaron Lohr and Chorus ) 2 : 21 3 . `` Stand Out '' ( Tevin Campbell ) 3 : 00 4 . `` On the Open Road '' ( Bill Farmer , Aaron Lohr , and Chorus ) 3 : 01 5 . `` Lester 's Possum Park '' ( Kevin Quinn and Chorus ) 1 : 25 6 . `` Nobody Else But You '' ( Bill Farmer and Aaron Lohr ) 2 : 35 7 . `` Opening Fanfare / Max 's Dream / Transformation '' 1 : 25 8 . `` Deep Sludge '' 2 : 35 9 . `` Bigfoot '' 1 : 50 10 . `` Hi Dad Soup '' 2 : 04 11 . `` Runaway Car '' 2 : 14 12 . `` Junction '' 1 : 32 13 . `` The Waterfall ! / The Truth '' 2 : 17 Release ( edit ) A Goofy Movie was originally scheduled for a November 1994 theatrical release , but production setbacks resulted in a push - back to 1995 , while The Lion King was reissued to fill in for the film 's absence . The film 's world premiere took place on April 5 , 1995 , at the AMC Pleasure Island at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista , and was attended by director Kevin Lima and voice stars Bill Farmer and Jenna von Oÿ ; two days later , it was released nationwide . The film played a limited engagement at the El Capitan Theatre from August 25 through September 4 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was first released on VHS by Walt Disney Home Video on September 6 , 1995 , and included a music video for the Parachute Express song Doctor Looney 's Remedy on their video , Come Sing with Us . In the United Kingdom , it was released in theaters succeeding the Mickey Mouse short Runaway Brain on October 18 , 1996 , and on VHS in 1997 . It was reissued on June 20 , 2000 , along with a DVD version , as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection . This edition includes the Goof Troop episode , `` Calling All Goofs '' , the episode `` The Goofy Success Story '' from the Disneyland television series , and a `` Disney - fied '' edit of `` Mambo No. 5 . '' To date , this film and Doug 's 1st Movie are the only two Disney animated films produced in widescreen that have pan and scan - only Region 1 DVD releases ( not counting separate widescreen and pan and scan DVD releases of the two Disney / Pixar films The Incredibles and Cars ) . However , the film 's PAL and NTSC ( Japan ) counterpart does have a non-anamorphic widescreen DVD , and the film is available in a letterbox presentation on LaserDisc and also in standard - definition widescreen on digital video retailers . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , A Goofy Movie holds an approval rating of 44 % with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 based on 18 critics . Variety 's Todd McCarthy criticized the film 's score , calling the six featured songs `` unmemorable '' . He also felt that the personality of Goofy 's character , while agreeable enough in support , proved a bit over the top for a headliner , and that `` by any reasonable reckoning , he 's distinctly overbearing and selfish , and responds with a bland dismissal to any opinion offered up by his son '' . McCarthy praised the film 's technical aspects , calling them `` crisp and clean '' . Louis Black of The Austin Chronicle summed up his review by saying the film was `` bland , a barely television - length cartoon stretched out to fill a feature , and not much fun '' . Siskel and Ebert both approved of the movie , praising the color scheme and the `` sweet '' father - son plot , and gave it three stars . Writing for Common Sense Media , Nell Minow gave the film 4 stars , saying that `` even tweens will enjoy this road trip with Goofy . '' Box office ( edit ) A Goofy Movie was considered a relative success for Disney , opening in 2,159 theaters at # 2 on its opening weekend with $6,129,557 - held from the # 1 spot only because of the Will Smith blockbuster Bad Boys that opened the same weekend , with $15,523,358 in box office returns . It ultimately ended its run at the US box office grossing $35,348,597 . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for `` Best Animated Feature '' in the production categories and `` Best Production Design '' , `` Best Storyboarding '' , `` Best Music '' , and `` Best Animation '' in the individual categories at the 23rd Annie Awards . Legacy ( edit ) A direct - to - video sequel to A Goofy Movie , titled An Extremely Goofy Movie , was released on DVD and VHS in 2000 . The film centers Max 's freshman year in college . Characters that returned for the sequel were Goofy , Max , P.J. , Pete and Bobby , but Roxanne is absent from the sequel and is not referenced . Roxanne later appears in the television series House of Mouse in the episode titled `` Max 's Embarrassing Date '' , where she is voiced by Grey DeLisle instead of Kellie Martin . The film has gained that of a cult following , particularly among millennials who grew up with the movie . On August 14 , 2015 , a 20th anniversary reunion for the film was held at the D23 Expo at Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California . Those in attendance included Bill Farmer , Jason Marsden , Jim Cummings , Rob Paulsen , Jenna von Oÿ and producer Don Hahn . Wallace Shawn , Pauly Shore and director Kevin Lima also sent video messages . The panel also included musical performances from Farmer , Marsden , and Tevin Campbell . Around 1,000 fans attended the reunion . In 2016 , Campbell uploaded a video of him partaking in a jam session with the band Enfield , in which he performed both `` I2I '' and `` Stand Out '' . In June 2018 , a one - week event titled `` Disney FanDaze '' was opened in Disneyland Paris , featuring several dedicated performances paying tribute to Disney franchises . Among these was `` Max Live ! Gettin ' Goofy With It '' , which featured Max Goof performing songs from A Goofy Movie . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . afi.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Goofy Movie ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 14 , 1996 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Drawn to Directing '' . Backstage East . VNU / Nielsen Business Media . 48 ( 47 ) : 9 . November 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Louis ( April 7 , 1995 ) . `` A Goofy Movie '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( April 7 , 1995 ) . `` A Goofy Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Don ( Director ) ( 2010 ) . Waking Sleeping Beauty ( Documentary film ) . Burbank , CA : Stone Circle Pictures / Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . Jump up ^ Lima , Kevin ( Director ) ( 1995 ) . Closing credits forA Goofy Movie ( Animated film ) . Burbank , CA : Walt Disney Pictures . ^ Jump up to : `` Powerline Performed During The ' Goofy Movie ' Reunion At D23 '' . Uproxx. 2015 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01 . / Jump up ^ Hischak , Thomas S. ( September 15 , 2011 ) . Disney Voice Actors : A Biographical Dictionary . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0786486945 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Goofy Movie > Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Burwell - A Goofy Movie '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Goofy Movie Soundtrack '' . SoundtrackNet . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com . `` Disneymania 7 '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Of Feature Releases '' . The Film Journal . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Aimee ( August 13 , 1994 ) . `` The ' Lion ' Sleeps This Fall '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spitz , Tom ( April 6 , 1995 ) . `` ' Goofy Movie ' World Premiere '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mack , Mike ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's `` A Goofy Movie '' to screen at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Home Video Debuts the `` Gold Classic Collection '' `` . The Laughing Place . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imagination for a Lifetime -- Disney Titles All the Time ; Walt Disney Home Video Debuts the `` Gold Classic Collection '' ; An Animated Masterpiece Every Month in 2000 '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California . Business Wire . January 6 , 2000 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Goofy Movie -- Disney Gold Collection '' . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reviews A GOOFY MOVIE RogerEbert.com , Retrieved June 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Minow , Nell . `` A Goofy Movie Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Boys Box Office Returns '' . BoxOfficeMojo . IMDB . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1995 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A GOOFY MOVIE ( 1995 ) : special digital screening Nov. 4 and 5 '' . The Herald News . October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Inigo , Joey ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Surprisingly awesome A GOOFY MOVIE panel brings nostalgic rewind to # D23EXPO '' . Mouse Info . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Stand Out '' with A Goofy Movie 's 20th Anniversary `` . D23 . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://mashable.com/2015/08/15/a-goofy-movie-cast-reunion-d23/#wgUNndNbVkq9 Jump up ^ http://ew.com/article/2016/09/23/powerline-tevin-campbell-goofy-music-mash-up/ Jump up ^ http://attractionsmagazine.com/disney-fandaze-disneyland-paris/ External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Cartoon portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Goofy Movie Official website A Goofy Movie on IMDb A Goofy Movie at The Big Cartoon DataBase A Goofy Movie at AllMovie A Goofy Movie at Box Office Mojo A Goofy Movie at Rotten Tomatoes Goof Troop Characters Goofy Pete Max P.J. Episodes List of Goof Troop episodes Films A Goofy Movie An Extremely Goofy Movie Video games Goof Troop Disney 's Extremely Goofy Skateboarding Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) Disneytoon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Films directed by Kevin Lima A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Eloise at the Plaza ( 2003 ) Eloise at Christmastime ( 2003 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Goofy_Movie&oldid=866381312 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1995 animated films 1990s adventure films 1990s American animated films American films 1990s coming - of - age films 1990s musical comedy films 1990s road movies American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American coming - of - age films American high school films Films about vacationing American musical comedy films American road movies Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated musical films Animated films about dogs Animated films based on animated series Bigfoot in popular culture Directorial debut films DisneyToon Studios animated films Films scored by Carter Burwell Films scored by Don Davis ( composer ) Films directed by Kevin Lima Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Ohio Goof Troop Goofy ( Disney ) films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 00 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the voice of powerline in a goofy movie | [
"Jason Marsden as Maximillan \"Max\" Goof, Goofy's insecure teenage son. Aaron Lohr makes a guest appearance as Max's singing voice.\nBill Farmer as Goofy, Max's father who works as a photographer at a photo studio in a mall department store.\nKellie Martin as Roxanne, Max's high school crush and love interest\nJim Cummings as Pete, Goofy's coworker who he and Max happen upon during their road trip.\nRob Paulsen as P.J., Pete's son and Max's best friend\nPauly Shore (uncredited) as Robert \"Bobby\" Zimuruski, Max and P.J.'s other best friend at school.\nJenna von Oÿ as Stacey, Roxanne's best friend.\nJulie Brown as Lisa, a student in Max's high school who, along with some other students, makes fun of Max until his performance as Powerline made her and the students congratulate Max. She is Chad's girlfriend.\nJoey Lawrence as Chad, a student in Max's high school who, along with some other students, makes fun of Max until his performance as Powerline made him and the students congratulate Max. He is Lisa's boyfriend.\nTevin Campbell as the singing voice of Powerline, a famous pop star celebrity who Max looks up to.\nWallace Shawn as Principal Mazur, the bad-tempered principal of Max's school.\nFrank Welker as Bigfoot, a monster who lives in the forest.\nKevin Lima as Lester the Possum\nFlorence Stanley as a Waitress\nJo Anne Worley as Miss Maples\nWayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who is seen hitchhiking alongside Donald Duck during Max and Goofy's road trip. He is also later seen in the audience at the Powerline Concert in L.A.\nPat Buttram as the Possum Park Emcee\nRobyn Richards as Lesters Grinning Girl\nHerschel Sparber as a Security guard\nBrittney Alyse Smith as the Photo Studio Girl\nCorey Burton as Wendell\nPat Carroll as a restaurant waiter."
] | [
"Tevin Campbell"
] |
8400775236832198820 | Edmonton Oilers | Edmonton Oilers - Wikipedia Edmonton Oilers Jump to : navigation , search Edmonton Oilers 2017 -- 18 Edmonton Oilers season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1972 History Alberta Oilers 1972 -- 1973 ( WHA ) Edmonton Oilers 1973 -- 1979 ( WHA ) 1979 -- present ( NHL ) Home arena Rogers Place City Edmonton , Alberta Colours Orange , Navy blue , white Media Sportsnet West Sportsnet Oilers City Edmonton CHED ( 630 AM ) Owner ( s ) Oilers Entertainment Group ( Daryl Katz , Katz Group of Companies ) General manager Peter Chiarelli Head coach Todd McLellan Captain Connor McDavid Minor league affiliates Bakersfield Condors ( AHL ) Wichita Thunder ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 5 ( 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 ) Conference championships 7 ( 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 2005 -- 06 ) Presidents ' Trophy 2 ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) Division championships 9 ( 1978 -- 79 ( WHA ) , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 ) Official website nhl.com/oilers The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton , Alberta . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Oilers were founded on November 1 , 1971 , with the team playing its first season in 1972 , as one of the twelve founding franchises of the major professional World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . They were originally intended to be one of two WHA teams in Alberta ( the other one being the Calgary Broncos ) . However , when the Broncos relocated to Cleveland , Ohio , before the WHA 's first season began , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers . They returned to using the Edmonton Oilers name for the following year , and have been called that ever since . The Oilers subsequently joined the NHL in 1979 as one of four franchises introduced through the NHL merger with the WHA . After joining the NHL , the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions : 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 and 1989 -- 90 . Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins , the Oilers are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL - WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967 . Among all NHL teams , only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League 's 1967 expansion . For their success in the 1980s , the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 WHA years ( 1972 -- 1979 ) 1.2 Entry into the NHL ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 1.3 Dynasty years ( 1983 -- 1990 ) 1.3. 1 After Gretzky ( 1988 -- 1990 ) 1.4 Decline in success ( 1990 -- 1996 ) 1.5 Return to the playoffs ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1.6 After the lockout ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 1.6. 1 Team collapse ( 2006 -- 2010 ) 1.7 Taylor Hall era and the rebuild ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 1.8 Connor McDavid era ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Team information 2.1 Jerseys 2.2 Mascot 2.3 Oilers Octane 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Retired numbers 4.3 Hall of Famers 4.4 Team captains 4.5 Head coaches 5 Franchise records 5.1 Scoring leaders 5.2 Single - season leaders 6 NHL awards and trophies 6.1 All - Star Game selections 7 Home arenas 8 Broadcasters 9 See also 10 References 10.1 General 10.2 Specific 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Edmonton Oilers WHA years ( 1972 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) On November 1 , 1971 , the Edmonton Oilers became one of the 12 founding WHA franchises . The original team owner was Bill Hunter . Hunter owned the Edmonton Oil Kings , a junior hockey franchise . He also founded the Canadian Major Junior Hockey League ( now known as the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) ) . Hunter 's efforts to bring major professional hockey to Edmonton via an expansion NHL franchise had been rebuffed by the NHL . So , he looked to the upstart WHA instead . It was Hunter who chose the `` Oilers '' name for the new WHA franchise . This was a name that had previously been used as a nickname for the Edmonton Oil Kings in the 1950s and 1960s . Edmonton Gardens was the first home arena for the Oilers . They played in the arena from 1972 to 1974 . After the newly founded Calgary Broncos folded prior to commencement of the inaugural WHA season , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers as it was planned to split their home games between Edmonton and Calgary . Possibly for financial reasons or to allow for a less complicated return of the WHA to Calgary , though , the team ultimately played all of its home games in the Edmonton Gardens and subsequently changed its name back to the Edmonton Oilers the following year . They won the first game in WHA history 7 -- 4 over the Ottawa Nationals . The Oilers drew fans with players such as defenceman and team captain Al Hamilton , goaltender Dave Dryden and forwards Blair MacDonald and Bill Flett . However , a relatively little - noticed move in 1976 would have an important impact on the history of the franchise . That year , journeyman forward Glen Sather was acquired by the Oilers . It turned out to be his final season as a player . However , he was named player - coach late in the season , moving to the bench full - time after the season . Sather would be the coach or general manager of the Oilers for the next 23 years . Although the Oilers ' on - ice performance for most of the WHA 's history was mediocre , they remained relatively well - supported and financially stable by WHA standards . In 1976 , the franchise was acquired by wealthy entrepreneur Peter Pocklington . The team 's fortunes would improve dramatically in 1978 when Pocklington acquired Wayne Gretzky as an under - age player ( consequently , his first year of WHA experience prevented him from being an official 1979 -- 80 NHL rookie ) , as well as goaltender Eddie Mio and forward Peter Driscoll , from the recently folded Indianapolis Racers for cash . Gretzky 's first and only WHA season , 1978 -- 79 , saw the Oilers finish first in the WHA standings , posting a league - best 48 -- 30 -- 2 record . However , Edmonton failed to win the championship , as they fell to the Winnipeg Jets in the Avco World Trophy Final . Dave Semenko of the Oilers scored the last goal in WHA history in the third period of the final game , which the Oilers lost 7 -- 3 . The Oilers joined the NHL for 1979 -- 80 , along with fellow WHA teams Hartford Whalers , Quebec Nordiques and the Jets following a merger agreement between the two leagues . Of these four teams , only Edmonton has avoided relocation and renaming ; the Nordiques became the Colorado Avalanche in 1995 , the Jets became the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996 and the Whalers became the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997 . Entry into the NHL ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) The Oilers acquired Jari Kurri in the 1980 draft . Kurri was one of several key acquisitions by the Oilers in the early 1980s . The Oilers lost most of the players from 1978 -- 79 when the NHL held a reclamation draft of players who had bolted to the upstart league as they were allowed to protect two goaltenders and two skill players . Originally , Gretzky was not eligible to be protected ; under the rules of the time , he normally would have been placed in the Entry Draft pool . However , Pocklington had signed him to a 21 - year personal services contract in 1979 and Pocklington used the contract to force the NHL to admit the Oilers and allow the Oilers to keep Gretzky . The Oilers were mediocre during the regular season in their first two seasons , finishing sixteenth and fourteenth respectively . However , due to the fact that 16 of the 21 NHL teams made the playoffs at the time , the Oilers were still able to get their young players experience in the playoffs ( they would make the playoffs for their first thirteen years in the NHL ) . They won only one playoff series over this time span though , upsetting the Montreal Canadiens in 1980 -- 81 . Gretzky set new NHL records in 1980 -- 81 for assists ( 109 ) and points ( with 164 ) . Also , they still had great draft positions . This allowed the Oilers to put together a young , talented , experienced team quickly . Within three years , Sather and chief scout Barry Fraser had drafted several players who would have an important role in the team 's success , including Mark Messier , Glenn Anderson , Jari Kurri , Paul Coffey , Kevin Lowe , Grant Fuhr and Andy Moog . The Oilers improved in 1981 -- 82 , finishing second overall . Grant Fuhr emerged as the Oilers ' starting goaltender , and he set a rookie record by going undefeated in twenty - three straight games . However , Gretzky stole the show by setting the single season record for goals with ninety - two and becoming the first player in NHL history to score 200 points ( with 212 ) . Gretzky 's accomplishments helped the Oilers become the first team to score four hundred goals in a season , a feat they would accomplish for five straight years . However , the Oilers were upset by the Los Angeles Kings in five games ( game three of this series , now known as the Miracle on Manchester , saw the Oilers take a 5 -- 0 lead , only to lose 6 -- 5 to the Kings in overtime ) . In 1982 -- 83 , the Oilers finished third overall in the NHL . They advanced all the way to the Stanley Cup Finals ( losing only once in the process ) before getting swept by defending Stanley Cup Champions the New York Islanders . During this season , Gretzky , Messier , Anderson , and Kurri all topped the 100 point plateau , with Coffey not far behind at 96 . After the season , Lee Fogolin resigned as captain of the Oilers , picking Gretzky as his successor . Dynasty years ( 1983 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) In 1983 -- 84 , the Oilers finished first overall in the NHL , winning a franchise record fifty - seven games and earning 119 points ( fifteen points ahead of the second place Islanders ) . They were the first team to feature three players with fifty goals ( Gretzky , Kurri and Anderson ) . Gretzky started off strong by scoring at least a point in the first fifty - one games of the season . Paul Coffey became the second defenceman ever to score forty goals in a season ( with forty exactly ) . The Oilers scored a grand total of 446 goals as a team , an NHL record . The Oilers were so determined to win the Stanley Cup that they hired Roger Neilson as a video analyst . They started the playoffs strongly by sweeping the Winnipeg Jets in the Smythe Division semifinals . They faced a tougher test in the Calgary Flames , but they defeated them in seven games in the division finals . They then swept the Minnesota North Stars in the conference finals to earn a rematch with the Islanders in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Oilers split the first two games in Long Island , but then won three in a row in Edmonton to become the first former WHA team to win the Stanley Cup . After the series , Mark Messier was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP . Next year , the Oilers finished second overall in the NHL with 49 wins and 109 points . Wayne Gretzky led the NHL in goals with 73 , and Jari Kurri was close behind with a career high 71 . Gretzky also became the youngest player in NHL history to score one thousand points . In the playoffs , the Oilers swept the Kings in the opening round and Jets in round two . They won the first two games of the Campbell Conference Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks , but lost the next two before winning the final two and returning to the Stanley Cup Finals . Edmonton lost the first game to Philadelphia , but won the next four to win the Stanley Cup for the second year in a row . Paul Coffey had a playoff performance to remember , setting records for most goals ( twelve ) , assists ( twenty - five ) , and points ( thirty - seven ) ever by a defenceman in a playoff year . In addition , Jari Kurri tied Reggie Leach 's record for most goals in a playoff year , with 19 . However , Gretzky won the Conn Smythe Trophy after setting the record for most points in a playoff year ( 47 ) . A statue of Wayne Gretzky stands outside Rogers Place . Playing with the Oilers from 1978 to 1988 , he led the Oilers to four Stanley Cups . Despite some off - season legal issues , the Oilers were again the top team in the NHL during the 1985 -- 86 regular season , with 56 wins and 119 points . They won the inaugural Presidents ' Trophy , the trophy given to the team with the best regular - season record . Gretzky , Kurri , and Anderson each scored fifty goals again . Kurri led the NHL in goals with 68 , finishing with 131 points . Paul Coffey set a new record for most goals in a season by a defenceman ( 48 ) , and he just missed setting a new record for points by a defenceman with 138 ( Bobby Orr scored 139 in 1970 -- 71 ) . Gretzky also set records for assists ( 163 ) and points ( 215 ) . However , the Oilers failed to win their third straight Stanley Cup , as the Calgary Flames defeated them in seven games in the second round of the playoffs . In the third period of a 2 -- 2 tie during game seven , Steve Smith , a rookie for the Oilers , accidentally sent the puck into his own net on his birthday . This goal stood as the game - and - series - winning goal . 1986 -- 87 saw the Oilers capture their second straight President 's Trophy with 50 wins and 106 points . Gretzky and Kurri were first and second in the NHL point scoring race , and Messier was fourth . Edmonton returned to the Stanley Cup Final and faced the same opponent as they had in 1985 , the Philadelphia Flyers . The Oilers took a 3 games to 1 lead in the series . However , strong goaltending by Flyers ' rookie Ron Hextall forced a game seven . The Oilers still prevailed by a score of 3 -- 1 . In the post-game celebration , Gretzky immediately passed the Stanley Cup to Steve Smith , now vindicated after his costly miscue the previous season . However , Hextall won the Conn Smythe Trophy . The Oilers began losing star players in 1987 -- 88 . Paul Coffey sat out the first twenty - one games of the season before getting traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins . Andy Moog also failed to report ; he was tired of being Grant Fuhr 's backup goalie . Moog played for the Canadian Olympic team in the 1988 Winter Olympics before getting traded to the Boston Bruins for Bill Ranford . Despite the changes , the Oilers placed third overall in the NHL . Grant Fuhr started a league - record 75 games ( this record has now been broken ) and posted a team - record 40 wins . In the first round of the playoffs , the Oilers dispatched the third place Winnipeg Jets in five games . The Oilers then defeated first - overall Calgary in a sweep . In the Campbell Conference Final against the Detroit Red Wings , the Oilers prevailed in five games . The Oilers then swept the Boston Bruins in five games in a best - of - seven series . This occurred because of trouble during game four . With the score tied 3 -- 3 with 3 : 23 to play in the second period , a power outage hit the Boston Garden , forcing cancellation of the entire game . The Oilers would win the next game ( originally scheduled as game five ) back in Edmonton 6 -- 3 to complete the series sweep . However , all player statistics for the aborted game four in Boston are counted in the NHL record books . Gretzky won the Conn Smythe Trophy after leading the playoffs in scoring with 43 points . After the Cup - clinching game , Gretzky implored his teammates , coaches , trainers , and others from the Oilers organization to join at centre ice for an impromptu team photo with the Stanley Cup . This started a tradition since continued by every subsequent Stanley Cup champion . After the season , Fuhr was awarded the Vezina Trophy as the NHL 's top goaltender . After Gretzky ( 1988 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) Mark Messier was named the Oilers ' team captain shortly following the Gretzky trade . In a surprising and shocking trade , Gretzky , along with enforcer Marty McSorley and centre Mike Krushelnyski , were traded to the Los Angeles Kings on August 9 , 1988 . In exchange , the Oilers received US $15 million , young star Jimmy Carson , 1988 first - round draft choice Martin Gelinas and the Kings ' first round draft picks in 1989 , 1991 and 1993 . The trade occurred because Pocklington did n't want to risk Gretzky leaving Edmonton without getting anything in return . Gretzky had converted his personal services contract with Pocklington into a standard five - year player 's contract with the Oilers in the summer of 1987 with an option to declare himself an unrestricted free agent after the 1988 -- 89 season . During the 1987 -- 88 season , Pocklington had approached Gretzky about renegotiating the contract , but Gretzky , unwilling to give up his chance at free agency , refused , which ultimately led to the trade . None of this was public knowledge at the time . However , the Oilers and their fans were still upset . Nelson Riis , the New Democratic Party leader in Canada 's House of Commons , went so far as to ask the government to block the trade . Several of the Oilers considered launching a team - wide strike , and even considered demanding that Pocklington sell the team . The loss of Gretzky had an immediate impact in 1988 -- 89 , as the Oilers were only able to finish in third place in their division . Mark Messier was chosen to succeed Gretzky as captain . Coincidentally , the Oilers ' first round playoff opponent was Gretzky 's Los Angeles Kings . Edmonton took a commanding 3 -- 1 series lead , but Gretzky and the Kings fought back to win game seven 6 -- 3 in Los Angeles . It was the first time since 1982 that the Oilers had been eliminated from the playoffs after only one round . The Oilers underwent more changes during 1989 -- 90 season . John Muckler replaced Glen Sather as head coach of the Oilers ; Sather remained general manager and became the Oilers ' president . During training camp , Grant Fuhr came down with a severe case of appendicitis . He missed the first ten games of the season , and when he returned he suffered a shoulder injury that eventually sidelined him for the remainder of the season . This marked the emergence of Bill Ranford as a starter . Four games into the season , Jimmy Carson decided the pressure of playing in Edmonton was too intense , and he was traded to Detroit with Kevin McClelland in exchange for Petr Klima , Adam Graves , Joe Murphy and Jeff Sharples . The Oilers improved on their previous season , finishing with 38 wins and 90 points , good for fifth place overall in the NHL . Messier had 45 goals and 84 assists for 129 points , good for second in the NHL scoring race ( behind only Gretzky ) . In the first round , the Oilers faced the Winnipeg Jets . Trailing the series 3 -- 1 and trailing Game 5 by the identical score , the Oilers rallied to win the next three and take the series . In the division final , the Oilers met Los Angeles for the second - straight season . Edmonton swept the series 4 -- 0 , outscoring the Kings 22 -- 10 . The Oilers then met the Chicago Blackhawks in the Campbell Conference Final and fell behind 2 -- 1 in the series . However , the Oilers won the next three games to earn a rematch of the 1988 Stanley Cup Finals with Boston . The Final will be remembered for Game 1 , which still stands as the longest Stanley Cup Final game played in the modern NHL . Despite being soundly outshot by the Bruins , the Oilers won the game 3 -- 2 when Petr Klima -- benched for much of the game , and thus the only player on either team who not exhausted -- scored at 15 : 13 of the third overtime period . The Oilers would go on to defeat the Bruins in five games , and win their first Cup without Gretzky . For his superlative goaltending , Bill Ranford was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . Decline in success ( 1990 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) The Oilers lost another important player before the 1990 -- 91 season , as Jari Kurri chose to play the entire season with the HC Milano Devils . Grant Fuhr was also suspended for 60 games for drug abuse . The season itself was not a great one for the Oilers : they finished with 37 wins and 80 points , good for third place in the Smythe Division . In the playoffs , the Oilers met the Flames in the opening round . In a thrilling series , the Oilers won the series in seven games , led by seven goals by Esa Tikkanen . Despite injuries suffered in the series with Calgary , they defeated the Los Angeles Kings in six games . Their success was unable to continue into the Conference Final , however , as they lost in five games to the Minnesota North Stars , who were making their Cinderella run . The final star players from the Oilers left before the 1991 -- 92 season . Grant Fuhr and Glenn Anderson were traded to Toronto , Steve Smith was traded to Chicago , and Jari Kurri was traded to Philadelphia . Charlie Huddy was claimed by Minnesota in the expansion draft , and Mark Messier was traded to the New York Rangers a day after the season began . The Oilers even lost their head coach , as John Muckler left to become head coach and general manager of the Buffalo Sabres . Ted Green replaced Muckler as head coach , and Kevin Lowe succeeded Messier as captain . Despite the staggering amount of changes , the Oilers produced a comparable season to 1990 -- 91 , finishing third in the Smythe Division with 36 wins and 82 points . In the first round of the playoffs , the Oilers again met the Los Angeles Kings . Again , for the third time since the Gretzky trade , the Oilers defeated the Kings . In the next round , the Oilers defeated the Vancouver Canucks in six games to return to the Campbell Conference Final for the third straight season , this time facing the Chicago Blackhawks . However , the Oilers unexpected run in the playoffs came to a crashing halt , as the Blackhawks dominated every game and swept the series . The departures of the stars from the 1980s exposed serious deficiencies in the Oilers ' development system . The Oilers had done a poor job of drafting during the dynasty years , and the younger players had n't had nearly enough time to develop before the core of the 1980s dynasty left town . This did n't become apparent for a few years ; as mentioned above , the Oilers still had enough heft to make the conference finals two years in a row . However , it was obvious that they were nowhere near being the powerhouse that had dominated the league in the previous half - decade . In 1992 -- 93 , the Oilers missed the playoffs for the first time as an NHL team . They would not return to the post-season for four years , despite the emergence of young centremen Doug Weight and Jason Arnott . Return to the playoffs ( 1996 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Cal Nichols spearhead the Edmonton Investors Group 's purchase of the Oilers franchise in 1998 . In 1996 -- 97 , the Oilers made the playoffs for the first time in five years , thanks to stellar goaltending by Curtis Joseph . In the first round , they upset the Dallas Stars , who had compiled the league 's second best record , in a seven - game series . The Oilers won game seven on a goal by Todd Marchant in overtime . However , the Oilers surprise playoff run failed to continue , as the Colorado Avalanche defeated them in the next round . In 1997 -- 98 , Joseph led the Oilers to another first - round upset . After Colorado took a 3 -- 1 series lead , the Oilers held them scoreless for eight straight periods en route to winning the series in seven games . Dallas and Edmonton met again in the second round , but this time , the Stars were the victors . The Oilers would make the playoffs in four of the next six years , but they were defeated after the first round every single time . Despite their success over the past two seasons , the Oilers were in trouble off the ice . Owner Peter Pocklington had explored moving the Oilers to Minnesota during the 1990s . In 1998 , Pocklington almost made a deal to sell the team to Leslie Alexander , the owner of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) who would have moved the team to Houston , Texas . On March 14 , 1998 , hours before the deadline to keep the team in Edmonton , the Edmonton Investors Group agreed to pay $70 million to buy the club . The EIG were spearheaded by Cal Nichols , who had a commitment to retain NHL hockey in Edmonton . The deal was finalized , on May 5 . and thus prevented them from being the third Canadian team to move in the 1990s and the fourth former WHA team to move in successive years ( Quebec had moved in 1995 , Winnipeg in 1996 , and Hartford in 1997 ) . The Oilers received support from the NHL for this very reason . On November 22 , 2003 , the Oilers hosted the 2003 Heritage Classic , the first regular season outdoor hockey game in the NHL 's history and part of the celebrations of the Oilers ' 25th season in the NHL . The Oilers were defeated by the Montreal Canadiens 4 -- 3 in front of more than 55,000 fans , an NHL attendance record , at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton . The Oilers would fail to make the playoffs in the 2003 -- 04 season . After the lockout ( 2005 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) The Oilers struggled with their small - market status for several years , but after the wiped - out 2004 -- 05 season , they were aided by a Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) between the NHL owners and players . This included a league - wide salary cap that essentially forced all teams to conform to a budget , as the Oilers had been doing for years . A more reasonable conversion rate of Canadian dollar revenues to US dollar payroll in the new millennium also helped the Oilers to return to profitability . Because of this , Edmonton was able to acquire Chris Pronger ( former winner of the Hart and Norris Trophies ) and Michael Peca ( two - time Frank J. Selke Trophy winner ) before the 2005 -- 06 season . Acquired through a trade in 2006 , Dwayne Roloson emerged as the Oilers ' starting goaltender from 2006 to 2010 . The team suffered from inconsistency during the first few months of the regular season , especially in goal and on offence . Goaltenders Ty Conklin and Jussi Markkanen were unreliable in net , and Peca also struggled with offence . In - season acquisitions , however , such as defenceman Jaroslav Spacek , defenceman Dick Tarnstrom , goaltender Dwayne Roloson and left winger Sergei Samsonov , helped Edmonton finish the regular season with 95 points and clinch the final playoff spot in the Western Conference over Vancouver . In the first round of the playoffs , the Oilers played the Detroit Red Wings ( winners of the Presidents ' Trophy ) . Despite Detroit 's much better regular season record , the Oilers pulled off a six - game upset for their first playoff series win since 1998 . Edmonton then met the San Jose Sharks in the Conference Semifinals . After trailing the series two games to none , the Oilers won the next four and became the first eighth - seeded team to reach a Conference Final since the NHL changed the playoff format in 1994 . There , the Oilers would beat the sixth - seeded Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in five games , claiming the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl for a seventh time . In the Stanley Cup Final , Edmonton met the Carolina Hurricanes . During Game 1 , the Oilers blew a 3 -- 0 lead , lost Dwayne Roloson for the series after he suffered a knee injury , and ultimately lost 5 -- 4 when Carolina 's captain Rod Brind'Amour scored after backup goalie Ty Conklin misplayed the puck . From that game forward , the Oilers used Jussi Markkanen in net . In spite of trailing the series 2 -- 0 and 3 -- 1 , the Oilers forced a seventh game with a 2 -- 1 win in Game 3 , a Fernando Pisani short - handed overtime winner in Game 5 and a 4 -- 0 shutout for Markkanen in Game 6 . The Oilers , however , could not complete the comeback as the Hurricanes won Game 7 by a score of 3 -- 1 to capture their first - ever Stanley Cup . Team collapse ( 2006 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Daryl Katz purchased the Oilers from the Edmonton Investors Group in 2008 . During the 2006 off - season , many Oilers left the team . Four days after their loss to the Hurricanes , Chris Pronger surprisingly issued a trade request for personal reasons . Pronger was subsequently traded to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Joffrey Lupul , Ladislav Smid and three draft picks . Several Oilers left via free agency and during the season , long - time Oiler Ryan Smyth was traded to the New York Islanders for Ryan O'Marra , Robert Nilsson and a first - round pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft ( Alex Plante ) . Not everyone left the team , however ; the Oilers were able to re-sign Dwayne Roloson and Fernando Pisani . Having lost so many players , the Oilers posted a 32 -- 43 -- 7 record in 2006 -- 07 , their worst record since the 1995 -- 96 season , and eventually finished in 11th place in the Western Conference . Throughout the season , the Oilers lost various players to injury and illness ; at one point , they had 11 players out of the line - up and had to rely on emergency call - ups to fill their roster . In 2007 -- 08 , the Oilers had a 16 -- 21 -- 4 record after the first half of the season . They improved in the second half of the year , however , going 25 -- 14 -- 2 in 41 games for a final record of 41 -- 35 -- 6 . Nonetheless , this was not enough to qualify for the playoffs , as the Oilers finished three points out in ninth place . During the season , Daryl Katz , owner of the Rexall pharmaceutical company , purchased the Oilers from the Edmonton Investors Group . The Oilers announced a restructuring of their hockey operations on July 30 , 2008 , which saw the promotion of Kevin Lowe to the role of president of hockey operations and the hiring of Steve Tambellini as their new general manager . The 2008 -- 09 season saw the Oilers finish with a record of 38 -- 35 -- 9 , but that was only good enough for 11th in the West . One bright spot during the season , however , was Oilers goaltender Dwayne Roloson , as he became the oldest goalie to play 60 NHL games in one season . After the season , the Oilers fired Head Coach Craig MacTavish and hired Pat Quinn as his replacement . Roloson left via free agency at the end of the season , and the Oilers replaced him in goal with Nikolai Khabibulin . The Oilers also worked out a trade with the Ottawa Senators for star right wing Dany Heatley , which would have seen Dustin Penner , Ladislav Smid and Andrew Cogliano go the other way , but Heatley refused a trade to Edmonton and was later acquired by San Jose . Off - season moves failed to help the Oilers as they finished with the poorest record in the NHL in 2009 -- 10 . It was also easily their worst season as an NHL team . Taylor Hall era and the rebuild ( 2010 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Following the season , Tom Renney replaced Quinn as the Oilers head coach . The one advantage to such a bad season was that the Oilers were able to make the first pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft . The Oilers selected two - time Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy winner Taylor Hall , from the Windsor Spitfires with their pick . They used the off - season to begin the rebuild of the club around their young talent . Patrick O'Sullivan was traded to Phoenix , in exchange for Jim Vandermeer , Robert Nilsson was bought out of his contract and Oilers captain Ethan Moreau was placed on waivers and claimed by the Columbus Blue Jackets . Along with these players , several others were allowed to enter free agency including Mike Comrie , Marc - Antoine Pouliot and Ryan Potulny . Also during the off - season , radio announcer Rod Phillips announced his retirement . Phillips had been the Oilers ' play - by - play announcer since 1973 -- 74 . Phillips would call ten specific games in 2010 -- 11 before calling it quits . The 2010 -- 11 Oilers season would be documented in the series Oil Change . The Oilers drafted Taylor Hall with the first overall pick in the 2010 draft . He played with the Oilers from 2010 to 2016 . The 2010 -- 11 season would bring a new look to the Edmonton Oilers line - up , when Shawn Horcoff was selected to succeed Ethan Moreau as team captain . Horcoff had become the Oilers longest - serving player by this point . Taylor Hall , Jordan Eberle and Magnus Paajarvi would all make their NHL debuts for the team . Despite the influx of their young talent , Edmonton would still find themselves at the bottom of the standings . In an attempt to gain valuable prospects and draft picks , Dustin Penner was traded from the Oilers to Los Angeles on February 28 , 2011 , in exchange for Colten Teubert , a first - round draft pick in 2011 ( Oscar Klefbom ) and a conditional third - round pick in 2012 . At the end of the season , the Oilers were at the bottom of the standings and received the right to choose first overall in the upcoming 2011 NHL Entry Draft . The Oilers selected Ryan Nugent - Hopkins with the first overall selection in the Draft , along with several other `` blue chip '' prospects . During the 2011 off - season , the team again made several moves to bolster the offence and defence , re-acquiring fan favourite Ryan Smyth from Los Angeles in exchange for Colin Fraser and a seventh - round draft pick . The team also traded with the Anaheim Ducks to acquire Andy Sutton for Kurtis Foster . Sheldon Souray , who had played the entire 2010 -- 11 season in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) with the Hershey Bears , was bought out of the last year of his contract . These moves , coupled with the signings of Eric Belanger , Cam Barker , Ben Eager and Darcy Hordichuk , changed the complexion of the team , to add `` grit and toughness . '' The Oilers , however , were again unable to qualify for the playoffs for the sixth - straight season , as they finished 14th in the Western Conference . On May 17 , 2012 , a month after the ending of the 2011 -- 12 season , the Oilers would announce they would not be renewing the contract of Head Coach Tom Renney . The following month , Edmonton selected Nail Yakupov as the first overall pick at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft . A week later , Ralph Krueger was named as the Oilers ' new head coach on June 27 , being promoted from his role as associate coach the season previous . Three days later , Edmonton announced they had agreed to terms with sought - after free agent defenceman Justin Schultz . The 2012 -- 13 season start , however , was delayed from its original October 11 , 2012 , date due to a labour lock - out imposed by the NHL franchise owners after the expiration of the League 's CBA . After a new labour agreement was reached between the owners and the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) , training camps opened on January 13 , 2013 , and a 48 - game season ( reduced from 82 games ) commenced on January 19 . The Oilers would play their first game of the shortened season a day later , on January 20 . On January 23 , to ensure of the health of the Edmonton Oilers in Edmonton and for the planned revitalization of downtown Edmonton , the City of Edmonton council voted 10 -- 3 to the approval of a deal which would see a new $480 million arena built in Edmonton 's downtown core for the start of the 2016 -- 17 season . Rogers Communications announced it would have the naming rights to the new arena on December 3 , 2013 ; the new 18,641 - seat arena would be called Rogers Place . The Oilers named Andrew Ference as team captain in 2013 . After 41 games into the shortened season , and with the Oilers mathematically eliminated from the playoffs for a seventh successive time , Edmonton dismissed General Manager Steve Tambellini , whereupon he was replaced with former Head Coach Craig MacTavish . Following the end of the season , on June 8 , MacTavish fired Ralph Krueger after just one season as head coach . Two days later , it was announced that Krueger was to be replaced by former Toronto Marlies head coach Dallas Eakins . Some of MacTavish 's first player moves as Oilers GM came at the 2013 NHL Entry Draft , as Edmonton would use their seventh overall selection to draft defenceman Darnell Nurse . More moves came on July 5 , during free agency , which saw MacTavish trade away captain Shawn Horcoff to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Philip Larsen . MacTavish also signed Andrew Ference , Boyd Gordon , Jason LaBarbera , Will Acton , Ryan Hamilton and Jesse Joensuu . Ference was later announced as the 14th captain in Oilers NHL franchise history , on September 29 . Ales Hemsky and Ryan Smyth , who after the Horcoff trade became the last remaining members of the Oilers ' 2006 Stanley Cup finalists still with the team , departed the Oilers franchise , as Hemsky was traded to the Ottawa Senators , on March 5 , 2014 . Smyth ( who had previously left the Oilers in 2007 , but had returned in 2011 ) announced his retirement on April 11 , playing his final NHL game on April 13 , where he was ceremoniously named team captain . On December 15 , 2014 , after 31 games of the 2014 -- 15 season , MacTavish announced that Dallas Eakins was relieved of head coaching duties . MacTavish assumed the role of interim coach while Todd Nelson transitioned into the role for the remainder of the season . Nelson was previously serving as the head coach of the Oklahoma City Barons , the Oilers ' then - AHL affiliation team . Three days later , the Oilers released a statement , which would see their affiliation with the Barons cease operations at the end of the season . Following Edmonton 's decision not to renew affiliation with the Barons , it was announced that the Oilers would be relocating their AHL franchise from Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , to Bakersfield , California . This move was announced on January 29 , 2015 , as part of the AHL 's new Pacific Division , which would include the Oilers affiliation in Bakersfield . The following month , on February 25 , the team was given its new identity , the Bakersfield Condors . On April 2 , the Condors released their new logo . Connor McDavid era ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) The Oilers won the 2015 Draft Lottery that took place on April 18 , thus moving them from the third overall pick to first overall , marking their fourth lottery win in six seasons . The Oilers used the pick to select Connor McDavid first overall in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft held in Sunrise , Florida on June 26 . The Oilers drafted Connor McDavid first overall in the 2015 draft . He was named the Oilers ' 15th team captain in 2016 . On April 24 , Craig MacTavish was removed from his position as general manager and was replaced by former Boston Bruins GM Peter Chiarelli ; Chiarelli was also appointed president of hockey operations as part of other related changes . On May 19 , Todd McLellan was named the new head coach of the Oilers . He and his former team , the San Jose Sharks , mutually agreed to part ways on April 20 , after failing to qualify for the 2015 playoffs . More coaching changes came on June 4 , when it was announced that Keith Acton and Craig Ramsay had been relieved of their duties and would not be returning for the 2015 -- 16 season . In addition to these coaching changes , the Oilers also made some changes to their scouting staff on June 22 , which saw both head amateur and pro scouts , Stu MacGregor and Morey Gare relieved of their duties . Amateur scouts Brad Davis and Kent Hawley , pro scout Dave Semenko , and Billy Moores , who served as Director of Coaching and Special Projects , were also relieved of their duties . Further changes came on October 7 , when the Oilers elected to begin the 2015 - 16 season without a team captain , this marked the first time they had done so since entering the NHL , in 1979 . Taylor Hall , Jordan Eberle , Ryan Nugent - Hopkins and Andrew Ference , who had served as team captain the previous two seasons , were all named as alternate captains . Upon the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season , the Oilers prepared to move from Rexall Place , their home since 1974 , to the newly - built Rogers Place . On April 6 , 2016 , in their final home game at Rexall , the Oilers defeated the Vancouver Canucks 6 -- 2 . Before the game , the Oilers held a ceremony honouring the history of the arena . Oilers ' alumni , including Mark Messier and Wayne Gretzky , skated around the rink one more time . On June 29 , Edmonton traded all - star winger Taylor Hall , to the New Jersey Devils , in exchange for defenceman Adam Larsson . On October 5 , 19 - year - old Connor McDavid was named the 15th captain of the Oilers and is currently the youngest named team captain in NHL history . The record had previously belonged to Gabriel Landeskog of the Colorado Avalanche . On March 28 , 2017 , the Edmonton Oilers officially made the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , ending an 11 - year span of missing the postseason . The Oilers defeated the San Jose Sharks in the first round , with a 3 -- 1 win in Game 6 to secure their first playoff series ( which ended in April 22 , 2017 ) win in 11 years , but their Stanley Cup run was eventually stopped on May 10 , 2017 , losing to the Anaheim Ducks in Game 7 with a 2 -- 1 loss , ending the second round series . Team information ( edit ) Jerseys ( edit ) The original 1972 design featured the now - traditional colours of blue and orange , but reversed from their more familiar appearance in later seasons , orange being the dominant colour and blue used for the trimming . For the first few games of the 1972 season , player names were not displayed on the uniform ; rather the word `` ALBERTA '' was written in that space . About halfway through the season , though , the player names made their appearance , since the Oilers had played exclusively in Edmonton . These jerseys also featured the player numbers high on the shoulders , rather than on the upper sleeve . In the 1975 -- 76 season , the jersey was changed to a blue base with orange trim . The logo that appeared on programs and promotional material remained the same . However , the logo that appeared on the home jersey had a white oil drop , on a dark orange field , with the team name written in deep blue . The away jersey featured an orange - printed logo . When the team joined the NHL in 1979 , the alternate logos were discarded , giving the jersey its most famous form . However , the logo appeared slightly differently on a few vintages of the jersey . Minor changes were also made to the numbering , lettering and collar in their first few NHL campaigns . From 1982 to 1989 , Nike provided the Oilers ' sweaters . The essential design remained untouched until 1996 , when the team colours were changed to midnight blue and copper with red trim . Other changes made to the jersey at that point were the removal of the shoulder bar and cuffs from the away jersey , and the addition of the `` Rigger '' alternate logo to the jersey 's shoulders . A year later , the shoulder bars were removed from the home jersey as well , and the Oilers ' sweater design then remained stable until 2007 . In 2001 , the Oilers introduced their first alternate third jersey . Designed by then - minority owner Todd McFarlane and his production studio , the new uniforms were a radical departure from previous Oilers designs . The original Oilers logo was completely absent , along with copper and red ; midnight blue was complemented with two shades of silver / grey , and the primary logo was a flying set of gears with an oil drop on top . Elements of the logo paid tribute to the five Stanley Cup titles and ten team captains to that point . A silver shield bearing `` OILERS '' above a variation of the oil - drop gear adorned the shoulders . The jersey 's sleeve numbers are located inside the white sleeve stripe . In 2007 , with the NHL 's switch to Reebok Edge jerseys , the Oilers kept their team colours but changed the style of their jerseys . Most notable about the Edge jerseys were the removal of the waistline stripes in favour of vertical piping , and the sleeve stripes only appearing on the inside of the elbow panels . The `` Rigger '' was retired , along with the McFarlane third jersey and its associated logos . In 2008 , the Oilers introduced a new alternate jersey that closely resembled the blue - and - orange away jersey of the dynasty era . For the 2009 -- 10 season , this jersey became the Oilers ' main home jersey as blue and orange became the primary team colours once again . The old midnight blue - and - copper jersey became their alternate . On June 24 , 2011 , the Oilers presented their new white road jerseys at the 2011 NHL Entry Draft , when they selected Ryan Nugent - Hopkins first overall . The midnight blue jersey remained as the third jersey before being dropped altogether in 2012 . The Oilers unveiled a new alternate jersey prior to the 2015 -- 16 season . The uniform closely resembled the team 's original orange uniform from their WHA days . In 2017 , all 30 NHL teams switched to Adidas ' AdiZero jerseys , and the Oilers used the occasion to unveil new jerseys . The template from the 2011 -- 17 set remained , but orange is now the primary colour while navy blue became the secondary colour . There are also slight tweaks in the lettering and numbers . The Oilers ' primary logo used from 1996 to 2011 . The Oilers ' shoulder patch logo used from 1996 to 2007 The Oilers ' alternate logo used from 1996 to 2011 . Mascot ( edit ) The Oilers mascot is a Canadian lynx named Hunter . He was unveiled on September 26 , 2016 . The choosing of the Canadian lynx was because their largest place of habitat , in terms of population , is Alberta . It was also because it was the largest vote overall . The name gives tribute to the original Oilers owner , William `` Wild Bill '' Hunter . Hunter wears the number 72 on its jersey , referencing the year the Oilers were established , which was in 1972 . Hunter has a portable drum , in which he uses to entertain the crowds and make them chant `` Let 's Go Oilers ! '' , along with a rhythmic beat . Oilers Octane ( edit ) Main article : Oilers Octane During the 2010 -- 11 season , the Oilers introduced the Oilers Octane , the first cheerleading squad for a Canadian NHL team . The Oilers Octane consisted of 19 women aged 18 to 29 , most of whom were from the greater Edmonton area ( within neighbouring suburbs ) , or the province of Alberta . In addition to performing cheers at Oilers home games , helping with promotions and interacting with fans , the Octane members participated in charity fund raising and special events . The cheer team was , initially , not greeted with enthusiasm by all fans . Over 1,500 people signed an online petition against it , suggesting the women did not improve the game experience and might in fact hinder it . Many felt the cheer team was a cheap public relations stunt and considered it both disrespectful to women and completely unrelated to hockey . In August 2016 , the Oilers announced they were discontinuing the Octane cheer team as they moved to Rogers Place , as well as announcing auditions for a new Oilers Orange and Blue Ice Crew `` brand ambassador ' group . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Oilers . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Edmonton Oilers seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses / Shootout Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against , PIM = Penalties in minutes Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 19 22 7 45 125 134 3rd , Northwest Did not qualify 2013 -- 14 82 29 44 9 67 203 270 7th , Pacific Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 24 44 14 62 198 283 6th , Pacific Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 82 31 43 8 70 203 245 7th , Pacific Did not qualify 2016 -- 17 82 47 26 9 103 247 212 2nd , Pacific Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Ducks ) Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated November 14 , 2017 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 France ! Auvitu , Yohann Yohann Auvitu 2.0 ! D 28 2017 Ivry - sur - Seine , France 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 Canada ! Benning , Matthew Matthew Benning 2.0 ! D 23 2016 Edmonton , Alberta 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Canada ! Brossoit , Laurent Laurent Brossoit 1.0 ! G 24 2013 Port Alberni , British Columbia 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Canada ! Caggiula , Drake Drake Caggiula 6.0 ! LW 23 2016 Pickering , Ontario 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Canada ! Cammalleri , Michael Michael Cammalleri 6.0 ! LW 35 2017 Richmond Hill , Ontario 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Germany ! Draisaitl , Leon Leon Draisaitl 4.0 ! C 22 2014 Cologne , Germany 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Canada ! Gryba , Eric Eric Gryba 2.0 ! D 29 2015 Saskatoon , Saskatchewan 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Canada ! Kassian , Zack Zack Kassian 7.0 ! RW 26 2015 Windsor , Ontario 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Canada ! Khaira , Jujhar Jujhar Khaira 6.0 ! LW 23 2012 Surrey , British Columbia 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Sweden ! Klefbom , Oscar Oscar Klefbom 2.0 ! D 24 2011 Karlstad , Sweden 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Sweden ! Larsson , Adam Adam Larsson ( A ) 2.0 ! D 25 2016 Skellefteå , Sweden 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Canada ! Letestu , Mark Mark Letestu 4.0 ! C 32 2015 Elk Point , Alberta 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Canada ! Lucic , Milan Milan Lucic ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 29 2016 Vancouver , British Columbia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Canada ! Malone , Brad Brad Malone 6.0 ! LW 28 2017 Chatham , New Brunswick 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 United States ! Maroon , Patrick Patrick Maroon 6.0 ! LW 29 2016 St. Louis , Missouri 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 Canada ! McDavid , Connor Connor McDavid ( C ) 4.0 ! C 20 2015 Richmond Hill , Ontario 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Canada ! Nugent - Hopkins , Ryan Ryan Nugent - Hopkins ( A ) 4.0 ! C 24 2011 Burnaby , British Columbia 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Canada ! Nurse , Darnell Darnell Nurse 2.0 ! D 22 2013 Hamilton , Ontario 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Finland ! Pakarinen , Iiro Iiro Pakarinen 7.0 ! RW 26 2014 Loviisa , Finland 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Finland ! Puljujarvi , Jesse Jesse Puljujarvi 7.0 ! RW 19 2016 Älvkarleby , Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Canada ! Russell , Kris Kris Russell 2.0 ! D 30 2016 Red Deer , Alberta 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slovakia ! Sekera , Andrej Andrej Sekera 2.0 ! D 31 2015 Bojnice , Czechoslovakia 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Russia ! Slepyshev , Anton Anton Slepyshev 6.0 ! LW 23 2013 Penza , Russia 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Strome , Ryan Ryan Strome 7.0 ! RW 24 2017 Mississauga , Ontario 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Canada ! Talbot , Cam Cam Talbot 1.0 ! G 30 2015 Caledonia , Ontario Retired numbers ( edit ) Edmonton Oilers retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement Al Hamilton 1972 -- 1980 October 10 , 1980 7 Paul Coffey 1980 -- 1987 October 18 , 2005 9 Glenn Anderson RW 1980 -- 1991 , 1995 -- 1996 January 18 , 2009 11 Mark Messier LW 1979 -- 1991 February 27 , 2007 17 Jari Kurri RW 1980 -- 1990 October 6 , 2001 31 Grant Fuhr 1981 -- 1991 October 9 , 2003 99 Wayne Gretzky 1978 -- 1988 October 1 , 1999 Notes : Jersey ceremony held April 4 , 2001 . Gretzky 's # 99 was retired League - wide by the NHL on February 6 , 2000 . Hall of famers ( edit ) Paul Coffey 's was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2004 . Name Position / Role Seasons Played / Served Year Inducted Glenn Anderson Right Wing 1980 -- 1991 , 1995 -- 1996 2008 Paul Coffey Defenceman 1980 -- 1987 Clare Drake Head Coach 1975 -- 1976 2017 Grant Fuhr Goaltender 1981 -- 1991 2003 Wayne Gretzky Centre 1978 -- 1988 1999 Jari Kurri Right Wing 1980 -- 1990 2001 Mark Messier Left Wing , Centre 1979 -- 1991 2007 Roger Neilson Video Analyst 1984 ( Playoffs ) 2002 Adam Oates Centre 2003 -- 2004 2012 Rod Phillips Broadcaster 1973 -- 2010 2003 Jacques Plante Goaltender 1974 -- 1975 1978 Chris Pronger Defenceman 2005 -- 2006 2015 Pat Quinn † Head Coach , Senior Advisor 2009 -- 2012 2016 Glen Sather Left Wing , Head Coach , President , General Manager 1976 -- 2000 1997 Norm Ullman Centre 1975 -- 1977 1982 † Inducted posthumously Team captains ( edit ) Note : This list includes Oiler captains from both the NHL and WHA . Name Seasons Served Al Hamilton 1972 -- 1976 Glen Sather 1976 -- 1977 Paul Shmyr 1977 -- 1979 Ron Chipperfield 1979 -- 1980 Blair MacDonald 1980 -- 1981 Lee Fogolin 1981 -- 1983 Wayne Gretzky 1983 -- 1988 Mark Messier 1988 -- 1991 Kevin Lowe 1991 -- 1992 Craig MacTavish 1992 -- 1994 Shayne Corson 1995 Kelly Buchberger 1995 -- 1999 Doug Weight 1999 -- 2001 Jason Smith 2001 -- 2007 Ethan Moreau 2007 -- 2010 Shawn Horcoff 2010 -- 2013 Ryan Smyth * 2014 ( one game ) Andrew Ference 2013 -- 2015 Connor McDavid 2016 -- present * Ryan Smyth was named captain for his final NHL game Head coaches ( edit ) Note : This list includes coaches from the WHA . Name Seasons Ray Kinasewich 1972 -- 1973 Bill Hunter 1972 -- 1973 Brian Shaw 1973 -- 1975 Bill Hunter 1974 -- 1975 Clare Drake 1975 -- 1976 Bill Hunter 1975 -- 1976 Bep Guidolin 1976 -- 1977 Glen Sather 1977 -- 1980 Bryan Watson 1980 Glen Sather 1980 -- 1989 John Muckler 1989 -- 1991 Ted Green 1991 -- 1993 Glen Sather 1993 -- 1994 George Burnett 1994 -- 1995 Ron Low 1994 -- 1999 Kevin Lowe 1999 -- 2000 Craig MacTavish 2000 -- 2009 Pat Quinn 2009 -- 2010 Tom Renney 2010 -- 2012 Ralph Krueger 2012 -- 2013 Dallas Eakins 2013 -- 2014 Todd Nelson ( interim ) 2014 -- 2015 Todd McLellan 2015 -- present Franchise records ( edit ) Scoring leaders ( edit ) Recording 296 regular season goals while playing with the Oilers , Ryan Smyth is the franchise 's fifth highest all - time goalscorer . These are the top - ten point , goal , and assist scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game ; G / G = Goals per game ; A / G = Assists per game * -- current Oilers player Note : This list includes WHA statistics . Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Wayne Gretzky 768 626 1,147 1,773 2.31 Jari Kurri RW 754 474 569 1,043 1.38 Mark Messier C / LW 851 392 642 1,034 1.22 Glenn Anderson RW 845 417 489 906 1.07 Paul Coffey 532 209 460 669 1.26 Ryan Smyth LW 971 296 335 631 . 65 Doug Weight 588 157 420 577 . 98 Ales Hemsky RW 652 142 335 477 . 73 Shawn Horcoff 796 162 285 447 . 56 Esa Tikkanen LW 522 178 258 436 . 84 Goals Player Pos G / G Wayne Gretzky 626 . 82 Jari Kurri RW 474 . 63 Glenn Anderson RW 417 . 49 Mark Messier C / LW 392 . 46 Ryan Smyth LW 296 . 30 Paul Coffey 209 . 39 Craig Simpson LW 185 . 44 Esa Tikkanen LW 178 . 36 Jordan Eberle RW 165 . 33 Shawn Horcoff 162 . 20 Assists Player Pos A / G Wayne Gretzky 1,147 1.49 Mark Messier C / LW 642 . 75 Jari Kurri RW 569 . 75 Glenn Anderson RW 489 . 58 Paul Coffey 460 . 86 Doug Weight 420 . 71 Ales Hemsky RW 335 . 51 Ryan Smyth LW 335 . 35 Kevin Lowe 310 . 30 Charlie Huddy 287 . 41 Single - season leaders ( edit ) Items marked in bold are NHL records . Most goals in a season : Wayne Gretzky , 92 ( 1981 -- 82 ) Most assists in a season : Wayne Gretzky , 163 ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most points in a season : Wayne Gretzky , 215 ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Steve Smith , 286 ( 1987 -- 88 ) Most goals in a season , defenceman : Paul Coffey , 48 ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most points in a season , defenceman : Paul Coffey , 138 ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most goals in a season , rookie : Jason Arnott , 33 ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most assists in a season , rookie : Jari Kurri , 43 ( 1980 -- 81 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Jari Kurri , 75 ( 1980 -- 81 ) Most wins in a season : Cam Talbot , 42 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most shutouts in a season : Curtis Joseph ; Tommy Salo , 8 ( 1997 -- 98 ; 2000 -- 01 ) NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of Edmonton Oilers award winners Stanley Cup 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 NHL League Championship * 1983 -- 84 * prior to creation of the Presidents ' Trophy in 1985 -- 86 Presidents ' Trophy 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 Clarence S. Campbell Bowl 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 2005 -- 06 Art Ross Trophy Wayne Gretzky : 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 Connor McDavid : 2016 -- 17 Conn Smythe Trophy Mark Messier : 1983 -- 84 Wayne Gretzky : 1984 -- 85 , 1987 -- 88 Bill Ranford : 1989 -- 90 Hart Memorial Trophy Wayne Gretzky : 1979 -- 80 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 Mark Messier : 1989 -- 90 Connor McDavid : 2016 -- 17 Jack Adams Award Glen Sather : 1985 -- 86 James Norris Memorial Trophy Paul Coffey : 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 King Clancy Memorial Trophy Kevin Lowe : 1989 -- 90 Ethan Moreau : 2008 -- 09 Andrew Ference : 2013 -- 14 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Wayne Gretzky : 1979 -- 80 Jari Kurri : 1984 -- 85 Lester B. Pearson Award / Ted Lindsay Award Wayne Gretzky : 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 Mark Messier : 1989 -- 90 Connor McDavid : 2016 -- 17 NHL Plus / Minus Award Charlie Huddy : 1982 -- 83 Wayne Gretzky : 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 Vezina Trophy Grant Fuhr : 1987 -- 88 All - Star Game selections ( edit ) Year Player ( s ) 2017 Connor McDavid 2016 Taylor Hall 2015 Ryan Nugent - Hopkins 2012 Jordan Eberle 2009 Sheldon Souray 2008 Shawn Horcoff 2007 Ryan Smyth 2003 Eric Brewer 2002 Tommy Salo ( 2 ) 2001 Janne Niinimaa , Doug Weight ( 3 ) 2000 Tommy Salo 1999 Roman Hamrlik 1998 Doug Weight ( 2 ) 1997 Jason Arnott Doug Weight 1994 Shayne Corson Dave Manson Vincent Damphousse 1991 Mark Messier ( 8 ) , Bill Ranford , Steve Smith Jari Kurri ( 5 ) , Kevin Lowe ( 5 ) , Mark Messier ( 7 ) Jimmy Carson , Grant Fuhr ( 6 ) , Jari Kurri ( 5 ) , Kevin Lowe ( 5 ) , Mark Messier ( 6 ) Glenn Anderson ( 4 ) , Grant Fuhr ( 5 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 8 ) , Jari Kurri ( 4 ) , Kevin Lowe ( 4 ) , Mark Messier ( 5 ) 1986 Glenn Anderson ( 3 ) , Paul Coffey ( 5 ) , Lee Fogolin , Grant Fuhr ( 4 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 7 ) , Jari Kurri ( 3 ) , Kevin Lowe ( 3 ) , Mark Messier ( 4 ) , Andy Moog ( 2 ) 1985 Glenn Anderson ( 2 ) , Paul Coffey ( 4 ) , Grant Fuhr ( 3 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 6 ) , Mike Krushelnyski , Jari Kurri ( 2 ) , Kevin Lowe ( 2 ) , Andy Moog 1984 Glenn Anderson , Paul Coffey ( 3 ) , Grant Fuhr ( 2 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 5 ) , Kevin Lowe , Mark Messier ( 3 ) Paul Coffey ( 2 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 4 ) , Jari Kurri , Mark Messier ( 2 ) 1982 Paul Coffey , Grant Fuhr , Wayne Gretzky ( 3 ) , Mark Messier 1981 Wayne Gretzky ( 2 ) 1980 Wayne Gretzky , Blair MacDonald Home arenas ( edit ) Rogers Place is the present home of the Edmonton Oilers . Edmonton Gardens 1972 -- 1974 Northlands Coliseum 1974 -- 2016 Commonwealth Stadium ( 2003 Heritage Classic ) Rogers Place 2016 -- present Broadcasters ( edit ) Television rights to all Edmonton Oilers games are held by Rogers Media . This includes all regional telecasts , which are carried by Sportsnet West and the overflow channel Sportsnet Oilers , as well as nationally televised games on Sportsnet or Hockey Night in Canada -- which may either be broadcast by CBC Television , City , or Sportsnet . The team 's broadcast region is shared with the Calgary Flames , and includes all of Alberta , Saskatchewan , Northwest Territories and Nunavut . Most Oilers games are commentated by Kevin Quinn and Drew Remenda , joined by reporter Gene Principe . On radio , the games are aired on CHED called by Jack Michaels and Bob Stauffer and Reid Wilkins as reporter . See also ( edit ) Edmonton portal Ice hockey portal World Hockey Association List of Stanley Cup champions List of ice hockey teams in Alberta List of Edmonton Oilers head coaches Oilogosphere References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Edmonton Oilers All - Time ( All Skaters ) Statistics '' . National Hockey League . `` Edmonton Oilers All - Time Single Season ( All Skaters ) Statistics '' . National Hockey League . `` Edmonton Oilers All - Time Single Season ( defenceman ) Statistics '' . National Hockey League . `` Edmonton Oilers All - Time Single Season ( goaltenders ) Statistics '' . National Hockey League . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NHL and adidas Unveil New Uniforms for 2017 - 18 Season '' ( Press release ) . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton Oilers 1983 -- 84 to 1989 -- 90 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . June 28 , 2015 . 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( December 14 , 1987 ) , `` The Penguins Are Percolating '' , Sports Illustrated , retrieved November 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Luedeke , Kirk ( December 16 , 2009 ) , Bruins Sweaters of the Past # 6 : Andy Moog , Bruins 2010 Draft Watch , retrieved November 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ NHL & WHA Single Season Leaders and Records for Games Played , Hockey-Reference.com , retrieved November 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ Edmonton Oilers goaltending records , Edmonton Oilers , retrieved November 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ This Day in Sports : Wayne Gretzky Caps Oilers Career With Five - Game Sweep , ESPN , May 26 , 2010 , retrieved November 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fuhr , Grant , Legends of Hockey , retrieved November 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Staples , David ( March 11 , 2009 ) , `` In defence of Peter Pocklington ( and his sale of Wayne Gretzky ) ... '' , Edmonton Journal , archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 , retrieved November 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ MacNeil , Rob ( August 5 , 2008 ) , The Gretzky Trade : Rumours & Timeline , Sportsnet.ca , retrieved November 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff ( 2004 ) . Messier . Toronto : Doubleday Canada . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 65907 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mark Messier , Legends of Hockey , retrieved December 1 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : John Muckler , Edmonton Oilers Heritage , retrieved December 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jimmy Charles Carson , Legends of Hockey , retrieved December 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ 1989 -- 90 NHL Expanded Leaders , Hockey-Reference.com , retrieved December 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Sexton , Joe ( May 16 , 1990 ) , `` Klima 's Goal in 3d Overtime Wins Cup Opener for Oilers '' , The New York Times , retrieved December 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ranford , Bill , Legends of Hockey , retrieved December 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Scher , Jon ( May 3 , 1993 ) , `` Twin Peaks '' , Sports Illustrated , retrieved November 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` HOCKEY ; Oilers Trade Fuhr and Anderson '' , The New York Times , September 20 , 1991 , retrieved December 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Steve James Stephen Smith , Legends of Hockey , retrieved December 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jari Kurri , The Internet Movie Database , retrieved December 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ Charlie William Huddy , Legends of Hockey , retrieved December 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( October 5 , 1991 ) , `` HOCKEY ; Rangers Roll the Dice and Trade for Messier '' , The New York Times , retrieved December 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ted Joseph Green , Legends of Hockey , retrieved December 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ Kevin Lowe , Edmonton Oilers , retrieved December 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ Daryl Katz remembers buying an Oilers team `` at risk '' of leaving Edmonton -- but is that how it actually happened ? Jump up ^ Profile of Cal Nichols , C.M. ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Evan ( September 27 , 2007 ) , Canada Gains Expansion Value With Loonie , New York Sun , retrieved November 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Edmonton Investors Group Ltd. - A last - minute reprieve , Edmonton Oilers Heritage , retrieved December 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( September 29 , 2009 ) , `` With NHL 's salary cap comes a leveling of the ice '' , USA Today , retrieved November 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ Pronger , Chris , Legends of Hockey , retrieved November 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ NHL Frank J. Selke Trophy Winners , Hockey-Reference.com , retrieved November 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ Chris Robert Pronger , Legends of Hockey , retrieved November 19 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Ciampa , Marc ( April 24 , 2006 ) , FEATURE : Peca finds his game , Edmonton Oilers , retrieved November 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ty Conklin 2005 -- 06 Game Log , Hockey-Reference.com , retrieved November 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jussi Markkanen 2005 -- 06 Game Log , Hockey-Reference.com , retrieved November 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ Edmonton Oilers ( January 26 , 2006 ) , Oilers acquire Jaroslav Spacek , Edmonton Oilers , retrieved November 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ Dick Tarnstrom , Legends of Hockey , retrieved November 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ Edmonton Oilers ( September 3 , 2006 ) , Oilers acquire Sergei Samsonov from Boston , Edmonton Oilers , retrieved November 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ 2005 -- 06 NHL Season Summary , Hockey-Reference.com , retrieved November 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Starkey , Ted ( April 4 , 2010 ) , `` Caps clinch Presidents ' Trophy '' , The Washington Times , retrieved November 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Chiasson , Paul ( May 25 , 2006 ) , `` Oilers shoot down Mighty Ducks 5 - 4 to move one win from Stanley Cup finals '' , USA Today , retrieved November 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Campigotto , Jesse , Edmonton vs. Carolina - Game 2 , Stanley Cup Final , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , retrieved November 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Franchise Timeline , Carolina Hurricanes , retrieved November 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Oilers trade Pronger to Ducks for Lupul , others , ESPN , Associated Press , July 5 , 2006 , retrieved November 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Oilers trade forward Smyth to Islanders '' . TSN . The Sports Network . February 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Beat - up Oilers have much to play for '' . CBC Sports . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Oilers owner Katz buys downtown site '' , CBC News , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , August 27 , 2009 , retrieved November 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ Oilers announce new Hockey Ops structure Jump up ^ `` Niedermayer 's big night drives Ducks past Oilers 5 - 3 '' , USA Today , Associated Press , April 1 , 2009 , retrieved November 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Oilers hire Pat Quinn as coach , National Hockey League , Associated Press , May 26 , 2009 , retrieved November 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Islanders Sign Roloson to Two - Year Contract , TSN , July 1 , 2009 , retrieved November 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ CBC Sports ( July 2 , 2009 ) , Oilers ink Khabibulin for $15 M , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , retrieved November 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Heatley refuses to waive no - trade clause , ESPN , July 1 , 2009 , retrieved November 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Northwest Notebook : Heatley will hear plenty of boos in Edmonton Jump up ^ Quinn out as Oilers coach , Renney promoted , Fox Sports , Associated Press , June 22 , 2010 , retrieved November 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Oilers select Hall with 1st overall choice Jump up ^ Hall key in Oilers ' plans to get younger , faster Jump up ^ Oilers radio announcer Rod Phillips to retire , National Hockey League , May 28 , 2010 , retrieved November 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Horcoff named Oilers 13th captain Jump up ^ Hard - working Horcoff named Oilers ' new captain Jump up ^ `` Kings acquire Penner for prospect , picks '' . National Hockey League . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oilers re-acquire Ryan Smyth Jump up ^ Tencer 's Blog : The Departed Jump up ^ Organizational Announcement Jump up ^ `` Oilers select Nail Yakupov 1st overall in NHL Draft '' . CBCSports.ca . The Canadian Press . June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oilers name Ralph Krueger 11th head coach in franchise history Jump up ^ `` Oilers agree to terms with highly sought - after free agent , Justin Schultz '' . Edmonton Oilers . June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( July 1 , 2012 ) . `` Highly sought after defenceman Justin Schultz chooses Oilers '' . The Globe and Mail . The Canadian Press . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers Place Jump up ^ http://www.theprovince.com/sports/Council+approves+revised+downtown+Edmonton+arena+deal/7861481/story.html Jump up ^ Oilers appoint Craig MacTavish as general manager Jump up ^ Ralph Krueger relieved of duties as head coach Jump up ^ Oilers coach Ralph Krueger says he was fired over Skype Jump up ^ Oilers name Dallas Eakins new head coach Jump up ^ Oilers introduce Dallas Eakins as 12th head coach in club history Jump up ^ `` Oilers fire Steve Tambellini , name Craig MacTavish new GM '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oilers select Darnell Nurse seventh overall in the 2013 NHL Draft Jump up ^ ( oilers.nhl.com/club/news.htm ? id = 676956 Busy Free Agency Day as Oilers add seven ) Jump up ^ Ference named captain Jump up ^ Hemsky reflects on trade and Edmonton Jump up ^ Ryan Smyth set to play final National Hockey League game Jump up ^ Ference talks about giving Smyth the ' C ' Jump up ^ Dallas Eakins Relieved of Duties Jump up ^ `` Nelson hopes to bring winning ways to Oilers '' . National Hockey League . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Statement from the Edmonton Oilers -- Oklahoma City Barons Affiliation Jump up ^ `` OKC Barons To Cease Operations At End Of Current Season '' . news9.com . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oilers join AHL in announcing Pacific Division Jump up ^ Bakersfield to remain as Condors Jump up ^ Condors unveil new logo Jump up ^ Oilers win NHL Draft lottery Jump up ^ `` Oilers Entertainment Group Announces Changes to Senior Management '' . Edmonton Oilers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oilers Name Todd McLellan Head Coach Jump up ^ Sharks , McLellan mutually agree to part ways Jump up ^ Oilers announce changes to coaching staff Jump up ^ Oilers Announce Changes to Hockey Operations and Scouting Staff Jump up ^ Chiarelli comments on staff changes Jump up ^ Oilers name four alternate captains for 2015 - 16 season Jump up ^ Oilers exit Rexall Place with win against Canucks Jump up ^ Oilers trade Hall to Devils for Larsson Jump up ^ Edmonton Oilers name Connor McDavid Captain Jump up ^ Pollak , David ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Oilers knock off Sharks , set up 2nd round date with Ducks '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tychkowski , Robert ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Oilers fall short in Game 7 , bow out to Ducks '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Staples , David ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Referees ruin the game as Ducks beat Oilers 4 -- 3 in overtime '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Ducks Score Controversial Goal To Send Game Into OT '' . Go Habs Go ! . May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alberta Oilers , WHA uniforms.com , archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 , retrieved November 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Oilers unveil McFarlane - designed third jersey '' Archived July 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Spawn.com . October 26 , 2001 Jump up ^ Cooper , James ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Why Todd McFarlane Loves The Edmonton Oilers '' . CBC Live . Jump up ^ Oilers Unveil New Away Jersey at ' 11 NHL Entry Draft Jump up ^ `` Oilers launch official mascot '' . National Hockey League . September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oilers Octane Roster Jump up ^ Oilers Octane Debut at Rexall Place Jump up ^ `` Oilers debut new cheer team '' . CBC News . December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Woollven , Mark ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Say ' goodbye ' to the Oilers Octane cheer team '' . iNews880 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton Oilers Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton Oilers Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' , Sports Illustrated , February 7 , 2000 Further reading ( edit ) Gaschnitz , Michael ( 2003 ) , The Edmonton Oilers , McFarland , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1252 - 6 Mole , Rich ( 2006 ) , Edmonton Oilers : Against All Odds , Heritage House Publishing , ISBN 1 - 55439 - 227 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edmonton Oilers . Official website Historical farm team affiliates Edmonton Oilers Formerly the Alberta Oilers Founded in 1972 Based in Edmonton , Alberta Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players NHL WHA Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History NHL -- WHA merger Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Oilers Entertainment Group ( Daryl Katz , chairman ) General manager Peter Chiarelli Head coach Todd McLellan Team captain Connor McDavid Current roster Arenas Edmonton Gardens Northlands Coliseum Rogers Place Rivalries Calgary Flames Affiliates AHL Bakersfield Condors ECHL Wichita Thunder Media City Sportsnet West 630 CHED Culture Miracle on Manchester The night the lights went out in Massachusetts Blue Mile Mark Lewis Paul Lorieau Joey Moss Rod Phillips Oilogosphere Oil Change Oilers Octane 2003 Heritage Classic 2016 Heritage Classic Edmonton portal Links to related articles Preceded by New York Islanders Stanley Cup champions 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 Succeeded by Montreal Canadiens Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 Succeeded by Calgary Flames Preceded by Calgary Flames Stanley Cup champions 1989 -- 90 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Penguins Edmonton Oilers seasons 1970s 1970 -- 71 . 1971 -- 72 . 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Centennial Classic Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season World Hockey Association Teams Alberta Oilers Baltimore Blades Birmingham Bulls Calgary Broncos Calgary Cowboys Chicago Cougars Cincinnati Stingers Cleveland Crusaders Dayton Aeros Denver Spurs Edmonton Oilers Houston Aeros Indianapolis Racers Los Angeles Sharks Miami Screaming Eagles Michigan Stags Minnesota Fighting Saints New England Whalers Jersey Knights New York Golden Blades New York Raiders Ottawa Civics Ottawa Nationals Philadelphia Blazers Phoenix Roadrunners Quebec Nordiques San Diego Mariners San Francisco Sharks Toronto Toros Vancouver Blazers Winnipeg Jets Trophies and awards Avco World Trophy Gary L. 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Canadian Interuniversity Sport University of Alberta Golden Bears ( men 's ) University of Alberta Pandas ( women 's ) University of Calgary Dinos University of Lethbridge Pronghorns Katz Group of Companies Pharmacy brands Drug Trading Company Pharma Plus Rexall Medicine Shoppe Herbies Meditrust Snyder 's Oilers Entertainment Group Bakersfield Condors Edmonton Oilers Edmonton Oil Kings Edmonton Capitals Rogers Place Ice District Chairman Daryl Katz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmonton_Oilers&oldid=810403357 '' Categories : Edmonton Oilers Pacific Division ( NHL ) Ice hockey clubs established in 1972 National Hockey League teams based in Canada National Hockey League in Alberta 1972 establishments in Alberta Oilers Entertainment Group Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use Canadian English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 01 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the oilers last win the stanley cup | [
"After joining the NHL, the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88 and 1989–90. Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins, the Oilers are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967. Among all NHL teams, only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League's 1967 expansion. For their success in the 1980s, the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame.[2]"
] | [
"1989–90"
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5455102779564853483 | Pledge of Allegiance (United States) | Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) 1892 ( first version ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1892 to 1923 `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1923 to 1954 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1954 ( current version ) 4 U.S.C. § 4 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America . It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch , a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools . The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 , and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942 . The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945 . The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954 , when the words `` under God '' were added . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recital 2 Origins 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges 2.2 Francis Bellamy 's account 3 Changes 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' 4 Salute 5 Music 6 Controversy 6.1 Legal challenges 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Recital ( edit ) Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . In a number of states , state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this . The United States Flag Code says : The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . Origins ( edit ) Balch and Bellamy pledges ( edit ) The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education . Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' Bellamy 's original Pledge read : I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds . As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . Francis Bellamy 's account ( edit ) In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge , Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . '' The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution , Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' ) , but held that `` fraternity was too remote of realization , and ... ( that ) equality was a dubious word . '' Concluding `` Liberty and justice were surely basic , were undebatable , and were all that any one Nation could handle . If they were exercised for all . they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity . '' After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth 's Companion , the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program . Bellamy noted that , `` In later years the words ' to my flag ' were changed to ' to the flag of the United States of America ' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools . '' Bellamy disliked the change , as `` it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition . '' Changes ( edit ) A plaque in Lansing , MI , dated 1918 , listing the Balch Pledge , which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923 . In 1906 , The Daughters of the American Revolution 's magazine , The American Monthly , listed the `` formula of allegiance '' as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance , which reads : I pledge allegiance to my flag , and the republic for which it stands . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country . One country , one language and one flag . In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution , such as in 1915 's `` Proceedings of the Twenty - Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution '' and 1916 's annual `` National Report , '' the Balch Pledge , listed as official in 1906 , is now categorized as `` Old Pledge '' with Bellamy 's version under the heading `` New Pledge . '' However , the `` Old Pledge '' continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923 . In 1923 , the National Flag Conference called for the words `` my Flag '' to be changed to `` the Flag of the United States , '' so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US . The words `` of America '' were added a year later . Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time , in the following form , on June 22 , 1942 : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Addition of `` under God '' ( edit ) `` Under God '' redirects here . For the book , see Under God ( book ) . Louis Albert Bowman , an attorney from Illinois , was the first to suggest the addition of `` under God '' to the pledge . The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea . He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . At a meeting on February 12 , 1948 , he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words `` under God '' added . He said that the words came from Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words `` under God '' , all the reporters ' transcripts of the speech as delivered do , as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said `` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '' Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings . In 1951 , the Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization , also began including the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . In New York City , on April 30 , 1951 , the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words `` under God '' after the words `` one nation . '' Over the next two years , the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide . On August 21 , 1952 , the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal , and copies of this resolution were sent to the President , the Vice President ( as Presiding Officer of the Senate ) , and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24 , 1952 , adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart . Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter . This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation . These attempts were eventually a success . At the suggestion of a correspondent , Representative Louis C. Rabaut ( D - Mich . ) , of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words `` under God '' to the Pledge in 1953 . Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty ( left ) and President Eisenhower ( second from left ) on the morning of February 7 , 1954 , at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church . Before February 1954 , no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded . The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty . Some American presidents honored Lincoln 's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended , New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln 's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12 . On February 7 , 1954 , with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln 's pew , the church 's pastor , George MacPherson Docherty , delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled `` A New Birth of Freedom . '' He argued that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose . He noted that the Pledge 's sentiments could be those of any nation : `` There was something missing in the pledge , and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life . '' He cited Lincoln 's words `` under God '' as defining words that set the US apart from other nations . President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently , just a year before . He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service . Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8 , 1954 , Rep. Charles Oakman ( R - Mich . ) , introduced a bill to that effect . Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . Eisenhower said : From this day forward , the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town , every village and rural school house , the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty ... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America 's heritage and future ; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country 's most powerful resource , in peace or in war . The phrase `` under God '' was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14 , 1954 , by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942 . On October 6 , 1954 , the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution , first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954 , which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance . Even though the movement behind inserting `` under God '' into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge , author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed . Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push - back against atheistic communism during the Cold War , but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role . Salute ( edit ) Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute . An early version of the salute , adopted in 1887 , known as the Balch Salute , which accompanied the Balch pledge , instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag , the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead , followed by being placed flat over the heart , and finally falling to the side . In 1892 , Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute . It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag , palm down , and ended with the palm up . Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute , which was adopted in Germany later , the US Congress stipulated that the hand - over-the - heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute . Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22 , 1942 , when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22 , 1942 . Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 ( Section 301 ( b ) ( 1 ) of title 36 , United States Code ) , language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag , when the colors are presented , and during the National Anthem . Music ( edit ) Musical setting by Irving Caesar A musical setting for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' was created by Irving Caesar , at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase `` under God '' was signed into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . The composer , Irving Caesar , wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime . Dedicated to social issues , he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government , so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties . It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day , June 14 , 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the `` Singing Sergeants '' . A July 29 , 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge . Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted , including by Beck ( 2003 ) , Lovrekovich ( 2002 and 2001 ) , Roton ( 1991 ) , Fijol ( 1986 ) , and Girardet ( 1983 ) . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance In 1940 , the Supreme Court , in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruled that students in public schools , including the respondents in that case -- Jehovah 's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry -- could be compelled to swear the Pledge . In 1943 , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court reversed its decision . Justice Robert H. Jackson , writing for the 6 to 3 majority , went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds , and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country , concluding with : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . In a later case , the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge . First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag ( 1942 , photo by Dorothea Lange ) . Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds . One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it , and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing , which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance . Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day , small children in schools , can not really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making . Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase `` under God '' violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . In 2004 , linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , but to Lincoln and his contemporaries , `` under God '' meant `` God willing '' , so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd . Legal challenges ( edit ) Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah 's Witnesses , a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God , and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag . They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment . The first case was in 1935 , when two children , Lillian and William Gobitas , ages ten and twelve , were expelled from the Minersville , Pennsylvania , public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance . In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow , whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase `` under God '' an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school . In 2004 , the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , an appeal of the ruling , and rejected Newdow 's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent , and therefore lacked standing , thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school - sponsored recitation . On January 3 , 2005 , a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families . On September 14 , 2005 , District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor . Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , Judge Karlton issued an order stating that , upon proper motion , he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to `` one Nation under God . '' A 2005 Bill , H.R. 2389 , to prohibit the Supreme Court 's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government 's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance , died in the Senate after having passed in the House . This action is viewed in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the judiciary . Even if a similar bill is enacted , its practical effect may not be clear : proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress 's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III , Section 2 of the Constitution , but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights , since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment . Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional , the US separation of powers would be disturbed , or rendered non-functional . Mark J. Pelavin , former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism , said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that : Today 's House adoption of the so - called `` Pledge Protection Act '' is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans . By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts , including the Supreme Court , from cases involving the Pledge , this legislation sets a dangerous precedent : threatening religious liberty , compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded , and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts ' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes . Today , the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance , but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights , civil rights , or any other fundamental concern . -- Mark J. Pelavin , Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism In 2006 , in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre , a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution . As a result of that decision , a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called `` unpatriotic '' by a teacher . In 2009 , a Montgomery County , Maryland , teacher berated and had school police remove a 13 - year - old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom . The student 's mother , assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland , sought and received an apology from the teacher , as state law and the school 's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge . On March 11 , 2010 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District . In a 2 -- 1 decision , the appellate court ruled that the words were of a `` ceremonial and patriotic nature '' and did not constitute an establishment of religion . Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented , writing that `` the state - directed , teacher - led daily recitation in public schools of the amended ' under God ' version of the Pledge of Allegiance ... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . '' On November 12 , 2010 , in a unanimous decision , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge 's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students ' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary . A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13 , 2011 . In September 2013 , a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts . In May 2014 , Massachusetts ' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists , saying that the words `` under God '' represent a patriotic , not a religious , exercise . In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit , ruling that `` ... the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who do n't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message . '' The case against the Matawan - Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase `` under God '' in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion , making non-believers `` second - class citizens . '' In a twenty - one page decision , Bauman wrote , `` Under ( the association members ' ) reasoning , the very constitution under which ( the members ) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional , an absurd proposition which ( association members ) do not and can not advance here . '' Bauman said the student could skip the pledge , but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have `` conscientious scruples '' that do not allow it . He noted , `` As a matter of historical tradition , the words ' under God ' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ' In God We Trust ' from every coin in the land , than the words ' so help me God ' from every presidential oath since 1789 , or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787 . '' See also ( edit ) Australian citizenship affirmation , a similar concept Ceremonial deism Flag Salute Loyalty oaths in the United States Youth 's Companion Building , where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published Separation of church and state , which provides more information surrounding `` under god '' in the pledge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance '' . Historic Documents . Independence Hall Association : ushistory.org . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 4 , Chapter 1 , Section 4 , US Code '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Melanie . `` One Nation , Indivisible '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch , Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001 , U.S. Army Ordnance Corps '' . www.goordnance.army.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Society & Community . Faith in America : The Legal Dilemma '' . NOW with Bill Moyers . PBS . June 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Pledge of Allegiance and Our Flag of the United States '' . Their History and Meaning . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Amy ( September 2015 ) , `` PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow ; Francis Bellamy had no idea how famous , and controversial , his quick ditty would become '' , Smithsonian Magazine Jump up ^ `` American & State Pledges '' . Speck 's Web . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Code 2011 , Title 4 , Chap. 1 , Sec. 4 . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubal , Timothy ( October 2008 ) . Cultural Movements and Collective Memory : Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth . Basingstoke , Hampshire , GBR : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy '' . 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Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Margarette S. ( 1976 ) . Twenty Three Words : A Biography of Francis Bellamy : Author of the Pledge of Allegiance . Portsmouth , Vir. : Printcraft Press . pp. 63 - 65 ISBN 0 - 686 - 15626 - 9 Jump up ^ Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1917 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The Congress . 1915 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 77 - 623 , Chap. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 , H.J. Res. 303 , enacted June 22 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Baer , John W. ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 . Annapolis , MD : Free State Press . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 863 - 7 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Knights of Columbus . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the words `` UNDER GOD '' came to be added to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Broadway , Bill . `` How ' Under God ' Got in There , '' The Washington Post , 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 4 Feb. 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 83 - 396 , Chap. 297 , 68 Stat. 249 , H.J. Res. 243 , enacted June 14 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` God In America : God in the White House '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` How ' One Nation ' Did n't Become ' Under God ' Until The ' 50s Religious Revival '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32309 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Rendering Hand Salute of U.S. Flag '' . Military.com . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1957 - 04 - 20 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1960 - 09 - 19 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Irving Caesar Welcome '' . www.irvingcaesar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' H. Con . Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24 - B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Copyright Office , Copyright search for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' `` . Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , 642 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1943 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holloman ex rel . Holloman v. Harland , 370 F. 3d 1252 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens ; 03 - B - 1544 , United States District Court , District of Colorado Jump up ^ Olander , Herbert T. ( December 1941 ) . `` Children 's Knowledge of the Flag Salute '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 300 -- 305 . JSTOR 27528245 . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds ' under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere '' . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` '' ( Next ) Under God , '' Phrasal Idiom `` . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , 1993 , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Salute Cases '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis , 310 U.S. 586 , 60 S. Ct. 1010 , 84 L. Ed . 1375 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( September 16 , 2005 ) , `` Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional '' , The Chicago Defender , archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass `` Court - Stripping '' Measure that Would Deny Rights in `` . Brennancenter.org. 2005 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are : Mark J. Pelavin , Senior Advisor to the President '' . Union for Reform Judaism . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court - stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment ( 12 July 2006 ) '' . Jewsonfirst.org . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F. Supp. 2d 1350 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frazier v. Alexandre , No. 05 - 81142 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) '' . National School Boards Association . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chea , Terence ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fed . appeals court upholds ' under God ' in pledge '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District ( 9th Cir . March 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Pledge of Allegiance 's God reference now upheld by court '' . LA Times . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District ( 1st Cir . Nov 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Court OKs NH law allowing ' God ' pledge in schools '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , MA : Christopher M. Mayer . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law ... Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` High court spurns atheist 's ' under God ' challenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , CA : Hearst Corporation . A Sacramento atheist 's challenge to the addition of `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance ... Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Freedom From Religion Foundation , Petitioner v. United States , et al '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Under God ' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts '' . CNN.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts court rules ' under God ' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists '' . The Washington Post . 2014 - 05 - 09 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Under God ' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge , judge says '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo . `` Hearing ' Under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students , NJ judge rules '' . NorthJersey.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools '' . Forbes . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Martin , Leisa A. ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Examining the Pledge of Allegiance '' . Social Studies . 99 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 131 . doi : 10.3200 / tsss. 99.3. 127 - 131 . John W. Baer ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 ( Free State Press , Inc . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9650620 - 2 - 2 Excerpt , Chapter Eight : `` Under God '' and Other Questions About the Pledge . Richard J. Ellis ( 2005 ) . To the Flag : The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance ( Lawrence : University of Kansas Press ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1372 - 2 Marc Leepson ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography ( Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 32308 - 5 Kevin M. Kruse ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America , Basic Books , ISBN 0465049494 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource 4 U.S.C. § 4 Docherty 's Sermon Manuscript , Feb. 7 , 1954 Minister Reprises `` Under God '' Sermon ( hide ) National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)&oldid=836717123 '' Categories : 1892 documents American culture American nationalism Oaths of allegiance Flags of the United States Pledge of Allegiance Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Iñupiak Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 13 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the pledge of allegiance written by | [
"The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools.[3][4] The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942.[5] The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added.[6]"
] | [
"Francis Bellamy"
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4003158640142153078 | Black Shawl | Black Shawl - Wikipedia Black Shawl Black Shawl Tasina Sapewin Oglala Lakota leader Personal details United States 1927 United Srares Spouse ( s ) Crazy Horse Relations Spotted Tail , sister , Red Feather Children They Are Afraid of Her Black Shawl or Tasina Sapewin was the wife of Crazy Horse , whom she married in 1871 . She was a member of the Oglala Lakota and relative of Spotted Tail . Her brother was Red Feather . The elders sent her to heal Crazy Horse after his altercation with No Water . She had a daughter the same year , whose name was They Are Afraid of Her . They Are Afraid of Her died at age three , likely of cholera . Black Shawl also suffered the same disease , and was treated by Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy . Black Shawl died during a seasonal influenza outbreak in 1927 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The William Garnett Interview '' , in The Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse : A Source Book , Ed . Richard G Hardoff , 1998 . p. 43 External links ( edit ) Black Shawl Remembers Crazy Horse This article about an Indigenous person of North America is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Shawl&oldid=851074146 '' Categories : 1927 deaths Deaths from influenza Lakota people 18th - century births Indigenous peoples of North America biography stubs Hidden categories : Year of birth unknown All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Frysk Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 21 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did they are afraid of her die | [
"Black Shawl or Tasina Sapewin was the wife of Crazy Horse, whom she married in 1871. She was a member of the Oglala Lakota and relative of Spotted Tail. Her brother was Red Feather. The elders sent her to heal Crazy Horse after his altercation with No Water.[1] She had a daughter the same year, whose name was They Are Afraid of Her. They Are Afraid of Her died at age three, likely of cholera. Black Shawl also suffered the same disease, and was treated by Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy.\n"
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"at age three"
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-7557149443625002287 | William Edward Hickson | William Edward Hickson - Wikipedia William Edward Hickson Jump to : navigation , search William Edward Hickson ( January 7 , 1803 -- March 22 , 1870 ) , commonly known as Richman Hopson and W.E. Hickson , was a British educational writer . He was the author of `` Time and Faith '' and was the editor of The Westminster Review ( 1840 -- 1852 ) . He wrote part of the Official Peace Version of the British national anthem , approved by the Privy Council , found in the 1925 edition of Songs of Praise and , with one line changed , in the 1933 edition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Legacy 3 Works 4 References 5 External links Life ( edit ) Hickson was the son of William Hickson , a boot and shoe manufacturer of Smithfield , London . Having studied schools in The Netherlands and Germany , he retired from the family business in 1840 to concentrate on philanthropic pursuits : particularly the cause of elementary education . He became editor and proprietor of The Westminster Review which was notable for its commitment to legislative reform and popular education . Hickson died at Fairseat , Stansted , Kent , where he was buried . Legacy ( edit ) Hickson is credited with popularizing the proverb : ' Tis a lesson you should heed : Try , try , try again . If at first you do n't succeed , Try , try , try again . The proverb can be traced back to the writings of Thomas H. Palmer in his Teacher 's Manual , and The Children of the New Forest by Frederick Marryat . Works ( edit ) The Singing donkey ( 1836 ) Dutch and German Schools ( 1840 ) Part Singing ( 1842 ) Time and faith -- 2 vols. ( 1857 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aldrich , Richard J ; Gordon , Peter ( 1989 ) . Dictionary of British Educationists . Routledge . p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 7130 - 0177 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of Quotations ( 3rd edition ) . Oxford University Press . 1979 . p. 251 . Jump up ^ `` Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings '' by Gregory Y . Titelman ( 1996 , pg. 154 ) External links ( edit ) Works by or about William Edward Hickson at Internet Archive Works by William Edward Hickson at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) VIAF : 11346792 LCCN : n86854332 ISNI : 0000 0000 8198 0709 IATH : w65q6969 This article about a writer or poet from the United Kingdom is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Edward_Hickson&oldid=804619407 '' Categories : 1803 births 1870 deaths 19th - century British writers British writer stubs Hidden categories : Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 04 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | if at first you don't succeed quote author | [
"The proverb can be traced back to the writings of Thomas H. Palmer in his Teacher's Manual, and The Children of the New Forest by Frederick Marryat.[3]"
] | [
"Thomas H. Palmer"
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-7291984312093812973 | Hope Springs Eternal | Hope springs eternal - wikipedia Hope springs eternal Jump to : navigation , search Look up hope springs eternal in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Hope Springs Eternal is a phrase from the Alexander Pope poem An Essay on Man Hope springs eternal in the human breast ; Man never is , but always to be blessed : The soul , uneasy and confined from home , Rests and expatiates in a life to come . Hope Springs Eternal may also refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 2 Music 3 Television 4 See also Books ( edit ) Hope Springs Eternal , a novel by Edward O. Phillips Prairie River : Hope Springs Eternal , 2005 book by Kristiana Gregory Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption : Hope Springs Eternal , a novella by Stephen King Music ( edit ) Hope Springs Eternal , an album by The Echoing Green ( band ) `` Hope Springs Eternal '' , piano piece by Bruce Barth `` Hope Springs Eternal '' , single by The Sandkings ( band ) `` Hope Springs Eternal '' , track from Hearts in Motion by Air Supply `` Hope Springs Eternal '' , track from Power of Eternity by Wishbone Ash `` Hope Springs Eternal '' , track from If You Want To Defeat Your Enemy Sing His Song by The Icicle Works `` Hope Springs Eternal '' , a techno single by Josh Stuible `` Hope Springs Eternal '' , a track from Reason & Madness by Hanging Doll Television ( edit ) `` Hope Springs Eternal '' , sixth episode of Project Runway Canada ( season 2 ) Hope Springs Eternal , first episode of Pilot Season ( TV series ) See also ( edit ) Hope Springs ( disambiguation ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hope Springs Eternal . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hope_Springs_Eternal&oldid=813222431 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 14 : 33 . About Wikipedia | where does the quote hope springs eternal come from | [
"Hope Springs Eternal is a phrase from the Alexander Pope poem An Essay on Man"
] | [
"Alexander Pope poem An Essay on Man"
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2766011728709382699 | Always on My Mind | Always on My Mind - wikipedia Always on My Mind For other uses , see Always on My Mind ( disambiguation ) . `` You Were Always on My Mind '' Song by Gwen McCrae Published 1972 Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James `` Always on My Mind '' Single by Brenda Lee from the album Brenda Released 1972 Genre Country Length 2 : 50 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Brenda Lee singles chronology `` Misty Memories '' ( 1971 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1973 ) `` Always on My Mind '' is a song by Johnny Christopher , Mark James , and Wayne Carson , recorded first by Gwen McCrae ( as `` You Were Always on My Mind '' ) and Brenda Lee in 1972 . The song has been a crossover hit , charting in both the country and western and pop categories . AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers . While Brenda Lee 's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972 , other performers reached the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere with their own versions : Elvis Presley in 1972 ; John Wesley Ryles in 1979 ; Willie Nelson 's Grammy Award - winning version in 1982 ; Pet Shop Boys in 1987 . Contents 1 Composition 2 Elvis Presley version 2.1 Charts 3 John Wesley Ryles ' version 3.1 Charts 4 Willie Nelson version 4.1 Chart history 5 Pet Shop Boys version 5.1 Charts 6 Other cover versions 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Wayne Carson said that he wrote most of the song in 10 minutes at his kitchen table in Springfield , Missouri , and completed the song in studio with the assistance of Johnny and Mark . Carson , who had the song about a year and one day , was finishing a recording session . Producer Chips Moman asked about recording `` that mind '' song , but added it would need a bridge . Wayne went upstairs to the studio 's old piano , trying to work out a bridge , when Johnny and Mark walked in the door , and he asked for their help to complete his song . The trio thought that the song was finished and at first could not come up with anything to add , but Wayne explained that Moman was insisting that a bridge be added . So between them , the two - line `` Tell me ... '' bridge was written . The song was passed to one of Elvis 's bodyguards , who gave Presley the cut from the studio . Moman did not produce Presley 's recording , but did record the Willie Nelson version years later . Elvis Presley version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Picture sleeve for North American , some European , and Australian releases with `` Separate Ways '' in smaller font Single by Elvis Presley A-side `` Separate Ways '' Released November 1972 Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded March 29 , 1972 , RCA Studios , Hollywood , California Genre Country soft rock gospel Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Felton Jarvis Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) Elvis Presley recorded his version of `` Always on My Mind '' on March 29 , 1972 , a few weeks after his February separation from wife Priscilla . The song received immense fame and critical appreciation and is considered one of the standout songs of the ' 70s for Elvis . The song was released as the B - side of the `` Separate Ways '' single , which reached Gold status in the U.S for sales of over a million copies . It was listed as a double sided hit reaching number 16 on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart in November 1972 . In the UK `` Always on My Mind '' was the hit song and `` Separate Ways '' was the B - side . It was voted the number 1 song of Presley 's recording career in a poll conducted by ITV in 2013 . Charts ( edit ) 1972 Weekly Chart Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Hot Country Singles ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Dutch Top 40 17 French Singles Chart 56 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Swiss Singles Chart 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 John Wesley Ryles ' version ( edit ) In 1979 , John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition , entitled `` You Are Always on My Mind '' , from the album Let the Night Begin . The rendition was produced by Bob Montgomery . A review in Billboard praised the `` brightly mixed vocals '' and `` powerful production '' . Charts ( edit ) 1979 Weekly Chart Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 24 Willie Nelson version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' A-side label of the U.S. vinyl release Single by Willie Nelson from the album Always on My Mind B - side `` The Party 's Over '' Released March 6 , 1982 Genre Country Length 3 : 33 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Chips Moman Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) Audio sample file help Willie Nelson recorded and released the song in early 1982 . It raced to number one on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart that May , spending two weeks on top and total of 21 weeks on the chart . The song also did very well on Top 40 radio , reaching number five on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and staying on this chart for 23 weeks . In the year end charts , it was Billboard 's biggest Country hit for 1982 . This version also charted in a number of other countries . Nelson 's version would result in three wins at the 25th Grammy Awards in February 1983 : songwriters Christopher , James and Carson won Song of the Year and Best Country Song ; in addition , Nelson won for Best Male Country Vocal Performance . This version also won Country Music Association awards in two consecutive years : 1982 Song of the Year and 1983 Song of the Year for songwriters Christopher , James and Carson ; 1982 Single of the Year for Nelson , and ; contributed to Nelson winning 1982 Album of the Year for the album `` Always on My Mind '' . Willie Nelson performed the number with Johnny Cash on the 1998 release of VH1 Storytellers : Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson . The song was also featured on a December 2009 ASPCA commercial . The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U.S. sales in excess of two million . In 2008 , the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame . Nelson 's version was also featured , in its entirety , in a season two ( 2013 ) episode of the HBO television series The Newsroom . Chart history ( edit ) 1982 Weekly Chart Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 39 Belgian Top 40 ( Flanders ) 31 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 10 Dutch Singles Chart 17 Irish Singles Chart 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 UK Singles Chart 49 1982 Year - End Chart Position Canadian RPM Top Singles 70 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 8 US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Cashbox Top 100 31 Pet Shop Boys version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Standard artwork for commercial releases in most territories Single by Pet Shop Boys B - side `` Do I Have To ? '' Released November 30 , 1987 Format 7 `` , 12 '' , cassette , CD Genre Synthpop hi - NRG Euro disco Dance - pop House Length 3 : 56 ( single mix ) 5 : 55 ( remix ) 8 : 10 ( extended mix ) 9 : 04 ( album version ) Label Parlophone -- R 6171 Songwriter ( s ) Mark James , Johnny Christopher , Wayne Carson Thompson Producer ( s ) Julian Mendelsohn , Pet Shop Boys Pet Shop Boys singles chronology `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) Alternative cover Artwork for the UK and European 12 - inch vinyl remix single Audio sample file help In 1987 , the Pet Shop Boys performed a synthpop version of `` Always on My Mind '' on Love Me Tender , a television special on the ITV network in the UK . Commemorating the tenth anniversary of Presley 's death , the programme featured various popular acts of the time performing cover versions of his hits . The Pet Shop Boys ' performance was so well - received that the duo decided to record the song and release it as a single . This version became the UK 's Christmas number one single that year . It went on to top the charts for four weeks in total , and reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The Pet Shop Boys version introduces a harmonic variation not present in the original version . In the original the ending phrase `` always on my mind '' is sung to a IV - V - I cadence ( C-D - G ) . The Pet Shop Boys extend this cadence by adding two further chords : C-D - Gm / B ♭ - C-G ( i.e. a progression of IV - V - III - IV - I ) . In November 2004 , The Daily Telegraph newspaper placed the version at number two in a list of the fifty greatest cover versions of all time . In October 2014 , a public poll compiled by the BBC saw the song voted the all - time best cover version . In the video for Pet Shop Boys ' version of `` Always on My Mind '' ( an excerpt from their surreal music film It Could n't Happen Here ) , Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe are seated in the front of a taxi cab , when an eccentric passenger gets in , played by notable British actor Joss Ackland . At the end of the song , he gets out of the car , which drives away . Standing alone , he mutters : `` You went away . It should make me feel better . But I do n't know how I 'm going to get through '' , which is part of the lyrics for another Pet Shop Boys track , `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' , which was released earlier in the year . In 1988 , the duo remixed the song for their third studio LP , Introspective , combining it with an acid - house track called `` In My House '' . In 2008 , Konami used the song for Dance Dance Revolution X which was released for both arcades and the Sony PlayStation 2 console . In 2010 , the song was re-used for Dance Dance Revolution X2 which was released for arcades . In 2017 , Burberry released its Holiday campaign , as directed by Alasdair McLellan , which features `` Cara Delevingne and British actor Matt Smith . It opens with Delevingne singing `` Always on My Mind '' before segueing into the Pet Shop Boys cover of the song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 / 1988 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 10 Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Vl ) Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 5 European Singles Chart Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Singles Chart 22 German Singles Chart Icelandic Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 9 New Zealand Singles Chart 8 Norwegian Singles Chart Polish Singles Chart South African Singles Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales Chart 12 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1983 , Michael Kwan and Tracy Huang ( 黃鶯 鶯 ) covered the song in Cantonese as `` Often in My Heart '' ( 常 在 我 心 間 ) , written by lyricist Andrew Lam ( 林敏驄 ) , for Kwan 's album Often in My Heart ... Sooner or Later I Love You ( 常 在 我 心 間 ... 愛 你 不 分 早晚 ) . The Cantonese rendition became one of the year 's top ten songs awarded in the 1983 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation . In 1984 , the duo re-adapted the song in Mandarin with the same Chinese title for Huang 's album Demi - Gods and Semi-Devils / Impulse / nu hai ping zong ( 天龍 八 部 、 衝 激 、 怒 海 萍踪 ) . Mary Elizabeth McGlynn performed a cover of the song for the soundtrack for Silent Hill : Shattered Memories in 2009 . In 2013 , the Spanish national Christmas lottery advertisement covered this song with various popular Spanish artists , including Montserrat Caballé . In 2017 , Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her album , The Secret Daughter Season Two : Songs from the Original 7 Series . In 2017 , Ane Brun covered the song on her album , Leave Me Breathless . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Always on My Mind '' -- search results `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ George Klein ; Chuck Crisafulli . Elvis : My Best Man : Radio Days , Rock ' n ' Roll Nights , and My Lifelong ... Books.google.com . p. 233 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter / Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1999 ) p. 310 . Elvis : Day by Day . ISBN 0 - 345 - 42089 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Country Billboard Singles '' . The Official Elvis Presley Website . Archived from the original on 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Favourite Elvis Song : Top 20 Results and Winner '' . Telly Chat . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Elvis Presley Billboard Chart Positions at AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Always on My Mind '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 367 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . Books.google.com. 1979 - 10 - 06 . p. 85 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` John Wesley Ryles Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for December 29 , 1979 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be. 1984 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6167&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Nelson -- Always on My Mind '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1982 '' . Cashboxcountdowns.com. 1982 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pet Shop Boys : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pet Shop Boys Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` They did it their way '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . November 20 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cara Delevingne and Matt Smith Star in Burberry 's Very ' 80s Holiday Campaign '' . Fashionista . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PET SHOP BOYS - ALWAYS ON MY MIND ( SONG ) '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Results -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' . charts.de. 2006 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ( 5 . febrúar 1988 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward -- Fireball Media Group . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia -- Indice per Interprete : P '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego '' . lp3.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin ( 2003 - 05 - 25 ) . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( P ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://hd.stheadline.com/arts/arts_content.asp?contid=152111&srctype=g Jump up ^ 1983 年度 十 大 勁歌 金曲 頒獎 典禮 ( 十 大 勁歌 金曲 獎 ) . TVB ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Elvis Presley singles 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' / `` Loving You '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' / `` I Beg of You '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang ! Brenda Lee This Is ... Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee Brenda , That 's All All Alone Am I ... `` Let Me Sing '' Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker Book : Brenda Lee UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1980s `` There 's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred 's School Choir , 1980 ) `` Do n't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981 ) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982 ) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid , 1984 ) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin ' Stevens , 1985 ) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Pet Shop Boys Chris Lowe Neil Tennant Studio albums Please Actually Introspective Behaviour Very Bilingual Nightlife Release Fundamental Yes Elysium Electric Super Compilation albums Discography : The Complete Singles Collection Alternative Essential PopArt : The Hits Story : 25 Years of Hits Party Ultimate Format Remix albums Disco Disco 2 Disco 3 Disco 4 Live albums Concrete Pandemonium Extended plays Christmas Soundtracks and scores It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Battleship Potemkin The Most Incredible Thing Other songs `` King 's Cross '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` The Night I Fell in Love '' `` I 'm Not Scared '' `` In Private '' `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' `` So Sorry , I Said '' `` Do n't Drop Bombs '' Film , stage and television It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Pet Shop Boys : A Life In Pop The Most Incredible Thing Notable tours and concerts MCMLXXXIX Performance Discovery Somewhere Nightlife Release Fundamental Pandemonium Progress ( as special guests ) Electric Super Related articles Discography Songs x2 Reputation Results Electronic Back to Mine : Pet Shop Boys West End Girls Book Pet Shop Boys singles Please ( 1984 -- 86 ) `` West End Girls '' `` Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) '' `` Love Comes Quickly '' `` Suburbia '' Disco ( 1986 ) `` Paninaro '' Actually ( 1987 -- 88 ) `` It 's a Sin '' `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' `` Rent '' `` Heart '' Introspective ( 1988 -- 89 ) `` Always on My Mind '' `` Domino Dancing '' `` Left to My Own Devices '' `` It 's Alright '' Behaviour ( 1990 -- 91 ) `` So Hard '' `` Being Boring '' `` How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously ? '' / `` Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Ca n't Take My Eyes off You ) '' `` Jealousy '' Discography ( 1991 ) `` DJ Culture '' `` Was It Worth It ? '' Very ( 1993 -- 94 ) `` Can You Forgive Her ? '' `` Go West '' `` I Would n't Normally Do This Kind of Thing '' `` Liberation '' `` Yesterday , When I Was Mad '' Alternative ( 1995 ) `` Paninaro ' 95 '' Bilingual ( 1996 -- 97 ) `` Before '' `` Se a vida é ( That 's the Way Life Is ) '' / `` To Step Aside '' `` Single - Bilingual '' `` A Red Letter Day '' Nightlife ( 1999 -- 2000 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' `` New York City Boy '' `` You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You 're Drunk '' Release ( 2002 -- 03 ) `` Home and Dry '' `` I Get Along '' `` London '' PopArt ( 2003 -- 04 ) `` Miracles '' `` Flamboyant '' Fundamental ( 2006 ) `` I 'm with Stupid '' `` Minimal '' `` Numb '' Disco 4 ( 2007 ) `` Integral '' Yes ( 2009 ) `` Love Etc . '' `` Did You See Me Coming ? '' `` Beautiful People '' Ultimate ( 2010 ) `` Together '' Elysium ( 2012 ) `` Winner '' `` Leaving '' `` Memory of the Future '' Electric ( 2013 -- 14 ) `` Axis '' `` Vocal '' `` Love Is a Bourgeois Construct '' `` Thursday '' `` Fluorescent '' Super ( 2016 ) `` The Pop Kids '' `` Twenty - something '' `` Inner Sanctum '' `` Say It to Me '' `` Undertow '' Non-album singles `` One More Chance '' `` Absolutely Fabulous '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Somewhere '' `` Break 4 Love '' `` She 's Madonna '' `` Love Life '' Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year 1980 -- 1989 1980 : `` My Heart '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1981 : `` Fire and Smoke '' -- Earl Thomas Conley 1982 : `` Always on My Mind '' -- Willie Nelson 1983 : `` José Cuervo '' -- Shelly West 1984 : `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' -- Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson 1985 : `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1986 : `` Never Be You '' -- Rosanne Cash 1987 : `` Give Me Wings '' -- Michael Johnson 1988 : `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' -- Keith Whitley 1989 : `` A Better Man '' -- Clint Black 1990 -- 1999 1990 : `` Nobody 's Home '' -- Clint Black 1991 : `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' -- Alan Jackson 1992 : `` I Saw the Light '' -- Wynonna Judd 1993 : `` Chattahoochee '' -- Alan Jackson 1994 : `` I Swear '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1995 : `` Sold ( The Grundy County Auction Incident ) '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1996 : `` My Maria '' -- Brooks & Dunn 1997 : `` It 's Your Love '' -- Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 1998 : `` Just to See You Smile '' -- Tim McGraw 1999 : `` Amazed '' -- Lonestar 2000 -- 2009 2000 : `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' -- Toby Keith 2001 : `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' -- Brooks & Dunn 2002 : `` The Good Stuff '' -- Kenny Chesney 2003 : `` My Front Porch Looking In '' -- Lonestar 2004 : `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- Tim McGraw 2005 : `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' -- Craig Morgan 2006 : `` If You 're Going Through Hell ( Before The Devil Even Knows ) '' -- Rodney Atkins 2007 : `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins 2008 : `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' -- James Otto 2009 : `` I Run to You '' -- Lady Antebellum 2010 -- 2019 2010 : `` Love Like Crazy '' -- Lee Brice 2011 : `` Crazy Girl '' -- Eli Young Band 2012 : `` Time Is Love '' -- Josh Turner 2013 : `` Cruise '' -- Florida Georgia Line 2014 : `` This Is How We Roll '' -- Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan 2015 : `` Take Your Time '' -- Sam Hunt 2016 : `` H.O.L.Y. '' - Florida Georgia Line 2017 : `` Body Like a Back Road -- Sam Hunt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_on_My_Mind&oldid=853671240 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1970s ballads 1972 singles 1973 singles 1982 singles 1987 singles 1988 singles 1972 songs Amanda Lear songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Brenda Lee songs Country ballads Elvis Presley songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grammy Award for Song of the Year John Wesley Ryles songs Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Pet Shop Boys songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Mark James ( songwriter ) Songs written by Wayne Carson Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Song recordings produced by Felton Jarvis Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery ( songwriter ) UK Singles Chart number - one singles Willie Nelson songs MCA Records singles Columbia Records singles RCA Records singles Parlophone singles Song recordings produced by Julian Mendelsohn Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song you were always on my mind | [
"\"Always on My Mind\" is a song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James, and Wayne Carson, recorded first by Gwen McCrae (as \"You Were Always on My Mind\") and Brenda Lee in 1972. The song has been a crossover hit, charting in both the country and western and pop categories. \n"
] | [
"Gwen McCrae"
] |
-5523525984105960734 | Married at First Sight (U.S. TV series) | Married at First Sight ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Married at First Sight ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Married at First Sight Genre Reality television Based on Gift Ved Første Blik ( Danish TV series ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 64 Production Running time 42 minutes Release Original network FYI ( 2014 -- 16 ) Lifetime ( 2017 ) Original release July 8 , 2014 -- present External links Website Married at First Sight is an American reality television series based on a Danish series of the same name titled Gift Ved Første Blik . The series first aired in the United States on FYI . Beginning with season two , it aired in simulcast on sister network A&E . The series features three couples , paired up by relationship experts , who agree to marry when they first meet . For the first three seasons , the experts were clinical psychologist Dr. Joseph Cilona , sexologist Dr. Logan Levkoff , sociologist Dr. Pepper Schwartz , and humanist chaplain Greg Epstein . Starting with the fourth season , the experts are Schwartz , pastor and marriage counselor Calvin Roberson , and communication and relationship expert Rachel DeAlto . The couples spend their wedding night in a hotel before leaving for a honeymoon . Upon returning home , they live together as a married couple for eight weeks . Thereafter they choose to divorce or stay married . On October 25 , 2016 FYI renewed the show for a fifth season . In 2017 , for the fifth season , the show moved to the Lifetime channel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Married at First Sight : Second Chances 1.5 Season 4 1.6 Season 5 1.7 Season 6 1.8 Season 7 1.9 Season 8 2 References 3 International versions 4 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Over the first six seasons of MAFS , 18 couples were chosen for the experiment . Out of these 18 , twelve chose to stay married after the six week time period . As of May 2018 , however , only 5 couples are still married , making for an overall 27.78 % success rate of the experiment . Season 1 ( edit ) The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Current status Jamie Otis - Hehner 27 Nurse Yes Married Doug Hehner 31 Software salesman Cortney Hendrix - Carrion 26 Make - up artist Yes Married Jason Carrion 27 Fireman Monet Bell 33 Product development manager No Divorced Vaughn Copeland 30 Field service technician Monet and Vaughn got a divorce . Vaughn has since welcomed a son , Zaire William Copeland on September 3 , 2016 , with his girlfriend , Jenny Faber . In the 6 months later special , it was revealed that both Jason and Courtney and Doug and Jamie are still together . Both couples were featured in a spin - off series , `` Married at First Sight : The First Year '' alongside with Dr. Pepper Schwartz , which showed the development of their married lives . On July 5 , 2016 , Doug and Jamie announced they were expecting their first child . They lost the baby at 17 weeks . Jamie shared a photo on Instagram of her and Doug in the hospital with the baby , who they named Johnathan Edward , to raise awareness of the stigma surrounding miscarriage . On January 31 , 2017 , Jamie and Doug announced that they were again expecting a child , later revealed to be a girl , Henley Grace , who was born on August 22 , 2017 . Season 2 ( edit ) The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Current status Jaclyn Methuen 30 Vodka saleswoman Yes Divorced Ryan Ranellone 28 Real estate agent Davina Kullar ( now Davis ) 34 Pharmaceutical saleswoman No Divorced Sean Varricchio 35 Trauma nurse Jessica Castro 30 Receptionist Yes Divorced Ryan DeNino / Oehl 29 Businessman All three were divorced . After the show was over , Davina and Sean got a divorce . Davina has since remarried . In the 6 months later special , it was revealed that both Jessica and Ryan D. , as well as Jaclyn and Ryan R. , are divorced . Shortly after filming the reunion special , Jessica filed for a restraining order against Ryan . Although Jaclyn and Ryan decided to try to make their marriage work after the experiment ended , they split not long after . She wrote on Instagram , `` Let 's hope I catch one that is strong , smart , and appreciates my big personality ! ... '' Season 3 ( edit ) The third season took place in Atlanta , Georgia . The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Current status Vanessa Nelson 26 Event manager Yes Divorced Tres Russell 27 Luxury car salesman Ashley Doherty 30 Nursing student No Divorced David Norton 29 Software account executive Samantha Role 30 Bank manager No Divorced Neil Bowlus 31 Compliance specialist All three were divorced : David Norton and Ashley Doherty got a divorce because Ashley felt the social media incident during their marriage was too unbearable . She felt betrayed and that David broke her trust . David felt hurt and angry , realizing that Ashley made no real effort to make their marriage work and that he `` had ( his ) head in the clouds ... chasing someone who did n't want to be caught . '' . Neil Bowlus and Samantha Role decided to get a divorce . Samantha wanted to remain married , but Neil felt dissatisfied with the overall experience and believed that the best thing for both their happiness was to divorce . In the six month later special , it was said that Neil and Samantha have remained friends . Tres Russell and Vanessa Nelson stayed married . In the six month later special , it was said that the two had separated and divorced after that . Married at First Sight : Second Chances ( edit ) Both Vanessa Nelson and David Norton took part in the first season of `` Married At First Sight : Second Chances '' . The show 's premise is that both David and Vanessa selected from a group of men ( for Nelson ) and women ( for Norton ) to date in a Bachelor / Bachelorette - style fashion , ultimately ending with each of them choosing someone to marry . The groups were narrowed down from 100 ( in a speed dating - like situation ) to 25 , to 10 . After Vanessa and David each picked their top ten , they eliminated one person each episode ( with the exception of one week 's double elimination ) until they find ' the one ' . The first season premiered on April 27 , 2017 . The season concluded on July 6 , 2017 with Vanessa becoming engaged to Andre , however they ended their relationship and David choosing to marry no one . Season 4 ( edit ) The fourth season of the Married at First Sight TV show on Fyi premiered on Tuesday , July 26 , 2016 at 9 : 00pm Et / Pt . The setting was South Florida ( particularly Miami ) and in this season , two new specialists joined sociologist Dr. Pepper Schwartz : communication and relationship expert , Rachel DeAlto , and marriage counselor , Pastor Calvin Roberson . Dr. 's Joseph Cilona and Logan Levkoff exited the series after season three . The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Status Sonia Granados 33 Social worker Yes Divorced Nick Pendergrast 32 Vacation rental manager Heather Seidel 32 Flight attendant No Divorced Derek Schwartz 35 Account executive Lillian Vilchez 24 Realtor Yes Divorced Tom Wilson 29 Boat interior designer All three were divorced . After fourteen months of marriage , Lillian and Tom announced on May 31 , 2017 that they have filed for divorce but still remain close friends and a part of each other 's lives . Season 5 ( edit ) The fifth season of Married at First Sight was renewed on October 25 , 2016 . For this season , the show moved to the Lifetime channel . The episodes aired in 2017 and featured couples in Chicago . The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Status Danielle DeGroot 30 Dietician Yes Divorced Cody Knapek 26 Trainer / gym owner Sheila Downs 31 School district facility director Yes Divorced Nate Duhon 26 Branch manager of a car rental company Ashley Petta 30 Manager of family - owned bar & grill Yes Married Anthony D'Amico 33 Sale account executive Danielle and Cody announced their divorce on August 22 , 2017 . On November 19th , Nate posted a status update on Facebook that he and Sheila filed for divorce . Ashley and Anthony are still married . Season 6 ( edit ) The sixth season of Married at First Sight was renewed on the Lifetime channel . The first of the episodes aired on January 2 , 2018 and featured couples in Boston . The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Status Shawniece Jackson 29 Cosmetologist Yes Married Jephte Pierre 26 2nd grade school teacher Molly Duff 25 Commercial insurance adjuster No Divorced Jonathan Francetic 28 Financial associate Jaclyn Schwartzberg 29 Technical sales representative Yes Married Ryan Buckley 29 Firefighter It was announced that Shawniece and Jephte are pregnant with their first child . Season 7 ( edit ) The seventh season of Married at First Sight has been renewed on the Lifetime channel , and will feature couples from Dallas . Season 8 ( edit ) The eighth season of Married at First Sight has been renewed on the Lifetime channel , and will feature couples from Philadelphia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Married At First Sight ' Lawsuit : Woman Claims FYI Stole Her Idea For Hit Series About Blind Arranged Marriage '' . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Married at First Sight 's Season 4 Cast Members '' . People Magazine . 14 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Married at First Sight 's Jamie Otis and Doug Hehner Expecting First Child '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miscarriage is the last thing people want to talk about - I want to change that '' . Women 's Day . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jamie Otis Shares Photo of Baby Boy She Lost : He ' Deserves to Be Remembered , Not Hidden Away ' '' . People . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Married at First Sight 's Jamie Otis and Doug Hehner Announce Pregnancy Six Months After Losing Their Son '' . People . Jump up ^ Juris , Yvonne ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Revealed ! Find Out the Name Doug Hehner and Jamie Otis Have Chosen for Their Daughter '' . People . Jump up ^ http://www.theashleysrealityroundup.com/2016/07/08/married-at-first-sight-season-2-star-davina-kullar-is-married-again-get-details/ Jump up ^ `` Married at First Sight : Jessica Castro Files Restraining Order Against Ryan De Nino After Split '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Noooo ! Married at First Sight 's Jaclyn and Ryan Split for Good '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Married At First Sight ' Season 3 Finale Spoilers : Another Couple Gets Divorced In Episode 14 ( RECAP ) '' . 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 5 '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/tv/married-at-first-sight-cody-knapek-danielle-degroot-divorce/ Jump up ^ `` Season 6 '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . International versions ( edit ) The format created in Denmark has been adapted in the United States , Australia , United Kingdom , Italy , Germany , France , Finland , Belgium , New Zealand , Israel , Poland , The Netherlands and Brazil . Country Title TV channel Year aired Belgium Blind Getrouwd VTM 2016 - present Denmark ( original format ) Gift ved første blik DR3 DR1 2014 - present United Kingdom Married at First Sight Channel 4 2015 - present Australia Married at First Sight Nine Network 2015 - present Italy Matrimonio a prima vista Italia Sky Uno TV8 2016 - present Germany Hochzeit auf den ersten Blick Sat. 1 2015 - present Finland Ensitreffit alttarilla AVA 2015 - present France Mariés au premier regard M6 2016 - present Poland Ślub od pierwszego wejrzenia TVN 2016 - present New Zealand Married at First Sight Three 2017 - present Israel חתונה ממבט ראשון Keshet 2017 - present South Africa Married at First Sight SA Lifetime 2016 - present The Netherlands Married at First Sight RTL4 2016 - present Brazil Casamento à Primeira Vista A&E Lifetime 2015 - present External links ( edit ) Married at First Sight on IMDb ( hide ) Lifetime original programming Former Dr. Ruth ( 1984 -- 91 ) Attitudes ( 1985 -- 91 ) The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd ( 1989 -- 91 ) Rodeo Drive ( 1990 ) Supermarket Sweep ( 1990 -- 95 ) Shop ' til You Drop ( 1991 -- 94 ) Confessions of Crime ( 1991 ) Veronica Clare ( 1991 ) Born Lucky ( 1992 -- 93 ) Intimate Portrait ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Women of the House ( 1995 ) Debt ( 1996 -- 98 ) Kids These Days ( 1996 -- 98 ) Denise Austin 's Daily Workout ( 1997 -- 2008 ) Any Day Now ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Maggie ( 1998 ) Oh Baby ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Strong Medicine ( 2000 -- 06 ) The Division ( 2001 -- 04 ) Unsolved Mysteries ( 2001 -- 02 ) For the People ( 2002 -- 03 ) What Should You Do ? ( 2003 -- 06 ) The Golden Girls : Their Greatest Moments ( 2003 ) The Designing Women Reunion ( 2003 ) Wild Card ( 2003 -- 05 ) 1 - 800 - Missing ( 2003 -- 06 ) Missing ( 2003 -- 06 ) How Clean Is Your House ? ( 2004 -- 05 ) I Married a Princess ( 2005 ) Beach Girls ( 2005 ) Cheerleader Nation ( 2006 ) Lovespring International ( 2006 ) Angela 's Eyes ( 2006 ) Monarch Cove ( 2006 ) Blood Ties ( 2007 ) Get Married ( 2007 ) Army Wives ( 2007 -- 13 ) Gay , Straight or Taken ? ( 2007 ) Side Order of Life ( 2007 ) State of Mind ( 2007 ) America 's Psychic Challenge ( 2007 ) How to Look Good Naked ( 2008 ) Rita Rocks ( 2008 -- 09 ) Blush : The Search for the Next Great Makeup Artist ( 2008 ) DietTribe ( 2009 ) Project Runway : All - Star Challenge ( 2009 ) Drop Dead Diva ( 2009 -- 14 ) Models of the Runway ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Project Runway ( 2009 -- 17 ) Sherri ( 2009 ) On the Road with Austin & Santino ( 2010 ) The Fairy Jobmother ( 2010 ) Marry Me ( 2010 ) Seriously Funny Kids ( 2011 ) Coming Home ( 2011 -- 12 ) Four of a Kind ( 2011 ) Glamour Belles ( 2011 ) The Protector ( 2011 ) Dance Moms ( 2011 -- 17 ) Roseanne 's Nuts ( 2011 ) Against the Wall ( 2011 ) Picker Sisters ( 2011 ) Russian Dolls ( 2011 ) Project Accessory ( 2011 ) America 's Supernanny ( 2011 -- 12 ) America 's Most Wanted ( 2011 -- 12 ) Dance Moms : Miami ( 2012 ) The Client List ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Week the Women Went ( 2012 ) Prom Queens ( 2012 ) Abby 's Ultimate Dance Competition ( 2012 -- 13 ) My Life is a Lifetime Movie ( 2012 ) The Houstons : On Our Own ( 2012 -- 13 ) Teen Trouble ( 2012 -- 13 ) Double Divas ( 2013 ) Pretty Wicked Moms ( 2013 ) Devious Maids ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Supermarket Superstar ( 2013 ) Witches of East End ( 2013 -- 14 ) Chasing Nashville ( 2013 ) Kim of Queens ( 2014 ) Betty White 's Off Their Rockers ( 2014 -- 17 ) Under the Gunn ( 2014 ) True Tori ( 2014 ) The Lottery ( 2014 ) Raising Asia ( 2014 ) Project Runway : Threads ( 2014 ) The Sisterhood : Becoming Nuns ( 2014 ) Child Genius ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Lizzie Borden Chronicles ( 2015 ) Living with the Enemy ( 2015 ) Fashionably Late with Rachel Zoe ( 2015 ) The Jacksons : Next Generation ( 2015 ) Pitch Slapped ( 2016 ) Mother / Daughter Experiment ( 2016 ) Project Runway : Fashion Startup ( 2016 ) Growing Up Supermodel ( 2017 ) Current Project Runway All Stars ( 2012 -- ) Preachers ' Daughters ( 2013 -- ) Bring It ! ( 2014 -- ) Little Women : LA ( 2014 -- ) Little Women : NY ( 2015 -- ) UnREAL ( 2015 -- ) Project Runway : Junior ( 2015 -- ) The Rap Game ( 2016 -- ) Little Women : Atlanta ( 2016 -- ) Little Women : Dallas ( 2016 -- ) Mary Kills People ( 2017 -- ) Married at First Sight ( 2017 -- ) Upcoming American Princess ( TBA ) You ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Married_at_First_Sight_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=843550001 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American reality television series American television series based on Danish television series FYI ( U.S. TV channel ) shows Lifetime ( TV network ) shows American dating and relationship reality television series Television shows set in New York City Wedding television shows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 33 . About Wikipedia | cast of first season of married at first sight | [
"\n\n#\nCouple\nAge\nOccupation\nFinal Decision\nCurrent status\n\n\n1\nJamie Otis-Hehner\n27\nNurse\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nDoug Hehner\n31\nSoftware salesman\n\n\n2\nCortney Hendrix-Carrion\n26\nMake-up artist\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nJason Carrion\n27\nFireman\n\n\n3\nMonet Bell\n33\nProduct development manager\nNo\nDivorced\n\n\nVaughn Copeland\n30\nField service technician\n\n",
"\n\n#\nCouple\nAge\nOccupation\nFinal Decision\nCurrent status\n\n\n1\nJamie Otis-Hehner\n27\nNurse\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nDoug Hehner\n31\nSoftware salesman\n\n\n2\nCortney Hendrix-Carrion\n26\nMake-up artist\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nJason Carrion\n27\nFireman\n\n\n3\nMonet Bell\n33\nProduct development manager\nNo\nDivorced\n\n\nVaughn Copeland\n30\nField service technician\n\n",
"\n\n#\nCouple\nAge\nOccupation\nFinal Decision\nCurrent status\n\n\n1\nJamie Otis-Hehner\n27\nNurse\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nDoug Hehner\n31\nSoftware salesman\n\n\n2\nCortney Hendrix-Carrion\n26\nMake-up artist\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nJason Carrion\n27\nFireman\n\n\n3\nMonet Bell\n33\nProduct development manager\nNo\nDivorced\n\n\nVaughn Copeland\n30\nField service technician\n\n",
"\n\n#\nCouple\nAge\nOccupation\nFinal Decision\nCurrent status\n\n\n1\nJamie Otis-Hehner\n27\nNurse\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nDoug Hehner\n31\nSoftware salesman\n\n\n2\nCortney Hendrix-Carrion\n26\nMake-up artist\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nJason Carrion\n27\nFireman\n\n\n3\nMonet Bell\n33\nProduct development manager\nNo\nDivorced\n\n\nVaughn Copeland\n30\nField service technician\n\n",
"\n\n#\nCouple\nAge\nOccupation\nFinal Decision\nCurrent status\n\n\n1\nJamie Otis-Hehner\n27\nNurse\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nDoug Hehner\n31\nSoftware salesman\n\n\n2\nCortney Hendrix-Carrion\n26\nMake-up artist\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nJason Carrion\n27\nFireman\n\n\n3\nMonet Bell\n33\nProduct development manager\nNo\nDivorced\n\n\nVaughn Copeland\n30\nField service technician\n\n",
"\n\n#\nCouple\nAge\nOccupation\nFinal Decision\nCurrent status\n\n\n1\nJamie Otis-Hehner\n27\nNurse\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nDoug Hehner\n31\nSoftware salesman\n\n\n2\nCortney Hendrix-Carrion\n26\nMake-up artist\nYes\nMarried\n\n\nJason Carrion\n27\nFireman\n\n\n3\nMonet Bell\n33\nProduct development manager\nNo\nDivorced\n\n\nVaughn Copeland\n30\nField service technician\n\n"
] | [
"Jamie Otis-Hehner",
"Doug Hehner",
"Cortney Hendrix-Carrion",
"Jason Carrion",
"Monet Bell",
"Vaughn Copeland"
] |
9062516955828136852 | A Whole New World | A Whole New World - wikipedia A Whole New World Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a single from the soundtrack of Aladdin . For the Katie Price and Peter Andre album , see A Whole New World ( album ) . `` A Whole New World '' Song by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga from the album Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released October 31 , 1992 Recorded Early 1992 New York City , NY Genre Pop music Length 2 : 40 Label Walt Disney Composer ( s ) Alan Menken Lyricist ( s ) Tim Rice Producer ( s ) Alan Menken , Tim Rice `` A Whole New World '' Single by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle from the album Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack B - side `` After the Kiss '' ( instrumental ) Released November 5 , 1992 Format CD , Audio cassette , 7 '' Recorded 1992 Genre Pop R&B Length 4 : 05 Label Walt Disney , Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Alan Menken ( music ) Tim Rice ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Walter Afanasieff `` A Whole New World '' is a song from Disney 's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin , with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice . The song is a ballad between the primary characters Aladdin and Jasmine about the new world they are going to discover together while riding on Aladdin 's magic carpet . The original version was sung by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga during the film . They also performed the song in their characters at the 65th Academy Awards , where it won Academy Award for Best Original Song as well as the first and so far only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards . In 2014 , Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film 's Broadway adaptation . A single version of the song was previously released that year and was performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle . This version is played in the movie 's end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as `` Aladdin 's Theme '' . This version peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on March 6 , 1993 , replacing Whitney Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' , which had spent a then record 14 weeks at the top of the chart . It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically . The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992 . The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the Billboard Hot 100 . The single version was later included on Belle 's studio album Passion ( 1993 ) and on Bryson 's studio album Through the Fire ( 1994 ) . The Latin American rendition of the song , `` Un Mundo Ideal '' , by Ricardo Montaner and Michelle received airplay throughout Latin America . This rendition was later included on Montaner 's greatest hits album Éxitos y ... Algo Más ( 1993 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 Cover versions 3 See also 4 References Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 70 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks 21 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary Cover versions ( edit ) In 2007 , Pixar employee Nick Pitera uploaded a video to YouTube where he performs both the male and female characters , earning 30 million views by January 2013 . In 2014 , Malaysian singer - songwriter , Yuna performed a cover for a commercial promoting Disney 's Aulani Hawaiian Resort . The cover was later included as a bonus track on the 2015 album , We Love Disney . See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pi_Ocd9IALc Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Alan-Menken-Howard-Ashman-Tim-Rice-Aladdin-Special-Edition-Soundtrack/release/986681 ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 137 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Peabo-Bryson-Regina-Belle-A-Whole-New-World-Aladdins-Theme/release/1423111 Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 06 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Belle , Regina & Peabo Bryson -- A Whole New World '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passion - Regina Belle '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Through the Fire - Peabo Bryson '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discos más populares de Latinoamerica '' . El Siglo de Torreón ( in Spanish ) . 20 August 1993 . p. 44 . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Éxitos Y ... Algo Mas - Peabo Bryson '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle -- A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle -- A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada Top Singles peak Jump up ^ Canada Top Singles peak Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Irish Singles Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved December 15 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle -- A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' . Top 40 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Top 100 - 1993 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Vaziri , Aidin ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Pixar 's Nick Pitera becomes YouTube singing star '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ( 1990s ) `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1990s ) Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar - `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' 1991 Julie Gold - `` From a Distance '' 1992 Irving Gordon - `` Unforgettable '' Eric Clapton & Will Jennings - `` Tears in Heaven '' Alan Menken & Tim Rice - `` A Whole New World '' 1995 Bruce Springsteen - `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Seal - `` Kiss from a Rose '' Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims - `` Change the World '' 1998 Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal - `` Sunny Came Home '' 1999 James Horner & Will Jennings - `` My Heart Will Go On '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Disney 's Aladdin Films Animation Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) Aladdin and the King of Thieves ( 1996 ) Live - action Aladdin ( 2019 ) Adaptations TV series ( episodes ) `` Hercules and the Arabian Night '' More Than a Peacock Princess Aladdin Jr . Aladdin ( stage musical ) Video games Disney 's Aladdin ( Virgin Games ) Disney 's Aladdin ( Capcom ) Disney 's Aladdin ( SIMS ) Disney 's Aladdin in Nasira 's Revenge Music `` Arabian Nights '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` Proud of Your Boy '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` Prince Ali '' `` To Be Free '' `` A Whole New World '' Attractions The Magic Carpets of Aladdin Arabian Coast Le Passage Enchanté d'Aladdin Adventureland Bazaar Characters Aladdin Genie Jasmine Iago Related The Thief and The Cobbler ( 1964 -- 1995 ) Twisted ( 2013 musical parody ) The Music Behind the Magic Peabo Bryson Studio albums Peabo ( 1976 ) Reaching for the Sky ( 1977 ) Crosswinds ( 1978 ) We 're the Best of Friends ( 1979 ) Paradise ( 1980 ) I Am Love ( 1981 ) Born to Love ( 1983 ) Straight from the Heart ( 1984 ) Live album Live & More ( 1980 ) with Roberta Flack Singles `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Let the Feeling Flow '' ( 1981 ) `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' ( 1983 ) `` If Ever You 're in My Arms Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` Show & Tell '' ( 1989 ) `` Can You Stop the Rain '' ( 1991 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' ( 1992 ) `` By the Time This Night Is Over '' ( 1993 ) Related articles Discography Book : Peabo Bryson Regina Belle Studio albums All by Myself Stay with Me Passion Reachin ' Back Believe in Me This Is Regina ! Lazy Afternoon Love Forever Shines Higher Singles `` Show Me The Way '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Without You '' `` Baby Come to Me '' `` What Goes Around '' `` Make It Like It Was '' `` This Is Love '' `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' `` If I Could '' `` Love T.K.O. '' `` For the Love of You '' Related topics John Battle Book : Regina Belle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Whole_New_World&oldid=801829939 '' Categories : 1992 songs 1992 singles 1990s ballads Peter Andre songs Peabo Bryson songs Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Songs from Aladdin Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Grammy Award for Song of the Year Katie Price songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Ricardo Montaner songs Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Songs with lyrics by Tim Rice Songs with music by Alan Menken Vocal duets Walt Disney Records singles Columbia Records singles Love themes Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 03 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings a whole new world in aladdin | [
"\"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice.[3] The song is a ballad between the primary characters Aladdin and Jasmine about the new world they are going to discover together while riding on Aladdin's magic carpet. The original version was sung by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga during the film. They also performed the song in their characters at the 65th Academy Awards, where it won Academy Award for Best Original Song as well as the first and so far only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards.[3] In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation.",
"\"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice.[3] The song is a ballad between the primary characters Aladdin and Jasmine about the new world they are going to discover together while riding on Aladdin's magic carpet. The original version was sung by Brad Kane and Lea Salonga during the film. They also performed the song in their characters at the 65th Academy Awards, where it won Academy Award for Best Original Song as well as the first and so far only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards.[3] In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation."
] | [
"Brad Kane",
"Lea Salonga"
] |
-9078391106230168010 | Coral bleaching | Coral bleaching - Wikipedia Coral bleaching Jump to : navigation , search This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) Bleached corals Healthy corals Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues . Normally , coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with the algae and that relationship is crucial for the coral and hence for the health of the whole reef . Bleached corals might continue to live for some time . But as the algae provide the coral with up to 90 % of its energy , after expelling the algae the coral begins to starve . After bleaching , some corals may recover , while some die . Above - average sea water temperatures caused by global warming have been identified as a leading cause for coral bleaching worldwide . Between 2014 and 2016 , the longest global bleaching events ever were recorded . According to the United Nations Environment Programme , these bleaching events killed coral on an unprecedented scale . In 2016 , bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef 's coral . In 2017 , the bleaching further expanded to areas of the reef that were previously spared , such as the central one . The average interval between bleaching events has halved between 1980 and 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Triggers 2.1 List of triggers 3 Mass bleaching events 4 Impact 4.1 Pacific Ocean 4.1. 1 Great Barrier Reef 4.1. 2 Hawaii 4.1. 3 Japan 4.2 Indian Ocean 4.2. 1 Maldives 4.2. 2 Thailand 4.2. 3 Indonesia 4.3 Atlantic Ocean 4.3. 1 United States 4.3. 2 Belize 4.3. 3 Caribbean 4.4 Other areas 4.5 Economic and political impact 4.6 Monitoring reef sea surface temperature 4.7 Changes in ocean chemistry 4.8 Infectious disease 5 Coral adaptation 6 Recovery and macroalgal regime shifts 7 Rebuilding coral reefs 8 Economic value of coral reefs 9 Cost benefit analysis of reducing loss of coral reefs 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Causes ( edit ) Coral and microscopic algae have a symbiotic relationship . When water temperatures get too high , the algae leave the coral tissue and the coral begins to starve . The corals that form the great reef ecosystems of tropical seas depend upon a symbiotic relationship with algae - like single - celled flagellate protozoa called zooxanthellae that live within their tissues and give the coral its coloration . The zooxanthellae provide the coral with nutrients through photosynthesis , a crucial factor in the clear and nutrient - poor tropical waters . In exchange , the coral provide the zooxanthellae with the carbon dioxide and ammonium needed for photosynthesis . Negative environmental conditions thwart the coral 's ability to provide for the zooxanthellae 's needs . To ensure short - term survival , the coral - polyp then expels the zooxanthellae . This leads to a lighter or completely white appearance , hence the term `` bleached '' . As the zooxanthellae provide up to 90 % of the coral 's energy needs through products of photosynthesis , after expelling , the coral may begin to starve . Healthy coral at left and bleached , but still living , coral to right Coral can survive short - term disturbances , but if the conditions that lead to the expulsion of the zooxanthellae persist , the coral 's chances of survival diminish . In order to recover from bleaching , the zooxanthellae have to re-enter the tissues of the coral polyps and restart photosynthesis to sustain the coral as a whole and the ecosystem that depends on it . If the coral polyps die of starvation after bleaching , they will decay . The hard coral species will then leave behind their calcium carbonate skeletons , which will be taken over by algae , effectively blocking coral re-growth . Eventually , the coral skeletons will erode , causing the reef structure to collapse . Triggers ( edit ) Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors . While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching , the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by increased sea surface temperatures . Coral reefs located in warm , shallow water with low water flow have been more affected than reefs located in areas with higher water flow . List of triggers ( edit ) Bleached coral - partially overgrown with algae increased water temperature ( most commonly due to global warming ) , or reduced water temperatures oxygen starvation caused by an increase in zooplankton levels as a result of overfishing increased solar irradiance ( photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet light ) increased sedimentation ( due to silt runoff ) bacterial infections changes in salinity herbicides extreme low tide and exposure cyanide fishing elevated sea levels due to global warming ( Watson ) mineral dust from African dust storms caused by drought pollutants such as oxybenzone , butylparaben , octyl methoxycinnamate , or enzacamene : four common sunscreen ingredients that are nonbiodegradable and can wash off of skin ocean acidification due to elevated levels of CO caused by air pollution being exposed to Oil or other chemical spills Mass bleaching events ( edit ) Bleached Acropora coral ( foreground ) and normal colony ( background ) , Keppel Islands , Great Barrier Reef Elevated sea water temperatures are the main cause of mass bleaching events . Sixty major episodes of coral bleaching have occurred between 1979 and 1990 , with the associated coral mortality affecting reefs in every part of the world . In 2016 , the longest coral bleaching event was recorded . The longest and most destructive coral bleaching event was because of the El Niño that occurred from 2014 - 2017 . During this time , over 70 % of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged . Factors that influence the outcome of a bleaching event include stress - resistance which reduces bleaching , tolerance to the absence of zooxanthellae , and how quickly new coral grows to replace the dead . Due to the patchy nature of bleaching , local climatic conditions such as shade or a stream of cooler water can reduce bleaching incidence . Coral and zooxanthellae health and genetics also influence bleaching . Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks , while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change . Corals consistently exposed to low stress levels may be more resistant to bleaching . Scientists believe that the oldest known bleaching was that of the Late Devonian ( Frasnian / Famennian ) , also triggered by the rise of sea surface temperatures . It resulted in the demise of the largest coral reefs in the Earth 's history . Impact ( edit ) Two images of the Great Barrier Reef showing that the warmest water ( top picture ) coincides with the coral reefs ( lower picture ) , setting up conditions that can cause coral bleaching In the 2012 -- 2040 period , coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) sees this as the greatest threat to the world 's reef systems . Coral reefs worldwide were lost by 19 % , and 60 % of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost . There are a few ways to tell the impacts of coral bleaching on reefs . First by the coral cover , the more coral that is covering the ground the less of an impact bleaching had . Second , coral abundance , which is the number of different living species on the coral reef . ( Shidqi et al. 2017 ) Pacific ocean ( edit ) Great Barrier reef ( edit ) The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980 , 1982 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2016 and 2017 . Some locations suffered severe damage , with up to 90 % mortality . The most widespread and intense events occurred in the summers of 1998 and 2002 , with 42 % and 54 % respectively of reefs bleached to some extent , and 18 % strongly bleached . However coral losses on the reef between 1995 and 2009 were largely offset by growth of new corals . An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7 % from 1985 to 2012 , but with only about 10 % of that decline attributable to bleaching , and the remaining 90 % caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown - of - thorns starfishes . A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans . These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef . The most severe bleaching in 2016 occurred near Port Douglas . In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29 % loss of shallow water coral . The highest coral death and reef habitat loss was inshore and mid-self reefs around Cape Grenville and Princess Charlotte Bay . The IPCC 's moderate warming scenarios ( B1 to A1T , 2 ° C by 2100 , IPCC , 2007 , Table SPM. 3 , p. 13 ) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching . Hawaii ( edit ) Major bleaching occurred in Hawaiian coral reefs in 1996 and in 2002 . In 2014 , biologists from the University of Queensland observed the first mass bleaching event , and attributed it to The Blob . In 2014 and 2015 , a survey in Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve on Oahu found 47 % of the corals suffering from coral bleaching and close to 10 % of the corals dying . Japan ( edit ) According to a 2017 Japanese government report , almost 75 % of Japan 's largest coral reef in Okinawa has died from bleaching . Indian ocean ( edit ) Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures , most severely in the Indian Ocean . Up to 90 % of coral cover has been lost in the Maldives , Sri Lanka , Kenya and Tanzania and in the Seychelles during the massive 1997 - 98 bleaching event . Maldives ( edit ) More than 60 % of the coral in the Maldives has suffered from bleaching in 2016 . Thailand ( edit ) Thailand experienced a severe mass bleaching in 2010 which affected 70 % of the coral in the Andaman Sea . Between 30 % and 95 % of the bleached coral died . Indonesia ( edit ) In 2017 there was a study done on two islands in Indonesia to see how their coral cover was . One of the places was Melinjo Islands and the other was Saktu Islands . In Saktu Island the lifeform conditions were categorized as bad , with an average coral cover of 22.3 % . In Melinjo Islands the lifeform conditions were categorized as bad , with an average coral cover of 22.2 % . ( Shidqi et al. 2017 ) Atlantic ocean ( edit ) United States ( edit ) In South Florida , a 2016 survey of large corals from Key Biscayne to Fort Lauderdale found that about 66 % of the corals were dead or reduced to less than half of their live tissue . Belize ( edit ) The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998 , where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 ° C ( 88.7 ° F ) from 10 August to 14 October . For a few days , Hurricane Mitch brought in stormy weather on October 27 but only reduced temperatures by 1 degree or less . During this time period , mass bleaching in the fore - reef and lagoon occurred . While some fore reef colonies suffered some damage , coral mortality in the lagoon was catastrophic . The most prevalent coral in the reefs of Belize in 1998 was the lettuce coral , Agaricia tenuifolia . On 22 and 23 October , surveys were conducted at two sites and the findings were devastating . Virtually all the living coral was bleached white and their skeletons indicated that they had died recently . At the lagoon floor , complete bleaching was evident among Agaricia tenuifolia . Furthermore , surveys done in 1999 and 2000 showed a near total mortality of Agaricia tenuifolia at all depths . Similar patterns occurred in other coral species as well . Measurements on water turbidity suggest that these mortalities were attributed to rising water temperatures rather than solar radiation . Caribbean ( edit ) Hard coral cover on reefs in the Caribbean have declined by an estimated 80 % , from an average of 50 % cover in the 1970s to only about 10 % cover in the early 2000s . A 2013 study to follow up on a mass bleaching event in Tobago from 2010 showed that after only 1 year , the majority of the dominant species declined by about 62 % while coral abundance declined by about 50 % . However , between 2011 and 2013 , coral cover increased for 10 of the 26 dominant species but declined for 5 other populations . Other areas ( edit ) Coral in the south Red Sea does not bleach despite summer water temperatures up to 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) . Coral bleaching in the Red Sea is more common in the northern section of the reefs , the southern part of the reef has been plagued by coral eating starfish , dynamite fishing and human impacts on the environment . In 1988 there was a massive bleaching event that affected the reefs in Saudi Arabia and in Sudan , the southern reefs were more resilient and affected them very little . Previously it was thought that the North suffers more from coral bleaching but they show a fast turnover of coral and the southern reef was thought to not suffer from bleaching as harshly , they show more consistency . However , new research shows where the south reef should be bigger and healthier than the north it was not . This is believed to be because of major disturbances in recent history from bleaching events , and coral eating starfish . In 2010 , coral bleaching occurred in Saudi Arabia and Sudan , where the temperature rose 10 to 11 degrees . Certain taxa experienced 80 % to 100 % of their colonies bleaching , while some showed on average 20 % of that taxa bleaching . Economic and political impact ( edit ) According to Brian Skoloff of The Christian Science Monitor , `` If the reefs vanished , experts say , hunger , poverty and political instability could ensue . '' Since countless sea life depend on the reefs for shelter and protection from predators , the extinction of the reefs would ultimately create a domino effect that would trickle down to the many human societies that depend on those fish for food and livelihood . There has been a 44 % decline over the last 20 years in the Florida Keys , and up to 80 % in the Caribbean alone . Coral reefs provide various ecosystem services , one of which is being a natural fishery , as many frequently consumed commercial fish spawn or live out their juvenile lives in coral reefs around the tropics . Thus , reefs are a popular fishing site and are an important source of income for fishers , especially small , local fisheries . As coral reef habitat decreases due to bleaching , reef associated fish populations also decrease , which affects fishing opportunities . A model from one study by Speers et al. calculated direct losses to fisheries from decreased coral cover to be around $49 -- $69 billion , if human societies continue to emit high levels of greenhouse gases . But , these losses could be reduced for a consumer surplus benefit of about $14 -- $20 billion , if societies chose to emit a lower level of greenhouse gases instead . These economic losses also have important political implications , as they fall disproportionately on developing countries where the reefs are located , namely in Southeast Asia and around the Indian Ocean . It would cost more for countries in these areas to respond to coral reef loss as they would need to turn to different sources of income and food , in addition to losing other ecosystem services such as ecotourism . A study completed by Chen et al. suggested that the commercial value of reefs decreases by almost 4 % every time coral cover decreases by 1 % because of losses in ecotourism and other potential outdoor recreational activities . Coral reefs also act as a protective barrier for coastlines by reducing wave impact , which lowers the damage from storms , erosions , and flooding . Countries that lose this natural protection will lose more money because of the increased susceptibility of storms . This indirect cost , combined with the lost revenue in tourism , will result in enormous economic effects . Monitoring reef sea surface temperature ( edit ) The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) monitors for bleaching `` hot spots '' , areas where sea surface temperature rises 1 ° C or more above the long - term monthly average . The `` hot spots '' are the location in which thermal stress is measured and with the development of Degree Heating Week ( DHW ) , the coral reef 's thermal stress is monitored . Global coral bleaching is being detected earlier due to the satellite remote sensing the rise of sea temperatures . It is necessary to monitor the high temperatures because coral bleaching events are affecting coral reef reproduction and normal growth capacity , as well as it weakening corals , eventually leading to their mortality . This system detected the worldwide 1998 bleaching event , that corresponded to the 1997 -- 98 El Niño event . Currently , 190 reef sites around the globe are monitored by the NOAA , and send alerts to research scientists and reef managers via NOAA Coral Reef Watch ( CRW ) website . By monitoring the warming of sea temperatures , the early warnings of coral bleaching , alerts reef managers to prepare and draw awareness to future bleaching events . The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010 , which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions . The 2014 - 2017 El Niño was recorded to be the longest and most damaging to the corals , which harmed over 70 % of our coral reefs . Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead . Changes in ocean chemistry ( edit ) Increasing ocean acidification due to rises in carbon dioxide levels exacerbates the bleaching effects of thermal stress . Acidification affects the corals ' ability to create calcareous skeletons , essential to their survival . This is because ocean acidification decreases the amount of carbonate ion in the water , making it more difficult for corals to absorb the calcium carbonate they need for the skeleton . As a result , the resilience of reefs goes down , while it becomes easier for them to erode and dissolve . In addition , the increase in CO allows herbivore overfishing and nutrification to change coral - dominated ecosystems to algal - dominated ecosystems . A recent study from the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future found that with the combination of acidification and temperature rises , the levels of CO could become too high for coral to survive in as little as 50 years . Infectious disease ( edit ) Infectious bacteria of the species Vibrio shiloi are the bleaching agent of Oculina patagonica in the Mediterranean Sea , causing this effect by attacking the zooxanthellae . V. shiloi is infectious only during warm periods . Elevated temperature increases the virulence of V. shiloi , which then become able to adhere to a beta - galactoside - containing receptor in the surface mucus of the host coral . V. shiloi then penetrates the coral 's epidermis , multiplies , and produces both heat - stable and heat - sensitive toxins , which affect zooxanthellae by inhibiting photosynthesis and causing lysis . During the summer of 2003 , coral reefs in the Mediterranean Sea appeared to gain resistance to the pathogen , and further infection was not observed . The main hypothesis for the emerged resistance is the presence of symbiotic communities of protective bacteria living in the corals . The bacterial species capable of lysing V. shiloi had not been identified as of 2011 . Coral adaptation ( edit ) In 2010 , researchers at Penn State discovered corals that were thriving while using an unusual species of symbiotic algae in the warm waters of the Andaman Sea in the Indian Ocean . Normal zooxanthellae can not withstand temperatures as high as was there , so this finding was unexpected . This gives researchers hope that with rising temperatures due to global warming , coral reefs will develop tolerance for different species of symbiotic algae that are resistant to high temperature , and can live within the reefs . In 2010 , researchers from Stanford University also found corals around the Samoan Islands that experience a drastic temperature increase for about four hours a day during low tide . The corals do not bleach or die regardless of the high heat increase . Studies showed that the corals off the coast of Ofu Island near America Samoa have become trained to withstand the high temperatures . Researchers are now asking a new question : can we condition corals , that are not from this area , in this manner and slowly introduce them to higher temperatures for short periods of time and make them more resilient against rising ocean temperatures . Recovery and macroalgal regime shifts ( edit ) After corals experience a bleaching event to increased temperature stress some reefs are able to return to their original , pre-bleaching state . Reefs either recover from bleaching , where they are recolonized by zooxanthellae , or they experience a regime shift , where previously flourishing coral reefs are taken over by thick layers of macroalgae . This inhibits further coral growth because the algae produces antifouling compounds to deter settlement and competes with corals for space and light . As a result , macroalgae forms stable communities that make it difficult for corals to grow again . Reefs will then be more susceptible to other issues , such as declining water quality and removal of herbivore fish , because coral growth is weaker . Discovering what causes reefs to be resilient or recover from bleaching events is of primary importance because it helps inform conservation efforts and protect coral more effectively . Corals have shown to be resilient to short - term disturbances . Recovery has been shown in after storm disturbance and crown of thorns starfish invasions . Fish species tend to fare better following reef disturbance than coral species as corals show limited recovery and reef fish assemblages have shown little change as a result of short - term disturbances . In contrast , fish assemblages in reefs that experience bleaching exhibit potentially damaging changes . One study by Bellwood et al. notes that while species richness , diversity , and abundance did not change , fish assemblages contained more generalist species and less coral dependent species . Responses to coral bleaching are diverse between reef fish species , based on what resources are affected . Rising sea temperature and coral bleaching do not directly impact adult fish mortality , but there are many indirect consequences of both . Coral - associated fish populations tend to be in decline due to habitat loss ; however , some herbivorous fish populations have seen a drastic increase due to the increase of algae colonization on dead coral . Studies note that better methods are needed to measure the effects of disturbance on the resilience of corals . The lemon damselfish ( Pomacentrus moluccensis ) is a coral associated species that has been shown to decline dramatically following coral bleaching . Until recently , the factors mediating the recovery of coral reefs from bleaching were not well studied . Research by Graham et al. ( 2005 ) studied 21 reefs around Seychelles in the Indo - Pacific in order to document the long - term effects of coral bleaching . After the loss of more than 90 % of corals due to bleaching in 1998 around 50 % of the reefs recovered and roughly 40 % of the reefs experienced regime shifts to macroalgae dominated compositions . After an assessment of factors influencing the probability of recovery , the study identified five major factors : density of juvenile corals , initial structural complexity , water depth , biomass of herbivorous fishes , and nutrient conditions on the reef . Overall , resilience was seen most in coral reef systems that were structurally complex and in deeper water . The ecological roles and functional groups of species also play a role in the recovery of regime shifting potential in reef systems . Coral reefs are affected by bioeroding , scraping , and grazing fish species . Bioeroding species remove dead corals , scraping species remove algae and sediment to further future growth , grazing species remove algae . The presence of each type of species can influence the ability for normal levels of coral recruitment which is an important part of coral recovery . Lowered numbers of grazing species after coral bleaching in the Caribbean has been likened to sea - urchin - dominated systems which do not undergo regime shifts to fleshy macroalgae dominated conditions . There is always the possibility of unobservable changes , or cryptic losses or resilience , in a coral community 's ability to perform ecological processes . These cryptic losses can result in unforeseen regime changes or ecological flips . More detailed methods for determining the health of coral reefs that take into account long - term changes to the coral ecosystems and better - informed conservation policies are necessary to protect coral reefs in the years to come . Rebuilding coral reefs ( edit ) Research is being done to help slow down the mortality rate of corals . Worldwide Projects are being completed to help replenish and restore our coral reefs . The population of corals is rapidly declining , so scientists are doing experiments in coral growth and research tanks to help replenish the population of corals . These research tanks mimic the coral reefs natural environment in the ocean. They are growing corals in these tanks to use for their experiments , so no more corals are being harmed or taken from the ocean . They are also transplanting the successfully grown corals from the research tanks and putting them into the areas of the ocean where the reefs are dying out . An experiment is being done in some coral growth and research tanks by Ruth Gates and Madelaine Van Oppen. They are trying to make `` super corals '' that can withstand some of the environmental factors that the corals are currently dying from . Van Oppen is also working on developing a type of algae that will have a symbiotic relationship with corals and can withstand water temperature fluctuations for long periods of time . This project may be helping to replenish our reefs , but the growing process of corals in research tanks is very time consuming . It can take at least 10 years for the corals to fully grow and mature enough to where they will be able to breed . Economic value of coral reefs ( edit ) Coral reefs provide goods and services to an estimated quarter of all ocean species . Experts estimate that coral reef services are worth up to $1.2 million per hectare which translates to an average of $172 billion per year . The benefits of coral reefs include providing physical structures such as coastal shoreline protection , biotic services within and between ecosystems , biogeochemical services such as maintaining nitrogen levels in the ocean , climate records , and recreational and commercial ( tourism ) services . Coral reefs are one of the best marine ecosystems to use to as a food source . The coral reefs are also the perfect habitat for rare and economically important species of tropical fish , as they provide the perfect area for fish to breed and create nurseries in . If the populations of the fish and corals in the reef are high , then we can use the area as a place to gather food and things with medicinal properties , which also helps create jobs for people who can collect these specimens . The reefs also have some cultural importance in specific regions around the world . Cost benefit analysis of reducing loss of coral reefs ( edit ) In 2010 , the Convention on Biological Diversity 's ( CBD ) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 - 2020 created twenty distinct targets for sustainable development for post-2015 . Target 10 indicates the goal of minimizing `` anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs '' . Two programs were looked at , one that reduces coral reef loss by 50 % that has a capital cost of $684 million and a recurrent cost of $81 million . The other program reduces coral reef loss by 80 % and has a capital cost of $1,036 million with recurring costs of $130 million . CBD acknowledges that they may be underestimating the costs and resources needed to achieve this target due to lack of relevant data but nonetheless , the cost - benefit analysis shows that the benefits outweigh the costs by a great enough amount for both programs ( Benefit Cost Ratio of 95.3 and 98.5 ) that `` there is ample scope to increase outlays on coral protection and still achieve a benefit to cost ratio that is well over one '' . See also ( edit ) Climate change Coral reef Ove Hoegh - Guldberg ( biologist ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dove SG , Hoegh - Guldberg O ( 2006 ) . `` Coral bleaching can be caused by stress . The cell physiology of coral bleaching '' . In Ove Hoegh - Guldberg , Jonathan T. 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Bibcode : 1996Natur. 380 ... 396K . doi : 10.1038 / 380396a0 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg E , Ben - Haim Y ( June 2002 ) . `` Microbial diseases of corals and global warming '' . Environmental Microbiology. 4 ( 6 ) : 318 -- 26 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1462 - 2920.2002. 00302. x . PMID 12071977 . Jump up ^ Sheridan C , Kramarsky - Winter E , Sweet M , Kushmaro A , Leal MC ( 2013 ) . `` Diseases in coral aquaculture : causes , implications and preventions '' . Aquaculture. 396 : 124 -- 135 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aquaculture. 2013.02. 037 . Jump up ^ Sutherland KP , Porter J , Torres C ( 2004 ) . `` Disease and Immunity in Caribbean and Indo - pacific Zooxanthellate Corals '' . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 266 : 273 -- 302 . doi : 10.3354 / meps266273 . Jump up ^ Reshef L , Koren O , Loya Y , Zilber - Rosenberg I , Rosenberg E ( December 2006 ) . `` The coral probiotic hypothesis '' . Environmental Microbiology. 8 ( 12 ) : 2068 -- 73 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1462 - 2920.2006. 01148. x . PMID 17107548 . Jump up ^ LaJeunesse , Todd . `` Diversity of Corals , Algae in Warm Indian Ocean Suggests Resilience to Future Global Warming '' . Penn State Science . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ LaJeunesse TC , Smith R , Walther M , Pinzón J , Pettay DT , McGinley M , Aschaffenburg M , Medina - Rosas P , Cupul - Magaña AL , Pérez AL , Reyes - Bonilla H , Warner ME ( October 2010 ) . `` Host - symbiont recombination versus natural selection in the response of coral - dinoflagellate symbioses to environmental disturbance '' . Proceedings . Biological Sciences . 277 ( 1696 ) : 2925 -- 34 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2010.0385 . PMC 2982020 . PMID 20444713 . Jump up ^ Climatewire , Lauren Morello , . `` Can Corals Adapt to Climate Change and Ocean Acidification ? '' . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Ateweberhan M , Feary DA , Keshavmurthy S , Chen A , Schleyer MH , Sheppard CR ( September 2013 ) . `` Climate change impacts on coral reefs : synergies with local effects , possibilities for acclimation , and management implications '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 74 ( 2 ) : 526 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2013.06. 011 . PMID 23816307 . ^ Jump up to : Graham NA , Jennings S , MacNeil MA , Mouillot D , Wilson SK ( February 2015 ) . `` Predicting climate - driven regime shifts versus rebound potential in coral reefs '' . Nature . 518 ( 7537 ) : 94 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 518 ... 94G . doi : 10.1038 / nature14140 . PMID 25607371 . ^ Jump up to : Folke C , Carpenter S , Walker B , Scheffer M , Elmqvist T , Gunderson L , Holling C ( 2004 ) . `` Regime Shifts , Resilience , and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management '' . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 35 ( 1 ) : 557 -- 81 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 35.021103. 105711 . JSTOR 30034127 . ^ Jump up to : Baker AC , Glynn PW , Riegl B ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Climate change and coral reef bleaching : An ecological assessment of long - term impacts , recovery trends and future outlook '' . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 80 ( 4 ) : 435 -- 471 . Bibcode : 2008ECSS ... 80 ... 435B . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2008.09. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes TP , Graham NA , Jackson JB , Mumby PJ , Steneck RS ( November 2010 ) . `` Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 25 ( 11 ) : 633 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2010.07. 011 . PMID 20800316 . Jump up ^ Bellwood DR , Hoey AS , Ackerman JL , Depczynski M ( 2006 ) . `` Coral bleaching , reef fish community phase shifts and the resilience of coral reefs '' . Global Change Biology . 12 ( 9 ) : 1587 -- 94 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2006. 01204. x . ^ Jump up to : Bellwood DR , Hughes TP , Folke C , Nyström M ( June 2004 ) . `` Confronting the coral reef crisis '' . Nature . 429 ( 6994 ) : 827 -- 33 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 429 ... 827B . doi : 10.1038 / nature02691 . PMID 15215854 . Jump up ^ `` New DNA study suggests coral reef biodiversity is seriously underestimated '' . Smithsonian Insider. 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What are coral reef services worth ? $130,000 to $1.2 million per hectare , per year : experts '' . EurekAlert ! . American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) . 16 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Economic valuation and policy priorities for sustainable management of coral reefs '' . Sweden : World Fish Center . ^ Jump up to : Markandya A ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Benefits and Costs of the Biodiversity Targets for the Post-2015 Development Agenda '' ( PDF ) . Copenhagen Consensus Center . References ( edit ) Watson ME ( 2011 ) . `` Coral Reefs '' . In Allin CW . Encyclopedia of environmental issues . 1 . Pasadena , Calif. : Salem Press . pp. 317 -- 318 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 735 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coral bleaching . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority information on bleaching . ReefBase : a global information system on coral reefs . More details on coral bleaching , causes and effects . Travellers Impressions The Link between Overfishing and Mass Coral Bleaching Discussion on Overfishing and Coral Bleaching Social & Economic Costs of Coral Bleaching from `` NOAA Socioeconomics '' website initiative Microdocs : Coral bleaching Coral Bleaching at Maro Reef , September 2004 ( hide ) Corals and coral reefs Stony corals Blue Brain Elegance Elkhorn Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Staghorn Table Soft corals Bamboo Black Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens Coral reefs Atoll Cay Coral Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation Coral regions List of reefs Deep - water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros , Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs Coral diseases Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease Protection Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline algae Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa ( extinct ) Symbiodinium Tabulata LCCN : sh2007002332 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching&oldid=842736602 '' Categories : Coral reefs Effects of global warming Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2016 Articles with obsolete information from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 10 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is coral bleaching most likely to occur | [
"Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors. While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by increased sea surface temperatures.[11] Coral reefs located in warm, shallow water with low water flow have been more affected than reefs located in areas with higher water flow.[12]"
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"in warm, shallow water with low water flow"
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6092414915559820550 | Dan Scott | Dan Scott - Wikipedia Dan Scott Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Dan Scott '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dan Scott Portrayed by Paul Johansson First appearance Pilot ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Danny Boy ( episode 9.11 ) Created by Mark Schwahn Profile Occupation Former Motivational Speaker Prison Inmate Mayor Car Salesman Auto shop owner Diner owner / cook ( show ) Family Family Royal Scott ( father ) May Scott ( mother ) Keith Scott ( brother , deceased ) Lily Roe Scott ( niece ) Haley James Scott ( daughter - in - law ) Peyton Sawyer Scott ( daughter - in - law ) Spouse Deborah `` Deb '' Lee ( ex-wife ) Rachel Gatina ( ex-wife ) Children Lucas Scott ( son , with Karen ; estranged ) Nathan Scott ( son , with Deb ) Grandchildren James `` Jamie '' Lucas Scott ( grandson , via Nathan ) Sawyer Brooke Scott ( granddaughter , via Lucas ) Lydia Bob Scott ( granddaughter , via Nathan ) Daniel Robert `` Dan '' Scott is a fictional character on the WB / CW television drama series One Tree Hill who is the primary antagonist for the first four seasons before becoming a tragic fallen antihero and is played by Paul Johansson . He is the father of Lucas Scott ( by Karen Roe ) and Nathan Scott ( by Deborah Lee ) , the grandfather of James Lucas Scott and Lydia Bob Scott ( via Nathan ) and Sawyer Brooke Scott ( via Lucas ) and the uncle of Lily Roe Scott . Every good story needs a villain Lucas . I 'm sorry but I 'm yours . -- Dan Scott Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 1.7 Season 7 1.8 Season 8 1.9 Season 9 2 See also 3 References Fictional character biography ( edit ) Dan grew up in Tree Hill , NC and attended Tree Hill High , where he was the star of the Ravens basketball team . Towards the end of senior year , Dan got his girlfriend Karen Roe pregnant , but abandoned her to take a basketball scholarship to North Carolina . At college he met Deb Lee , who also became pregnant by him . Dan returned to Tree Hill on the night his and Karen 's son Lucas was born but , on seeing Keith with Karen at the hospital , Dan left without Karen seeing him . Dan and Deb married and moved back to Tree Hill with their son Nathan . Dan tried to get joint custody of Lucas , but Karen refused and Dan gave up on trying to be part of Lucas 's life . He later became a successful car salesman having set up his own business with Deb 's money . Dan is a man with big dreams and expectations , especially regarding his son Nathan , but he does n't handle it very well when they 're not fulfilled . Season 1 ( edit ) Dan is a controlling father to Nathan , who is now the Ravens ' star player , but has nothing to do with Lucas . When Lucas joins the Ravens , Dan encourages Nathan to give his half - brother a hard time . Dan puts so much pressure on Nathan that Nathan takes drugs to enhance his basketball performance , leading to him collapsing on the court . When Deb finds out , she asks Dan for a divorce . When Dan 's parents come to town for Dan 's birthday , it is revealed that Dan 's father Royal put similar pressure on Dan and that Dan faked the extent of an injury he suffered in college in order to give up basketball . Dan also has an uneasy relationship with Keith , due to Keith 's continuing friendship with Karen . When Keith crashes the car he is driving with Lucas inside , Dan pulls Lucas from the car and saves his life , leading to a temporary truce with Karen . Keith is left in financial difficulty due to Lucas 's medical bills and Dan offers to buy Keith 's garage from him while Keith continues to run it . However , it soon becomes clear that Dan will be running the garage in his own way and Keith quits . After being rejected by Karen , Keith turns to Deb for comfort and they have a one - night stand . On walking in on them in bed together , Dan tells Keith that he is no longer his brother . Dan is about to sign his divorce papers to Deb when he suffers a heart attack . When Deb finds Dan on the floor , Dan tells her `` you 'd better hope I die . '' Season 2 ( edit ) After his heart attack , Dan claims to be a changed person and tries to get closer to Lucas . Dan and Deb are united in their disapproval of Nathan 's marriage to Haley . Dan claims to have forgiven Deb and Keith for their fling and a guilty Deb allows Dan to live with her while he recovers . It becomes clear that the new Dan is an act when he lies to Deb after being given a clean bill of health and it is revealed that Keith 's new girlfriend Jules was actually hired by Dan to seduce his brother . On discovering that he has the same heart condition as Dan , Lucas agrees to move in with Dan on the conditions that Dan pays for Lucas 's medication and keeps this from Karen , and also that Dan leaves Keith and `` Jules '' alone . Dan keeps his promises but Karen discovers the truth about Jules and threatens to tell Keith , leading to Jules leaving Keith at the altar . Dan is delighted at this result and , after knocking down the groom on the wedding cake , looks at Deb saying `` one down , one to go '' . On discovering what Dan did , Keith confronts Dan at the dealership and attacks him . Before leaving town , Keith tells Dan that he has nothing left to lose , but Dan does . When Nathan and Haley 's marriage is in trouble , Dan is quick to pounce , and gets Nathan to sign annulment papers and move back in with him and Deb . However , Deb wants Dan out of their lives for good , especially after learning that Dan told Nathan that it is his fault that Deb is now addicted to pills . Lucas continues to live with Dan in order to bring down his father once and for all . He finds cash and an incriminating ledger in the attic of the dealership and discovers that Dan has been making money illegally by changing the amounts on bills and pocketing the extra cash . However , Dan has made Deb the co-owner of the dealership , meaning that she would be incriminated too . Dan then reveals he left the cash and ledger for Lucas to find as a test of Lucas 's loyalty , which Lucas failed , and so Dan severs all ties to Lucas , even cutting off his son 's heart medication . Dan also sabotages Karen 's relationship with her business lecturer Andy by walking into one of Andy 's classes and telling everyone that Andy is sleeping with Karen , which leads to Andy losing his job . Dan then tries to have Andy deported back to New Zealand . When Karen angrily confronts Dan at the dealership , Dan grabs her and forcefully kisses her , saying `` is n't that was this is really about ? '' At the end of the season Dan falls unconscious after drinking a poisoned bottle of whisky that was left for him with a note saying `` for everything you 've done '' . The dealership is then set on fire with Dan inside . Season 3 ( edit ) Dan survives the fire , but the dealership is destroyed . Dan at first thinks it was Lucas who tried to kill him when he remembers seeing him in the fire , but it is revealed that Lucas saved him . Wanting access to the fire investigation , Dan runs for mayor of Tree Hill . His family - based campaign includes having Deb pretend to love him in exchange for a final divorce . This ploy works and Dan is elected mayor . As mayor , Dan gains access to CCTV showing Keith buying the whisky used to drug Dan , and when Keith returns to town Dan has him arrested on suspicion of his attempted murder . Although the police release Keith due to lack of evidence , Dan still believes that Keith was the perpetrator , and things become worse when Keith announces that he is going to marry Karen and adopt Lucas . One day at Tree Hill High , Jimmy Edwards takes a gun to school and fires it , causing a lock down . Keith persuades Dan as mayor to let him go into the school to talk to Jimmy , but Jimmy commits suicide by shooting himself in front of Keith . Dan then gets into the school , picks up the gun and shoots Keith , killing him . Jimmy gets the blame for Keith 's death as it is assumed that he shot Keith before turning the gun on himself . Dan convinces himself that Keith deserved what he got as he started the war with Dan . Nevertheless , Dan becomes haunted , seeing visions of Keith as a child everywhere , and this has a profound effect on him . Realizing he has to change his ways he tries to get closer to Nathan , telling his son that he is proud of him and that he loves him . Haley then gives Dan a second chance by inviting him to her and Nathan 's second wedding . At the ceremony Deb tells Dan that it was her , not Keith , who tried to kill him in the fire . Dan goes to Keith 's grave and breaks down . Dan then apologizes to Karen for how he treated her and Lucas and she reveals that she is pregnant with Keith 's child . Dan takes her in his arms promising to be there for her this time . He then goes home and discovers that someone has written `` MURDERER '' on his wall . Season 4 ( edit ) Dan tries to make amends for Keith 's death by looking after Karen . However , he still sees messages everywhere calling him a murderer , and wonders if it is all in his head . Meanwhile , Nathan is in deep debt and asks Dan to help him . Dan refuses and Nathan goes to a loan shark , Daunte , instead . Daunte forces Nathan to shave points in a basketball game and then demands that Nathan lose the State Championship . On discovering the trouble that Nathan is in , Dan confronts Daunte and offers to pay him off , but Daunte gets Dan to back down by threatening Nathan , Lucas , the pregnant Haley and Karen . When the Ravens win the State Championship , Daunte runs Haley over and crashes into a construction site . Nathan pulls Daunte out of the car and beats him , before realizing he is dead . Dan takes the fall for Nathan and is arrested . Dan plans to plead guilty to Daunte 's murder in order to be punished for Keith 's death , but the coroner 's report shows that Daunte was already dead when Nathan pulled him out of the car . Dan is released and the experience brings him and Karen closer together , as Karen admires what Dan was willing to do for his son . Dan and Karen begin to come together romantically , attending the school prom together as chaperones , but Dan continues to receive text messages and notes accusing him of killing his brother . Dan discovers that the person sending the messages is Abby Brown , a student who witnessed the shooting . Dan then visits Abby and her mother and tries to explain why he killed Keith , saying `` Karen was mine , she was supposed to be mine '' . Abby leaves Tree Hill for good , but not before telling Lucas what she knows . Lucas walks in on Dan and his mother kissing and attacks Dan , shouting that he killed Keith , but Karen refuses to believe him . Lucas then goes to the police , but Dan has got there first and told them that Lucas is just trying to sabotage Dan 's relationship with Karen . On learning from Haley that Deb has a gun , Lucas steals the gun and confronts Dan in front of Karen , causing her to collapse . Lucas fires a warning shot to make Dan leave , before rushing the unconscious Karen to hospital . After learning from Deb that Dan killed Keith , Nathan confronts Dan and tells him that he will never be a part of his grandson 's life . After Karen 's daughter is born by c - section , Dan visits his new niece in the hospital , before turning himself in to the police . Two weeks later , a recovered Karen visits Dan in his cell and tells him that she has a daughter , Lily , who will never know her father because of Dan , before spitting at him . Dan is so distraught by this encounter that he tries to hang himself in his cell with his bedsheet . The sheet unravels after a few seconds , and Dan falls to the floor , left to agonize over what he has done . Season 5 ( edit ) Four and a half years later , Nathan visits Dan in prison , and tells him that he will never be like him . Nathan then tells Dan that Jamie found a picture of him once and Nathan told him that his grandfather was dead . Later , a prison guard tells Dan that Nathan left behind an envelope , which contains a picture of Jamie . A parole hearing is held for Dan and despite Lucas pleading with the board not to be fooled by Dan , he is released . Soon after , Dan goes to a store to buy a basketball for his grandson and ends up sleeping with the cashier later that night . At Lucas 's wedding , Dan sits outside in his car and is confronted by Haley , who tells him to stay away from the family . When Jamie is abducted during the ceremony by his evil nanny , Carrie , Dan saves him and threatens Carrie , telling her that he killed his brother and would have no problem doing the same to her . Dan then returns Jamie to Nathan and Haley 's house and is attacked by Lucas and Nathan . On Jamie 's 5th birthday Dan goes to drop off a gift and has a confrontation with Deb . After the party Nathan goes and tells Dan to stay away and Dan reveals he only has six months to live due to his HCM . After the man in front of him on the heart transplant list dies he becomes number one. Excited he leaves the hospital and helps an old man retrieve his cane before getting hit by a car . Ironically , seconds later his beeper goes off because a heart has been found for him . Season 6 ( edit ) When he wakes up from the accident , it is revealed that Carrie , Jamie 's former nanny , was the one who ran him over , as revenge for interfering with her taking Jamie as her son . He finds himself in a `` hospital room '' but when he tries to escape ( Carrie is torturing him ) he discovers that he is not in a hospital room , but in her house , in a room which Carrie designed to confuse him by disguising it as a hospital room by putting medical equipment and painting the room , as well as adding hospital - style curtains . Carrie devises a plan to get Jamie by telling Haley that Dan is dying , so that she 'll bring Jamie to see him . Carrie goes after Jamie , then Haley too . Dan shoots Carrie once she attempts to kill Haley and Deb . Carrie wakes up later that night , and reminds Dan that he promised he 'd kill her if she came near his family again , prompting him to keep his word and shoot her again , this time killing her . As a result , Nathan and Haley let Dan see Jamie , but Nathan quickly reminds his father that he still hates him for killing his uncle . Unfortunately , Dan still finds himself without a heart transplant and has to wait longer . In the mean time , he tries to be a father to Nathan by advising him on his basketball and has a talk with Lucas about the day of the school shooting to help with the Ravens movie . His relationship with Jamie also grows and he finally has a blowout with Deb about Keith . When his heart transplant does come , the man who delivers it trips over a dog 's leash and the dog eats it . Dan ultimately loses all hope and attempts to drown himself at a beach . He then goes to tells Jamie goodbye . Jamie becomes upset and asks him who killed Keith ; and Dan admits that he did it . Dan leaves Tree Hill , but not before saying some last words to Lucas and Nathan . At the end of the season we see Dan as a broken man . He hates his life and wants to die . To make amends he goes to visit Coach Durham to whom he confesses that when he looks back on his life it all went wrong when he refused to play at the state championship . He tells Coach Durham that he should be dead but he is n't and that he realizes `` this is my hell '' . He has to see his family experience the happiest moments of their lives but he ca n't feel them . To this Coach Durham replies `` you created that , Danny '' . Dan then turns a gun on himself but ca n't bring himself to pull the trigger . He then forces the gun into Coach Durhams hand and begs him to shoot him later , after Dan cries in his arms , adds `` there is still time for redemption , son '' . Nathan shows up and tells Dan that he has made it to the NBA . Later Peyton lets Dan hold his other grandchild Sawyer Scott . At the end of the episode he tells the audience that when he looks in the mirror he sees that he was supposed to be someone else , but fell short of that person . Season 7 ( edit ) Fourteen months have past since the season six finale , and Dan is now a motivational speaker . He has his own TV show called Scott Free Redemption . He has also written a book with the same title . It is then revealed that he is married to Rachel Gatina . Dan reached out to his son Nathan when he read about him and Renee Richardson who he meets and ask her to speak about it on his show . Dan reveals that Renee Richardson was lying about Nathan Scott alleged affair and exposes her truth on his show . It is also revealed that Dan did in fact have a heart transplant as he quotes Renee Richardson con as `` Takes a Con to Know a Con . '' About a year earlier Dan traveled to Mexico to have a heart transplant . His new wife Rachel Gatina , paid with his money for a family to pull the life support plug on their young son . The heart was then given to Dan . Dan returns to Tree Hill and tries to ask forgiveness from Nathan . Nathan will not forgive Dan , but only `` tolerate '' him for Jamie 's sake . Dan then meets Clay who he shakes up ( throws him in the ocean ) and basically tells him not to give up on being an agent . On the eve of Nathan and Haley 's departure , Rachel gets Dan to do a live broadcast from the school hallway where he killed Keith . Dan then runs into Jimmy 's mom who tells him she will never be able to forgive him . So instead of reading his script , Dan talks about his life and tells his audience that there is no forgiveness for him , only what comes next . He gives everything that he has to charity as well as divorce papers to Rachel . As he is preparing to leave Tree Hill , Nathan meets up with him to tell him that he 's back with the Bobcats , and says thank you . He then says goodbye to Jamie . Season 8 ( edit ) Dan has moved to a diner , and reappears again when Quinn visits him to help her to kill Katie Ryan , and he convinces her not to do it . In the finale , Nathan visits him and gives him a photo of Lydia and a baseball from Jamie 's first game and Dan thinks that there is a chance for forgiveness . Season 9 ( edit ) Dan burns down his diner and returns to Tree Hill and asks Haley for a place to stay , initially resistant , she offers him money , but he says that he does n't want money . He moves into Nathan and Haley 's house to the delight of Jamie who is excited to spend time with him . Nathan tells him that he is going to Europe and that when he comes back he wants him to be gone . When Nathan does not return from Europe , Haley and Jamie blame Dan . He rents out the sound stage from Julian and uses it to find Nathan . Dan , Julian and Chris Keller save Nathan . However , Dan is shot while rescuing Nathan and dies in the hospital surrounded by Nathan , Haley , Deb , Jamie and Lydia . When he dies , he sees a vision of his brother Keith , who brings him to the hallway where Dan shot Keith and he tells him that he forgives him . When Keith goes into the light , Dan asks him `` I know where you 're going , but what about me ? '' and Keith says `` Do n't worry little brother , You 're my plus one . '' See also ( edit ) Quotes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.10 : Running to Stand Still Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.11 You 're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.17 What Comes after the Blue One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Brooke Davis Mouth McFadden Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Scott&oldid=830268006 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) characters Fictional murderers Fictional basketball players Fictional mayors Fictional fratricides Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2016 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 19 : 57 . About Wikipedia | one tree hill who tried to kill dan in the fire | [
"Dan survives the fire, but the dealership is destroyed. Dan at first thinks it was Lucas who tried to kill him when he remembers seeing him in the fire, but it is revealed that Lucas saved him. Wanting access to the fire investigation, Dan runs for mayor of Tree Hill. His family-based campaign includes having Deb pretend to love him in exchange for a final divorce. This ploy works and Dan is elected mayor. As mayor, Dan gains access to CCTV showing Keith buying the whisky used to drug Dan, and when Keith returns to town Dan has him arrested on suspicion of his attempted murder. Although the police release Keith due to lack of evidence, Dan still believes that Keith was the perpetrator, and things become worse when Keith announces that he is going to marry Karen and adopt Lucas. One day at Tree Hill High, Jimmy Edwards takes a gun to school and fires it, causing a lock down. Keith persuades Dan as mayor to let him go into the school to talk to Jimmy, but Jimmy commits suicide by shooting himself in front of Keith. Dan then gets into the school, picks up the gun and shoots Keith, killing him. Jimmy gets the blame for Keith's death as it is assumed that he shot Keith before turning the gun on himself. Dan convinces himself that Keith deserved what he got as he started the war with Dan. Nevertheless, Dan becomes haunted, seeing visions of Keith as a child everywhere, and this has a profound effect on him. Realizing he has to change his ways he tries to get closer to Nathan, telling his son that he is proud of him and that he loves him. Haley then gives Dan a second chance by inviting him to her and Nathan's second wedding. At the ceremony Deb tells Dan that it was her, not Keith, who tried to kill him in the fire. Dan goes to Keith's grave and breaks down. Dan then apologizes to Karen for how he treated her and Lucas and she reveals that she is pregnant with Keith's child. Dan takes her in his arms promising to be there for her this time. He then goes home and discovers that someone has written \"MURDERER\" on his wall."
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"Deb"
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162348554903409809 | Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics | Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics - wikipedia Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics Studio album by Aretha Franklin Released October 17 , 2014 Recorded 2013 -- 14 Genre Soul R&B disco Label RCA Records Producer André `` 3000 '' Benjamin Clive Davis ( exec . ) Antonio Dixon Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds Aretha Franklin ( exec . ) Terry Hunter Eric Kupper Harvey Mason , Jr . Dapo Torimiro Wayne Williams Aretha Franklin chronology Aretha : A Woman Falling Out of Love ( 2011 ) Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics ( 2014 ) A Brand New Me ( 2017 ) Singles from Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' Released : September 29 , 2014 Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 66 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Billboard Cuepoint A -- Financial Times Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics is the thirty - eighth and final studio album by American recording artist Aretha Franklin and was released on October 17 , 2014 . It features ten covers of songs made famous by female recording artists . This was Aretha 's first recording for RCA Records , her first studio album to be released under a major label in 11 years ( since the release of her 2003 studio album , So Damn Happy ) , and her first album since 1998 to be executive produced by Clive Davis , her boss at Arista Records , which has since folded into RCA . It is also her last studio album of entirely original recordings created prior to her death , as the subsequent 2017 album A Brand New Me features vintage vocal performances from the 1960s and 1970s paired with newer orchestral arrangements . Clive Davis called the album `` purely and simply sensational '' and said of Aretha Franklin , `` She 's on fire and vocally in absolutely peak form . What a thrill to see this peerless artist still showing the way , still sending shivers up your spine , still demonstrating that all contemporary music needs right now is the voice . What a voice . '' Production on the album includes R&B producers Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds and Harvey Mason , Jr. , hip - hop musician André 3000 , and house producers Terry Hunter and Eric Kupper among others . The first single released from the album is a cover of singer Adele 's `` Rolling in the Deep '' , subtitled as `` The Aretha Version '' , which also includes an interpolation of the Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell hit , `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' . The single debuted at number 47 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . Aretha Franklin thus becomes the first female , and fourth artist overall ( following Lil Wayne , Jay Z and James Brown ) , to place 100 songs on the chart ( with her first entry on the chart being `` Today I Sing the Blues '' in 1960 ) . Contents 1 Commercial performance 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 Notes Commercial performance ( edit ) Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics debuted at number 13 on the Billboard 200 in the United States , selling 23,000 copies in its first week . The album is her 38th top 20 album . The album also debuted at number 3 on Billboard 's Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart . and one on Billboard 's R&B albums charts . According to Nielsen SoundScan , this latest Aretha release has sold a total of 94,893 copies as of December , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` At Last '' ( originally performed by Glenn Miller ; popularized by Etta James ) Mack Gordon Harry Warren Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds Antonio Dixon Clive Davis 3 : 53 2 . `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( originally performed by Adele ) Adele Adkins Paul Epworth Nickolas Ashford Valerie Simpson Edmonds Dixon Davis Aretha Franklin 4 : 00 3 . `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' ( originally performed by Cissy Houston ; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips ) Jim Weatherly Edmonds Dixon Davis Franklin 4 : 21 4 . `` I Will Survive ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( originally performed by Gloria Gaynor ) Freddie Perren Dino Fekaris Beyoncé Knowles Anthony Dent Mathew Knowles Terry Hunter DJ Wayne Williams Franklin Harvey Mason , Jr . 4 : 31 5 . `` People '' ( originally performed by Barbra Streisand ) Jule Styne Bob Merrill Edmonds Davis 4 : 04 6 . `` No One '' ( originally performed by Alicia Keys ) Alicia Keys Kerry Brothers , Jr . George M. Harry The Underdogs 4 : 01 7 . `` I 'm Every Woman '' / `` Respect '' ( `` I 'm Every Woman '' originally performed by Chaka Khan ) Ashford Simpson Otis Redding Eric Kupper 4 : 56 8 . `` Teach Me Tonight '' ( originally performed by Dinah Washington ) Gene De Paul Sammy Cahn Edmonds Dapo Torimiro Davis 2 : 41 9 . `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' ( originally performed by The Supremes ) Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Hunter Williams Mason , Jr . 4 : 41 10 . `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' ( originally performed by The Family ; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor ) Prince André `` 3000 '' Benjamin 4 : 17 show Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics : Dance Remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( Papercha $ er remix ) 5 : 16 2 . `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( Marc Stout & Tony Svejda remix ) 6 : 10 3 . `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( Rosario & Cappo house mix ) 7 : 13 4 . `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( Ralphi 's Rolling in the Dub ) 8 : 20 5 . `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( Wideboys club mix ) 6 : 03 6 . `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( Mario Winans remix ) 3 : 40 7 . `` I Will Survive ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( Terry Hunter extended remix ) 6 : 44 8 . `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' ( Terry Hunter extended remix ) 6 : 56 9 . `` I 'm Every Woman '' / `` Respect '' ( Eric Kupper club mix ) 8 : 24 Notes signifies a vocal producer `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' contains an interpolation of `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell . `` I Will Survive ( The Aretha Version ) '' contains an interpolation of `` Survivor '' by Destiny 's Child . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 30 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 81 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 46 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 49 French Albums ( SNEP ) 44 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 16 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 26 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 30 UK Albums ( OCC ) 32 US Billboard 200 13 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Sings the Great Diva Classics by Aretha Franklin - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Kellman , Andy . `` Aretha Franklin -- Sings the Great Diva Classics '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin Album Review : ' Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics ' : - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Robert Christgau : Expert Witness '' . Cuepoint . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin : Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics -- review '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics by Aretha Franklin '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin says new cover album feels fresh '' . naplesnews.com . Naples Daily News . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin To Release New Studio Album ' Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics ' Out 10 / 21 '' . The Official RCA Records Site . Jump up ^ `` Rolling In The Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' . Qobuz . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Aretha Franklin '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics : Dance Remixes '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aretha Franklin -- Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aretha Franklin -- Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aretha Franklin -- Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aretha Franklin -- Aretha Franklin Sings The Great Diva Classics '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Aretha Franklin Studio albums Columbia Aretha ( 1961 ) The Electrifying Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) The Tender , the Moving , the Swinging Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) Laughing on the Outside ( 1963 ) Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington ( 1964 ) Runnin ' Out of Fools ( 1964 ) Yeah ! ! ! ( 1965 ) Soul Sister ( 1966 ) Take It Like You Give It ( 1967 ) Take a Look ( 1967 ) Soft and Beautiful ( 1969 ) Atlantic I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You ( 1967 ) Aretha Arrives ( 1967 ) Lady Soul ( 1968 ) Aretha Now ( 1968 ) Soul ' 69 ( 1969 ) This Girl 's in Love with You ( 1970 ) Spirit in the Dark ( 1970 ) Young , Gifted and Black ( 1972 ) Hey Now Hey ( The Other Side of the Sky ) ( 1973 ) Let Me in Your Life ( 1974 ) With Everything I Feel in Me ( 1974 ) You ( 1975 ) Sparkle ( 1976 ) Sweet Passion ( 1977 ) Almighty Fire ( 1978 ) La Diva ( 1979 ) A Brand New Me ( 2017 ) Arista Aretha ( 1980 ) Love All the Hurt Away ( 1981 ) Jump to It ( 1982 ) Get It Right ( 1983 ) Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? ( 1985 ) Aretha ( 1986 ) Through the Storm ( 1989 ) What You See Is What You Sweat ( 1991 ) A Rose Is Still a Rose ( 1998 ) So Damn Happy ( 2003 ) Other Songs of Faith ( 1965 ) This Christmas , Aretha ( 2008 ) A Woman Falling Out of Love ( 2011 ) Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics ( 2014 ) Live albums Aretha in Paris ( 1968 ) Aretha Live at Fillmore West ( 1971 ) Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) One Lord , One Faith , One Baptism ( 1987 ) Oh Me Oh My : Aretha Live in Philly , 1972 ( 2007 ) Compilation albums Aretha 's Gold ( 1969 ) Aretha 's Greatest Hits ( 1971 ) The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1973 ) Aretha Sings the Blues ( 1980 ) 30 Greatest Hits ( 1985 ) Greatest Hits : 1980 -- 1994 ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Aretha Franklin , Vol. 1 ( 1994 ) The Early Years ( 1997 ) Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Aretha 's Best ( 2001 ) Respect : The Very Best of Aretha Franklin ( 2002 ) Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul ( 2007 ) Jewels in the Crown : All - Star Duets with the Queen ( 2007 ) A Deeper Love : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 2009 ) The Great American Songbook ( 2011 ) Knew You Were Waiting : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1980 - 1998 ) ( 2012 ) Box sets Queen of Soul : The Atlantic Recordings ( 1992 / 2014 ) Take A Look : Aretha Franklin Complete on Columbia ( 2011 ) Singles `` Precious Lord ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1959 ) `` Today I Sing the Blues '' ( 1960 ) `` Wo n't Be Long '' ( 1960 ) `` Rock - a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody '' ( 1961 ) `` Operation Heartbreak '' ( 1961 ) `` I Surrender , Dear '' ( 1962 ) `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1962 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1963 ) `` Skylark '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' ( 1964 ) `` One Step Ahead '' ( 1965 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1965 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 1967 ) `` I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' ( 1967 ) `` Respect '' ( 1967 ) `` Baby I Love You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( 1967 ) `` Do Right Woman , Do Right Man '' `` Chain of Fools '' ( 1967 ) `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' ( 1968 ) `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' ( 1968 ) `` Think '' ( 1968 ) `` You Send Me '' ( 1968 ) `` The House That Jack Built '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1968 ) `` See Saw '' ( 1968 ) `` My Song '' ( 1968 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) `` Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't See Myself Leaving You '' ( 1969 ) `` Gentle on My Mind '' ( 1969 ) `` Share Your Love with Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Eleanor Rigby '' ( 1969 ) `` Call Me '' ( 1970 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 1970 ) `` Spirit in the Dark '' ( 1970 ) `` The Thrill Is Gone '' ( 1970 ) `` Do n't Play That Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Border Song ( Holy Moses ) '' ( 1970 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1971 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( 1971 ) `` Spanish Harlem '' ( 1971 ) `` Rock Steady '' ( 1971 ) `` Day Dreaming '' ( 1972 ) `` Wholy Holy '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1973 ) `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do ) '' ( 1973 ) `` I 'm in Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1974 ) `` Something He Can Feel '' ( 1976 ) `` Break It to Me Gently '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's My Turn '' ( 1981 ) `` Jump to It '' ( 1982 ) `` Get It Right '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeway of Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( 1986 ) `` Jimmy Lee '' ( 1986 ) `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Oh Happy Day '' ( 1988 ) `` Gimme Your Love '' ( 1989 ) `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' ( 1989 ) `` Everyday People '' ( 1991 ) `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' ( 1992 ) `` Ever Changing Times '' ( 1992 ) `` A Deeper Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Willing to Forgive '' ( 1994 ) `` A Rose Is Still a Rose '' ( 1998 ) `` Here We Go Again '' ( 1998 ) `` Put You Up on Game '' ( 2007 ) `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' ( 2009 ) `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( 2014 ) Related topics Awards and nominations Discography `` Wood Beez ( Pray Like Aretha Franklin ) '' ( by Scritti Politti ) Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aretha_Franklin_Sings_the_Great_Diva_Classics&oldid=862978025 '' Categories : Aretha Franklin albums 2014 albums RCA Records albums Disco albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 23 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17",
"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"At Last\" (originally performed by Glenn Miller; popularized by Etta James)\nMack Gordon\nHarry Warren\n\nKenny \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio Dixon\nClive Davis\n3:532.\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Adele)\nAdele Adkins\nPaul Epworth\nNickolas Ashford\nValerie Simpson\n\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nAretha Franklin\n4:003.\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" (originally performed by Cissy Houston; popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips)Jim Weatherly\nEdmonds\nDixon\nDavis\nFranklin\n4:214.\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\" (originally performed by Gloria Gaynor)\nFreddie Perren\nDino Fekaris\nBeyoncé Knowles\nAnthony Dent\nMathew Knowles\n\nTerry Hunter\nDJ Wayne Williams\nFranklin\nHarvey Mason, Jr.[a]\n4:315.\"People\" (originally performed by Barbra Streisand)\nJule Styne\nBob Merrill\n\nEdmonds\nDavis\n4:046.\"No One\" (originally performed by Alicia Keys)\nAlicia Keys\nKerry Brothers, Jr.\nGeorge M. Harry\nThe Underdogs4:017.\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\" (\"I'm Every Woman\" originally performed by Chaka Khan)\nAshford\nSimpson\nOtis Redding\nEric Kupper4:568.\"Teach Me Tonight\" (originally performed by Dinah Washington)\nGene De Paul\nSammy Cahn\n\nEdmonds\nDapo Torimiro\nDavis\n2:419.\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (originally performed by The Supremes)Holland–Dozier–Holland\nHunter\nWilliams\nMason, Jr.[a]\n4:4110.\"Nothing Compares 2 U\" (originally performed by The Family; popularized by Sinéad O'Connor)PrinceAndré \"3000\" Benjamin4:17"
] | [
"\"At Last\"",
"\"Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)\"",
"\"Midnight Train to Georgia\"",
"\"I Will Survive (The Aretha Version)\"",
"\"People\"",
"\"No One\"",
"\"I'm Every Woman\" / \"Respect\"",
"\"Teach Me Tonight\"",
"\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\"",
"\"Nothing Compares 2 U\""
] |
-6791360303369154337 | Ossobuco | Ossobuco - wikipedia Ossobuco Jump to : navigation , search Ossobuco Type Casserole Place of origin Italy Main ingredients cross-cut veal shanks braised with vegetables , white wine and broth . Variations ossobuco in bianco Food energy ( per serving ) 100 kcal ( 419 kJ ) Cookbook : Ossobuco Media : Ossobuco Ossobuco ( pronounced ( ˌɔssoˈbuːko ) ; Milanese : òss bus ( ˌɔzˈbyːs ) ) is a Milanese speciality of cross-cut veal shanks braised with vegetables , white wine and broth . It is often garnished with gremolata and traditionally served with either risotto alla milanese or polenta , depending on the regional variation . There are two types of ossobuco : a modern version that has tomatoes and the original version which does not . The older version , ossobuco in bianco , is flavoured with cinnamon , bay leaf and gremolata . The modern and more popular recipe includes tomatoes , carrots , celery and onions ; gremolata is optional . While veal is the traditional meat used for Ossobuco other meats such as pork may be used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Preparation 3 Accompaniments 4 See also 5 References Name ( edit ) Veal shank Ossobuco or osso buco is Italian for `` bone with a hole '' ( osso `` bone '' , buco `` hole '' ) , a reference to the marrow hole at the centre of the cross-cut veal shank . In the local Western Lombard Milanese dialect , this dish 's name is òss bus . Preparation ( edit ) A somewhat modernized version of the traditional Ossobuco This dish 's primary ingredient , veal shank , is common , relatively cheap and flavorful . Although tough , braising makes it tender . The cut traditionally used for this dish comes from the top of the shin which has a higher proportion of bone to meat than other meaty cuts of veal . The shank is then cross-cut into sections about 3 cm thick . Although recipes vary , most start by browning the veal shanks in butter after dredging them in flour , while others recommend vegetable oil or lard . The braising liquid is usually a combination of white wine and meat broth flavored with vegetables . Accompaniments ( edit ) Risotto alla milanese is the traditional accompaniment to ossobuco in bianco , making for a one - dish meal . Ossobuco ( especially the tomato - based version ) is also eaten with polenta or mashed potatoes . Outside Milan , it is sometimes served with pasta . See also ( edit ) List of Italian dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Hix recipe : Pork Osso Bucco Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , draft revision ( December 2007 ) Jump up ^ Francesco Angiolini , Vocabolario milanese - italiano coi segni per la pronuncia , 1897 oss bus Jump up ^ Cuts of veal as displayed on Merriam-Webster.com ^ Jump up to : Touring Club Italiano , Guida all'Italia gastronomica , 1984 , p. 207 ^ Jump up to : Waverley Root , The Food of Italy , 1971 , p. 272 Jump up ^ Giada De Laurentiis ' recipe for ossobuco on the Food Network website Jump up ^ Clifford A. Wright on ossobuco ( hide ) Cuisine of Italy History Ancient Roman cuisine Medieval cuisine Early modern cuisine Contemporary cuisine Regional cuisines Arbëreshë cuisine Lombard cuisine Neapolitan cuisine Roman cuisine Sicilian cuisine Venetian cuisine Pasta and sauces Pasta ( List ) Carbonara Pesto Ragù Neapolitan ragù Arrabbiata sauce Amatriciana sauce Marinara sauce Genovese sauce Bolognese sauce Checca sauce Pasta alla Norma Pasta e fagioli Pasta al pomodoro Pasta primavera Rigatoni con la Pajata Cacio e pepe Spaghetti aglio e olio Spaghetti alla puttanesca Spaghetti alle vongole Soups Soup alla canavese Soup alla modenese Soup all'Imperatrice Acquacotta Bagnun Minestrone Ribollita Other dishes ( List ) Bagna càuda Braciola Bruschetta Cotoletta Crostino Bollito Misto Baccalà alla vicentina Cacciatore Cacciucco Caponata Cappon magro Caprese salad Carciofi alla romana Carpaccio Carne pizzaiola Cassoeula Ciambotta Ciccioli Coda alla vaccinara Fiorentina Fondue Frico Frittata Frìttuli Istrian stew Lampredotto Polenta Porchetta Panzanella Parmigiana Ossobuco Orzotto Risotto Rollatini Saltimbocca Scaloppine Timballo Vitello tonnato Pizza and street food Pizza al taglio Sicilian pizza Focaccia Piscialandrea Calzone Panzerotti Crocchè Arancini Supplì Frittula Panelle Pani ca meusa Panino Piadina Arrosticini Farinata Tramezzino Zippuli Sardenara Cheeses and charcuterie Cheeses PDO Salumi Pastry and desserts ( List ) Bocconotto Bombolone Bruttiboni Buccellato Budino Cannoli Cantuccini Cassata Castagnaccio Cavallucci Colomba di Pasqua Crostata Crocetta of Caltanissetta Gelato Granita Grattachecca Marzipan Mustacciuoli Pandoro Panettone Panforte Panna cotta Panpepato Parrozzo Pastiera Pignolata Pizzelle Ricciarelli Seada Semifreddo Sfogliatelle Sorbetto Sponge cake Spumoni Struffoli Tartufo Tiramisu Torrone Torta caprese Zabaione Zeppole Zuccotto Zuppa Inglese Breads Borlengo Breadstick Ciabatta Coppia Ferrarese Filone Michetta Pane carasau Pane di Altamura Pane sciocco Sgabeo Taralli Vastedda Wines Varieties IGT DOCG DOC Abruzzo Calabrian Friulan Lombardy Piedmont Tuscan Veneto Alcoholic beverages Beer Grappa Sambuca Mirto Vermouth Spritz Limoncello Fernet Campari Aperol Cynar Amaro Amaretto Nocino Centerbe Bargnolino Maraschino Sassolino Strega Rosolio Galliano Frangelico Alchermes Aurum Coffee Caffè Espresso Lungo Ristretto Doppio Espressino Cappuccino Caffelatte Latte macchiato Caffè macchiato Caffè corretto Affogato Mocaccino Marocchino Bicerin Barbajada Bombardino See also Sammarinese cuisine Italian - American cuisine Osteria Trattoria Enoteca Sagra List of Italian chefs List of Italian dishes Meal structure Italy portal Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ossobuco&oldid=825532377 '' Categories : Cuisine of Lombardy Veal dishes Hidden categories : Articles containing Lombard - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 22 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what part of the cow is osso bucco | [
"Ossobuco (pronounced [ˌɔssoˈbuːko]; Milanese: òss bus [ˌɔzˈbyːs]) is a Milanese speciality of cross-cut veal shanks braised with vegetables, white wine and broth. It is often garnished with gremolata and traditionally served with either risotto alla milanese or polenta, depending on the regional variation."
] | [
"cross-cut veal shanks"
] |
6271227512585712607 | Arkangel (Black Mirror) | Arkangel ( Black Mirror ) - wikipedia Arkangel ( Black Mirror ) Jump to : navigation , search `` ArkAngel '' redirects here . For other uses , see Arkangel ( disambiguation ) . `` Arkangel '' Black Mirror episode Promotional poster released as part of the `` 13 Days of Black Mirror '' Episode no . Series 4 Episode 2 Directed by Jodie Foster Written by Charlie Brooker Featured music Original Score by Mark Isham Original air date 29 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) Running time 52 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Rosemarie DeWitt as Marie Sambrell Brenna Harding as Sara Sambrell Nicholas Campbell as Russ Sambrell Owen Teague as Ryan `` Trick '' Angela Vint as Anaesthetist Jason Weinberg as Surgeon Aniya Hodge as Sara age 3 Sabryn Rock as Pippa Jenny Raven as Jasmine Paul Braunstein as Anthony Sarah Abbott as Sara age 9 Nicky Torchia as Trick age 12 Mckayla Twiggs as Meryl age 9 Abby Quinn as Meryl Michelle Giroux as English Teacher Episode chronology ← Previous `` USS Callister '' Next → `` Crocodile '' List of Black Mirror episodes `` Arkangel '' is the second episode of the fourth series of anthology series Black Mirror . It was written by Charlie Brooker and directed by Jodie Foster . The episode first aired on Netflix , along with the rest of series four , on 29 December 2017 . In the episode , `` Arkangel '' is the name of an implanted chip technology that allows a parent to track and monitor their children , as well as pixelate images that would cause them distress . Single mother Marie ( played by Rosemarie DeWitt ) has her young daughter Sara implanted with Arkangel , which while initially effective , becomes a dangerous hindrance , and Marie allows Sara to grow up without the use of Arkangel . As Sara matures into a teenager ( played by Brenna Harding ) , Marie becomes tempted to use Arkangel again . The episode was the first episode of Black Mirror to be directed by a woman , and the first to have a strong emphasis on family . Arkangel was met with mixed reception and was compared to an indie - movie . Some critics praised the episode 's concept , but thought the theme of helicopter parenting was emphasised at the expense of other , more potentially interesting aspects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Analysis 3 Production 3.1 Marketing 4 Reception 4.1 Episode rankings 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Protective single mother Marie Sambrell ( Rosemarie DeWitt ) gives birth to her daughter Sara . Three years later , Sara goes missing one day at a playground , chasing after a cat . Marie becomes hysterical and calls out for Sara , but she is recovered shortly without incident . Fearing future crises , Marie signs up to participate in a limited - release free trial of Arkangel , a revolutionary tech - integrated child monitoring system . An Arkangel representative administers Sara a neural implant , which enables Marie to monitor her geolocation and medical state in real time via an included tablet computer . The representative also demonstrates an option to view Sara 's immediate eyesight , and censor obscenity and other stressful stimuli with pixelization and audio distortion . The Arkangel system proves initially successful , censoring an intimidating neighborhood dog ; however , flaws in the system present themselves , such as the obscenity filter preventing Sara from reacting appropriately to her live - in grandfather 's stroke . Years later , after her grandfather 's death , Sara has become socially outcast and emotionally immature due to lack of exposure to stressful stimuli . She grows frustrated at being unable to view the contents of a shock site , to have its contents explained to her , or to even illustrate blood on paper . That evening , she pricks her finger with a pencil in an attempt to produce blood , and slaps her mother when she attempts to stop her . Marie has her analyzed by a child psychologist , who concludes that the now - controversial and soon - to - be-banned Arkangel is responsible . Though the implant itself can not be removed , he convinces Marie to deactivate the obscenity filter and stow the tablet away . Sara goes to school unsupervised for the first time , where her schoolmate Trick exposes her to gore , internet pornography and terrorist beheadings . At age fifteen , Sara ( Brenna Harding ) , now well - adjusted and popular , secretly attends a party with Trick ( Owen Teague ) at a nearby lake , telling Marie that she is going to a friend 's house . Marie grows concerned after Sara fails to answer phone calls and her schoolmates ' parents can not locate her , and she reactivates the Arkangel tablet in panic to discover Sara and Trick having sex . Some time later , Marie , having grown distrustful of her daughter , uses the Arkangel tablet again and sees Sara persuade Trick to let her try cocaine ; identifying him with a reverse image search , she intimidates Trick into breaking up with Sara and cutting her off . After vomiting due to an emergency contraceptive pill snuck into her drink by Marie , Sara discovers the reactivated tablet and confronts Marie in her bedroom . She pries the tablet from Marie 's hands , accidentally reactivating the obscenity filter , and beats Marie unconscious with the tablet until it breaks . The filter deactivates moments later and Sara finally sees what she has done . A dazed Marie reawakens and frantically calls Sara 's name down the street , mirroring her reaction to Sara 's disappearance twelve years earlier . Meanwhile , having fled the scene , Sara flags down a semi truck for a ride . Analysis ( edit ) One critic compares `` Arkangel '' to previous Black Mirror episodes `` The Entire History of You '' and `` Be Right Back '' , as each episode is based on an existing technology , and plausibly demonstrates how the technology could go wrong in the future . Production ( edit ) `` Arkangel '' was directed by Jodie Foster , making it the first episode of Black Mirror to be directed by a woman . Whilst series one and two of Black Mirror were shown on Channel 4 in the UK , in September 2015 Netflix commissioned the series for 12 episodes , and in March 2016 it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series , with a bid of $40 million . The 12 episode order was divided into two series of six episodes each . This was the first episode of Black Mirror directed by a woman , Jodie Foster . Foster was in control of casting the episode leading to the casting of her friend Rosemarie DeWitt as Marie , as the pair had met through Foster 's wife Alexandra Hedison ; this was only the second time Foster had worked with a friend as a director , after Mel Gibson in 2011 film The Beaver . According to Brooker , Foster was chosen for the episode because as a former child actor , she would understand what it was like to grow up in the spotlight , as well as how to deal with the child actors during filming . Netflix had also recommended Foster to Brooker , since she had previously directed episodes of their series Orange is the New Black and House of Cards ; she provided a good amount of `` grounded '' feedback on the script prior to shooting , according to Brooker . Foster also flew to London to help with the episode 's editing alongside Brooker . Written by Charlie Brooker , the episode is intended to be sympathetic to helicopter parenting ; Brooker took inspiration in how he `` ( felt ) reprogrammed '' following the birth of his children that made him more protective . Annabel Jones , co-producer for the series , said that the idea of Arkangel came from microchip implants used to identify pets that , at the time of writing , were also being considered for children . Jones said , `` We wanted to think what the updated version of that ( was ) and find a really good idea of how that could go terribly wrong '' . The original script gave Marie 's father only a very minor part , but this was fleshed out by Foster . Foster also influenced other changes in the script , and offered many observations on the technology used and Marie 's motivation for her actions after seeing her daughter have sex with Trick . Filming took place in Toronto over three weeks in November 2016 , starting just around the 2016 United States presidential election . Foster states that the filming involved `` very long hours '' and that the scenes starring children were particularly troublesome . Displaying graphic content was avoided in the episode , with Foster believing it would `` distract from what the meaning was '' . An exception was the scene where Sara attacks her mother . Brooker notes that in this scene , more whacks were filmed than made it into the episode , though enough were needed for the viewer to understand Sara 's perspective , and render Marie unconscious . The final shot of the episode , where Marie frantically tries to use the tablet shouting `` No ! '' repeatedly , was filmed the day after the election results were in ; DeWitt injected her personal reaction at the results into the scene . Explaining the actions of her character Marie , DeWitt says in an interview that single mothers `` experience betrayal differently '' ; Foster adds that when Marie realises Sara is lying to her , but does not confront her , it causes a `` fissure '' and Marie begins `` fighting a battle to win control '' . By attempting to prevent her daughter from leaving her , Marie is victim to a self - fulfilling prophecy as she `` engendered the exact result that she most feared '' . Marketing ( edit ) In May 2017 , a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror . The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017 , and contained the six episode titles . In September 2017 , two photos from the fourth season were released , including one from `` Arkangel '' . Beginning on 24 November 2017 , Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for the fourth series of the show , referred to as the `` 13 Days of Black Mirror '' . On 6 December , Netflix published a trailer featuring an amalgamation of scenes from the fourth series , which announced that the series would be released on 29 December . Reception ( edit ) Praising Foster 's directing and DeWitt 's acting , Adam Starkey of Metro writes that the episode is about a `` recognisable paranoia '' which compensates for the `` slightly predictable '' execution of the episode . In a positive review for Den of Geek , Louisa Mellor praises the `` deft balance '' given to the ethical quandary explored by the episode , as well as Foster 's `` sensitive and emotional US indie - movie style '' and how the story is told not with authority , but `` with empathy '' . Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic opines that despite the episode 's excellent premise , it fails due to lack of execution . Gilbert further asserts that the episode 's moral is obvious , and the question of what impact adult imagery has on a child is interesting but not explored far enough . In a three star review for The Telegraph , Ed Power has the same criticism that Brooker could `` delve further '' into the repercussions of children watching violent and pornographic images , calling the episode `` archetypal Black Mirror , almost to a fault '' . Planned Parenthood has criticised the episode for an inaccurate display of how emergency contraceptive pills work ; the episode implies that these pills terminate a pregnancy , whereas in fact they prevent pregnancy before it occurs . Episode rankings ( edit ) `` Arkangel '' is ranked poorly by critics who rated each of the 19 episodes of Black Mirror by quality : 11th -- Corey Atad , Esquire 11th -- Aubrey Page , Collider 11th -- Matt Donnelly and Tim Molloy , TheWrap 16th -- James Hibberd , Entertainment Weekly 17th -- Steve Greene , Hanh Nguyen and Liz Shannon Miller , IndieWire 19th -- Charles Bramesco , Vulture Proma Khosla of Mashable reviewed the show 's 19 episodes based on tone , ranking `` Arkangel '' as 10th most pessimistic . Other critics considered the six episodes of series four in their rankings : 3rd -- Paul Tassi , Forbes 3rd ( grade : B+ ) -- TVLine 5th -- Jack Pooley , WhatCulture 6th -- Christopher Hooton , Jacob Stolworthy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror Season 4 Episode 2 : Arkangel Review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mirror 's `` Arkangel '' takes parental surveillance to its darkest , most obvious extreme `` . Vox . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarti , Suchandrika ( 30 December 2017 ) . `` ' Struggling mum 's attempt to keep daughter safe ends in heartbreak in ArkAngel ' '' . mirror . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Adam ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror season 4 spoiler review : Arkangel takes parent paranoia to the disturbing next step '' . Metro . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra . `` ' Black Mirror ' Lands at Netflix '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Netflix deals Channel 4 knockout blow over Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon ( 28 December 2017 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' : Jodie Foster on Directing Season 4 's ' Arkangel ' Like ' A Really Small Indie Movie ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ling , Thomas ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror season 4 episode guide : Charlie Brooker reveals new plot and episode details '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Sam ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Charlie Brooker Discusses the ' Arkangel ' Episode of ' Black Mirror ' '' . Vice . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror creator reveals what Jodie Foster changed in ' Arkangel ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' Co-Creator Breaks Down Season 4 : ' We Want to Be Surprising and Unpredictable ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Jackie ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' : How Jodie Foster and Rosemarie DeWitt Made Their Story Personal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Turchiano , Danielle ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' : Jodie Foster and Rosemarie DeWitt on the ' Dark ' Mother / Daughter Dynamic of ' Arkangel ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror season 4 episode titles and directors revealed '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( 25 August 2017 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' Season 4 : Teaser Trailer , Episode Titles , Directors and Stars Revealed ( Video ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 25 August 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror season 4 Netflix trailer teases all six episodes and their titles '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` New ' Black Mirror ' Season 4 Images Tease ' USS Callister 's ' Retro Goodness ( Photos ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' : All the Season 4 Details '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Netflix Reveals ' Black Mirror ' Season 4 Release Date in New Trailer '' . Decider . New York Post . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror season 4 : Arkangel review '' . Den of Geek . Dennis Publishing . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror : ' Arkangel ' Mines the Horror of Helicopter Parenting '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Power , Ed ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror , season 4 , Arkangel , review : this bleak parental nightmare needs to grow up '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaudette , Emily ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` PLANNED PARENTHOOD RESPONDS TO JODIE FOSTER 'S INACCURATE ' BLACK MIRROR ' ABORTION EPISODE '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Atad , Corey ( 24 October 2016 ) . `` Every Episode of Black Mirror , Ranked '' . Esquire . Hearst Communications . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Page , Aubrey ( 28 October 2016 ) . `` Every ' Black Mirror ' Episode Ranked From Worst to Best '' . Collider . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ; Molloy , Tim . `` All 13 ' Black Mirror ' Episodes Ranked , From Good to Mind - Blowing ( Photos ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 23 October 2016 ) . `` ' Black Mirror ' : We Rank All 19 Episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Steve ; Nguyen , Hanh ; Miller , Liz Shannon ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` Every ' Black Mirror ' Episode Ranked , From Worst to Best '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Bramesco , Charles ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` Every Episode of Black Mirror , Ranked From Worst to Best '' . Vulture . New York . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Proma ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` Every ' Black Mirror ' episode ever , ranked by overall dread '' . Mashable . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( 31 December 2017 ) . `` Ranking ' Black Mirror ' Season 4 's Episodes From Worst To Best '' . Forbes . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Mirror ' Season 4 Episodes , Ranked '' . TVLine . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pooley , Jack ( 30 December 2017 ) . `` Black Mirror Season 4 : Every Episode Ranked From Worst To Best '' . WhatCulture . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ; Stolworthy , Jacob ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Black Mirror season four : Every episode ranked '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` Arkangel '' on IMDb ( hide ) Black Mirror Episodes Series 1 `` The National Anthem '' `` Fifteen Million Merits '' `` The Entire History of You '' Series 2 `` Be Right Back '' `` White Bear '' `` The Waldo Moment '' Special `` White Christmas '' Series 3 `` Nosedive '' `` Playtest '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` San Junipero '' `` Men Against Fire '' `` Hated in the Nation '' Series 4 `` USS Callister '' `` Arkangel '' `` Crocodile '' `` Hang the DJ '' `` Metalhead '' `` Black Museum '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkangel_(Black_Mirror)&oldid=837023057 '' Categories : 2017 British television episodes Black Mirror episodes Television episodes written by Charlie Brooker Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list EngvarB from January 2018 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 07 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the arkangel episode of black mirror filmed | [
"Filming took place in Toronto over three weeks in November 2016, starting just around the 2016 United States presidential election.[12] Foster states that the filming involved \"very long hours\" and that the scenes starring children were particularly troublesome.[7] Displaying graphic content was avoided in the episode, with Foster believing it would \"distract from what the meaning was\". An exception was the scene where Sara attacks her mother.[13] Brooker notes that in this scene, more whacks were filmed than made it into the episode, though enough were needed for the viewer to understand Sara's perspective, and render Marie unconscious.[10] The final shot of the episode, where Marie frantically tries to use the tablet shouting \"No!\" repeatedly, was filmed the day after the election results were in; DeWitt injected her personal reaction at the results into the scene.[12]"
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"Toronto"
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8158140817477698121 | Ben Aaron | Ben Aaron - wikipedia Ben Aaron Ben Aaron Benjamin Aron Colonomos ( 1981 - 09 - 10 ) September 10 , 1981 ( age 36 ) New York , USA Residence New York City , New York Nashville , Tennessee Alma mater Emerson College Years active 1999 -- present Known for Co-host for Crazy Talk and Pickler & Ben Spouse ( s ) Ginger Zee ( m . 2014 ) Children Benjamin `` Ben '' Aron Colonomos ( born September 10 , 1981 ) is a New York City - based media personality formerly for NBCUniversal 's LXTV and WNBC 's New York Live , and for the nationally syndicated Crazy Talk television series . Currently he co-hosts the Scripps - produced talk show Pickler & Ben with country artist Kellie Pickler , which airs on Scripps stations and CMT ; the show is produced out of Scripps ' Nashville station , WTVF . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Benjamin Aron Colonomos was born on September 10 , 1981 , in New York to Janis Yudelson Salerno and Mark Colonomos . He grew up in Piermont , New York and graduated from Emerson College , in Boston , Massachusetts . Career ( edit ) Aaron started his journalism career on radio in 1999 at 18 years old working for Radio Disney . After a brief stint hosting a radio show in Tucson , Arizona , he moved to Los Angeles and landed an on - air television hosting job for Daybreak OC , an Orange County - based morning lifestyle / news show serving all of Los Angeles . From there he went to KSWB in San Diego continuing his work as a features reporter until WNBC in New York picked him up . He has worked for NBCUniversal at WNBC as their host of New York Live . There he received three consecutive Emmy Awards for `` Best Features Reporter '' . He was a co-host of the nationally syndicated television program , Crazy Talk as well as being a correspondent for Extra . In September 2017 , Aaron began co-hosting Pickler & Ben , a syndicated talk show , with country star Kellie Pickler . Personal life ( edit ) In August 2013 , Aaron became engaged to ABC News Chief Meteorologist Ginger Zee . The couple wed on June 7 , 2014 . Their son Adrian Benjamin Colonomos was born in December 2015 . in Petoskey , Michigan . On August 14 , 2017 , she announced on Good Morning America that she was pregnant with her second child . On February 9 , 2018 , she gave birth to a boy . The family resides in Manhattan . Due to Aaron 's new show , he travels between home and Nashville , Tennessee . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zee , Ginger ( 2017 ) . Natural Disaster : I Cover Them . I Am One . Los Angeles : Kingswell . p. 244 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Morona , Joey ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kellie Pickler 's new talk show ' Pickler & Ben ' offers a little bit of everything '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Dan ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ABC News meteorologist Ginger Zee , husband Ben Aaron welcome son 's birth '' . Daily News . New York City . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Aaron was born Benjamin Colonomos , but uses his middle name on television . ^ Jump up to : Ben Aaron . `` About '' . Facebook . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Colonomos ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Fathers Day KDOC . Ben Aaron '' . KDOC - TV . YouTube . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Aaron ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` Mother '' . Facebook . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zee , Ginger ( 2017 ) . Natural Disaster : I Cover Them . I Am One . Los Angeles : Kingswell . p. 251 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : NBC Universal link Jump up ^ Joi - Marie McKenzie ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` '' Crazy Talk '' Co-Host and Ginger Zee 's Husband Ben Aaron Says Fatherhood Makes Him ' Nervous ' ; Talks New Show `` . ABC News Radio . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ KDFW ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` New comedy show ' Crazy Talk ' comes to my27 '' . KDFW . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Valerie. `` Scripps Greenlights New Lifestyle Talk Show in Partnership with Faith Hill '' . Scripps . E.W. Scripps . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ginger Zee : Taken by storm '' . Splash . Chicago Splash . May 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strohm , Emily ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Ginger Zee Marries Ben Aaron '' . People . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC News chief meteorologist Ginger Zee expecting 2nd child '' . ABC News . August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chance , Todd ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ginger Zee 's wedding : See the ' after party ' pictures from Petoskey '' . MLive.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ginger Zee Shares Beachy Wedding Portraits '' . People . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Ben Aaron on Facebook Ben Aaron on Twitter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Aaron&oldid=843865709 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people Television personalities from New York City Emerson College alumni Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 00 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is ben off of pickler and ben | [
"Benjamin \"Ben\" Aron Colonomos (born September 10, 1981) is a New York City-based media personality formerly for NBCUniversal's LXTV and WNBC's New York Live, and for the nationally syndicated Crazy Talk television series. Currently he co-hosts the Scripps-produced talk show Pickler & Ben with country artist Kellie Pickler, which airs on Scripps stations and CMT; the show is produced out of Scripps' Nashville station, WTVF.[2]\n"
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"Benjamin \"Ben\" Aron Colonomos"
] |
-353942432725648381 | Phantom Thread | Phantom Thread - wikipedia Phantom Thread Jump to : navigation , search Phantom Thread Theatrical release poster Directed by Paul Thomas Anderson Produced by Paul Thomas Anderson Megan Ellison JoAnne Sellar Daniel Lupi Written by Paul Thomas Anderson Starring Daniel Day - Lewis Lesley Manville Vicky Krieps Music by Jonny Greenwood Edited by Dylan Tichenor Production company Annapurna Pictures Ghoulardi Film Company Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Focus Features ( US ) Universal Pictures ( International ) Release date December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) ( Walter Reade Theater ) December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $44.5 million Phantom Thread is a 2017 American period drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson , set in London 's couture world in 1954 . It stars Daniel Day - Lewis as a couturier who takes a young waitress , played by Vicky Krieps , as his muse ; it is reportedly Day - Lewis 's final role before retiring . The film is the first Anderson film shot outside the United States , with principal photography beginning in January 2017 in Lythe , England . It is Anderson 's second collaboration with Day - Lewis , following There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) , and his fourth with composer Jonny Greenwood . Phantom Thread premiered in New York City on December 11 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 25 , 2017 . The film received critical acclaim , with praise for its performances , screenplay , direction , musical score , and production values . It was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of 2017 's top ten films . At the 90th Academy Awards , the film earned six nominations : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Day - Lewis , Supporting Actress for Lesley Manville and Best Original Score , and won for Best Costume Design . It earned four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , winning for Best Costume Design , and also received two Golden Globe nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1954 London , renowned fashion designer Reynolds Woodcock creates dresses for members of high society . His charisma and genius are matched by his obsessive , controlling and sometimes abusive personality . Cyril , his sister , manages the day - to - day operations of his fashion house and has significant influence over his life . Reynolds is haunted by the death of their mother , and stitches hidden messages into the linings of the dresses he makes . After designing a new gown for a revered client , Reynolds visits a restaurant in the countryside and becomes interested in a waitress , Alma . He asks her on a date , and she accepts . Their relationship develops , and she moves in with him , becoming his assistant , muse and lover . Cyril initially distrusts Alma but comes to respect her willfulness and determination . At first , Alma enjoys being a part of Reynolds ' work , but he proves aloof and hard to please , and they bicker . When Alma tries to surprise him with a romantic dinner , Reynolds lashes out and they fight . Alma wonders aloud what she is doing in his house beyond either waiting for him to pay attention to her or ask her to leave . In order to regain her power in their relationship and to punish and make Reynolds more vulnerable and needy , Alma laces his tea with a small amount of poisonous mushroom gathered outside his country house . The next morning , dizzy and sweating , while he readies a wedding gown for a Belgian princess , he collapses , damaging the dress and forcing his staff to work all night to repair it . He becomes gravely ill and sees his mother in the room ; he tells her how much he misses her . Alma nurses him through his fever ; when Cyril brings in a doctor , first Reynolds and then Alma tell the doctor to `` Fuck off . '' When Reynolds is well again , he asks Alma to marry him , telling her that there are things that he must do and he can not do them without her . Alma accepts and they are married . On vacation in the Swiss Alps , once again , Reynolds starts saying cruel and cutting things to Alma both privately and in front of their friends ; they fight and defy each other again . As Reynolds ' anxiety about his work increases , he complains to Cyril about Alma , who enters the room and overhears the conversation ; neither Reynolds nor Alma is perturbed . We see Alma in the forest again , gathering mushrooms . One evening , she prepares a poisoned omelette as Reynolds watches her from the dining room table . As he slowly chews his first bite , she informs him that she wants him weak and vulnerable with only her to take care of him ; after that , she wants him strong again . Reynolds implicitly consents by swallowing one bite of the omelette , responding , `` Kiss me , my girl , before I 'm sick . '' In the next scene , they are in Reynolds ' bedroom : Alma sits with Reynolds , in pajamas with a pan in his lap ; they smile happily and kiss before he tells her that it 's time for her to leave the room to which she responds , `` I 'll be right outside the door . '' Later in a voiceover , Alma imagines their future with children , a rich social life , and her running the dressmaking business as a partner . We see Alma pushing a baby carriage which she hands over to Cyril so that she and Reynolds can go out . In the present moment , we see Reynolds with his head in Alma 's lap as they enjoy the fireplace ; Reynolds remarks that he is getting hungry . Cast ( edit ) Daniel Day - Lewis as Reynolds Woodcock Vicky Krieps as Alma Elson Lesley Manville as Cyril Woodcock Camilla Rutherford as Johanna Gina McKee as Countess Henrietta Harding Brian Gleeson as Dr. Robert Hardy Harriet Sansom Harris as Barbara Rose Lujza Richter as Princess Mona Braganza Julia Davis as Lady Baltimore Nicholas Mander as Lord Baltimore Philip Franks as Peter Martin Phyllis MacMahon as Tippy Silas Carson as Rubio Gurrerro Richard Graham as George Riley Martin Dew as John Evans Ian Harrod as the Registrar Jane Perry as Mrs. Vaughan Production ( edit ) Anderson became interested in the fashion industry after reading about designer Cristóbal Balenciaga . The story is loosely modeled on the British fashion designer Charles James . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began in late January 2017 in Lythe , United Kingdom , with a number of other locations in the North York Moors National Park also featuring , including Robin Hood 's Bay and Staithes . Filming also took place in 2017 at Owlpen Manor in the Cotswolds and in the London neighborhood of Fitzrovia , in Fitzroy Square , and Grafton Mews . Woodcock drives a maroon Bristol 405 in the film . It was reported in June 2017 that Anderson would be serving as his own cinematographer on the film as Robert Elswit was unavailable during production . However , Anderson refuted the claim in November , stating that there is no official credit for the cinematography and that it was a `` collaborative effort '' . Anderson and his lighting collaborator , Michael Bauman , pushed their 35mm film stock and filled the frame with haze in order to `` dirty up '' the image ; according to Bauman , `` One of the first things ( Paul ) said was , ' Look , this can not look like The Crown . ' That was a big thing . When people think of a period movie it becomes this beautifully polished , amazingly photographed -- I mean , The Crown looks beautiful -- but super clean , gorgeous light , and he was clear it could n't look like that . '' Music ( edit ) The music for the soundtrack is composed by Jonny Greenwood , who had previously worked with the director on the soundtracks for There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) , The Master ( 2012 ) and Inherent Vice ( 2014 ) . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) After three weeks in limited release where it made a total of $2.8 million , the film was added to 834 theaters on January 19 , 2018 ( for a total of 896 ) and grossed $3.8 million over the weekend , finishing 12th at the box office . The following weekend , following the announcement of its six Oscar nominations and being added to an additional 125 theaters , the film dropped 11 % to $2.9 million . As of March 25 , 2018 , Phantom Thread had grossed $21 million in the United States and Canada , and $23.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $44.5 million , against a production budget of $35 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 91 % based on 273 reviews , and an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Phantom Thread 's finely woven narrative is filled out nicely by humor , intoxicating romantic tension , and yet another impressively committed performance from Daniel Day - Lewis . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100 based on 51 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The A.V. Club 's A.A. Dowd gave the film an A − , calling it a `` charitable and even poignantly hopeful take on the subject ( of being in a relationship with an artist ) '' and said that `` in the simple , refined timelessness of its technique , Phantom Thread is practically a love letter to classic aesthetic values -- cinematic , sartorial , or otherwise '' . Guardian writer Mark Kermode gave the film five stars , describing it as `` a deftly spun yarn '' , and praised Daniel Day - Lewis ' performance , describing his role as a `` perfect fit ( in a ) beautifully realised tale of 50s haute couture '' . Christy Lemire of the LAFCA placed the film 2nd on her 10 best films of 2017 , describing it as `` captivating '' and `` one of Paul Thomas Anderson 's absolute best '' as well as singling out Jonny Greenwood 's score as being `` intoxicating '' . Michael Wood , writing for the London Review of Books , saw the film as unsuccessfully referencing other gothic films such as Rebecca from the 1940s . He wrote : `` Can we imagine a long future for this couple ? The film can , and does , but the picture is so hackneyed − pram , baby , walk in the park − that it has to be a dream , or an irony . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . AACTA International Awards January 5 , 2018 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Supporting Actress Lesley Manville Nominated Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Picture JoAnne Sellar , Paul Thomas Anderson , Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi Nominated Best Director Paul Thomas Anderson Nominated Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Supporting Actress Lesley Manville Nominated Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Nominated Best Costume Design Mark Bridges Won Austin Film Critics Association January 8 , 2018 Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics December 10 , 2017 Best Film Phantom Thread Won Best Director Paul Thomas Anderson Won Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Won British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Actor in a Leading Role Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Lesley Manville Nominated Best Film Music Jonny Greenwood Nominated Best Costume Design Mark Bridges Won Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Actress Vicky Krieps Nominated Best Supporting Actress Lesley Manville Nominated Best Original Screenplay Paul Thomas Anderson Nominated Best Art Direction Phantom Thread Nominated Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Won Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Mark Bridges Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Production Design Mark Tildesley and Véronique Melery Nominated Best Costume Design Mark Bridges Won Best Score Jonny Greenwood Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association December 13 , 2017 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Runner - up Detroit Film Critics Society December 7 , 2017 Best Director Paul Thomas Anderson Nominated Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Use of Music Phantom Thread Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle December 23 , 2017 Best Art Direction and Production Design Phantom Thread Nominated Best Score Jonny Greenwood Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Nominated IndieWire Critics Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Phantom Thread 4th Place December 19 , 2017 Best Picture Phantom Thread 4th Place Best Director Paul Thomas Anderson Won Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis 2nd Place Best Supporting Actress Lesley Manville 4th Place Best Screenplay Paul Thomas Anderson 3rd Place Best Cinematography Paul Thomas Anderson 3rd Place Location Managers Guild Awards April , 2018 Outstanding Locations in Period Film Jason Wheeler Pending London Film Critics ' Circle January 28 , 2018 Best Film Phantom Thread Nominated Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Supporting Actress Lesley Manville Won Best Screenwritter Paul Thomas Anderson Nominated Best British / Irish Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Technical Achievement Award Mark Bridges Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 3 , 2017 Best Music Jonny Greenwood Won National Board of Review January 9 , 2018 Best Original Screenplay Paul Thomas Anderson Won Top Ten Films Phantom Thread Won National Society of Film Critics January 6 , 2018 Best Film Phantom Thread 3rd Place Best Director Paul Thomas Anderson 2nd Place Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis 2nd Place Best Supporting Actress Lesley Manville 2nd Place Best Screenplay Paul Thomas Anderson 3rd Place New York Film Critics Circle January 3 , 2018 Best Screenplay Paul Thomas Anderson Won New York Film Critics Online December 10 , 2017 Top Ten Films Phantom Thread Won Online Film Critics Society December 28 , 2017 Best Picture Phantom Thread Nominated Best Director Paul Thomas Anderson Nominated Best Original Screenplay Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Costume Design Mark Bridges Won San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards December 10 , 2017 Best Production Design Mark Tildsley Nominated Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Mark Tildesley Nominated Best Costume Design Mark Bridges Won Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Picture of the Year Phantom Thread Nominated Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Won Best Supporting Actress Lesley Manville Nominated Best Costume Design Mark Bridges Won Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Won Best Production Design Mark Tildesley and Véronique Melery Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Best Production Design Mark Tildesley Nominated Best Original Score Jonny Greenwood Won Toronto Film Critics Association December 10 , 2017 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Won Vancouver Film Critics Circle January 6 , 2018 Best Film Phantom Thread Nominated Best Director Paul Thomas Anderson Won Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Won Best Supporting Actress Lesley Manville Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tied with Jacqueline Durran for Beauty and the Beast . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PHANTOM THREAD ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom Thread ( 2017 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Paul Thomas Anderson 's next film with Daniel Day - Lewis gets release date '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phantom Thread ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Paul Thomas Anderson movie begins filming , might have a name '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom Thread : everything you need to know about Daniel Day - Lewis 's final film '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Thomas Anderson 's New Film Gets a Release Date '' . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water leads Bafta nominations '' . BBC News . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Thomas Anderson , Daniel Day - Lewis Eye Reunion on 1950s Fashion Drama ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lodderhose , Diana ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Focus ' New Paul Thomas Anderson Pic Starring Daniel Day - Lewis Adds Lesley Manville & Vicky Krieps '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Lesley Manville & More Join Paul Thomas Anderson 's Next Film ; Johnny Greenwood Confirmed to Score '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Paul Thomas Anderson opens up about Phantom Thread for the first time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , A.A. ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` P.T. Anderson Reunites with Daniel Day - Lewis for the Exquisite Mad Love of Phantom Thread '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Paul Thomas Anderson 's New Movie Has Begun Filming '' . / Film . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Thomas Anderson Film Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV and Film Locations '' . North York Moors National Park . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar_winner_Daniel_Day_Lewis_said_to_be_filming_new_movie_at_Owlpen_Manor_in_Uley '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welborn , Amy ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` On Set in London '' . Charlotte was Both . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting actor nod for Day - Lewis ' Bristol ? '' . Automotive News . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Paul Thomas Anderson Is Serving as His Own Cinematographer on ' Phantom Thread ' '' . Collider. 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Paul Thomas Anderson Dirtied - Up ' Phantom Thread ' to Avoid the Polish of ' The Crown ' '' . IndieWire . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom Thread ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom Thread Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Phantom Thread review -- a deftly spun yarn '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( 10 December 2017 ) . `` 10 Best Films of 2017 '' . christylemire . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Michael ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` At the Movies '' . London Review of Books . LRB Limited . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me by Your Name , ' ' Lady Bird ' Top Australian Academy Award Nominees '' . The Wrap . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . AARP . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . AARP . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Austin Film Critics Association ( AFCA ) Nominations '' . nextbestpicture.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha . `` Boston Society of Film Critics Name Phantom Thread and Paul Thomas Anderson Best Film and Best Director '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name and The Shape of Water leads 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . 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"Phantom Thread is a 2017 American period drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, set in London's couture world in 1954. It stars Daniel Day-Lewis as a couturier who takes a young waitress, played by Vicky Krieps, as his muse;[6] it is reportedly Day-Lewis's final role before retiring.[7] The film is the first Anderson film shot outside the United States, with principal photography beginning in January 2017 in Lythe, England. It is Anderson's second collaboration with Day-Lewis, following There Will Be Blood (2007), and his fourth with composer Jonny Greenwood."
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"a couturier who takes a young waitress, played by Vicky Krieps, as his muse"
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6898655405321055666 | Romeo and Juliet | Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting the play 's famous balcony scene `` Romeo and Juliet : Act I '' The opening act of Romeo and Juliet . See also : Acts II , III , IV , V Problems playing this file ? See media help . Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers . Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Sources 11.1 Editions of Romeo and Juliet 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet Capulet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo Montague is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had snuck into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Benvolio argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , discovering that Romeo is dead , stabs herself with his dagger and joins him in death . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising queer theory in Queering the Renaissance ( 1994 ) , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equivalent to $1,103,000 in 2017 ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened on Broadway in December 1934 . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Dada Masilo , a South African dancer and choreographer , reinterpreted Romeo and Juliet in a new modern light . She introduced changes to the story notably that of presenting the two families as multiracial . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 24 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues , with exams regulator Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues , while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio here quotes Karl A. Menninger 's Man Against Himself ( 1938 ) . Jump up ^ The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Levenson provides the quote from the 1960 interview with Zeffirelli in The Times . Jump up ^ Levenson credits this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ Brode quotes Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Brode cites Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker as examples . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . References All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Moore 1930 , pp. 264 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Higgins 1998 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins 1998 , p. 585 . ^ Jump up to : Hosley 1965 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 33 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : da Porto 1831 . Jump up ^ Prunster 2000 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Moore 1937 , pp. 38 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Muir 1998 , pp. 86 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci 1993 -- 1994 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 35 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1980 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1902 , pp. 41 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 32 , 36 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 8 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 26 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer 1967 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Wells 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bowling 1949 , pp. 208 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger 2006 , pp. 73 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , pp. 68 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Siegel 1961 , pp. 371 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie 2007 , pp. 22 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans 1950 , pp. 841 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Draper 1939 , pp. 16 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Nevo 1972 , pp. 241 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 1968 , pp. 663 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle 1964 , pp. 349 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Lucking 2001 , pp. 115 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Driver 1964 , pp. 363 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Scott 1987 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , pp. 411 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 1964 , pp. 498 -- 501 . Jump up ^ Bonnard 1951 , pp. 319 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 20 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Levin 1960 , pp. 3 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 52 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , pp. 92 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Wells 2004 , pp. 11 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Menninger 1938 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum 1997 , pp. 251 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 81 , 83 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1977 , pp. 5 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 25 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein 1989 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 , pp. 221 -- 7 . Jump up ^ da Porto 1868 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Leveen 2014 . Jump up ^ OED : balcony . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 100 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Branam 1984 , pp. 170 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Stone 1964 , pp. 191 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Pedicord 1954 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : Gay 2002 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 125 , 365 , 420 . Jump up ^ The Times 1845 . Jump up ^ Potter 2001 , pp. 194 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 62 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winter 1893 , pp. 46 -- 7 , 57 . Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Mosel 1978 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 105 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 107 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Levenson 2000 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Holland 2001 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ The Times 1960 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pappe 1997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Quince 2000 , pp. 121 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Munro 2016 , pp. 68 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Howard 2000 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Edgar 1982 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Marks 1997 . Jump up ^ Houlihan 2004 . Jump up ^ Barranger 2004 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 1977 . Jump up ^ Hetrick & Gans 2013 . Jump up ^ Nestyev 1960 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Winn 2007 . Jump up ^ Curnow 2010 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Meyer 1968 , pp. 38 . Jump up ^ Huebner 2002 . Jump up ^ Holden 1993 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Collins 1982 , pp. 532 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Levi 2002 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 43 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Stites 1995 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 42 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 187 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Swift 2009 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 75 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Ehren 1999 . Jump up ^ Arafay 2005 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ OED : romeo . Jump up ^ Bly 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 352 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 126 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Orgel 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Kirkus Reviews 2017 . Jump up ^ Sabur 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson 2017 . Jump up ^ Pells 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 218 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Symonds 2017 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , pp. 141 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Lanier 2007 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Howard 2000 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Goyal 2013 . Jump up ^ International Business Times 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. vii . Sources Editions of Romeo and Juliet Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Spencer , T.J.B. , ed. ( 1967 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . JSTOR 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . JSTOR 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's I Capuleti ed i Montecchi '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Curnow , Robyn ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Dada Masilo : South African dancer who breaks the rules '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . JSTOR 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . JSTOR 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Wells , Stanley , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet 's Open Rs '' . In Goldberg , Jonathan . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . pp. 218 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Ram Leela box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Hetrick , Adam ; Gans , Andrew ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . Translated by Sisson , C.H. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Grazia , Margreta de . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Houlihan , Mary ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Wherefore art thou , Romeo ? To make us laugh at Navy Pier '' . The Second City . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Huebner , Steven ( 2002 ) . `` Roméo et Juliette '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O006772 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` Ram - leela Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Kennedy , Maev ( 12 April 2010 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet get Twitter treatment '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . `` Juliet 's Nurse by Lois Leveen '' . Kirkus Reviews . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lee , Ashley ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Orlando Bloom 's Broadway Debut Released in Theaters for Valentine 's Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Levi , Erik ( 2002 ) . `` Romeo und Julia '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O007781 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . JSTOR 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . Marsh , Sarah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . 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Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Mosel , Tad ( 1978 ) . Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 978 - 0316585378 . Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801858499 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Munro , Ian ( 2016 ) . `` Performance History '' . In Lupton , Julia Reinhard . Romeo and Juliet : A Critical Reader . Arden Early Modern Drama Guides . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 53 -- 78 . ISBN 9781474216371 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Weekender Guide : Shakespeare on The Drive '' . The New York Times . 19 August 1977 . p. 46 . `` balcony '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) `` romeo '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Orgel , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare Illustrated '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 92 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL9780521844291 . ISBN 9781139001526 -- via Cambridge Core . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Pappe , Ilan ( 1997 ) . `` Post-Zionist Critique on Israel and the Palestinians Part III : Popular Culture '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . University of California Press . 26 ( 4 ) : 60 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 2537907 . eISSN 1533 - 8614 . ISSN 0377 - 919X . JSTOR 2537907 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Parker , D.H. ( 1968 ) . `` Light and Dark Imagery in Romeo and Juliet '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 75 ( 4 ) . Pedicord , Harry William ( 1954 ) . The Theatrical Public in the Time of David Garrick . New York : King 's Crown Press . Pells , Raquel ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . da Porto , Luigi ( 1831 ) ( first published c. 1531 ) . Istoria Novellamente Ritrovata di Due Nobili Amanti ( in Italian ) . Venice . da Porto , Luigi ( 1868 ) . `` The Original Story of Romeo and Juliet '' . In Pace - Sanfelice , G . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Translated by Pace - Sanfelice , G. Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . hdl : 2027 / mdp. 39015082232961 . Potter , Lois ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Prunster , Nicole , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Renaissance and reformation texts in translation . 8 . Translated by Prunster , Nicole . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ISSN 0820 - 750X . Quince , Rohan ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare in South Africa : Stage Productions During the Apartheid Era . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4061 - 3 . Richardson , Hannah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Roberts , Arthur J. ( 1902 ) . `` The Sources of Romeo and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2917639 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2917639 . Rosenthal , Daniel ( 2007 ) . BFI Screen Guides : 100 Shakespeare Films . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 170 - 3 . Rubinstein , Frankie ( 1989 ) . A Dictionary of Shakespeare 's Sexual Puns and their Significance ( Second Edition ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 48866 - 0 . Sabur , Rozina ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Exam board apologises after error in English GCSE paper which confused characters in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Sanders , Julie ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare and Music : Afterlives and Borrowings . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3297 - 1 . Scarci , Manuela ( 1993 -- 1994 ) . `` From Mariotto and Ganozza to Romeo and Guilietta : Metamorphoses of a Renaissance Tale '' . Scripta Mediterranea . Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 -- 15 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Scott , Mark W. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism : Excerpts from the Criticism of William Shakespeare 's Plays & Poetry , from the First Published Appraisals to Current Evaluations . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research . ISBN 9780810361294 . Shapiro , Stephen A. ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Reversals , Contraries , Transformations , and Ambivalence '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 25 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 501 . doi : 10.2307 / 373235 . JSTOR 373235 . Siegel , Paul N. ( 1961 ) . `` Christianity and the Religion of Love in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 12 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 92 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867455 . JSTOR 2867455 . Smallwood , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Twentieth - century Performance : the Stratford and London companies '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Stites , Richard , ed. ( 1995 ) . Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20949 - 8 . Stone , George Winchester Jr ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 206 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867891 . JSTOR 2867891 . Swift , Taylor ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` 10 Questions for Taylor Swift '' . Time . Time Warner . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Symonds , Dominic ( 2017 ) . `` ' We 're All in This Together ' : Being Girls and Boys in High School Musical ( 2006 ) '' . In Rodosthenous , George . The Disney Musical on Stage and Screen : Critical Approaches from ' Snow White ' to ' Frozen ' . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 169 -- 84 . ISBN 9781474234191 . Tanselle , G. Thomas ( 1964 ) . `` Time in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868092 . JSTOR 2868092 . Tatspaugh , Patricia ( 2000 ) . `` The tragedies of love on film '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare plays on Renaissance Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . `` Haymarket Theatre '' . The Times . 31 December 1845 . p. 5 . `` The Zeffirelli Way : Revealing Talk by Florentine Director '' . The Times ( 54880 ) . London . 19 September 1960 . p. 4 . Gale Document # CS67985203 -- via Gale Group . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Wells , Stanley ( 2004 ) . Looking for Sex in Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54039 - 9 . Wells , Stanley ( 2013 ) . An A-Z Guide to Shakespeare ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 191 - 74076 - 3 . Winn , Steven ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Michael Smuin : 1938 - 2007 / Prolific dance director had showy career '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Winter , William ( 1893 ) . The Life and Art of Edwin Booth . London : MacMillan and Co . External links Find more aboutRomeo and Julietat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Romeo and Juliet Plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg Romeo and Juliet at the British Library Romeo and Juliet HTML version at MIT Romeo and Juliet Complete Annotated Text on One Page Without Ads or Images Romeo and Juliet HTML Annotated Play Easy Read Romeo and Juliet Full text with portraits and location drawings to make the play easy to follow from the printed page . Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name of the playwright of romeo and juliet | [
"Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers."
] | [
"William Shakespeare"
] |
-8935606856326999890 | List of Grey's Anatomy episodes | List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes - wikipedia List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement on March 27 , 2005 . The series has aired for thirteen seasons , and focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns and residents as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives . The show 's premise originated with Shonda Rhimes , who serves as an executive producer , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . The series was created to be racially diverse , utilizing a color - blind casting technique . It is primarily filmed in Los Angeles . The show 's title is a play on Gray 's Anatomy , the classic human anatomy textbook . Episodes have been broadcast on Thursday nights since Grey 's third season . The first two seasons aired after Desperate Housewives in the Sunday 10 : 00 pm EST time - slot . All episodes are approximately forty - three minutes , excluding commercials , and are broadcast in both high - definition and standard . Episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store in standard and high definition , and Amazon Video , with new episodes appearing the day after their live airings . ABC Video on demand also releases episodes of the show , typically one to two days after their premieres . Recent episodes are available at ABC 's official Grey 's Anatomy website , and on Hulu . In 2009 , ABC signed a deal allowing Grey 's Anatomy episodes to be streamed on Netflix . Grey 's Anatomy was among the ten highest - rated shows in the United States from the show 's first through fourth season . The show 's episodes have won a number of awards , including a Golden Globe Award for Best Drama Series , a People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Drama , and multiple NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Drama Series . Since its premiere , Buena Vista Home Entertainment has distributed all seasons on DVD . There have been several special episodes recapping events from previous episodes , and two series of webisodes . As of February 8 , 2018 , 305 episodes of Grey 's Anatomy have aired , including five specials . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which featured the show 's 300th episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2005 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2005 -- 06 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2006 -- 07 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.10 Season 10 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.11 Season 11 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.12 Season 12 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.13 Season 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.14 Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Specials 4 Webisodes 4.1 Seattle Grace : On Call 4.2 Seattle Grace : Message of Hope 4.3 Grey 's Anatomy : B - Team 5 Home video releases 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) May 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 22 ) 27 September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 25 September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) 17 September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) May 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) 5 24 September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 6 24 September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 7 22 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 8 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 9 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 10 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 11 25 September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 12 24 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 13 24 September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 14 24 September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` A Hard Day 's Night '' Peter Horton Shonda Rhimes March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) 16.25 `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' Peter Horton Shonda Rhimes April 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 03 ) 17.71 `` Winning a Battle , Losing the War '' Tony Goldwyn Shonda Rhimes April 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 10 ) 17.99 `` No Man 's Land '' Adam Davidson James D. Parriott April 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 17 ) 19.18 5 5 `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' John David Coles Ann Hamilton April 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 24 ) 17.90 6 6 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Scott Brazil Krista Vernoff May 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 01 ) 18.54 7 7 `` The Self - Destruct Button '' Darnell Martin Kip Koenig May 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 08 ) 18.86 8 8 `` Save Me '' Sarah Pia Anderson Mimi Schmir May 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 15 ) 18.33 9 9 `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? '' Wendey Stanzler Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr . May 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 22 ) 22.22 Season 2 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head '' Peter Horton Stacy McKee September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) 18.98 11 `` Enough Is Enough '' Peter Horton James D. Parriott October 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) 17.57 12 `` Make Me Lose Control '' Adam Davidson Krista Vernoff October 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) 18.12 13 `` Deny , Deny , Deny '' Wendey Stanzler Zoanne Clack October 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 16 ) 18.28 14 5 `` Bring the Pain '' Mark Tinker Shonda Rhimes October 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 23 ) 18.00 15 6 `` Into You Like a Train '' Jeff Melman Krista Vernoff October 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) 16.67 16 7 `` Something to Talk About '' Adam Davidson Stacy McKee November 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 06 ) 18.13 17 8 `` Let It Be '' Lesli Linka Glatter Mimi Schmir November 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 13 ) 19.74 18 9 `` Thanks for the Memories '' Michael Dinner Shonda Rhimes November 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 20.33 19 10 `` Much too Much '' Wendey Stanzler Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr . November 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 27 ) 19.59 20 11 `` Owner of a Lonely Heart '' Daniel Minahan Mark Wilding December 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 04 ) 20.59 21 12 `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' Peter Horton Krista Vernoff December 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 11 ) 15.70 22 13 `` Begin the Begin '' Jessica Yu Kip Koenig January 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 15 ) 18.97 23 14 `` Tell Me Sweet Little Lies '' Adam Davidson Tony Phelan & Joan Rater January 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 22 ) 21.04 24 15 `` Break on Through '' David Paymer Zoanne Clack January 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 29 ) 18.44 25 16 `` It 's the End of the World '' Peter Horton Shonda Rhimes February 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 05 ) 37.88 26 17 `` As We Know It '' Peter Horton Shonda Rhimes February 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 12 ) 25.42 27 18 `` Yesterday '' Rob Corn Story by : Mimi Schmir Teleplay by : Krista Vernoff February 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 19 ) 24.36 28 19 `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' Wendey Stanzler Stacy McKee February 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) 24.76 29 20 `` Band - Aid Covers the Bullet Hole '' Julie Anne Robinson Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr . March 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) 22.51 30 21 `` Superstition '' Tricia Brock James D. Parriott March 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 19 ) 21.13 31 22 `` The Name of the Game '' Seith Mann Blythe Robe April 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 02 ) 22.35 32 23 `` Blues for Sister Someone '' Jeff Melman Elizabeth Klaviter April 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 30 ) 20.76 33 24 `` Damage Case '' Tony Goldwyn Mimi Schmir May 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 07 ) 21.99 34 25 `` 17 Seconds '' Daniel Minahan Mark Wilding May 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 14 ) 22.60 35 26 `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' Rob Corn Tony Phelan & Joan Rater May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22.50 36 27 `` Losing My Religion '' Mark Tinker Shonda Rhimes May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22.50 Season 3 ( 2006 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 37 `` Time Has Come Today '' Daniel Minahan Shonda Rhimes September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) 25.41 38 `` I Am a Tree '' Jeff Melman Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) 23.48 39 `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' Adam Arkin Debora Cahn October 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) 22.80 40 `` What I Am '' Dan Lerner Allan Heinberg October 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 12 ) 22.88 41 5 `` Oh , the Guilt '' Jeff Melman Zoanne Clack & Tony Phelan & Joan Rater October 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 19 ) 22.05 42 6 `` Let the Angels Commit '' Jessica Yu Stacy McKee November 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) 21.02 43 7 `` Where the Boys Are '' Daniel Minahan Mark Wilding November 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 09 ) 20.65 44 8 `` Staring at the Sun '' Jeff Melman Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr . November 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ) 20.92 45 9 `` From a Whisper to a Scream '' Julie Anne Robinson Kip Koenig November 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 23 ) 18.51 46 10 `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' Seith Mann Carolina Paiz November 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 30 ) 24.01 47 11 `` Six Days ( Part 1 ) '' Greg Yaitanes Krista Vernoff January 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 11 ) 23.03 48 12 `` Six Days ( Part 2 ) '' Greg Yaitanes Krista Vernoff January 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 18 ) 21.94 49 13 `` Great Expectations '' Michael Grossman Eric Buchman January 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 25 ) 21.50 50 14 `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' Julie Anne Robinson Tony Phelan & Joan Rater February 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 01 ) 24.18 51 15 `` Walk on Water '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes February 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 08 ) 25.20 52 16 `` Drowning on Dry Land '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes February 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 15 ) 25.76 53 17 `` Some Kind of Miracle '' Adam Arkin Shonda Rhimes & Marti Noxon February 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 22 ) 27.39 54 18 `` Scars and Souvenirs '' James Frawley Debora Cahn March 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 15 ) 22.68 55 19 `` My Favorite Mistake '' Tamra Davis Chris Van Dusen March 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 22 ) 22.30 56 20 `` Time After Time '' Christopher Misiano Stacy McKee April 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) 21.12 57 21 `` Desire '' Tom Verica Mark Wilding April 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 26 ) 20.08 58 59 22 23 `` The Other Side of This Life '' Michael Grossman Shonda Rhimes May 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 03 ) 21.23 60 24 `` Testing 1 - 2 - 3 '' Christopher Misiano Allan Heinberg May 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 10 ) 19.58 61 25 `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Rob Corn Tony Phelan & Joan Rater May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) 22.57 Season 4 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 62 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) 20.93 63 `` Love / Addiction '' James Frawley Debora Cahn October 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) 18.51 64 `` Let the Truth Sting '' Daniel Minahan Mark Wilding October 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) 19.04 65 `` The Heart of the Matter '' Randall Zisk Allan Heinberg October 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 18 ) 18.04 66 5 `` Haunt You Every Day '' Bethany Rooney Krista Vernoff October 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 25 ) 18.17 67 6 `` Kung Fu Fighting '' Tom Verica Stacy McKee November 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ) 19.31 68 7 `` Physical Attraction , Chemical Reaction '' Jeff Melman Tony Phelan & Joan Rater November 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) 19.50 69 8 `` Forever Young '' Rob Corn Mark Wilding November 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) 19.61 70 9 `` Crash Into Me ( Part 1 ) '' Michael Grossman Shonda Rhimes & Krista Vernoff November 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ) 14.11 71 10 `` Crash Into Me ( Part 2 ) '' Jessica Yu Shonda Rhimes & Krista Vernoff December 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 06 ) 17.78 72 11 `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' John Terlesky Allan Heinberg January 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ) 17.68 73 12 `` Where the Wild Things Are '' Rob Corn Zoanne Clack April 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 24 ) 16.37 74 13 `` Piece of My Heart '' Mark Tinker Stacy McKee May 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) 15.31 75 14 `` The Becoming '' Julie Anne Robinson Tony Phelan & Joan Rater May 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) 16.03 76 15 `` Losing My Mind '' James Frawley Debora Cahn May 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 15 ) 15.55 77 78 16 17 `` Freedom '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes May 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) 18.09 Season 5 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 79 80 `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' Rob Corn Michael Pressman Shonda Rhimes September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) 18.30 81 `` Here Comes the Flood '' Michael Pressman Krista Vernoff October 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) 14.54 82 `` Brave New World '' Eric Stoltz Debora Cahn October 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) 14.57 83 5 `` There 's No ' I ' in Team '' Randy Zisk Jenna Bans October 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) 14.21 84 6 `` Life During Wartime '' James Frawley Mark Wilding October 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) 15.05 85 7 `` Rise Up '' Joanna Kerns William Harper November 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 06 ) 15.63 86 8 `` These Ties That Bind '' Eric Stoltz Stacy McKee November 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 13 ) 15.59 87 9 `` In the Midnight Hour '' Tom Verica Tony Phelan & Joan Rater November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 15.74 88 10 `` All By Myself '' Arlene Sanford Peter Nowalk December 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 04 ) 15.15 89 11 `` Wish You Were Here '' Rob Corn Debora Cahn January 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 08 ) 13.71 90 12 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' Jeannot Szwarc Jenna Bans January 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) 12.95 91 13 `` Stairway to Heaven '' Allison Liddi - Brown Mark Wilding January 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 22 ) 14.25 92 14 `` Beat Your Heart Out '' Julie Anne Robinson William Harper February 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 05 ) 15.20 93 15 `` Before and After '' Dan Attias Tony Phelan & Joan Rater February 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) 15.70 94 16 `` An Honest Mistake '' Randy Zisk Peter Nowalk February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) 15.39 95 17 `` I Will Follow You Into the Dark '' James Frawley Jenna Bans March 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) 13.54 96 18 `` Stand By Me '' Jessica Yu Zoanne Clack March 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) 14.36 97 19 `` Elevator Love Letter '' Edward Ornelas Stacy McKee March 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) 15.81 98 20 `` Sweet Surrender '' Tony Phelan Sonay Washington April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 13.22 99 21 `` No Good at Saying Sorry ( One More Chance ) '' Tom Verica Krista Vernoff April 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) 13.94 100 22 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes May 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) 15.33 101 23 `` Here 's to Future Days '' Bill D'Elia Allan Heinberg May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 15.58 102 24 `` Now or Never '' Rob Corn Debora Cahn May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 17.12 Season 6 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 103 `` Good Mourning '' Edward Ornelas Krista Vernoff September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) 17.03 104 `` Goodbye '' Bill D'Elia Krista Vernoff September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) 17.03 105 `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' Michael Pressman Tony Phelan & Joan Rater October 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) 15.69 106 `` Tainted Obligation '' Tom Verica Jenna Bans October 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) 14.13 107 5 `` Invasion '' Tony Phelan Mark Wilding October 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) 13.79 108 6 `` I Saw What I Saw '' Allison Liddi - Brown William Harper October 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) 14.67 109 7 `` Give Peace a Chance '' Chandra Wilson Peter Nowalk October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) 13.74 110 8 `` Invest in Love '' Jessica Yu Stacy McKee November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) 13.95 111 9 `` New History '' Rob Corn Allan Heinberg November 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) 14.87 112 10 `` Holidaze '' Robert Berlinger Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) 14.07 113 11 `` Blink '' Randy Zisk Debora Cahn January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) 12.73 114 12 `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' Donna Deitch Tony Phelan & Joan Rater January 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) 12.65 115 13 `` State of Love and Trust '' Jeannot Szwarc Stacy McKee February 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) 12.55 116 14 `` Valentine 's Day Massacre '' Stephen Cragg William Harper February 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) 12.74 117 15 `` The Time Warp '' Rob Corn Zoanne Clack February 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) 10.21 118 16 `` Perfect Little Accident '' Bill D'Elia Peter Nowalk March 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) 11.83 119 17 `` Push '' Chandra Wilson Debora Cahn March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 10.96 120 18 `` Suicide is Painless '' Jeannot Szwarc Tony Phelan & Joan Rater March 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) 11.57 121 19 `` Sympathy for the Parents '' Debbie Allen Allan Heinberg April 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) 9.87 122 20 `` Hook , Line and Sinner '' Tony Phelan Meg Marinis April 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) 10.47 123 21 `` How Insensitive '' Tom Verica William Harper May 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) 11.03 124 22 `` Shiny Happy People '' Edward Ornelas Zoanne Clack & Peter Nowalk May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 11.05 125 23 `` Sanctuary '' Stephen Cragg Shonda Rhimes May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 13.93 126 24 `` Death and All His Friends '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 16.13 Season 7 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 127 `` With You I 'm Born Again '' Rob Corn Krista Vernoff September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.32 128 `` Shock to the System '' Tom Verica William Harper September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) 12.53 129 `` Superfreak '' Michael Pressman Mark Wilding October 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) 12.75 130 `` Ca n't Fight Biology '' Edward Ornelas Peter Nowalk October 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 14 ) 12.11 131 5 `` Almost Grown '' Chandra Wilson Brian Tanen October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) 10.97 132 6 `` These Arms of Mine '' Stephen Cragg Stacy McKee October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) 10.79 133 7 `` That 's Me Trying '' Tony Phelan Austin Guzman November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) 11.92 134 8 `` Something 's Gotta Give '' Jeannot Szwarc William Harper November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) 11.13 135 9 `` Slow Night , So Long '' Rob Bailey Zoanne Clack November 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) 11.46 136 10 `` Adrift and at Peace '' Allison Liddi - Brown Tony Phelan & Joan Rater December 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) 11.02 137 11 `` Disarm '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff January 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 06 ) 11.64 138 12 `` Start Me Up '' Mark Jackson Natalie Krinsky January 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 13 ) 12.15 139 13 `` Do n't Deceive Me ( Please Do n't Go ) '' Kevin McKidd Mark Wilding February 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) 11.18 140 14 `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Steve Robin Austin Guzman February 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) 10.47 141 15 `` Golden Hour '' Rob Corn Stacy McKee February 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) 10.24 142 16 `` Not Responsible '' Debbie Allen Debora Cahn February 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) 9.13 143 17 `` This Is How We Do It '' Edward Ornelas Peter Nowalk March 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 24 ) 10.28 144 18 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Tony Phelan Shonda Rhimes March 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 31 ) 13.09 145 19 `` It 's a Long Way Back '' Steve Robin William Harper April 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) 10.67 146 20 `` White Wedding '' Chandra Wilson Stacy McKee May 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ) 10.11 147 21 `` I Will Survive '' Tom Verica Zoanne Clack May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 9.63 148 22 `` Unaccompanied Minor '' Rob Corn Debora Cahn May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 9.89 Season 8 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 149 `` Free Falling '' Rob Corn Tony Phelan & Joan Rater September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 10.38 150 `` She 's Gone '' Tony Phelan Debora Cahn September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 10.38 151 `` Take the Lead '' Chandra Wilson William Harper September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 10.20 152 `` What Is It About Men '' Tom Verica Stacy McKee October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 8.70 153 5 `` Love , Loss and Legacy '' Stephen Cragg Denise Hahn October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 9.97 154 6 `` Poker Face '' Kevin McKidd Peter Nowalk October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) 9.54 155 7 `` Put Me In , Coach '' Debbie Allen Jeannine Renshaw October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 9.93 156 8 `` Heart - Shaped Box '' Jessica Yu Austin Guzman November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 9.52 157 9 `` Dark Was the Night '' Allison Liddi - Brown Debora Cahn November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) 11.29 158 10 `` Suddenly '' Ron Underwood Stacy McKee January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) 12.12 159 11 `` This Magic Moment '' Steve Robin Zoanne Clack January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 10.71 160 12 `` Hope for the Hopeless '' Mark Jackson Peter Nowalk January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 9.42 161 13 `` If / Then '' Jeannot Szwarc William Harper February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 9.71 162 14 `` All You Need Is Love '' Rob Corn Jeannine Renshaw February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 10.27 163 15 `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' Tony Phelan Austin Guzman February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 8.31 164 16 `` If Only You Were Lonely '' Susan Vaill Matt Byrne February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) 9.06 165 17 `` One Step Too Far '' Edward Ornelas William Harper March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) 9.62 166 18 `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' Mark Jackson Stacy McKee April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) 8.19 167 19 `` Support System '' Allison Liddi - Brown Heather Mitchell April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) 8.85 168 20 `` The Girl With No Name '' Ron Underwood Peter Nowalk April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) 9.82 169 21 `` Moment of Truth '' Chandra Wilson Zakiyyah Alexander April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 9.45 170 22 `` Let the Bad Times Roll '' Kevin McKidd Matt Byrne May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 9.24 171 23 `` Migration '' Stephen Cragg Mark Wilding & Jenna Bans May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 9.82 172 24 `` Flight '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 11.44 Season 9 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 173 `` Going , Going , Gone '' Rob Corn Stacy McKee September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 11.73 174 `` Remember the Time '' Tony Phelan William Harper October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 10.84 175 `` Love the One You 're With '' Debbie Allen Zoanne Clack October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 9.69 176 `` I Saw Her Standing There '' Kevin McKidd Austin Guzman October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 8.76 177 5 `` Beautiful Doom '' Stephen Cragg Jeannine Renshaw November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 9.26 178 6 `` Second Opinion '' Chandra Wilson William Harper November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 8.84 179 7 `` I Was Made for Lovin ' You '' Laura Innes Peter Nowalk November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 8.95 180 8 `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' Mark Jackson Stacy McKee December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 9.10 181 9 `` Run , Baby , Run '' Rob Corn Debora Cahn December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 8.17 182 10 `` Things We Said Today '' Ron Underwood Austin Guzman January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) 9.34 183 11 `` The End is the Beginning is the End '' Cherie Nowlan Joan Rater January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) 8.80 184 12 `` Walking on a Dream '' Rob Hardy Tia Napolitano January 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 9.01 185 13 `` Bad Blood '' Steve Robin Jeannine Renshaw January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 8.93 186 14 `` The Face of Change '' Rob Greenlea Stacy McKee February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 8.91 187 15 `` Hard Bargain '' Tony Phelan William Harper February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 8.57 188 16 `` This Is Why We Fight '' Jeannot Szwarc Austin Guzman February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 8.75 189 17 `` Transplant Wasteland '' Chandra Wilson Zoanne Clack March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 8.20 190 18 `` Idle Hands '' David Greenspan Gabriel Llanas March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 9.39 191 19 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Mark Jackson Meg Marinis March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) 9.02 192 20 `` She 's Killing Me '' Nicole Rubio Debora Cahn April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 8.58 193 21 `` Sleeping Monster '' Bobby Roth Bronwyn Garrity April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 8.24 194 22 `` Do You Believe in Magic ? '' Kevin McKidd Dan Bucatinsky May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 8.87 195 23 `` Readiness is All '' Tony Phelan William Harper May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 8.97 196 24 `` Perfect Storm '' Rob Corn Stacy McKee May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 8.99 Season 10 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 10 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 197 `` Seal Our Fate '' Rob Corn Joan Rater September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 9.27 198 `` I Want You with Me '' Chandra Wilson Debora Cahn September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 9.27 199 `` Everybody 's Crying Mercy '' Tony Phelan Tia Napolitano October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 9.60 200 `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' Rob Corn Austin Guzman October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 8.79 201 5 `` I Bet It Stung '' Mark Jackson Jeannine Renshaw October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 8.78 202 6 `` Map of You '' David Greenspan William Harper October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 8.73 203 7 `` Thriller '' Cherie Nowlan Gabriel Llanas October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 8.94 204 8 `` Two Against One '' Kevin McKidd Meg Marinis November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 8.68 205 9 `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' Jeannot Szwarc Stacy McKee November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 8.56 206 10 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Debbie Allen Debora Cahn November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 8.61 207 11 `` Man on the Moon '' Bobby Roth Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 7.02 208 12 `` Get Up , Stand Up '' Tony Phelan William Harper December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 8.36 209 13 `` Take It Back '' Rob Corn Austin Guzman February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 9.42 210 14 `` You 've Got to Hide Your Love Away '' Ron Underwood Tia Napolitano March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 8.21 211 15 `` Throwing It All Away '' Chris Hayde William Harper March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 7.36 212 16 `` We Gotta Get Out of This Place '' Susan Vaill Jeannine Renshaw March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) 8.09 213 17 `` Do You Know ? '' Chandra Wilson Stacy McKee March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) 8.42 214 18 `` You Be Illin ' '' Nicole Rubio Zoanne Clack April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 8.28 215 19 `` I 'm Winning '' Kevin McKidd Joan Rater April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 8.18 216 20 `` Go It Alone '' Mark Jackson Lauren Barnett April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) 8.45 217 21 `` Change of Heart '' Rob Greenlea Meg Marinis April 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) 7.99 218 22 `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' Rob Corn Joan Rater May 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) 8.81 219 23 `` Everything I Try to Do , Nothing Seems to Turn Out Right '' Bill D'Elia Austin Guzman May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) 7.95 220 24 `` Fear ( Of the Unknown ) '' Tony Phelan William Harper May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 8.92 Season 11 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 11 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 221 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' Kevin McKidd Stacy McKee September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 9.81 222 `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' Rob Corn William Harper October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 9.15 223 `` Got to Be Real '' Rob Corn Zoanne Clack October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 8.48 224 `` Only Mama Knows '' Nicole Rubio Mark Driscoll October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 8.43 225 5 `` Bend & Break '' Jesse Bochco Meg Marinis October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 8.62 226 6 `` Do n't Let 's Start '' Rob Greenlea Austin Guzman November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 8.08 227 7 `` Could We Start Again , Please ? '' Bobby Roth Andy Reaser November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 8.36 228 8 `` Risk '' Rob Corn William Harper November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 8.33 229 9 `` Where Do We Go From Here '' Debbie Allen Meg Marinis January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 8.71 230 10 `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' Chandra Wilson Tia Napolitano February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 7.98 231 11 `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' Ron Underwood Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 7.81 232 12 `` The Great Pretender '' Jeannot Szwarc Mark Driscoll February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 8.13 233 13 `` Staring at the End '' Mark Jackson Stacy McKee February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 7.56 234 14 `` The Distance '' Eric Laneuville Austin Guzman March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 8.09 235 15 `` I Feel the Earth Move '' Thomas J. Wright Jen Klein March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 7.40 236 16 `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Susan Vaill Andy Reaser March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 7.73 237 17 `` With or Without You '' Chandra Wilson Elisabeth R. Finch March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 8.18 238 18 `` When I Grow Up '' Zetna Fuentes Tia Napolitano April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 6.64 239 19 `` Crazy Love '' Paul McCrane Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 7.42 240 20 `` One Flight Down '' David Greenspan Austin Guzman April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 7.60 241 21 `` How to Save a Life '' Rob Hardy Shonda Rhimes April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 9.55 242 243 22 23 `` She 's Leaving Home '' Chris Hayden Stacy McKee April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 8.74 244 24 `` Time Stops '' Kevin McKidd Meg Marinis May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 7.74 245 25 `` You 're My Home '' Rob Corn William Harper May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 8.33 Season 12 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 12 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 246 `` Sledgehammer '' Kevin McKidd Stacy McKee September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 9.55 247 `` Walking Tall '' Debbie Allen Meg Marinis October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 8.58 248 `` I Choose You '' Rob Corn William Harper October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 8.12 249 `` Old Time Rock and Roll '' Nicole Rubio Austin Guzman October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 8.25 250 5 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' Debbie Allen Mark Driscoll October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 8.96 251 6 `` The Me Nobody Knows '' Jeannot Szwarc Karin Gist November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) 8.50 252 7 `` Something Against You '' Geary McLeod Andy Reaser November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 8.02 253 8 `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' Rob Corn Tia Napolitano November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) 8.50 254 9 `` The Sound of Silence '' Denzel Washington Stacy McKee February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 8.28 255 10 `` All I Want Is You '' Kevin Sullivan Elisabeth R. Finch February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 7.82 256 11 `` Unbreak My Heart '' Rob Corn Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 7.23 257 12 `` My Next Life '' Chandra Wilson William Harper March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 7.67 258 13 `` All Eyez on Me '' Charlotte Brandström Austin Guzman March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 7.53 259 14 `` Odd Man Out '' Kevin McKidd Meg Marinis March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) 7.83 260 15 `` I Am Not Waiting Anymore '' Nicole Rubio Mark Driscoll March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) 7.91 261 16 `` When It Hurts So Bad '' Eric Laneuville Andy Reaser March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 7.77 262 17 `` I Wear the Face '' Chandra Wilson Karin Gist April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 7.35 263 18 `` There 's a Fine , Fine Line '' Jeannot Szwarc Jen Klein April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 7.97 264 19 `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' Chris Hayden Austin Guzman April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 7.97 265 20 `` Trigger Happy '' Zetna Fuentes Zoanne Clack April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 7.65 266 21 `` You 're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side '' Debbie Allen Lauren Barnett April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 7.91 267 22 `` Mama Tried '' Kevin McKidd Tia Napolitano May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 7.66 268 23 `` At Last '' Rob Corn Stacy McKee May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 7.77 269 24 `` Family Affair '' Debbie Allen William Harper May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 8.19 Season 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 270 `` Undo '' Debbie Allen William Harper September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) 8.75 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' Kevin McKidd Karin Gist September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 8.41 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' Rob Corn Andy Reaser October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 8.08 273 `` Falling Slowly '' Victoria Mahoney Jen Klein October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 7.80 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' Chandra Wilson Mark Driscoll October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 8.17 275 6 `` Roar '' Nicole Rubio Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 8.17 276 7 `` Why Try To Change Me Now '' Jeannot Szwarc Austin Guzman November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 7.60 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' Debbie Allen Meg Marinis November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 7.25 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' Rob Corn Karin Gist November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 8.04 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' Jann Turner Tia Napolitano January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 9.59 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Zoanne Clack February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 8.49 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' Geary McLeod Andy Reaser February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 8.46 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' Jeannot Szwarc Lauren Barnett February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 7.68 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' Oliver Bokelberg Jen Klein February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 7.71 284 15 `` Civil War '' Nicole Rubio Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 7.31 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 7.90 286 17 `` ' Til I Hear It From You '' Kevin McKidd Austin Guzman March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 7.80 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' Ellen Pompeo Meg Marinis March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 7.62 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' Nzingha Stewart Tia Napolitano April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 7.23 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' Chandra Wilson Stacy McKee April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 7.06 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' Louis Venosta Andy Reaser April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 7.02 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' Zetna Fuentes Elisabeth R. Finch May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 7.09 292 23 `` True Colors '' Kevin McKidd William Harper May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 7.02 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' Debbie Allen Stacy McKee May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 7.92 Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBD 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBD Specials ( edit ) No . Title Narrated by Aired between Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Straight to the Heart '' Steven W. Bailey as Joe , the Bartender `` Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer '' `` Begin the Begin '' January 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 08 ) 16.3 `` Under Pressure '' Steven W. Bailey as Joe , the Bartender `` The Name of the Game '' `` Blues for Sister Someone '' April 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 23 ) 14.6 `` Complications of the Heart '' Steven W. Bailey as Joe , the Bartender `` Losing My Religion '' `` Time Has Come Today '' September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) 13.7 `` Every Moment Counts '' Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Denny Duquette `` My Favorite Mistake '' `` Time After Time '' April 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 12 ) 12.6 5 `` Come Rain or Shine '' Editors of People `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' `` A Change is Gonna Come '' September 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) 7.1 Webisodes ( edit ) Seattle Grace : On Call ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Seattle Grace : On Call Part 1 '' David Greenspan Chris Van Dusen October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) `` Seattle Grace : On Call Part 2 '' David Greenspan Chris Van Dusen November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) `` Seattle Grace : On Call Part 3 '' David Greenspan Austin Guzman November 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) `` Seattle Grace : On Call Part 4 '' Susan Vaill Chris Van Dusen December 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) 5 5 `` Seattle Grace : On Call Part 5 '' Susan Vaill Austin Guzman December 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) 6 6 `` Seattle Grace : On Call Part 6 '' Susan Vaill Chris Van Dusen December 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) Seattle Grace : Message of Hope ( edit ) Main article : Seattle Grace : Message of Hope No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 7 `` No Comment '' Kevin McKidd Chris Van Dusen October 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 14 ) 8 `` Take One '' Kevin McKidd Chris Van Dusen October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) 9 `` The Face '' David Greenspan Chris Van Dusen October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) 10 `` Nerves '' David Greenspan Miguel Nolla November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) 11 5 `` Award - Winning '' Kevin McKidd Chris Van Dusen November 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) 12 6 `` The Sizzle '' Kevin McKidd Tim Day November 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 25 ) Grey 's Anatomy : B - Team ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Episode One '' Sarah Drew Barbara Kaye Friend January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) `` Episode Two '' Sarah Drew Barbara Kaye Friend January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) `` Episode Three '' Sarah Drew Barbara Kaye Friend January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) `` Episode Four '' Sarah Drew Barbara Kaye Friend January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) 5 5 `` Episode Five '' Sarah Drew Barbara Kaye Friend January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) 6 6 `` Episode Six '' Sarah Drew Barbara Kaye Friend January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Home video releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Discs 9 February 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 14 ) July 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) April 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 26 ) 27 September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) May 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 28 ) January 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 10 ) 6 25 September 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 11 ) September 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 15 ) October 31 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 31 ) 7 17 September 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 09 ) November 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 23 ) November 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 05 ) 5 5 24 September 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) August 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 23 ) November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) 7 6 24 September 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) December 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) 6 7 22 September 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) May 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 28 ) November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) 6 8 24 September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 6 9 24 August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) 6 10 24 September 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 02 ) November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 6 11 25 August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 6 12 24 August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 6 References ( edit ) General `` Grey 's Anatomy Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . `` Grey 's Anatomy on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Joe ( April 14 , 2005 ) . `` Thriving Ratings for a New Patient on ABC '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Show '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Matthew ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Goes Colorblind '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season One DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Berman , Craig ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Can ' Grey 's ' rise to challenge of Thursdays ? '' . Today . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Season 8 '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Ep. 3 ' Superfreak ' '' . Amazon Video . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Watch ' Grey 's Anatomy ' When You Want , Just Do n't Skip Ads '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Video and Full Episodes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Full Episodes and Clips streaming online '' . Hulu . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix Adds More ABC , Disney Shows For Instant Streaming '' . Time . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2007 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards -- Television '' . 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February 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . April 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 20 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference ga4ep9 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . December 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday , September 25 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Updated Thursday : CSI Opens Large , Life on Mars & Eleventh Hour Battle '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Updated Thursday : CSI Has Most Total Viewers , Grey 's Anatomy Wins With Youth '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : CBS Dominates with CSI ; World Series and Life on Mars Drop '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : Thursday Ratings , CSI Most Watched , Best Ratings Ever for 30 Rock '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : CSI Wins Viewers , Grey 's Anatomy Demo ; Plus Oprah '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Updated Thursday : CSI Most Viewers , Grey 's Anatomy Higher Demos ; Plus ER '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' 30 Rock ' and ' ER ' hold up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : Barbara Walters still a hit with the ' youth ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Updated Thursday Ratings : ' BCS Championship ' dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Updated Thursday Ratings : ' CSI 's ' Petersen Farewell Draws 23 Million '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 23 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' CSI ' Captures Viewers , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Wins Demos '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : With CBS Away , ' Grey 's ' and ' Practice ' Come Out to Play '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' Survivor ' Returns Well , ' Grey 's ' Boosts ' Practice ' To Demo Beatdown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' still the demo king , ' Survivor ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : Surprise Clooney Return Provides little Boost To ' E.R. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings Down To The Wire '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Bill ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ' Idol ' Dominates , ' In the Motherhood ' Near ' Ugly Betty ' Levels '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ABC Wins ; ' Southland ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Harper 's Island ' All Slip '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ABC Wins ; ' Southland ' Continues To Head South '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` chance '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday Ratings : ABC Wins ; ' Southland ' , ' Parks & Rec ' Still Falling '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Wins Finale Thursday ; But Decline Continues '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals , plus quarter hour detail for ' FlashForward ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' Greys ' , ' Practice ' , ' CSI ' , ' Mentalist ' all a tick up in broadcast finals , ' Leno Show ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : ' The Office ' , ' Bones ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' Supernatural ' up ; ' Community ' , ' Private Practice ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Bones ' , ' The Office ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' up , ' Private Practice ' down a tick '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Community ' , ' FlashForward ' , ' Leno ' Down ; ' Survivor ' , ' Grey 's ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Office ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Bones ' up in finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Office ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Mentalist ' up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' 30 Rock ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Private Practice ' Crossover Boost ; ' Bones High ' ; ' Grey 's ' , ' CSI ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Leno ' Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Deep End ' Underwater ; ' Bones ' High ; ' CSI ' , ' Mentalist ' , ' Grey 's ' Series Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Final Ratings ; ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Community ' Tick Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , bill ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Mentalist ' Tick Up , ' Private Practice ' , ' 30 Rock ' Tick Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Against Olympics ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Hits Lows ; ' Survivor ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast Finals Plus ' Marriage Ref ' 15 Minute Ratings Breakdown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' American Idol ' Leads Fox Win ; ' Marriage Ref ' Loses Yardage '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Community , Parks & Rec , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' FlashForward ' , ' Marriage Ref ' Inch Up ; ' The Mentalist ' Inches Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals ' FlashForward ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Survivor ' , ' Bones ' , Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Rules Finale Thursday ; ' Bones ' , ' FlashForward ' , ' CSI ' , ' Parks ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Ref ' Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' $ # * ! My Dad Says ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' , ' The Mentalist ' and ' Outsourced ' All Rise ; ' Private Practice ' Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' $ # * ! My Dad Says ' , ' CSI ' Adjusted Up , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Private Practice ' , ' Apprentice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Bones ' , ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' $ # * ! My Dad Says ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' The Big Bang Theory ' ' $ # * ! My Dad Says ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' The Office ' , ' Outsourced ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Fringe ' All Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Big Bang ' , CSI , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up ; Private Practice Down ; Plus NLCS Game 5 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Shrekless ' , ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nikita ' Down ; Plus ' World Series ' Game 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Office ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Fringe ' , ' Community ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Outsourced ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Down ; ' Bones ' , ' $ # * ! My Dad Says ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' $ # * ! My Dad Says ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Outsourced ' Adjusted Down ; ' The Office ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Private Practice , ' ' Bones , ' ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Winter Wipeout , ' ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Winter Wipeout ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Bones , ' ' Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Office , ' ' Outsourced , ' and ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Private Practice , ' ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Down ; ' American Idol , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up ; Plus CBS NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Rules Of Engagement , ' ' CSI , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community ' Down + ' The Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' CSI , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Community , ' ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Community , ' ' Rules , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office ' & ' The Secret Circle , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Person Of Interest , ' ' X Factor ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series + ' Big Bang , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series Game 6 Finals + ' Big Bang , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office , ' ' Person , ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Secret Circle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' The Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops ' American Idol ' 1st Half Hour ; ' Office , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Grey 's ' Adj . Up ; ' Person , ' ' Rob , ' ' Parks ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' The Finder , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person Of Interest , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Secret Circle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Biel , Sara ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Office ' , ' Missing ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down + NCAA Game Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Office ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted DownDown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' The Office ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' and ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Sean Saves the World ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' , ' Scandal ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Parenthood ' , & ' The Michael J Fox Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Michael J. Fox Show ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Reign ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Sing - Off ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Bad Teacher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Black Box ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Gracepoint ' or ' Reign ' + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Reign ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Crime ' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Crime ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Player ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' Empire ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' trade spots , ' SNF ' on top for Oct. 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NCAA tourney has a soft start on CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , plus final NCAA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Good Place ' adjust up , ' Notorious ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Superstore ' and ' The Good Place ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Superstore ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and ABC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Notorious ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Pure Genius , ' other CBS shows down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' How to Get Away ' adjust up , ' Great Indoors ' and NBC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' and NBC adjust down with NFL pre-emptions : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Great Indoors ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday Final Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blacklist : Redemption ' and ' The Catch ' adjust down , final NCAA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` NCAA Sweet 16 up a little vs. last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1413 ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1414 ) `` Games People Play '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Narrator : Bailey , Steven W. ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Straight to the Heart '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://www.tvtango.com/listings?filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bmonth%5D=1&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bday%5D=8&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Byear%5D=2006&commit.x=13&commit.y=11 Jump up ^ Narrator : Bailey , Steven W. ( April 23 , 2006 ) . `` Under Pressure '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://www.tvtango.com/listings?filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bmonth%5D=4&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bday%5D=23&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Byear%5D=2006&commit.x=24&commit.y=20 Jump up ^ Narrator : Bailey , Steven W. ( September 21 , 2006 ) . `` Complications of the Heart '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://www.tvtango.com/listings?filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bmonth%5D=9&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bday%5D=21&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Byear%5D=2006&commit.x=27&commit.y=18 Jump up ^ Narrator : Morgan , Jeffrey Dean ( April 12 , 2007 ) . `` Every Moment Counts '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://www.tvtango.com/listings?filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bmonth%5D=4&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bday%5D=12&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Byear%5D=2007&commit.x=31&commit.y=12 Jump up ^ Narrators : Editors of People ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Come Rain or Shine '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting campaign . Jump up ^ http://www.tvtango.com/listings?filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bmonth%5D=9&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Bday%5D=19&filters%5Bdate%5D%5Byear%5D=2007&commit.x=28&commit.y=13 Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 1 Press Release Shows Several Extras ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved November 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 1 DVD '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 1 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Extended Episodes on Season 2 Set - With Cover Art ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 DVD '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Seriously ! We 've Got the 3rd Season DVD Street Date ! * * Large Art , Extras Added * '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved May 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 3 DVD '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 3 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 28 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - It 's a Full Staff from Seattle Grace on the Cover of Grey 's 4th Season DVDs ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 4 DVD '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 4 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - DVD & High - Def Blu - ray Releases of The Complete 5th Season Announced * * UPDATE : New Info , Extras , Packages * * '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 5 DVD '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 5 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Finalized Package Art for The Complete 6th Season ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 6 DVD '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 6 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Early Info with Release Date , Cost and Box Cover for ' The Complete 7th Season ' * * UPDATE : Extras ! * * '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 7 DVD '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 7 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - DVD Set is Scheduled for ' The Complete 8th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 8 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 8 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Completely Revised Box Art , Possible Earlier Date for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 9 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Australian Releases : TV on DVD & Blu - ray '' . Stack Magazine . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - ABC / Disney Announces The Complete 10th Season on DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 10 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 10 ( DVD ) '' . ezydvd.com.au . August 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - ABC / Disney 's Official Press Release for ' The Complete 11th Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 11 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Street Date for ' The Complete 12th Season ' Announced by ABC / Disney '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 12 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 12 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Television portal List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy at epguides.com Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grey%27s_Anatomy_episodes&oldid=826369992 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Grey 's Anatomy episodes Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with broken reference names Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Episode list using the default LineColor Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 19 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did season 4 of greys anatomy come out | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n9\nMarch 27, 2005 (2005-03-27)\nMay 22, 2005 (2005-05-22)\n\n\n\n2\n27\nSeptember 25, 2005 (2005-09-25)\nMay 15, 2006 (2006-05-15)\n\n\n\n3\n25\nSeptember 21, 2006 (2006-09-21)\nMay 17, 2007 (2007-05-17)\n\n\n\n4\n17\nSeptember 27, 2007 (2007-09-27)\nMay 22, 2008 (2008-05-22)\n\n\n\n5\n24\nSeptember 25, 2008 (2008-09-25)\nMay 14, 2009 (2009-05-14)\n\n\n\n6\n24\nSeptember 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)\nMay 20, 2010 (2010-05-20)\n\n\n\n7\n22\nSeptember 23, 2010 (2010-09-23)\nMay 19, 2011 (2011-05-19)\n\n\n\n8\n24\nSeptember 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)\nMay 17, 2012 (2012-05-17)\n\n\n\n9\n24\nSeptember 27, 2012 (2012-09-27)\nMay 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)\n\n\n\n10\n24\nSeptember 26, 2013 (2013-09-26)\nMay 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)\n\n\n\n11\n25\nSeptember 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)\nMay 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)\n\n\n\n12\n24\nSeptember 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)\nMay 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)\n\n\n\n13\n24\nSeptember 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)\nMay 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)\n\n\n\n14\n24\nSeptember 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)\nMay 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)\n\n"
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"September 27, 2007"
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1124219801478612971 | Toyota Racing Development | Toyota Racing Development - Wikipedia Toyota Racing Development This article is about the in - house tuning shop in Japan . For other uses of this abbreviation , see TRD . Toyota Racing Development Logo . A NASCAR Sprint Cup Toyota Camry developed by TRD and Joe Gibbs Racing . Toyota Racing Development ( also known by its abbreviation TRD ) is the in - house tuning shop for all Toyota , Lexus and formerly Scion cars . TRD is responsible both for improving street cars for more performance and supporting Toyota 's racing interests around the world . TRD produces various tuning products and accessories , including performance suspension components , superchargers , and wheels . TRD parts are available through Toyota dealers , and are also available as accessories on brand - new Toyotas and Scions . Performance parts for Lexus vehicles are now labeled as F - Sport and performance Lexus models are labeled F to distinguish Lexus 's F division from TRD . As of June 2013 there are currently two official branches of TRD : TRD Japan ( a.k.a. Toyota Technocraft ) and TRD USA . Each of these branches has both a performance tuning division and a race ( or competition ) division . Toyota Motorsport GmbH ( TMG ) ran the Toyota Formula One Team ( also known as Panasonic Toyota Racing ) and is not under the control of TRD as TMG is a completely separate entity . TRD Japan 's Race Division concentrates on the Super GT Series ( JGTC ) , All - Japan Formula Three Championship Series , ESSO Formula Toyota Series , and Netz Cup races ( Vitz Series ) . TRD USA 's Race Division , known as ' Toyota Racing ' , competes in NASCAR , NHRA Top Fuel and Funny car , IMSA GT Daytona , Pirelli World Challenge TCA , Formula Drift , TORC , USAC , and Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series . Former competitions include the Baja 1000 , Grand - Am , CART / Champ Car and the Indy Racing League . In association with All American Racers , TRD USA was responsible for developing engines for the Eagle HF89 / 90 and Eagle MkIII Grand Touring Prototypes . Toyota Motorsport GmbH or TMG , operated the Toyota Formula One Team . Former activities include the World Rally Championship ( WRC ) as Toyota Team Europe with the famous Celica GT - Four and rally versions of the Corolla , as well as two attempts ( in 1998 and 1999 ) at the 24 Hours of Le Mans with the GT - One . TMG has now returned to the Le Mans 24 Hours and the World Endurance Championship . Toyota Australia introduced a TRD division in August 2007 , with the supercharged Aurion V6 , followed by a high - performance variant of the 4WD Hilux in April 2008 . Speculation suggested a third model was likely to be a RAV4 . TRD was aimed to compete with local in - house tuning shops Holden Special Vehicles ( HSV ) and Ford Performance Vehicles ( FPV ) . However , in December 2008 Toyota Australia announced it would be ceasing production of its TRD range . The decision took effect on 31 March 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 TRD parts 1.1 TRD supercharged engine list ( model year ) 1.2 1ZZ - FE 1.8 L I4 ( Roots ) 1.3 2AZ - FE 2.4 L I4 ( centrifugal ) 1.4 1MZ - FE 3.0 L V6 ( Roots ) 1.5 5VZ - FE 3.4 L V6 ( Roots ) 1.6 2GR - FZE 3.5 L V6 ( Roots ) 1.7 1GR - FE 4.0 L V6 ( Roots ) 1.8 1FZ - FE 4.5 L I6 1.9 2UZ - FE 4.7 L V8 1.10 3UR - FE 5.7 L V8 ( Roots , Eaton TVS , air to liquid intercooler ) 2 Current models 3 See also 4 References 5 External links TRD parts ( edit ) TRD offers bolt - on headers , sport mufflers , and cat - back exhausts that are 50 state emission legal . Cold air intakes are also sold but not always emission legal . Suspension equipment includes coilovers , springs , dampers and struts , suspension tower braces , sway bars , and wheel upgrades as well . Braking hardware includes full brake kits including calipers , rotors and stainless steel braided brake lines . Separate performance brake pads are also sold . Oil and air filters are offered . Engine head gaskets and camshafts are sold as well . A number of cosmetic modifications are available among other performance equipment . TRD supercharged engine list ( model year ) ( edit ) When install is performed by a Toyota dealer , the 3 / 36,000 mile warranty extends to the supercharger , otherwise the vehicle retains the factory warranties and the supercharger is covered by a 12 month / unlimited mileage warranty . As of 2015 all TRD Superchargers have been discontinued and ceased production , but all warranties will still be acknowledged . 1ZZ - FE 1.8 L I4 ( Roots ) ( edit ) 2003 -- 04 Matrix 2003 -- 04 Corolla 2003 -- 04 Pontiac Vibe ( factory warranty from GM rather than Toyota , but same rules apply ) 2AZ - FE 2.4 L I4 ( centrifugal ) ( edit ) 2005 -- 2011 Scion tC 2008 -- 2009 Scion xB 1MZ - FE 3.0 L V6 ( Roots ) ( edit ) 1994 -- 96 Camry Requires minor modification . ( discontinued ) 1997 -- 00 Camry ( discontinued ) 1998 -- 00 Sienna ( discontinued ) 1999 -- 00 Solara ( discontinued ) 5VZ - FE 3.4 L V6 ( Roots ) ( edit ) 1997 -- 04 Tacoma 1997 -- 98 T100 2000 -- 03 Tundra 1997 -- 02 4Runner 2GR - FZE 3.5 L V6 ( Roots ) ( edit ) 2008 -- TRD Aurion ( factory installed , world 's first Eaton TVS supercharged production car ) 1GR - FE 4.0 L V6 ( Roots ) ( edit ) 2005 -- 2015 Tacoma 2007 -- 09 FJ Cruiser 2003 - 09 4Runner 1FZ - FE 4.5 L I6 ( edit ) 1995 -- 97 Landcruiser 2UZ - FE 4.7 L V8 ( edit ) 2000 -- 09 Tundra 2003 GX 470 2003 -- 09 4Runner 3UR - FE 5.7 L V8 ( Roots , Eaton TVS , air to liquid intercooler ) ( edit ) 2007 -- Tundra 2008 -- Sequoia Current models ( edit ) Toyota 4Runner TRD Pro ( USA only ) Toyota Tacoma TRD Toyota Tacoma TRD Pro ( USA only ) Toyota Tundra TRD Toyota Tundra TRD Pro ( USA and Canada only ) Toyota Sequoia TRD Toyota 86 TRD ( UK and Indonesia only ) Toyota FJ Cruiser TRD ( USA , Canada and Mexico only ) Toyota Rush TRD Sportivo ( Indonesia only ) Toyota Vios TRD Sportivo ( Thailand , Malaysia and Philippines only ) Toyota Agya TRD S ( Indonesia only ) Toyota Yaris TRD Sportivo ( Thailand and Indonesia only ) Toyota Hilux TRD ( Thailand only ) Toyota Fortuner TRD Sportivo ( Thailand and Indonesia only ) See also ( edit ) Lexus F division Toyota in motorsports Toyota Racing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , J.A. ; Fuller , M.J. ( 2008 ) . Inside IMSA 's Legendary GTP Race Cars : The Prototype Experience . US : Motorbooks . Jump up ^ McMahon , Bruce ( 2008 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Hot Hi - Lux from TRD '' . Queensland Newspapers . Australia . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota leaves TRD out in the cold '' . AUSmotive.com . Australia . 2008 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Siu , Jason ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Toyota Discontinues TRD Supercharger Program '' . AutoGuide . US . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Esterdahl , Tim ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Toyota Discontinues TRD Supercharger '' . PickupTrucks.com . US . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torr , Feann ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Road Test : TRD Aurion '' . Web Wombat . Australia . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Racing Development . Official website ( Asia ) Official website ( Australia ) Official website ( Japan ) Official website ( USA ) ( in Japanese ) Toyota Technocraft Toyota Motorsport GmbH Toyota Motorsports ( USA ) Toyota Motor Corporation Marques Toyota Daihatsu Lexus Hino Leahead Ranz Subaru Former marques Scion Subsidiaries Calty Design Research Central Motors Hino Motors Kanto Auto Works Toyota Australia Toyota Central R&D Labs Toyota Financial Services Toyota Manufacturing UK Toyota ( GB ) PLC Toyota Motor Europe Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada Toyota Motor Manufacturing France Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey Toyota Motor North America Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America Toyota Motor Philippines Toyota Motor Thailand Toyota Motorsport GmbH Joint ventures WiLL GAC Toyota ( 50 % ) Indus Motors Company Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor ( 50 % ) Toyota Kirloskar Motor Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech UMW Toyota Motor ( 49 % ) Current models Cars 86 Agya Allion Auris Avalon Avensis Aygo Camry Camry Hybrid Century Corolla Corolla Altis Corolla Axio Corolla Fielder Corolla iM Crown Etios JPN Taxi Mark X Mirai Passo Pixis Epoch Pixis Joy Pixis Mega Premio Porte Prius Prius Plug - in Hybrid Prius c Probox Roomy Succeed Tank Verso Vios Vitz Yaris Yaris iA Pickup trucks / Utilities Hilux Hilux Vigo Hilux Revo Land Cruiser 79 Series Pixis Truck Tacoma Tundra SUVs / Crossovers 4Runner C - HR Fortuner Harrier Harrier Hybrid Highlander Kluger Highlander Hybrid Kluger Hybrid Land Cruiser 200 Land Cruiser Prado Land Cruiser 74 Series Land Cruiser 76 Series Land Cruiser 78 Series RAV4 Rush Sequoia Vans Alphard Avanza Calya Esquire Estima Estima Hybrid HiAce Innova Kijang Innova LiteAce Noah Pixis Van Previa Prius v / Prius + / Prius α ProAce Sienna Sienta TownAce Voxy Commercial trucks Dyna ToyoAce Type 73 Medium Truck Buses Coaster Discontinued models 1000 1900 2000 2000GT AA AB AC AE Allex Altezza ( Gita ) Aristo Aurion Avensis Verso BA Bandeirante bB Belta Blade Blizzard Brevis Briska Caldina Cami Camry Coupe Camry Station wagon Camry Solara Carina Carina E Carina ED Carina FF Carina Surf Carina II Celica Celica Camry Celica Supra Celica XX Celsior Chaser Classic Comfort Corolla Ceres Corolla II Corolla Levin Corolla Rumion Corolla Spacio Corolla Sprinter Corolla SR5 Corolla Verso Corolla Tercel Corona Corona Absolute Corona Exsior Corona EXiV Corona Mark II Corona SF Corsa Cressida Cresta Crown Comfort Crown Majesta Crown Sedan Curren Cynos DA Duet Echo FA FJ40 FJ Cruiser Fun Cargo Gaia Grand Hiace Granvia Hilux Surf Ipsum Nadia Picnic iQ Isis ist Kijang Lexcen Light Stout Macho Mark II Mark II Blit Mark II Qualis Mark X ZiO Master MasterAce Matrix Mega Cruiser MiniAce Model F MR2 MR - S Opa Origin Paseo Pixis Space Platz Progrès Pronard Publica Quick Delivery Ractis Raum Regius Revo RH RK RR SA Sai SB Scepter SD Sera SF SG Soarer Solara Soluna Space Cruiser Sparky Sports 800 SportsVan Sprinter Sprinter Carib Sprinter Cielo Sprinter Marino Sprinter Trueno Stallion Starlet Stout Su - Ki SunChaser Super Supra T100 Tamaraw Tercel Tiara Urban Cruiser Van VanWagon Venza Verossa Verso - S Vienta Vista Voltz Windom WISH Yaris Verso Zelas Concepts and prototypes 1957 Sports 4500GT A-BAT Alessandro Volta Auris HSD Full Hybrid Concept Avalon AXV - II Toyota AXV - III AXV - IV CAL - 1 Camry TS - 01 Celica Cruising Deck Celica XYR Century GT45 C - HR concept Corona 1500S Convertible Corona 1900S Sporty Sedan Corona Sports Coupe Crown Convertible CS&S CX - 80 DMT Dream Car Dream Car Model eCom Electronics Car ES3 EX-I EX-II EX-III EX-7 EX-11 F101 F110 F1 / Ultimate Celica F3R FCHV Fine - N Fine - S Fine - X FSC FT - 1 FT - 86 FT - CH FT - EV FT - HS FT - SX FTX FX - 1 FXV FXV - II FXS GTV HC - CV Hybrid X i - foot i - real i - swing i - unit Marinetta Marinetta 10 Motor Triathlon Race Car MP - 1 NLSV PM Pod Prius c Concept Prius Custom Plus Concept Project Go Publica Sports RiN RSC RV - 1 RV - 2 RV - 5 Sport Sportivo Coupe Sports 800 Gas Turbine Hybrid Sports X Street Affair SV - 1 SV - 2 SV - 3 TAC3 VM180 Zagato Winglet X X-Runner Motorsports Formula Toyota Tom 's Toyota Finance 86 Championship Toyota Team Australia Toyota Team Europe Toyota Racing Other Toyota Group Engines Transmissions Manufacturing facilities Hybrid Synergy Drive Toyota Racing Development Model codes G - Book telematics Entune Telematics TTC Toyota flower A brand of GAC Toyota A brand of Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor Toyota holds a 16.1 % stake in Subaru 's parent company Subaru Corporation Commons hide Toyota in NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series BK Racing Furniture Row Racing Gaunt Brothers Racing Joe Gibbs Racing Xfinity Series Joe Gibbs Racing JP Motorsports MBM Motorsports NextGen Motorsports NXT Motorsports Camping World Truck Series All Out Motorsports DGR - Crosley Hattori Racing Enterprises Jordan Anderson Racing Kyle Busch Motorsports Reaume Brothers Racing Engine builders Toyota Racing Development Triad Racing Technologies Joe Gibbs Racing Pro Motor Engines Race Engines Plus Championships 2006 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series ( Todd Bodine with Germain Racing ) 2008 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series ( Johnny Benson Jr. with Bill Davis Racing ) 2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series ( Kyle Busch with Joe Gibbs Racing ) 2010 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series ( Todd Bodine with Germain Racing ) 2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series ( Matt Crafton with ThorSport Racing ) 2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series ( Matt Crafton with ThorSport Racing ) 2015 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series ( Erik Jones with Kyle Busch Motorsports ) 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series ( Kyle Busch with Joe Gibbs Racing ) 2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series ( Daniel Suárez with Joe Gibbs Racing ) 2017 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series ( Christopher Bell with Kyle Busch Motorsports ) 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( Martin Truex Jr. with Furniture Row Racing ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Racing_Development&oldid=844821173 '' Categories : Toyota Racing Development Auto parts suppliers Automotive companies of Japan Official motorsports and performance division of automakers Multinational companies Indy Racing League engine manufacturers Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 11 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does trd stand for on toyota trucks | [
"Toyota Racing Development (also known by its abbreviation TRD) is the in-house tuning shop for all Toyota, Lexus and formerly Scion cars. TRD is responsible both for improving street cars for more performance and supporting Toyota's racing interests around the world. TRD produces various tuning products and accessories, including performance suspension components, superchargers, and wheels. TRD parts are available through Toyota dealers, and are also available as accessories on brand-new Toyotas and Scions. Performance parts for Lexus vehicles are now labeled as F-Sport and performance Lexus models are labeled F to distinguish Lexus's F division from TRD."
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"Toyota Racing Development"
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-5741594990249054118 | Jesse Palmer | Jesse Palmer - wikipedia Jesse Palmer For the Australian rules footballer , see Jesse Palmer ( Australian footballer ) . Jesse Palmer Palmer in November 2010 No. 3 Position : Quarterback Born : ( 1978 - 10 - 05 ) October 5 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Toronto , Ontario Height : 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Weight : 219 lb ( 99 kg ) Career information High school : Ottawa ( ON ) St. Pius X College : Florida NFL Draft : 2001 / Round : 4 / Pick : 125 CFL draft : 2001 / Round : 2 / Pick : 15 Career history New York Giants ( 2001 -- 2004 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 ) Montreal Alouettes ( 2006 ) * * Offseason and / or practice squad member only Career highlights and awards SEC Championship ( 2000 ) Career NFL statistics Pass attempts : 120 Completions : 63 Passing yards : 562 TD - INT : 3 - 4 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Jesse James Palmer ( born October 5 , 1978 ) is a Canadian sports commentator and former college and professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for five seasons in the early 2000s . Palmer played college football for the University of Florida , and thereafter , he played professionally for the New York Giants and San Francisco 49ers in the NFL before spending half of the 2006 season with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Palmer was cast in 2004 as the bachelor on the fifth season of the reality television series The Bachelor . He went on to become a college football analyst for ESPN / ABC in the United States , and has been a columnist for the website of The Sports Network in Canada . He is also a contributor to ABC 's Good Morning America . As of mid 2018 , he is hosting the new show on ABC called The Proposal . Contents 1 Early years 2 College career 3 Professional football career 3.1 NFL 3.2 CFL 4 The Bachelor 5 Broadcasting career 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early Years ( edit ) Palmer was born in Toronto , Ontario , and raised in Nepean , Ontario , a suburb of Ottawa . He attended both Confederation and St. Pius X high schools , although he played all of his amateur football on teams in the Ontario Minor Football Association and most importantly with the Myers Riders Football Club in Ottawa . His father , Bill Palmer , played for the Ottawa Rough Riders . His mother , Susan , was a prominent fashion and print model , co-founder of Barrett Palmer Models and former owner of the original ITM International Top Models , a modeling agency and training centre located in Ottawa ( eventually became MIM Model International Management ) . College career ( edit ) Palmer accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where he played for coach Steve Spurrier 's Florida Gators football team from 1997 to 2000 . Palmer often alternated playing time with quarterback Doug Johnson , and later , with quarterback Rex Grossman . Memorably , he connected with Bo Carroll on a 75 - yard touchdown pass play , and rushed for four touchdowns against the Kentucky Wildcats in 2000 . As a senior , he was selected as one of the team captains and received the Gators ' Fergie Ferguson Award , recognizing the `` senior football player who displays outstanding leadership , character and courage . '' He finished his four - year college career with 3,755 passing yards . Palmer graduated from the University of Florida in 2001 with two undergraduate degrees : a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , and a Bachelor of Science degree in marketing from the College of Business Administration . Professional Football career ( edit ) NFL ( edit ) Palmer was chosen by the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) in the fourth round ( 125th overall pick ) of the 2001 NFL Draft , and he played for the Giants for four seasons from 2001 to 2004 . As a Giants quarterback , he spent most of his NFL career as a backup behind starter Kerry Collins . In 2002 , Palmer played in two games . The following season , Palmer played in six games , starting three . In 2003 , he was sacked by Washington Redskins defensive end Bruce Smith , Smith 's 199th career sack which enabled him to become the all - time career sack leader . After a four - year stint as a backup quarterback , he was cut on September 3 , 2005 by the Giants . Palmer was the second Canadian ( after Mark Rypien of the Washington Redskins ) to start at the quarterback position in the NFL . CFL ( edit ) Palmer was drafted by the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) 15th overall in 2001 CFL Draft . At first , wanting to stay in the game , he looked to the Canadian Football League for employment . His rights were held by Montreal ; however , the Ottawa Renegades tried to acquire the Ottawa native as their top quarterback in September 2005 , and Palmer expressed interest in playing for his home town . Attempting to locate another opportunity to stay in the NFL , Palmer worked out with the Minnesota Vikings and Oakland Raiders and was signed by the San Francisco 49ers on November 1 , 2005 as injuries plagued their quarterbacks Alex Smith and Ken Dorsey . Palmer was released three weeks later after Dorsey and Smith returned from injury , without playing a down . Palmer was re-signed by the 49ers in March 2006 during the off - season but was later released on August 29 , 2006 toward the end of training camp . On September 11 , 2006 , the Montreal Alouettes signed him to their developmental roster . Palmer did not dress for a game with Montreal . He retired from the CFL before the start of the 2007 season to pursue a broadcasting career . The Bachelor ( edit ) In 2004 , Palmer was the first professional athlete to appear on The Bachelor television program and the first non-American bachelor , in which he was given his choice of eligible single women . He eventually selected Jessica Bowlin , but their courtship lasted for only a few months after the end of the show . Broadcasting career ( edit ) Palmer was a color commentator for Fox for two games late in the 2005 season , and returned to the booth on November 26 , 2006 . On April 25 , 2007 , Palmer appeared on the NFL Network as an analyst and commentator for the weekend 's NFL Draft . On May 24 , 2007 , Palmer announced his retirement from the Canadian Football League to pursue a broadcasting career with Fox . He joined ESPN in 2007 . Palmer worked for ESPN as a studio analyst on College Football Live and ABC telecasts , and frequently appeared with fellow Canadian John Saunders until 2017 . He is a game analyst on ESPN Thursday Night College football games . He was also co-host on The Palmer and Pollack Show on ESPNU with former Georgia defensive end , David Pollack . On March 12 , 2014 , ESPN named Palmer and Brent Musburger as the lead game announcers for the forthcoming SEC Network . Palmer is also New York correspondent for CTV 's entertainment news program , eTalk , covering both sports and entertainment events , including the Super Bowl and the 79th and 80th Academy Awards . Palmer was a studio analyst for ESPN 's broadcast of the 2012 Cotton Bowl in Dallas , Texas , the 2010 Fiesta Bowl in Glendale , Arizona , and the 2009 Rose Bowl game in Pasadena , California . he is also an NFL analyst for TSN 's `` Monday Morning Quarterback '' segment . Palmer guest starred in the Law & Order : Special Victims Unit season 7 episode `` Design , '' portraying professional baseball player Don Lacey . He hosted the first two seasons of the food competition show Recipe to Riches on Food Network Canada . On May 19 , 2015 , Palmer joined Good Morning America as a `` Special Contributor '' . He left the position in August 2017 . He has also hosted `` Spring Baking Championship '' and `` Holiday Baking Championship '' on Food Network . On September 17 , 2017 Palmer began hosting the newly launched DailyMailTV . See also ( edit ) American football portal College football portal Florida Gators football , 1990 -- 99 List of Florida Gators football players in the NFL List of New York Giants players List of University of Florida alumni References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jesse Palmer '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Palmer : College Football Analyst '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Columns by Jesse Palmer ) '' . The Sports Network . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jesse Palmer profile , pro-football-reference.com ; retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jesse Palmer profile Archived 2011 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , databaseFootball.com ; retrieved March 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 2011 Florida Gators Football Media Guide Archived 2012 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , University Athletic Association , Gainesville , Florida , pp. 98 , 99 , 103 , 125 , 136 , 138 -- 139 , 142 , 144 , 148 , 152 , 185 ( 2011 ) . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 National Football League Draft '' . profootballhof.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Palmer , QB '' . nfl.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` For now , it 's ' The Bachelor ' at quarterback for the Giants '' . espn.com . The Associated Press . June 7 , 2004 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( December 8 , 2003 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; With No. 199 , Smith Becomes Sack Leader '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bautista , Judy ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` Giants Settle on Quarterbacks , and Palmer Is Odd Man Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Patton , John ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Florida Gator Quarterbacks Through the Years '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Palmer Joins Alouettes '' ( Press release ) . Canadian Football League . September 11 , 2006 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Naylor , David ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` Ottawa in talks to sign ex-NFL pivot Palmer '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Roger ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` TV - hottie Palmer begins date with 49ers '' . East Bay Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pasquarelli , Len ( August 29 , 2006 ) . `` 49ers dump ' Bachelor ' Palmer , claim QB Hamdan '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Palmer catches on as sports and ETalk reporter '' . The Hamilton Spectator . August 31 , 2007 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Palmer says goodbye to CFL '' . CBC News . May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Long Did Every ' Bachelor ' and ' Bachelorette ' Couple Stay Together After the Finale ? '' . Us Weekly . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Main , Sami ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jesse Palmer Parlays NFL and Bachelor Fame Into Entertainment and News Gigs '' . adweek.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Palmer announces retirement '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Michael ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` SN exclusive : Jesse Palmer re-signs with ESPN after bidding war with Fox '' . sportingnews.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Gracie ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` ESPNU Announces New Palmer & Pollack Studio Show '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brent Musburger , Jesse Palmer lead SEC team '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Palmer profile '' . CTV.ca . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TSN Talent - Jesse Palmer '' . TSN / Bell Media . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Recipe to Riches ' : CBC Names Carlo Rota As Hit Culinary Show 's New Host '' . Huffington Post Canada . The Canadian Press . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Jesse Palmer leaving ' GMA ' to host ' DailyMailTV ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Palmer '' . FoodNetwork.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spargo , Chris ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ESPN football analyst and former NFL quarterback Jesse Palmer will host DailyMailTV this fall '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Jesse Palmer -- Florida Gators player profile Jessie Palmer -- IMDB profile Florida Gators starting quarterbacks Charlie Thompson ( 1906 -- 08 ) Charlie Bartleson ( 1908 ) Edgerton ( 1909 -- 10 ) Bob W. Shackleford ( 1910 -- 11 ) Harry S. Hester ( 1912 ) George Mosley ( 1913 ) Rammy Ramsdell ( 1913 -- 15 ) Artie Fuller ( 1916 -- 17 ) Horace Loomis ( 1917 ) B. Anderson ( 1919 -- 20 ) T. Hoyt Carlton ( 1920 -- 21 ) Bill Renfroe ( 1921 ) George Stanley ( 1921 ) Joseph Barchan ( 1922 ) Stewart Pomeroy ( 1922 ) Edgar C. Jones ( 1923 -- 25 ) Johnnie Murphree ( 1924 ) Spic Stanley ( 1925 ) Goof Bowyer ( 1926 -- 28 ) Carl Brumbaugh ( 1927 ) Speedy Walker ( 1927 ) Clyde Crabtree ( 1927 -- 29 ) Monk Dorsett ( 1930 -- 32 ) Sam Davis ( 1933 ) Wally Brown ( 1934 ) Ken Eppert ( 1935 ) Bill Stephens ( 1935 ) Bob Ivey ( 1936 ) Ed Manning ( 1936 ) Paul Brock ( 1936 ) Jack Blalock ( 1937 -- 1938 ) Tex Hanna ( 1939 ) Bill Latsko ( 1940 -- 42 ) No team ( 1943 ) Buddy Carte ( 1944 ) Earl Scarborough ( 1945 ) Billy Parker ( 1946 ) Angus Williams ( 1947 -- 49 ) Haywood Sullivan ( 1950 -- 51 ) Rick Casares ( 1952 ) Doug Dickey ( 1952 -- 53 ) Dick Allen ( 1954 ) Bobby Lance ( 1955 ) Jimmy Dunn ( 1956 -- 58 ) Dick Allen ( 1959 ) Larry Libertore ( 1960 -- 62 ) Tom Batten ( 1961 ) Tom Shannon ( 1962 -- 64 ) Steve Spurrier ( 1964 -- 66 ) Jack Eckdahl ( 1967 ) Larry Rentz ( 1967 -- 68 ) John Reaves ( 1969 -- 71 ) Chan Gailey ( 1972 ) David Bowden ( 1972 -- 73 ) Don Gaffney ( 1973 -- 75 ) Jimmy Fisher ( 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Kynes ( 1976 ) Terry LeCount ( 1977 ) Tim Groves ( 1978 -- 79 ) John Brantley , III ( 1978 ) Tyrone Young ( 1979 ) Johnell Brown ( 1979 ) Larry Ochab ( 1979 -- 80 ) Bob Hewko ( 1980 -- 82 ) Wayne Peace ( 1980 -- 83 ) Kerwin Bell ( 1984 -- 87 ) Rodney Brewer ( 1986 ) Kyle Morris ( 1988 -- 89 ) Herbert Perry ( 1988 ) Lex Smith ( 1989 ) Donald Douglas ( 1989 ) Shane Matthews ( 1990 -- 92 ) Terry Dean ( 1993 -- 94 ) Danny Wuerffel ( 1993 -- 96 ) Eric Kresser ( 1995 ) Doug Johnson ( 1997 -- 99 ) Noah Brindise ( 1997 ) Jesse Palmer ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Rex Grossman ( 2000 -- 02 ) Brock Berlin ( 2001 ) Ingle Martin ( 2003 ) Chris Leak ( 2003 -- 06 ) Tim Tebow ( 2007 -- 09 ) John Brantley ( 2010 -- 11 ) Jacoby Brissett ( 2011 -- 12 ) Jeff Driskel ( 2012 -- 14 ) Tyler Murphy ( 2013 ) Skyler Mornhinweg ( 2013 ) Treon Harris ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Will Grier ( 2015 ) Luke Del Rio ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Austin Appleby ( 2016 ) Feleipe Franks ( 2017 ) Malik Zaire ( 2017 ) New York Giants 2001 NFL draft selections Will Allen William Peterson Cedric Scott Jesse Palmer John Markham Ross Kolodziej New York Giants starting quarterbacks Jack McBride ( 1925 , 1932 ) Hinkey Haines ( 1926 -- 1928 ) Bruce Caldwell ( 1928 ) Benny Friedman ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Hap Moran ( 1931 -- 1932 ) Red Smith ( 1931 ) Harry Newman ( 1933 -- 1934 ) Ed Danowski ( 1935 -- 1939 ) Tony Sarausky ( 1936 ) Eddie Miller ( 1940 ) Tuffy Leemans ( 1941 -- 1943 ) Emery Nix ( 1943 ) Arnie Herber ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Frank Filchock ( 1946 ) Paul Governali ( 1947 -- 1948 ) Charlie Conerly ( 1948 -- 1961 ) Travis Tidwell ( 1950 -- 1951 ) Tom Landry ( 1952 ) Arnold Galiffa ( 1953 ) Bobby Clatterbuck ( 1954 ) Don Heinrich ( 1955 -- 1959 ) George Shaw ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Y.A. Tittle ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Gary Wood ( 1964 , 1966 ) Earl Morrall ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Tom Kennedy ( 1966 ) Fran Tarkenton ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Randy Johnson ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Norm Snead ( 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 ) Craig Morton ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Jim Del Gaizo ( 1974 ) Joe Pisarcik ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Jerry Golsteyn ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Randy Dean ( 1978 ) Phil Simms ( 1979 -- 1981 , 1984 -- 1993 ) Scott Brunner ( 1980 -- 1983 ) Jeff Rutledge ( 1983 , 1987 ) Mike Busch ( 1987 ) Jim Crocicchia ( 1987 ) Jeff Hostetler ( 1988 -- 1992 ) Kent Graham ( 1992 , 1994 , 1998 -- 1999 ) Dave Brown ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Danny Kanell ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Kerry Collins ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Jesse Palmer ( 2003 ) Kurt Warner ( 2004 ) Eli Manning ( 2004 -- present ) Geno Smith ( 2017 ) The Bachelor U.S. seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bachelors Alex Michel Aaron Buerge Andrew Firestone Bob Guiney Jesse Palmer Byron Velvick Charlie O'Connell Travis Lane Stork Lorenzo Borghese Andrew Baldwin Brad Womack Matt Grant Jason Mesnick Jake Pavelka Sean Lowe Juan Pablo Galavis Chris Soules Nick Viall Arie Luyendyk Jr . Contestants Mandy Clemens Catherine Warren Shayne Lamas Melissa Rycroft Tenley Molzahn Gia Allemand Keltie Colleen Jamie Otis Catherine Giudici Brittany Fetkin Ashley Iaconetti The Bachelorette Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Bachelorettes Trista Rehn DeAnna Pappas Jillian Harris Ali Fedotowsky Andi Dorfman Kaitlyn Bristowe JoJo Fletcher Rachel Lindsay Becca Kufrin Contestants Ryan Sutter Jesse Csincsak Ryan Hoag Ed Swiderski David Homyk Evan Bass Chad Johnson Jordan Rodgers Kenny Layne Clay Harbor Colton Underwood International versions Australia Sam Frost Sophie Monk Canada India Tamil Nadu ( State of India ) Other spin - offs Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise 5 Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Episodes The Bachelor Winter Games International Spin - offs Bachelor in Paradise Australia International versions Australia 5 Brazil Canada Brad Smith Chris Leroux Romania Cătălin Botezatu United Kingdom Gavin Henson 5 Spencer Matthews New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Palmer&oldid=853699658 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people Canadian Roman Catholics Canadian expatriates in the United States Canadian infotainers Canadian players of American football College football announcers Florida Gators football players National Football League announcers New York Giants players Participants in American reality television series Sportspeople from Hoboken , New Jersey Sportspeople from Ottawa Sportspeople from Toronto Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 12 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did jesse palmer propose to on the bachelor | [
"In 2004, Palmer was the first professional athlete to appear on The Bachelor television program and the first non-American bachelor, in which he was given his choice of eligible single women. He eventually selected Jessica Bowlin, but their courtship lasted for only a few months after the end of the show.[19][20]\n"
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"Jessica Bowlin"
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-8518948753775429871 | Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics | Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics - Wikipedia Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2018 ) Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics Governing body FIS Events 10 ( men : 5 ; women : 5 ) Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Medalists Snowboarding is a sport at the Winter Olympic Games . It was first included in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Snowboarding was one of five new sports or disciplines added to the Winter Olympic program between 1992 and 2002 , and was the only one not to have been a previous medal or demonstration event . In 1998 , four events , two for men and two for women , were held in two specialities : the giant slalom , a downhill event similar to giant slalom skiing ; and the half - pipe , in which competitors perform tricks while going from one side of a semi-circular ditch to the other . Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the men 's giant slalom and became the first athlete to win a gold medal in snowboarding . Rebagliati was briefly stripped of his medal by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after testing positive for marijuana . However , the IOC 's decision was reverted following an appeal from the Canadian Olympic Association . For the 2002 Winter Olympics , giant slalom was expanded to add head - to - head racing and was renamed parallel giant slalom . In 2006 , a third event , the snowboard cross , was held for the first time . In this event , competitors race against each other down a course with jumps , beams and other obstacles . On July 11 , 2011 , the International Olympic Committee 's Executive Board approved the addition of Ski and Snowboard Slopestyle to the Winter Olympics roster of events , effective in 2014 . The decision was announced via press conference from the IOC 's meeting in Durban , South Africa . A fifth event , parallel slalom , was added only for 2014 . Big air was added for 2018 . Six athletes have won at least two medals . Shaun White of the United States is the only triple gold medalist . Philipp Schoch of Switzerland and Seth Wescott of the United States are the only double gold medalists . Karine Ruby of France and Americans Ross Powers and Danny Kass also won two medals . In the men 's half - pipe event , American snowboarders have collected six of nine possible medals , achieving a unique medal sweep in 2002 . The United States won a total of 24 medals , more than any other nation . The Americans and the Swiss collected ten and seven gold medals respectively . As of the 2014 Winter Olympics , 90 medals ( 30 of each color ) have been awarded since 1998 , and have been won by snowboarders from 21 National Olympic Committees . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 Men 's 1.2 Women 's 2 Medal table 3 Number of athletes by nation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years ( parallel ) giant slalom 6 half - pipe 6 snowboard cross slopestyle big air parallel slalom Total events 5 5 Women 's ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years ( parallel ) giant slalom 6 half - pipe 6 snowboard cross slopestyle big air parallel slalom Total events 5 5 ^ Note 1 . Giant slalom in 1998 ; parallel giant slalom since 2002 . Medal table ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic medalists in snowboarding Updated after 2018 Winter Olympics . Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 14 7 10 31 Switzerland ( SUI ) 8 13 France ( FRA ) 12 Canada ( CAN ) 11 5 Russia ( RUS ) 5 6 Austria ( AUT ) 7 7 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 8 Germany ( GER ) 7 9 Australia ( AUS ) 10 Italy ( ITA ) 11 Netherlands ( NED ) 0 0 12 Norway ( NOR ) 0 Japan ( JPN ) 0 14 Finland ( FIN ) 0 15 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 0 0 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 0 South Korea ( KOR ) 0 0 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 0 20 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 0 21 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 Total 40 40 40 120 Number of athletes by nation ( edit ) Nation 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Andorra ( AND ) Argentina ( ARG ) Australia ( AUS ) 9 8 11 5 Austria ( AUT ) 11 9 12 13 17 5 Belgium ( BEL ) Brazil ( BRA ) Bulgaria ( BUL ) Canada ( CAN ) 12 9 16 18 24 5 China ( CHN ) 5 6 Croatia ( CRO ) Czech Republic ( CZE ) 5 5 Denmark ( DEN ) Finland ( FIN ) 6 7 5 5 11 5 France ( FRA ) 13 12 16 17 13 5 Germany ( GER ) 8 9 11 8 10 5 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Greece ( GRE ) Ireland ( IRL ) Italy ( ITA ) 9 10 16 11 12 5 Japan ( JPN ) 7 9 12 11 8 5 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) Netherlands ( NED ) 6 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 5 5 Norway ( NOR ) 7 6 9 9 5 Poland ( POL ) 6 6 5 Russia ( RUS ) 8 6 15 Serbia ( SRB ) Slovakia ( SVK ) Slovenia ( SLO ) 7 10 5 South Korea ( KOR ) Spain ( ESP ) 5 5 Sweden ( SWE ) 10 11 13 5 Switzerland ( SUI ) 12 12 16 16 24 5 Ukraine ( UKR ) United States ( USA ) 14 14 16 18 23 5 Nations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 19 24 27 31 Athletes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125 118 187 185 243 Year 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 See also ( edit ) List of Olympic venues in snowboarding References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Snowboarding '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snowboarding History '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira ( 1998 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Young , Hip Sport Zigzags Into the Olympic Mainstream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gross , George ( 2006 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Ross Rebagliati : 1998 -- Nagano , Japan '' . Sun Media Corporation . Canadian Online Explorer . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( 2002 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Salt Lake City 2002 : The 19th Olympic Winter Games ; Snowboarding '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anna ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Snowboard cross ' here to stay ' '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) . `` White Cements His Status With 2nd Gold '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2006 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Swiss dominate PGS qualifying ; American Jewell in final '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . February 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Powers leads U.S. medals sweep in halfpipe '' . ESPN . 2002 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Olympic Committee Data `` Snowboarding Medal Results '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 24 Feb 2018 . NBC Olympic Coverage `` Snowboarding Winter Olympics Coverage '' . NBC . Retrieved 24 Feb 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Snowboarding at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics&oldid=827714123 '' Categories : Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics Sports at the Winter Olympics Snowboarding at multi-sport events Hidden categories : Articles with obsolete information from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 08 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did slopestyle snowboarding become an olympic sport | [
"Snowboarding is a sport at the Winter Olympic Games. It was first included in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.[1] Snowboarding was one of five new sports or disciplines added to the Winter Olympic program between 1992 and 2002, and was the only one not to have been a previous medal or demonstration event.[2] In 1998, four events, two for men and two for women, were held in two specialities: the giant slalom, a downhill event similar to giant slalom skiing; and the half-pipe, in which competitors perform tricks while going from one side of a semi-circular ditch to the other.[2] Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the men's giant slalom and became the first athlete to win a gold medal in snowboarding.[3] Rebagliati was briefly stripped of his medal by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after testing positive for marijuana. However, the IOC's decision was reverted following an appeal from the Canadian Olympic Association.[4] For the 2002 Winter Olympics, giant slalom was expanded to add head-to-head racing and was renamed parallel giant slalom.[5] In 2006, a third event, the snowboard cross, was held for the first time. In this event, competitors race against each other down a course with jumps, beams and other obstacles.[6] On July 11, 2011, the International Olympic Committee's Executive Board approved the addition of Ski and Snowboard Slopestyle to the Winter Olympics roster of events, effective in 2014. The decision was announced via press conference from the IOC's meeting in Durban, South Africa. A fifth event, parallel slalom, was added only for 2014. Big air was added for 2018."
] | [
"1998 Winter Olympics"
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-5282352162695068922 | List of European Union member states by political system | List of European Union member states by political system - wikipedia List of European Union member states by political system This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : dead links and outdated information . Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states , as of 2018 . European Union ( all free ) free partly free unfree not rated This is a list of European Union member states , their forms of government and their parliaments . The European Union ( EU ) is a sui generis supranational union of democratic states . At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 21 June and 22 June 1993 , the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union : `` Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved : stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy , the rule of law , human rights and respect for and protection of minorities ; the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union ; the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political , economic and monetary union . '' Consequently , all European Union member states are directly elected democracies that are considered to be `` free '' according to the criteria of Freedom House . As of 2015 , all European Union member states are representative democracies ; however , they do not all have the same political system , with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds . Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be `` free '' by the same criteria . Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be `` free '' or `` partly free '' by Freedom House , with the exceptions of Azerbaijan , Belarus and Russia . On the other hand , almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be `` free '' , with the exceptions of Israel and Tunisia . Contents 1 Monarchism and republicanism 2 Form of government 3 Degree of self - governance 4 Parliamentary chambers 5 Listed by form of government 6 Listed by type of parliament 7 References Monarchism and republicanism See also : Republicanism , Monarchism , and Monarchies in Europe monarchy republic At present , there are twelve monarchies in Europe , of which seven are members of the European Union : Belgium , Denmark , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom , and five are not : Andorra , Liechtenstein , Monaco , Norway and the Vatican City . All seven monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies . In all seven monarchies that are in the EU , the monarch is legally prohibited from using political power , or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention . At the dawn of the 20th century , France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union ; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century . In Belgium , the monarchy enjoys a lower degree of support than in other European monarchies , and is often questioned . Popular support for the monarchy has historically been higher in Flanders and lower in Wallonia ; however , in recent decades these roles have reversed . Form of Government See also : Form of government presidential republic semi-presidential republic parliamentary republic parliamentary constitutional monarchy There are three types of government systems in European politics : in a presidential system , the president is the head of state and the head of government ; in a semi-presidential system , the president and the prime minister share a number of competences ; finally , in a parliamentary republic , the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences . As with the definition of constitutional monarchies , sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences , but does not use them by constitutional convention ; this is the case in Austria , for instance . By definition , modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary , as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences ; of the twenty one republican member states of the European Union , only one is a presidential republic ( Cyprus ) and five are semi-presidential republics ( France , Lithuania , Poland , Portugal and Romania ) . These six ( semi - ) presidential republics elect their president by direct popular vote . Among the fourteen parliamentary republics , half do the same ( namely Austria , Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Finland , Ireland , Slovakia and Slovenia ) , whereas in the remaining seven ( Estonia , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Italy , Latvia and Malta ) , the president is elected by parliament or other special representative body such as the German Bundesversammlung . Degree of self - governance See also : Self - governance unitary state devolved state federacy federation Most of the European Union 's member states are unitary states , which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments . However , three states are federations ( Austria , Belgium and Germany ) of states or regions with equal competences , and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies ( or both ) : federacies : in Denmark , the Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous ( and neither is part of the European Union ) ; in Finland , Åland has substantial autonomy ; in France , the collectivité sui generis New Caledonia ( which is not part of the European Union ) has a large degree of autonomy ; in the Netherlands , the Caribbean island groups of Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten are equal partners to the Netherlands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands ; in the United Kingdom , the Channel Islands -- Guernsey and Jersey -- and the Isle of Man are a special case , being neither part of the United Kingdom nor of the European Union ; these islands are British Crown dependencies ; devolved states : in Italy , the government has devolved a number of powers to the twenty regions , of which five have a very large degree of autonomy ; in Spain , the central government has devolved various powers to the historic nationalities among the autonomous communities , namely Andalusia , the Basque Country , Catalonia and Galicia ; in the United Kingdom , various competences have been devolved to the constituent countries of Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . The Greater London Authority also has extensive devolved powers . Parliamentary chambers unicameral bicameral A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature ; unicameral systems with one chamber or bicameral ones with a lower house and an upper house . Federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral , to reflect the regions ' interests in national bills . The states with the larger populations , from the Netherlands upwards , all have a bicameral system . Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states ( some influenced by their federalist structure ) , the smallest states are on the whole unicameral . While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers ( tricameral and tetracameral ones ) , nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones . Additionally , there are also differences in the degree of bicameralism . Whereas Italy is considered as having `` perfect bicameralism '' , with both chambers being equal , most other bicameral systems restrict the upper house 's powers to a certain extent . There is a slight trend towards unicameralism ; some upper houses have seen their powers reduced or proposals to that end . Belgium 's system has been reduced from a perfectly bicameral one to a nowadays de facto unicameral system . In 2009 , Romania voted in favour of unicameralism , on a plebiscite , however the country still has a bicameral system , as of 2018 . On the other hand , Ireland narrowly voted against abolishing their upper house in 2013 , and Italy voted not to reduce its Senate 's powers in 2016 . In the member states of the European Union , if the parliament has only one chamber , it is wholly directly elected in all cases . If there are two chambers , the lower house is directly elected in all cases , while the upper house can be directly elected ( e.g. the Senate of Poland ) ; or indirectly elected , for example , by regional legislatures ( e.g. the Federal Council of Austria ) ; or non-elected , but representing certain interest groups ( e.g. the National Council of Slovenia ) ; or non-elected ( though by and large appointed by elected officials ) as a remnant of a non-democratic political system in earlier times ( as in the House of Lords in the United Kingdom ) . Listed by form of government State Government Self - governance Monarchy / Republic Head of state Head of government Austria parliamentary federal republic Federal President ( Bundespräsident ) Federal Chancellor ( Bundeskanzler ) Belgium parliamentary federal constitutional popular monarchy King ( Koning / Roi / König ) Prime Minister / First Minister ( Eerste Minister / Premier Ministre / Premierminister ) Bulgaria parliamentary unitary republic President ( Президент ) Minister - Chairman ( Министър - председател ) Croatia parliamentary unitary republic President of the Republic ( Predsjednik Republike ) President of the Government ( Predsjednik Vlade ) Cyprus presidential unitary republic President ( Πρόεδρος / Cumhurbaşkanı ) Czech Republic parliamentary unitary republic President ( Prezident ) Chairman of the Government ( Předseda vlády ) Denmark parliamentary federate constitutional monarchy Queen ( Dronning ) Minister of State ( Statsminister ) Estonia parliamentary unitary republic President ( President ) Head Minister ( Peaminister ) Finland parliamentary federate republic President ( Presidentti / President ) Head Minister / Minister of the State ( Pääministeri / Statsminister ) France semi-presidential federate republic President ( Président ) Prime Minister ( Premier ministre ) Germany parliamentary federal republic Federal President ( Bundespräsident ) Federal Chancellor ( Bundeskanzler ) Greece parliamentary unitary republic President ( Πρόεδρος ) Prime Minister ( Πρωθυπουργός ) Hungary parliamentary unitary republic President of the Republic ( Köztársasági Elnök ) Minister - President ( Miniszterelnök ) Ireland parliamentary unitary republic President ( Uachtarán ) Taoiseach Italy parliamentary devolved republic President ( Presidente ) President of the Council of Ministers ( Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri ) Latvia parliamentary unitary republic President ( Prezidents ) Minister - President ( Ministru prezidents ) Lithuania semi-presidential unitary republic President ( Prezidentas ) Minister - President ( Ministras Pirmininkas ) Luxembourg parliamentary unitary constitutional monarchy Grand Duke ( Grand - duc / Großherzog / Groussherzog ) Prime Minister ( Premier ministre / Premierminister / Premierminister ) Malta parliamentary unitary republic President ( President ) Prime Minister ( Prim Ministru ) Netherlands parliamentary federate constitutional monarchy King ( Koning ) Minister - President ( Minister - president ) Poland semi-presidential unitary republic President ( Prezydent ) President of the Council of Ministers ( Prezes Rady Ministrów ) Portugal semi-presidential unitary republic President ( Presidente ) Prime Minister ( Primeiro - Ministro ) Romania semi-presidential unitary republic President ( Preşedinte ) Prime Minister ( Prim - ministru ) Slovakia parliamentary unitary republic President ( Prezident ) Chairman of the Government ( Predseda vlády ) Slovenia parliamentary unitary republic President ( Predsednik ) President of the Government ( Predsednik vlade ) Spain parliamentary devolved constitutional monarchy King ( Rey ) President of the Government ( Presidente del Gobierno ) Sweden parliamentary unitary constitutional monarchy King ( Kung ) Minister of the State ( Statsminister ) United Kingdom parliamentary devolved constitutional monarchy Queen Prime Minister Listed by type of Parliament Member state System Overall name of legislature Lower house ( members ) Upper house ( members ) Austria bicameral Austrian Parliament ( Österreichisches Parlament ) , convened jointly as Federal Assembly ( Bundesversammlung ) National Council ( Nationalrat ) ( 183 ) Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) ( 61 ) Belgium bicameral , de facto unicameral Federal Parliament ( Federaal Parlement / Parlement fédéral / Föderales Parlament ) , convened jointly as United Chambers ( Verenigde Kamers / Chambres réunies ) Chamber of Representatives ( Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers / Chambre des Représentants / Abgeordnetenkammer ) ( 150 ) Senate ( Senaat / Sénat / Senat ) ( 60 ) Bulgaria unicameral National Assembly ( Народно събрание ) ( 240 ) Croatia unicameral Croatian Parliament ( Hrvatski sabor ) ( 151 ) Cyprus unicameral House of Representatives ( Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi ) ( 56 ) Czech Republic bicameral Parliament ( Parlament ) Chamber of Deputies ( Poslanecká sněmovna ) ( 200 ) Senate ( Senát ) ( 81 ) Denmark unicameral The People 's Thing ( Folketinget ) ( 179 ) Estonia unicameral State Assembly ( Riigikogu ) ( 101 ) Finland unicameral Diet ( Eduskunta / Riksdag ) ( 200 ) France bicameral Parliament ( Parlement ) , convened jointly as Congress ( Congrès ) National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) ( 577 ) Senate ( Sénat ) ( 348 ) Germany bicameral -- Federal Diet ( Bundestag ) ( 709 ) Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) ( 69 ) Greece unicameral Parliament of the Greeks ( Βουλή των Ελλήνων ) ( 300 ) Hungary unicameral National Assembly ( Országgyűlés ) ( 199 ) Ireland bicameral National Parliament ( Oireachtas ) Assembly ( Dáil ) ( 166 ) Senate ( Seanad ) ( 60 ) Italy bicameral Parliament ( Parlamento ) Chamber of Deputies ( Camera dei Deputati ) ( 630 ) Senate of the Republic ( Senato della Repubblica ) ( 315 ) Latvia unicameral Diet ( Saeima ) ( 100 ) Lithuania unicameral Diet ( Seimas ) ( 141 ) Luxembourg unicameral Chamber of Deputies ( Chambre des Députés / Abgeordnetenkammer / Châmber vun Députéirten ) ( 60 ) Malta unicameral House of Representatives ( Kamra tad - Deputati ) ( 67 ) Netherlands bicameral States -- General ( Staten -- Generaal ) Second Chamber ( Tweede Kamer ) ( 150 ) First Chamber ( Eerste Kamer ) ( 75 ) Poland bicameral National Assembly ( Zgromadzenie Narodowe ) Diet ( Sejm ) ( 460 ) Senate ( Senat ) ( 100 ) Portugal unicameral Assembly of the Republic ( Assembleia da República ) ( 230 ) Romania bicameral Parliament ( Parlamentul ) Chamber of Deputies ( Camera Deputaţilor ) ( 412 ) Senate ( Senat ) ( 176 ) Slovakia unicameral National Council ( Národná rada ) ( 150 ) Slovenia bicameral Parliament ( Parlament ) National Assembly ( Državni zbor ) ( 90 ) National Council ( Državni svet ) ( 40 ) Spain bicameral General Courts ( Cortes Generales ) Congress of Deputies ( Congreso de los Diputados ) ( 350 ) Senate ( Senado ) ( 266 ) Sweden unicameral National Diet ( Riksdagen ) ( 349 ) United Kingdom bicameral Parliament House of Commons ( 650 ) House of Lords ( 793 ) I ^ : Due to Belgium 's complex federal structure the Parliament of the Brussels - Capital Region ( Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles - Capitale ) ( 89 , regional assembly ) , Flemish Parliament ( Vlaams Parlement ) ( 124 , regional and community assembly ) , the Walloon Parliament ( Parlement wallon ) ( 75 , regional assembly ) , the Parliament of the French Community ( Parlement de la Communauté française ) ( 94 , community assembly ) and the Parliament of the German - speaking Community ( Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft ) ( 25 , community assembly ) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests . II ^ : Only 56 out of 80 are occupied , due to the occupation of Cyprus . III ^ : In legislation which affects the autonomous region of the Åland Islands , its Parliament ( Lagting ) ( 30 ) also has legislative competences . IV ^ : While there is a Federal Assembly ( Bundesversammlung ) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly , it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature . V ^ : Technically , the Federal Diet only has 598 seats ; the additional thirty - two members are overhang seats resulting from the 2017 election . VI ^ : The Irish names are used in the English - language version of the Constitution of Ireland , and generally in English - language speech and writing in Ireland . VII ^ : In addition to the 315 elected members , there are currently five senators for life ( senatore a vita ) ; these include former Italian President , who is ex officio senator for life , as well as senators appointed by the President `` for outstanding patriotic merits in the social , scientific , artistic or literary field '' . There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time . VIII ^ : Technically , the House of Representatives only has 65 members ; the additional two seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2017 election . IX ^ : The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together . X ^ : In legislation which affects the overseas territory of Gibraltar , its Parliament ( 17 ) also has legislative competences . Member states of the European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus ( see also Northern Cyprus ) Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Future enlargement of the European Union References ^ Jump up to : Freedom House ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` 2018 '' . Freedom in the World . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2006 - 05 - 06 ) . `` 1993 '' . The History of the European Union . Archived from the original on 24 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2006 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Accession criteria '' . Understanding enlargement . Archived from the original on 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ European Commission . `` Accession criteria ( Copenhagen criteria ) '' . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Philippe , Belgium 's New King , Still Has Many Hearts to Win '' . The Huffington Post . 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walen zijn veel koningsgezinder dan Vlamingen '' . deredactie.be. 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Office of the Federal President of Austria ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Austrian Federal President / Der Österreichische Bundespräsident '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Federal Chancellary of Austria ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Federal Chancellary of Austria / Bundeskanzleramt Österreich '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Directorate - General External Communication of the Federal Public Service ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` De Belgische Monarchie / The Belgian Monarchy / La Monarchie belge / Die Belgische Monarchie '' . Archived from the original on 2 July 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Directorate - General External Communication of the Federal Public Service ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` De site van de Eerste Minister van België / Le site du Premier Ministre de Belgique '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 17 October 2005 ) . `` Belgium '' . World Leaders . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ president.bg ( 2006 - 12 - 28 ) . `` President of the Republic of Bulgaria / Президент на Република България '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Government Information Service ( 2006 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Republic of Bulgaria -- Council of Ministers / Република България -- Министерски Съвет '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus / Προεδρία της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας / Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Başkanlığı '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ FG Forrest ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Pražský hrad / Prague Castle '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Department of Information and Security Technologies . `` Úřad vlády České republiky / The Office of the Czech Republic Government '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Amalienborg Palace ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Kongehuset / The Danish Monarchy '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Prime Minister 's Office ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Statsministeriet / The Prime Minister 's Office '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Office of the President ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Eesti Vabariigi president / The President of the Republic of Estonia '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ State Chancellery of the Republic of Estonia ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Eesti Vabariigi Valitsus / The Government of the Republic of Estonia / Правительство Эстонской Республики '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Finland ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The President of the Republic of Finland / Suomen tasavallan presidentti / Republiken Finlands president '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Government ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Finnish Government / Valtioneuvosto / Statsrådet '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ M. Michel Blangy , Cabinet Director ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` Präsidentschaft der französischen Republik / Presidency of the French Republic / Présidence de la République française / Presidencia de la República francesa '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Service d'Information du Gouvernement ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` Portal der Regierung / Government Portal / Portail du Gouvernement / Portal del Gobierno '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Martin Kothé , Spokesperson of the Federal President ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` Federal President / Président de la République fédérale / Der Bundespräsident / Presidente Federal '' . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Presse - und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Bundeskanzlerin '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 16 March 2006 ) . `` Germany '' . World Leaders . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Bouritsa Myrto , Librarian of the Presidency of the Republic ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` Presidency of the Hellenic Republic / Présidence de la République Hellénique / Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας '' . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . Jump up ^ The Prime Minister 's Press Office ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic / Le Premier Ministre de la République Hellénique / Der Ministerpräsident der Republik Griechenland / Πρωθυπουργός της Ελλάδας '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary / Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal '' . Archived from the original on 2 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Office of the Prime Minister ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` Prime Minister / Ministerpräsident / Miniszterelnök '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Áras an Uachtaráin ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Áras an Uachtaráin '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Department of the Taoiseach ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Department of the Taoiseach / Roinn an Taoisigh '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Segretariato Generale della Presidenza della Repubblica ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Presidency of the Republic / Présidence de la République / Präsidentschaft der Republik / Presidenza della Repubblica / Presidencia de la República '' . Archived from the original on 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Governo Italiano ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Governo Italiano '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2006 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Italy '' . World Leaders . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Chancery of the President of Latvia / Chancellerie de la présidence lettonne / Kanzlei des lettischen Staatspräsidenten / Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja / Канцелярия президента Латвии '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ State Chancellery ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia / Conseil des ministres de la République de Lettonie / Latvijas Republikas Ministru kabinets / Кабинет министров Латвийской Республики '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` President of the Republic of Lithuania / Président de la République de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas / Президент Литовской Республики '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Government of the Republic of Lithuania ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Government of the Republic of Lithuania / Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Service Information et Presse ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Gouvernement du Grand - Duché de Luxembourg '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Central Intelligence Agency ( 24 March 2006 ) . `` Luxembourg '' . World Leaders . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Office of the President ( 2005 - 10 - 14 ) . `` The President of Malta '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Government of Malta ( 2005 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Office of the Prime Minister '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Government Information Service ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Het Koninklijk Huis / The Dutch Royal House '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ministry of General Affairs ( 2004 - 03 - 31 ) . `` De Minister - President en het Ministerie van Algemene Zaken / The Prime Minister and the Ministry of General Affairs '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Office of the President ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` President of the Republic of Poland / Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Government Information Centre ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Chancellery of the Prime Minister / Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Presidência da República Portuguesa ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Presidência da República Portuguesa '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 9 March 2006 ) . `` Portugal '' . World Leaders . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Government Network Management Center ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` Government Portal / Portal do Governo '' . Archived from the original on 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ President of Romania ( 2006 - 12 - 28 ) . `` President of Romania / President de la Roumanie / Preşedintele României '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Government of Romania ( 28 December 2006 ) . `` Government of Romania / Gouvernement de la Roumanie / Guvernul României '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2006 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Office of the President of the Slovak Republic ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` President of the Slovak Republic / Prezident Slovenskej republiky '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Slovak Republic Government Office ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Slovak Republic Government Office / Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Office of the President of the Republic ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` President of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Republike Slovenije '' . Archived from the original on 9 February 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Office of the Prime Minister ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Vlade Republike Slovenije '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Relaciones con los Medios de Comunicación ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Royal Household of His Majesty the King / Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Presidency of the Government ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` La Moncloa -- Gobernuko presidentzia / La Moncloa -- Presidència del Govern / La Moncloa -- Presidency of the Government / La Moncloa -- Presidencia do Goberno / La Moncloa -- Presidencia del Gobierno '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Information and Press Department ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Royal Court / Kungahuset '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Information Department ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Government and the Government Offices / Regeringen och Regeringskansliet '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ GT. XM London ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` British Monarchy / Monarcachd Bhreatainn / Frenhiniaeth Brydeinig '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Prime Minister 's Office ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` 10 Downing Street '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Parlamentsdirektion ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` The Austrian Parliament / Österreichisches Parlament '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ de Kamer -- la Chambre ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` de Kamer / la Chambre '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Belgium -- Government '' . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Belgian Senate ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Belgische Senaat / Belgian Senate / Sénat de Belgique / Belgischer Senat '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria ( 28 December 2006 ) . `` National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria / Народно събрание на Република България '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ House of Representatives ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` House of Representatives / Chambre des Représentants / Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi '' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic ( 18 December 2004 ) . `` Parlament České republiky , Poslanecká sněmovna / Parliament of the Czech Republic , Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlement de la République tchèque , Chambre des députés / Das Parlament der Tschechischen Republik , das Abgeordnetenhaus '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Senát Parlamentu České republiky / Parliament of the Czech Republic -- Senate '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Folketing ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Folketinget / Folketing / Folketing / Folketing '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Riigikogu ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Riigikogu / Riigikogu / Рийгикогу '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Parliament of Finland ( 18 January 2005 ) . `` Parliament of Finland / Suomen Eduskunta / Le Parlement de Finlande / Riksdagen '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Assemblée nationale ( 2006 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Assemblée nationale -- La révision de la Constitution et le Congrès '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Assemblée nationale ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` National Assembly / Assemblée nationale / Nationalversammlung / Assemblea nazionale / Asamblea Nacional '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Sénat ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Sénat '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` France -- Government '' . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Internet - Dienst des Deutschen Bundestages ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` German Bundestag / Bundestag allemand / Deutscher Bundestag '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bundesrat ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Bundesrat / Bundesrat / Bundesrat '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hellenic Parliament ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Hellenic Parliament / Βουλή των Ελλήνων '' . Archived from the original on 2 July 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ National Assembly ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` House of the Nation / Az ország háza '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Parliament ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Parlamento italiano '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Central Intelligence Agency ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Italy -- Government '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Chamber of Deputies ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` المجلس / The Chamber of Deputies / La Chambre des Députés / Die Abgeordnetenkammer / La Camera dei Deputati / Cámara de los Diputados '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Senate of the Republic ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Senato della Repubblica '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Latvijas Republikas Saeima ( 2003 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Saeima -- the Latvian Parliament / Latvijas Republikas Saeima '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Office of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania / Le Parlement de la Republique de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Chambre des Députés ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Chambre des Députés '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Luxembourg -- Government '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ House of Representatives ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` House of Representatives '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Parliament ( 19 October 2004 ) . `` The Dutch Parliament / Het Parlement '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Dienst Communicatie ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` House of Representatives of the States -- General / Tweede Kamer der Staten -- Generaal '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Senate ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Senate of the States -- General / Eerste Kamer der Staten -- Generaal '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Chancellery of the Sejm ( 2006 - 06 - 26 ) . `` The Sejm of the Republic of Poland / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Senate ( 26 June 2006 ) . `` The Senate of the Republic of Poland / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Assembly of the Republic ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` The Assembly of the Republic / L'Assemblée de la République / Assembleia da República '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Parliament of Romania ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Parliament of Romania / Le Parlament de la Roumanie / Parlamentul României '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Chamber of Deputies ( 2006 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Parliament of Romania -- Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlament de la Roumanie -- Chambre des Députés / Parlamentul României -- Camera Deputaţilor '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Senate ( 28 December 2006 ) . `` Parliament of Romania -- Senate / Le Parlament de la Roumanie -- Sénat / Parlamentul României '' . Archived from the original on 24 December 2006 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ National Council of the Slovak Republic ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` National Council of the Slovak Republic / Nationalrat der Slowakischen Republik / Národná rada Slovenskej republiky '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ National Assembly ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Republic of Slovenia National Assembly / Državni zbor Republike Slovenije '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ National Council ( 2006 - 01 - 05 ) . `` National Council of the Republic of Slovenia / Državni svet Republike Slovenije '' . Archived from the original on 22 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Congreso de los Diputados ( 2004 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Congress of Deputies / Congreso de los Diputados '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Senate ( 9 June 2006 ) . `` The Senate of Spain / El Senado de España '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Riksdagen / Riksdagen ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Riksdagen '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Information Policy Division , Office of Public Sector Information ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Houses of Parliament '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ CIRB - CIBG ( 2006 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Brussels Regional Parliament / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles - Capitale / Brüsseler Regionalparlament '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Federal Government of Belgium ( 28 June 2006 ) . `` Brussels -- Capital Region '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Flemish Parliament ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Vlaams Parlement / Flemish Parliament / Parlement flamand / Flämisches Parlament / Parlamento fiammingo / Parlamento flamengo / Parlamento Flamenco / Flamländska Parlamentet '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Parlement - Wallon ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Parlement wallon '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Federal Government of Belgium ( 28 June 2006 ) . `` Walloon Region '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Cellule Internet du Parlement ( 2006 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Parlement van de Franstalige gemeenschap / Parliament of the French Community / Parlement de la Communauté française / Parlament der französischsprachigen Gemeinschaft '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Parliament of the German - speaking Community ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Parlement van de Duitstalige Gemeenschap / Parliament of the German - speaking Community / Parlement de la Communauté germanophone / Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft '' . Archived from the original on 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Åland Parliament ( 2007 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Ålands Lagting / Åland Parliament '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Department of the Taoiseach ( 2008 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Constitution of Ireland - Bunreacht na hÉireann '' . pp. Article 15 , § § 1.1 ° -- 1.2 ° . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Terence . `` Dáil '' . Hiberno - English archive . Archived from the original on 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Terence . `` Seanad Éireann '' . Hiberno - English archive . Archived from the original on 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Government of Gibraltar ( 2005 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Government of Gibraltar '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | membership in the european union requires countries to have which type of government | [
"stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities;\nthe existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union;\nthe ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.[3][4]"
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7263092205808081934 | Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn | Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn - wikipedia Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Jump to : navigation , search Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Genre Sitcom Created by Matt Fleckenstein Developed by Michael Feldman Starring Brian Stepanek Allison Munn Aidan Gallagher Casey Simpson Mace Coronel Lizzy Greene Gabrielle Elyse Kyla - Drew Simmons Theme music composer Doug Rockwell Composer ( s ) Chris Lee and Scott Clausen Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 68 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Feldman Douglas Danger Lieblein David DiPietro Paul Ciancarelli Producer ( s ) Sarah Jane Cunningham and Suzie V. Freeman Barbara Brace Running time 22 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) November 13th Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) -- present External links Website www.nick.com/nicky-ricky-dicky-and-dawn/ Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn is an American sitcom developed by Michael Feldman and created by Matt Fleckenstein that premiered on Nickelodeon on September 13 , 2014 . The series stars Brian Stepanek , Allison Munn , Aidan Gallagher , Casey Simpson , Mace Coronel , Lizzy Greene , Gabrielle Elyse , and Kyla - Drew Simmons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn Harper , 10 - years - old at the start of the series , who have nothing in common and often fight , but must work together to solve everyday situations . Characters ( edit ) Tom ( Brian Stepanek ) is the father of the quadruplets . It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children , but he loves his family and is a kid at heart . Anne ( Allison Munn ) is the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom 's new obsessions . Nicky ( Aidan Gallagher ) is the youngest of the quadruplets . He is shown to be quite comedic , quirky , and easily confused . Ricky ( Casey Simpson ) is the second oldest of the quadruplets . He is the smart one of the group , always seen carrying a book or doing his homework . He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two - shoes , though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well . Dicky ( Mace Coronel ) is the easy - going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance . He always takes the easy way out . Dawn ( Lizzy Greene ) is the oldest of the quadruplets . Although she 's always seen bothering her brothers , she does care about them deeply . There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky . Josie ( Gabrielle Elyse ) is a worker at Tom 's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky , Ricky , Dicky and Dawn . She only appears in the first season . Mae ( Kyla - Drew Simmons ) is the quads ' friend and Dawn 's best friend . She once called herself `` the fifth quad '' . In the first two seasons , she is a recurring character , but is promoted to a main character in the third season . Production ( edit ) The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13 , 2014 , but was later increased to 20 episodes . The series premiered on September 13 , 2014 . On November 18 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on May 23 , 2015 . On February 9 , 2016 , Nickelodeon renewed Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes . It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner . Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26 , 2016 . The third season premiered on January 7 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 24 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 1.60 March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 1.75 1.75 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) 1.11 August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 1.31 1.46 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 1.58 TBA TBD 1.47 Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Result Refs 2015 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2017 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids ' Show Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ricky Harper . `` Mall in the Family '' . Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn. 2 : 00 minutes in . She 's eleven . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights New Comedy from Dan Schneider , Two Other Live - Action Series '' . Deadline . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Danger and Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Second Seasons by Nickelodeon '' . Screener . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Three by Nickelodeon ; Creator Exits '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizzy Greene ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Season 3 starts today ca n't wait for you guys to see '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Four by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Four by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals : 3.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.23. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 8.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn on IMDb Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! 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Puppy ( 2010 -- 15 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Power Rangers Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2012 ) The Thundermans ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Harvey Beaks ( since 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( since 2016 ) School of Rock ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( since 2016 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( since 2017 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) International Renford Rejects Genie in the House Summer in Transylvania Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) Upcoming Pinky Malinky ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2018 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) Related SNICK TEENick Nicktoons Nick at Nite Gotta See Saturdays Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicky,_Ricky,_Dicky_%26_Dawn&oldid=800256424 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows 2014 American television series debuts American television sitcoms Nickelodeon shows Television series about families Television series about siblings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 11 : 26 . About Wikipedia | when was nicky ricky dicky and dawn made | [
"Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn is an American sitcom developed by Michael Feldman and created by Matt Fleckenstein that premiered on Nickelodeon on September 13, 2014. The series stars Brian Stepanek, Allison Munn, Aidan Gallagher, Casey Simpson, Mace Coronel, Lizzy Greene, Gabrielle Elyse, and Kyla-Drew Simmons."
] | [
"2014"
] |
8155739180469385578 | Ready Player One (film) | Ready Player One ( film ) - wikipedia Ready Player One ( film ) Ready Player One Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Steven Spielberg Donald De Line Dan Farah Kristie Macosko Krieger Screenplay by Zak Penn Ernest Cline Based on Ready Player One by Ernest Cline Starring Tye Sheridan Olivia Cooke Ben Mendelsohn T.J. Miller Simon Pegg Mark Rylance Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Sarah Broshar Production company Warner Bros. Pictures Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Village Roadshow Pictures De Line Pictures Access Entertainment Dune Entertainment Farah Films & Management Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) ( SXSW ) March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $582 million Ready Player One is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Zak Penn and Ernest Cline , based on Cline 's 2011 novel of the same name . The film stars Tye Sheridan , Olivia Cooke , Ben Mendelsohn , Lena Waithe , T.J. Miller , Simon Pegg , and Mark Rylance . The film takes place in 2045 , when much of humanity uses the virtual reality software OASIS to escape the desolation of the real world . Orphaned teenager Wade Watts ( Sheridan ) discovers clues to a hidden game within the program that promises the winner full ownership of the OASIS , and joins several allies to try to complete the game before a large company run by businessman Nolan Sorrento ( Mendelsohn ) can do so . Ready Player One premiered at South by Southwest on March 11 , 2018 , was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on March 29 , 2018 , in 2D , Real D 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . It grossed $582 million worldwide , making it the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2018 . The film received generally positive reviews , critics praised its visuals , brisk pacing , and Rylance 's performance . The film was noted to have significant differences from the book ; some critics said the film 's plot was an improvement over the source material . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects and post-production 4 Cultural references 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.1. 1 North America 7.1. 2 Other territories 7.2 Critical response 8 Possible sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in 2045 , people seek regular escape from life through the virtual reality entertainment universe OASIS , co-created by James Halliday and Ogden Morrow of Gregarious Games . After Halliday 's death , a pre-recorded message left by his avatar Anorak announces a game , granting ownership of OASIS to the first to find the Golden Easter Egg within it which is locked behind a gate requiring three keys . The contest has lured a number of ' gunters ' , or egg hunters , and the interest of Nolan Sorrento , the CEO of Innovative Online Industries ( IOI ) who seeks to control OASIS himself . IOI uses a number of indentured servants and employees called `` Sixers '' to find the egg . Wade Watts is an orphaned teenager living in the slums , or ' stacks ' , of Columbus , Ohio , with his Aunt Alice . In the OASIS , his avatar , Parzival , is good friends with Aech , a virtual mechanic . Parzival befriends Art3mis , a well - known Gunter , sharing a common interest in Halliday 's history . They review Halliday 's life from the Archives with help of its Curator . They learn Halliday had several regrets in life , including his unrequited love for Morrow 's wife Kira and losing Morrow as a friend after forcing him to sign away his part of Gregarious Games . Using this information , they solve the first two challenges of Anorak 's game : a car race across an ever - shifting Manhattan cityscape and a search for Kira in the Overlook Hotel from The Shining . Aech and his friends Daito and Sho follow suit , the five becoming known as the `` High Five '' on the OASIS scoreboards . Sorrento learns of Parzival 's identity through OASIS mercenary i - R0k , and attempts to sway Wade into joining IOI , but he refuses . In retaliation , Sorrento has IOI 's head of operations F'Nale Zandor bomb Wade 's stack , killing Alice . Art3mis ' player , Samantha Cook , rescues Wade , but they are soon found by IOI . Samantha is captured and forced into IOI 's servitude , while Wade is extracted by the other High Fivers -- Helen ( Aech ) , Toshiro ( Daito ) , and Zhou ( Sho ) . The group tracks down Samantha 's location at IOI , and they remotely help her escape , allowing her to assist them in the OASIS as Art3mis . The third challenge requires one to play Halliday 's favorite Atari 2600 game , in a castle on Planet Doom , which Sorrento has protected with a force field . Parzival recruits other OASIS players to help the rebels attack the IOI forces around the castle . Art3mis deactivates the force field , allowing Parzival to reach the console , but Sorrento activates the Cataclyst , a bomb that kills all the avatars on Planet Doom . However , due to having won a coin from the Archive 's Curator earlier , Parzival gets an extra life , proceeding to play through Adventure to find its Easter egg ; he is awarded the last key . Opening the gate , he is greeted by Anorak and given a contract to sign ; however , he recognizes it as the same contract Morrow signed to turn over his part of Gregarious and refuses . Anorak changes forms to be Halliday , revealing that the contract was the final test to make sure Parzival would not make the same mistakes he did . Parzival is given the Golden Egg and control of OASIS . In the real world , Sorrento and Zandor fail to stop Parzival before he wins ; they are quickly arrested for the bombing . Morrow , revealed to have been the Curator , offers his services to Wade ; he gladly accepts . Wade decides to run OASIS with the other High Five , agreeing to ban IOI from forcing people into servitude and to shut down the OASIS twice a week for everyone to spend more time in the real world . Meanwhile , he and Samantha move into an apartment together . Cast ( edit ) Tye Sheridan as Parzival / Wade Watts , a Gunter who wishes to win so he can leave the stacks . Olivia Cooke as Art3mis / Samantha Cook , a well - known Gunter who works with various allies to ensure the OASIS is kept free and out of the hands of IOI . Ben Mendelsohn as Nolan Sorrento , the CEO of Innovative Online Industries who seeks full control over the OASIS . Lena Waithe as Aech / Helen Harris , a Gunter and long - time friend of Wade 's who works as a mechanic in the OASIS . T.J. Miller as i - R0k , a freelance dealer and mercenary often employed by IOI . Simon Pegg as Curator / Ogden Morrow , a co-creator of the OASIS , who eventually left the company . He is concerned about how many people have developed an unhealthy dependency on the game . Mark Rylance as Anorak / James Halliday , the deceased co-creator of the OASIS who reveals an Easter Egg hidden in the OASIS after his passing that grants control over the OASIS to its winner . Philip Zhao as Sho / Zhou , a Gunter and one of the `` High Five '' . He is 11 years old in reality . Win Morisaki as Daito / Toshiro , a Gunter and one of the `` High Five '' . Hannah John - Kamen as F'Nale Zandor , IOI 's head of operations in the physical world and for their indentured servant programs . Additionally , Susan Lynch portrays Alice , Wade 's aunt ; Ralph Ineson portrays Rick , Alice 's abusive boyfriend ; Perdita Weeks portrays Karen `` Kira '' Underwood , Morrow 's wife ; Clare Higgins portrays Mrs. Gilmore , Wade 's neighbor ; and Letitia Wright portrays a rebel who can briefly be seen at the safe house . McKenna Grace and Lulu Wilson appear as elementary school children who use the OASIS . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. and De Line Pictures won an auction for the rights to Ernest Cline 's novel Ready Player One in 2010 , before it had been published . Cline was set to write the script for the film , which Donald De Line and Dan Farah would produce . Eric Eason rewrote Cline 's script , and Zak Penn was hired to rewrite the previous drafts by Cline and Eason . Village Roadshow Pictures came aboard to co-finance and co-produce the film with Warner Bros. Steven Spielberg signed on to direct and produce the film , which Kristie Macosko Krieger also produced , along with De Line and Farah . Ready Player One is Spielberg 's first action - fantasy film since The Adventures of Tintin in late 2011 . Cline and Penn made several revisions while adapting the novel to film . Most of these changes were to eliminate scenes that would be uninteresting in a visual format , such as when Wade beats a high score in Pac - Man , or recites all the lines from the film WarGames . Casting ( edit ) Director Steven Spielberg ( far left ) and Ernest Cline with the cast of Ready Player One at San Diego Comic - Con . From third of left : Tye Sheridan , Olivia Cooke , T.J. Miller and Ben Mendelsohn Three actresses were top - runners for the role of Art3mis : Elle Fanning , Olivia Cooke , and Lola Kirke ; In September 2015 , Cooke was announced as having been cast in the coveted female lead role . In January 2016 , Ben Mendelsohn joined the cast . In February 2016 , Tye Sheridan was confirmed as playing the lead role of Wade , after a lengthy nationwide casting call failed to produce an unknown for the part . In March 2016 , Simon Pegg joined the cast . In April 2016 , Mark Rylance joined the cast , and in June 2016 , T.J. Miller , Hannah John - Kamen and Win Morisaki also joined . In July 2016 , Philip Zhao joined the cast , and Lena Waithe , Ralph Ineson , McKenna Grace , and Letitia Wright were later also announced to have been cast . Filming ( edit ) Production was set to begin in July 2016 . Screenwriter Zak Penn tweeted on July 1 , 2016 that the first week of filming had been completed . In August and September 2016 , filming took place in Birmingham , England ; this included Livery Street in the Jewellery Quarter area of the city , which was extensively used , including the van chase that takes place towards the film 's end . The chase was edited to make the street appear longer than it actually is . The backpackers hostel Hatters , also on Livery Street , was used for internal filming for a basement scene . The Ludgate Hill Car Park lot on Lionel Street , in which caravan homes were partially built was also used and a planned explosion there caused some local business and homes to call emergency services , as no prior notification were given by the production team . Other locations in the city included the former industrial area of Digbeth , in a rooftop scene that overlooks the Birmingham City Centre skyline . Some of the city 's landmark buildings were erased and replaced with CGI buildings to create a dystopian Ohio in the year 2045 . Principal photography ended on September 27 , 2016 . Visual effects and post-production ( edit ) Spielberg worked with Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) to oversee the film 's visual effects , meeting with ILM for 3 hours three times a week . He has stated that `` ( t ) his is the most difficult movie I 've done since Saving Private Ryan . '' A significant part of the film takes place in a virtual space based on the Overlook Hotel in the film The Shining . This was mostly a digital recreation of the film using high - quality telecine of the original film , giving them some freedom of new camera angles and shots that could be generated from this recreation . The final film includes a combination of the original footage from The Shining and ILM 's additional work . Only a few scenes in this sequence which involved real actors , such as the appearance of the Grady twins , required them to construct a faithful reproduction of The Shining 's set for the actors to interact with . Finally , the sequence was post-processed to introduce film grain and other aging effects to make the new footage indistinguishable from the original film . ILM also had to faithfully produce digital recreations of several of the cultural references that appear throughout the film , including the DeLorean time machine , the Iron Giant , Chucky , and King Kong that was modeled after the 1933 version of the character . The Tyrannosaurus rex from Jurassic Park was also recreated using the same base model that ILM had previously created during the original film production . Cultural references ( edit ) Ready Player One , as in the book , pays homage to popular culture from various time periods , mainly the 1970s and 1980s but also extending to the 1990s , 2000s , and 2010s ; reviewers have identified well over a hundred references to films , television shows , music , toys , video games , anime and comics from these eras . Cline did not have any issues with these copyrighted elements when he published the book , but was aware that securing all necessary rights would be a major obstacle for a film adaptation . This task was eventually made easier thanks to Spielberg 's reputation in the film industry . Spielberg and producer Kristie Macosko Krieger spent several years securing the rights for the copyrighted elements used in the film long before filming began , knowing that some scenes would not be possible without certain copyrighted elements . In the end , Spielberg estimated that they managed to get about 80 % of the copyrighted elements they wanted , noting that in some cases , the filmmakers were able to secure rights for some but not all the characters they wanted . In negotiating with Warner Bros. , they could not secure Close Encounters of the Third Kind from Columbia Pictures , despite the latter being one of Spielberg 's first films as director . Blade Runner , which was integral to the plot of the book , was off - limits as Blade Runner 2049 was in production at the same time as Ready Player One ; as a replacement , the creative team had the players play through the events of The Shining , which Spielberg was able to secure the rights to as an homage to his friend Stanley Kubrick . While Cline 's original work heavily used the character of Ultraman , the rights over the character were still under legal dispute , requiring them to replace Ultraman with the titular robot from The Iron Giant . Spielberg recognized that his past films were a significant part of the 1980s popular culture cited in the book , and to avoid being accused of `` vanity '' , he opted to remove many of the references to his own work . Cline stated that he believed Spielberg wanted to avoid self - references to films he directed , due to the criticism he received for his film 1941 , which lampooned his own previous works Jaws and Duel . Cline said he had to convince Spielberg to include some iconic elements , such as the DeLorean time machine from Back to the Future , which Spielberg conceded as the film was one he produced rather than directed . Spielberg also allowed the Tyrannosaurus rex from his own Jurassic Park to be included . Cline also asked ILM to include a reference to Last Action Hero , one of Penn 's first screenplays , without Penn 's knowledge . Music ( edit ) On June 9 , 2016 , Variety stated that Spielberg 's regular collaborator John Williams was planning to compose the film 's score . However , in July 2017 , it was reported that Williams had left the project to work on Spielberg 's The Post instead , with Alan Silvestri hired to take over scoring duties for Ready Player One . The official score was released by WaterTower Music as a two - CD set on March 30 , 2018 , with vinyl and cassette releases projected for the summer . At Spielberg 's request , Silvestri references his own music from Back to the Future within the film 's score , as well as quoting the music by Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind from The Shining for the film 's sequence at the Overlook Hotel . The film also includes licensed music from the 1970s and 1980s , which appears on the digital - only soundtrack album Ready Player One : Songs From the Motion Picture . show Original Soundtrack No . Title Performed by Length 1 . `` I Wanna Be Your Lover '' Prince 5 : 48 2 . `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' Tears for Fears 4 : 12 3 . `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' The Temptations 3 : 49 4 . `` Stand on It '' Bruce Springsteen 3 : 06 5 . `` One Way or Another '' Blondie 3 : 27 6 . `` Ca n't Hide Love '' Earth , Wind & Fire 4 : 09 7 . `` Blue Monday '' New Order 7 : 24 8 . `` Stayin ' Alive '' Bee Gees 4 : 45 9 . `` We 're Not Gonna Take It '' Twisted Sister 3 : 38 10 . `` You Make My Dreams '' Hall & Oates 3 : 12 11 . `` Pure Imagination ( feat . Merethe Soltvedt ) '' Bryan Nguyen 2 : 33 show Ready Player One ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Oasis '' Alan Silvestri 1 : 49 2 . `` Hello , I 'm James Halliday '' Alan Silvestri 2 : 01 3 . `` Why Ca n't We Go Backwards ? '' Alan Silvestri 4 : 18 4 . `` An Orb Meeting '' Alan Silvestri 4 : 11 5 . `` Real World Consequences '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 30 6 . `` Sorrento Makes an Offer '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 34 7 . `` Welcome to the Rebellion '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 14 8 . `` High 5 Assembles '' Alan Silvestri 4 : 24 9 . `` Orb of Osuvox '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 45 10 . `` Sorrento Punked '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 57 11 . `` Wade 's Broadcast '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 51 12 . `` Arty on the Inside '' Alan Silvestri 2 : 33 13 . `` Looking for a Truck '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 36 14 . `` She Never Left '' Alan Silvestri 2 : 41 15 . `` Last Chance '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 21 16 . `` Get Me Out of This '' Alan Silvestri 1 : 35 17 . `` Hold on to Something '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 14 18 . `` This Is Wrong '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 49 19 . `` What Are You ? '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 29 20 . `` There 's Something I Need to Do '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 01 21 . `` Main Title '' Alan Silvestri 2 : 27 22 . `` End Credits '' Alan Silvestri 8 : 04 Release ( edit ) Ready Player One was initially scheduled to be released on December 15 , 2017 , but was pushed back to March 30 , 2018 , to avoid competition with Star Wars : The Last Jedi . In January 2018 , it was announced the film 's release date had been moved up one day to March 29 , 2018 . The film had its world premiere at the Paramount Theatre in Austin , Texas on March 11 , 2018 ( as part of the South by Southwest Film Festival ) . Warner Bros. Pictures distributed the film worldwide , with Village Roadshow Pictures distributing in several overseas territories . Home Media ( edit ) Ready Player One was released by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on digital copy on July 3 , 2018 , and on 4K UHD Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Blu - Ray , and DVD on July 24 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Ready Player One has grossed $137 million in the United States and Canada , and $445 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $582 million . Made on a production budget of $175 million , with about $150 million more spent on global marketing costs , the film needed to gross at least $440 million in order to break - even . North america ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Ready Player One was released alongside God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness and Acrimony , and was projected to gross $40 -- 50 million from 4,100 theaters over its first four days . It made $12.1 million on its first day , including $3.75 million from Wednesday night previews . It ended up grossing $41.8 million in its opening weekend ( for a four - day total of $53.7 million ) , marking Spielberg 's biggest debut since 2008 's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . In its second weekend it grossed $25.1 million ( a drop of 40 % ) , finishing second behind newcomer A Quiet Place ( $50 million ) . In its third weekend the film made $11.2 million , coming in fourth behind Rampage , A Quiet Place and Truth or Dare . In its fourth weekend the film made $7.4 million , finishing sixth at the box office In its fifth weekend it grossed $2.4 million , a drop of 67 % from previous weekend and finishing ninth . Other territories ( edit ) Worldwide , the film was released day - in - date in 62 countries , including China , where it was expected to make $100 -- 120 million in its opening weekend . It grossed $2.9 million on its first day from 11 countries , including $980,000 from Korea . In China the film made $14.75 million on its first day and earned a score of 9.2 from audiences on Douban ( compared to the average 6 -- 7 earned by Hollywood films ) . It grossed $61.7 million in China in its opening weekend which is the highest opening ever for Warner Bros in said territory . The film 's other major opening weekend territories were South Korea ( $8.1 million ) , United Kingdom ( $7.3 million ) , Russia ( $6.1 million ) and France ( $6 million ) . In its second weekend in China it grossed $42 million , and in third weekend grossed $13.9 million . The film grossed $81.7 million in its second weekend overseas , dropping only 35 % and is ahead of other newcomers A Quiet Place and Blockers . In its third weekend it grossed $33.8 million overseas dropping 58.6 % . On April 21 , 2018 , the film topped $200 million in China , becoming the tenth - biggest U.S. release ever in the country . In its fourth weekend in China , it grossed $8.24 million finishing third at the box office and has a total gross of $207 million . It grossed $23 million overseas from 67 territories in its fourth weekend . It opened in Japan , its final major market and grossed $4.4 million . In its fifth weekend overseas , it grossed $8.6 million from 63 territories . In China , the weekend was $2.4 M to push it past Avatar as the no . 9 Hollywood title ever in the market with $213.8 M ( RMB 1.34 B ) . Japan 's third frame held well during Golden Week with just a 6 % drop from the last session . The total there is currently at $17.5 M. In its sixth weekend in China , it bumped up 10 % from last session to lift the local cume to $220.2 M. The film 's largest markets after China are Japan ( $23.4 million ) , United Kingdom ( $21.3 million ) , France ( $21.5 million ) , Korea ( $18.6 million ) , and Russia - CIS ( $13.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 73 % based on 353 reviews , and an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Ready Player One is a sweetly nostalgic thrill ride that neatly encapsulates Spielberg 's strengths while adding another solidly engrossing adventure to his filmography . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 , based on 54 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score and a 65 % `` definite recommend '' . In a review for RogerEbert.com , Brian Tallerico wrote that the film 's `` overwhelming '' nature and non-stop action will likely thrill fans of pop culture ; while he observed narrative weaknesses , such as a lack of depth among the supporting characters , he felt that they ultimately do not hinder the film from working `` on the level of technical , blockbuster mastery that Spielberg helped define '' . Writing for Variety , Owen Gleiberman called the film a `` coruscating explosion of pop - culture eye candy '' , and found the sequence based on The Shining to be `` irresistible '' . However , he also criticized Spielberg 's dichotomization of fantasy and reality , as well as the film having `` more activity than it does layers '' . IndieWire 's Eric Kohn characterized the film as `` an astonishing sci - fi spectacle and a relentless nostalgia trip at once '' and praised both the sequence based on The Shining as well as Penn 's screenplay , particularly with respect to Mendelsohn 's character . Nevertheless , he remarked that the film `` drags a bunch in its final third '' . Alissa Wilkinson , writing for Vox , praised both the quality and quantity of the world building . She also commented on just how dystopian the future portrayed is , where the main characters fight to save the OASIS and the escape from reality it represents , with arguably less concern for the problems of the real world . Monica Castillo was more critical of the film in her review for The Guardian and drew attention to the absence of character arcs , the lack of resolution for plot holes in the novel , and the bloating of scenes in the film by trivia . Matt Bobkin scored the film a 6 out of 10 for Exclaim ! saying the film `` is not so much a groundbreaking recontextualizing , more doe - eyed affection with no critical commentary '' . Movie Metropolis noted that the film `` is an absolute thrill - ride from start to finish and is pure Spielberg in the very best way '' and awarded it 4 out of 5 stars . Film and television critic Matt Zoller Seitz praised Ready Player One and noted the undercurrent of sadness present in the film , stating that `` I do n't think Spielberg gets enough credit for making sad films that most people interpret as happy , and complex films that are immediately dismissed as simple or confused '' . Seitz concluded that the film `` is a mess , but it is a fascinating and complex one ... '' Possible Sequel ( edit ) Cline is working on a sequel to the novel . For a sequel to the film , he stated , `` ( ... ) I think there 's a good chance that , if this one does well , Warner Bros. will want to make a sequel . I do n't know if Steven ( Spielberg ) would want to dive back in , because he would know what he is getting into . He 's said that it 's the third - hardest film he 's made , out of dozens and dozens of movies '' . Co-star Olivia Cooke , and presumably the rest of the cast , is `` contracted to sequels '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ IOI employees are called Sixers because their employee IDs are six digits long and begin with the number 6 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Film Festival Announces World Premiere of Steven Spielberg 's Ready Player One '' . South by Southwest . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` READY PLAYER ONE ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ; Setoodeh , Ramin ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg on Why ' Ready Player One 's ' SXSW Debut Gave Him an ' Anxiety Attack ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Eyes $45 M - $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ready Player One '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jagneaux , David ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Movie Review Roundup : Another Spielberg Classic ? '' . UploadVR . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Henry T. ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Review Roundup : Pretty , Flawed '' . Tom 's Guide . Purch Group . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` The 11 biggest differences between Ready Player One and the original novel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Warner Bros and De Line Pictures Win Book Auction For ' Ready Player One ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Eason to rewrite ' Player ' script '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Shaw , Lucas ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' X-Men ' Scribe Zak Penn to Rewrite ' Ready Player One ' for Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg to Direct Sci - Fi Novel ' Ready Player One ' for Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Does Steven Spielberg Need A Box Office Comeback And Will ' Ready Player One ' Provide It ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How the team behind ' Ready Player One ' wrangled a bonanza of pop culture references into a single film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Finds Female Lead in Olivia Cooke ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Shortlist Includes Elle Fanning , Olivia Cooke , Lola Kirke ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Eyed for Villain Role in Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tye Sheridan Lands Lead in Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Pegg in Talks to Join Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Rylance Joins Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Silicon Valley ' Star T.J. Miller Joins Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hannah John - Kamen Lands Role In Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` Japan 's Win Morisaki Joins Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin J. `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Adds Japanese Actor - Singer Win Morisaki '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Casts Young Newcomer Philip Zhao '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` See an exclusive first look at Steven Spielberg 's Ready Player One '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Freddy Krueger Appears in Epic ' Ready Player One ' Trailer ! # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonomolo , Cameron ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` New Look At ' X-Men ' Star Tye Sheridan in ' Ready Player One ' '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carr , Mary Kate ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` 5 things to know about Black Panther breakout star Letitia Wright '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Penn , Zak ( @ zakpenn ) ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` First week of # ReadyPlayerOne finished . Surreal . It went to 11 . Thanks for writing your book @ erniecline and the assist in Oology '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Ready Player One Set Photos Show a Grungy Dystopia '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Graham ; Beardsworth , Luke ; Bains , Sanjeeta ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Recap : Spielberg films Ready Player One in JQ - another set location revealed plus car chase filmed '' . Birmingham Mail . Midland Newspapers . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Penn , Zak ( @ zakpenn ) ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` Two days of production left on # ReadyPlayerOne '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Has Finally Finished ' The Post ' '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's How Steven Spielberg and ILM Recreated That Movie for Ready Player One '' . io9 . Univision Interactive Media . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mekado ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` How They Made the Movie References Pop in ' Ready Player One ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crow , David ; Cecchini , Mike ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One : Complete Easter Egg and Reference Guide '' . Den of Geek . Dennis Publishing . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One : The COMPLETE Easter Egg Guide '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One : 135 Easter Eggs & References Explained '' . What Culture . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Can Steven Spielberg Remember How to Have Fun ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hugh , William ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Well , nevermind , then : Of course there 's going to be Star Wars shit in Ready Player One '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burke , Carolyn ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Wo n't Reference Disney 's Star Wars Movies ( Updated ) '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Tried to Get Star Wars Into Ready Player One , But Could n't '' . io9 . Univision Interactive Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Brings Ambitious ' Ready Player One ' Footage to Comic - Con '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Christian ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Ernest Cline on ' Ready Player Two ' and the Scene Spielberg Fought For '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Last Action Hero and Ready Player One Screenwriter Shocked to Find Last Action Hero Reference in Ready Player One '' . io9 . Univision Interactive Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Honoree John Williams Looks Back on Six Decades of Iconic Themes '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` John Williams and Alan Silvestri to Score Steven Spielberg 's Next Films ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . WaterTower Music . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` How Steven Spielberg Picked ' Ready Player One 's ' Classic ' 70s and ' 80s Tunes : Exclusive Track Listing '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Composer Alan Silvestri on Its Touching Final Moments '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Slotted For December 2017 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Flees ' Star Wars ' , Sets New 2018 Release Date '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Opening A Day Earlier Over Easter Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Pictures ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pictures Gets Ready to Run the Gamut at Comic - Con International : San Diego '' . Business Wire . Berkshire Hathaway . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallichio , Christian ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Blu - ray Release Details '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' To Get Its Game On With $140 M+ Global Start '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Box office Top 20 : ' Ready Player One ' launches with $53.7 M '' . ABC News . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Screams To $50 M+ Opening ; ' Blockers ' Breaks Through To $21 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $34 M+ No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 20 -- 22 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 27 -- 29 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Raises Global Score To $109 M Through Three Days '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Impresses With $61.7 Million in China '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Crushes ' A Quiet Place , ' ' Blockers ' Overseas '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rampage ' Rocks Up $114 M Offshore Bow ; ' Quiet Place ' Screams To $52 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ready Player One ' Tops $500 M Global Box Office , Scores $200 M+ In China '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Rampage ' Wins Quiet Weekend '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson 's ' Rampage ' Continues to Roar Overseas '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War 's $630 M Global Bow Sets All - Time Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Surges To $1.164 B Global & # 5 Superhero Movie Ever WW ; $713 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One ( 2018 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW Film Festival 2018 : `` Ready Player One '' `` . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW Film Review : ' Ready Player One ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Review : Steven Spielberg Delivers Astonishing Sci - Fi Spectacle and Relentless Nostalgia -- SXSW 2018 '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Alissa ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One is a fun romp that 's even more dystopian than it realizes '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Monica ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One review -- Spielberg 's shiny VR caper is n't worth playing '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bobkin , Matt ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lutkin , Alex ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One review `` Virtually amazing '' `` . Movie Metropolis . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( @ mattzollerseitz ) ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Thinking back on READY PLAYER ONE : I do n't think Spielberg gets enough credit for making sad films that most people interpret as happy , and complex films that are immediately dismissed as simple or confused '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( @ mattzollerseitz ) ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` It 's both . I do n't think he 's capable of really exploding the format he helped create , but after seeing it last night , I said to my wife , `` I think this is altogether his saddest film since A.I. '' '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Matt Zoller Seitz ( @ mattzollerseitz ) ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` This movie felt very sad and dark to me in a way that very few of the reviews pointed out . I think Spielberg did another one of his rope a dope specials : there 's a whole other movie going on underneath the surface , just like the scene where the hero is driving under the street '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( @ mattzollerseitz ) ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` In conclusion : READY PLAYER ONE is a mess , but it is a fascinating and complex one , and I suspect a lot of the people trashing it for being one particular thing will stumble on it again years from now and realize how much they overlooked . It 's happened many times with Spielberg '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sequel citations : Lussier , Germain ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ernie Cline Writing a ' Ready Player One ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . West , Kelly ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ready Player One Is Getting A Sequel '' . CinemaBlend . GatewayBlend . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Berkey , Rachel ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` READY PLAYER ONE Sequel Rumored To Be In The Works - Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Knight , Jacob ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ernie Cline Penning A Sequel Novel To READY PLAYER ONE '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ernest Cline on ' Ready Player One ' , Working with Spielberg , and Hopes for a Sequel '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moran , Sarah ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player Two ? It Could Happen -- And The First Movie May Tease It '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ready Player One Star Is Signed On For Sequels External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ready Player One ( film ) Official website Ready Player One on IMDb Ready Player One at AllMovie Ready Player One at Box Office Mojo Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Works by Zak Penn Director Incident at Loch Ness ( 2004 ) The Grand ( 2007 ) Atari : Game Over ( 2014 ) Writer Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) PCU ( 1994 ) Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) Behind Enemy Lines ( 2001 ) X2 ( 2003 ) Suspect Zero ( 2004 ) Elektra ( 2005 ) X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Television Alphas ( 2011 - 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ready_Player_One_(film)&oldid=857128754 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s science fiction films 2018 3D films Amblin Entertainment films American adventure films American coming - of - age films American films American 3D films American science fiction films Crossover films Cyberpunk films Drone films Dystopian films Films about telepresence Films about video games Films about virtual reality Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Steven Spielberg Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in 2045 Films set in Columbus , Ohio Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Warwickshire Films with live action and animation IMAX films Motion capture in film Science fiction adventure films Village Roadshow Pictures films Warner Bros. films Films about orphans Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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"Tye Sheridan as Parzival / Wade Watts, a Gunter who wishes to win so he can leave the stacks.\nOlivia Cooke as Art3mis / Samantha Cook, a well-known Gunter who works with various allies to ensure the OASIS is kept free and out of the hands of IOI.\nBen Mendelsohn as Nolan Sorrento, the CEO of Innovative Online Industries who seeks full control over the OASIS.\nLena Waithe as Aech / Helen Harris, a Gunter and long-time friend of Wade's who works as a mechanic in the OASIS.\nT.J. Miller as i-R0k, a freelance dealer and mercenary often employed by IOI.\nSimon Pegg as Curator / Ogden Morrow, a co-creator of the OASIS, who eventually left the company. He is concerned about how many people have developed an unhealthy dependency on the game.\nMark Rylance as Anorak / James Halliday, the deceased co-creator of the OASIS who reveals an Easter Egg hidden in the OASIS after his passing that grants control over the OASIS to its winner.\nPhilip Zhao as Sho / Zhou, a Gunter and one of the \"High Five”. He is 11 years old in reality.[9]\nWin Morisaki as Daito / Toshiro, a Gunter and one of the \"High Five\".\nHannah John-Kamen as F'Nale Zandor, IOI’s head of operations in the physical world and for their indentured servant programs.[9]"
] | [
"Olivia Cooke"
] |
7047883851212303817 | Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) | Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) - wikipedia Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ( album ) . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) B - side `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' Released 21 January 1983 ( UK ) 2 May 1983 ( US ) Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded 1982 Genre Synthpop new wave Length 3 : 35 ( 7 '' single ) 4 : 48 ( 12 '' single ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl ? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl ? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1991 reissue ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' ( Remix ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` I Saved the World Today '' ( 1999 ) I Saved the World Today 1999 Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is a song written and performed by the British new wave music duo Eurythmics . The song is the title track of their album of the same name and was released as the fourth and final single from the album in early 1983 . The song became their breakthrough hit , establishing the duo worldwide . Its music video helped to propel the song to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It was the first single released by Eurythmics in the US . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is arguably Eurythmics ' signature song . Following its success , their previous single , `` Love Is a Stranger '' , was re-released and also became a worldwide hit . On Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time issue in 2003 , `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' was ranked number 356 . Eurythmics has regularly performed the song in all their live sets since 1982 , and it is often performed by Lennox on her solo tours . In 1991 , the song was remixed and reissued to promote Eurythmics ' Greatest Hits album . It re-charted in the UK , reaching number 48 , and was also a moderate hit in dance clubs . Another remix by Steve Angello was released in France in 2006 , along with the track `` I 've Got a Life '' ( peaking at number 10 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recording 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Track listings 4.1 7 '' single 4.2 12 '' single 4.3 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) 4.4 CD single ( 1991 re-release ) 5 Credits and personnel 6 Chart history 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Original release 6.3 1991 reissue 6.4 1995 reissue 6.5 Steve Angello Remix 6.6 2006 reissue 6.7 2010 reissue 6.8 2017 reissue 6.9 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Marilyn Manson cover 8.1 Formats and track listings 8.2 Charts 9 Other cover versions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart wrote the song after The Tourists had broken up and they formed Eurythmics . Although the two of them also broke up as a couple , they continued to work together . They became interested in electronic music , bought new synthesisers and started playing on it . According to Stewart , he managed to produce the beat and riff of the song on a synthesiser , and Lennox , on hearing it , said : `` What the hell is that ? '' and started playing on another synthesiser , and beginnings of the song came out of the two duelling synths . According to Lennox , the lyrics reflected the unhappy time after the break up of The Tourists , when she felt that they were `` in a dream world '' , and that whatever they were chasing was never going to happen . She said : `` '' Sweet dreams are made of this '' is basically me saying : `` Look at the state of us . How can it get worse ? I was feeling very vulnerable . The song was an expression of how I felt : hopeless and nihilistic . '' Stewart however thought the lyrics too depressing , and added the `` hold your head up , moving on '' line to make it more uplifting . Lennox also said that people had misinterpreted lines like `` Some of them want to use you ... some of them want to be abused '' to be about sex or S&M when that was not the intent . Recording ( edit ) The original recording 's main instrumentation featured a sequenced analog synthesizer riff , which Stewart accidentally discovered in the studio when he played a bass track backward . Apart from the synthesizer , the arrangement also uses a Movement Systems Drum Computer , a piano in the middle eight , and Lennox 's multitracked harmony vocals . According to Stewart , the record company did not think the song to be suitable as a single as it lacks a chorus , and did not want to release it as a single . However , when a radio DJ in Cleveland kept playing the song from the album and it received a strongly positive audience reaction , the label then decided to release it . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams '' was Eurythmics ' commercial breakthrough in the United Kingdom and all over the world . The single entered the UK chart at number 63 in February 1983 and reached number two the following month . `` Sweet Dreams '' was the first ever single release by Eurythmics in the United States when it was released in May 1983 . The single debuted at number 90 and slowly eased up the chart . By August , the single had reached number two and stayed there for four weeks , kept from the top by The Police 's `` Every Breath You Take '' before `` Sweet Dreams '' took the number one spot . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Sweet Dreams '' was directed by Dean Karr and Chris Ashbrook and filmed in January 1983 , shortly before the single and the album was released . The video received heavy airplay on the then - fledgling MTV channel and is widely considered a classic clip from the early - MTV era . The music video begins with a fist ( presumably Stewart 's ) pounding on a table , with the camera panning up to reveal Lennox in a boardroom , with images of a Saturn V launch projected on a screen behind her , which are later replaced by a shot of a crowd walking down a street . Stewart is shown typing on a computer ( actually an MCS drum computer ) . The camera cuts to Lennox and Stewart meditating on the table . Stewart is next shown playing a cello in a field . The scene then returns to the boardroom , with Lennox and Stewart lying down on the table , and a cow walking around them . Stewart is shown again typing on the computer , with the cow chewing something right next to him . The scene cuts to the duo in a field , with a herd of cows , and Stewart still typing . Lennox and Stewart are then seen floating in a boat , with Stewart again playing a cello . The video ends with Lennox lying in bed , with the last shot being a book on a nightstand bearing a cover identical to the album . The screen then fades to black as Lennox turns off the bedside lamp . The video has more than 210 million views on YouTube as of May , 2018 . Lennox 's androgynous visual image , with close - cropped , orange - coloured hair , and attired in a man 's suit brandishing a cane , immediately made her a household name . Her gender - bending image would be further explored in other Eurythmics videos such as `` Love Is a Stranger '' and `` Who 's That Girl ? '' . A second video was also produced , featuring Lennox and Stewart on a train . A close - up shot of Lennox 's lips is occasionally seen in the train car 's window as she sings the song . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 36 B : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 12 '' single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( Extended Version ) -- 4 : 48 B1 : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 B2 : `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' ( Non-LP track ) -- 4 : 19 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( LP version ) -- 3 : 36 `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 54 `` Paint A Rumour '' -- 7 : 30 CD single ( 1991 re-release ) ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ' 91 - ( 3 : 35 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Nightmare Remix ) - ( 7 : 27 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Hot Remix ) - ( 5 : 21 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( House Remix ) - ( 3 : 34 ) Credits and personnel ( edit ) Annie Lennox -- vocals , synthesizer , piano David A. Stewart -- synthesizer , programming Robert Crash -- e-drums , synthesizer Adam Williams -- synthesizer Reynard Falconer -- synthesizer Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record Retail Singles ) Canada ( RPM 50 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) 14 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 36 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 16 US Cash Box Top 100 1991 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 48 1995 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 136 Steve Angello Remix ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 27 2006 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 19 2010 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 150 2017 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 49 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia 41 Canada 7 New Zealand 15 UK 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 951,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Marilyn Manson cover ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Marilyn Manson from the album Smells Like Children Released June 22 , 1996 Format CD - single Recorded 1994 - 1995 Genre Industrial rock hard rock heavy metal Length 4 : 53 ( EP ) , 4 : 25 ( single ) Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Eurythmics Brian Hugh Warner Jeordie White Scott Putesky Producer ( s ) Marilyn Manson Trent Reznor Marilyn Manson singles chronology `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube Marilyn Manson released a cover version of `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' as the first single from the 1995 EP , Smells Like Children . This version became an MTV staple and helped to establish the band in the mainstream . Their groundbreaking video was directed by Dean Karr and produced by Arthur Gorson . It also appears on the band 's greatest hits album , Lest We Forget : The Best Of . This version is featured on the soundtracks to the films Enron : The Smartest Guys in the Room ( 2005 ) and Gamer ( 2009 ) . It is also featured in the films House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ) , Trick ' r Treat ( 2007 ) , the trailer to Wrath of the Titans ( 2012 ) , in the pilot of The Following and on the BBC drama Luther . In Manson 's autobiography , The Long Hard Road Out of Hell , he states that Nothing Records did not want to release this as a single . They wanted to release their cover of Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ' `` I Put a Spell on You '' , which , according to Manson , `` was far too dark , sprawling and esoteric , even for some of our fans . '' Marilyn Manson added some extra lines to the lyrics that are not present in the Eurythmics version : `` I wan na use you and abuse you / I wan na know what 's inside you '' along with `` I 'm gon na use you and abuse you / I got ta know what 's inside you . '' The video for Manson 's cover contains several clips of Manson and bandmates in what appears to be an abandoned building . In between the clips are a number of surreal shots of Manson wearing a wedding gown , Manson wandering around an abandoned street in a tutu , birds fluttering around him and leaving droppings on his body , and of him riding a pig wearing a cowboy hat and covered with mud . In 2010 the music video was rated the `` Scariest music video ever made '' by Billboard , beating Michael Jackson 's Thriller for the top spot . Dave Stewart has said that he liked Marilyn Manson 's version of his song and that `` the video was one of the scariest things ( he ) 'd seen at the time . '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 `` Dance of the Dope Hats '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 46 `` Down in the Park '' -- 4 : 58 `` Lunchbox ( Next Motherfucker ) '' -- 4 : 47 US promotional CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 28 Canada ( RPM Alternative 30 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 31 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 26 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 154 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1995 , Swedish artists Swing and Dr. Alban released a Eurodance cover of the song . In 2011 , Swedish DJ Avicii remixed the song . In 2016 , JX Riders featuring Skylar Stecker went to number one on the US dance chart with their version . American popstar Selena Gomez added the song to the tracklist of her Revival Tour , performing it in different shows . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of number - one dance singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ) . University of California Press , ed . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0520215870 . `` Marilyn Manson entered the mainstream in 1995 with a cover song of the 1980s synth - pop hit `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' by the Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ Larry Starr , Christopher Alan Waterman ( 2007 ) . Oxford University Press , ed . American popular music : from minstrelsy to MP3 , Vol. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0195300536 . `` '' Sweet Dreams '' is a good example of commercial new wave music of the early 1980s , an outgrowth of the 1970s new wave / punk scene promoted by major record labels . '' Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Dave ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Eurythmics : how we made Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurythmics : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard # 1s for the Week Ending May 14 , 1983 '' . Rbhsjukebox.wordpress.com . WordPress . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ EurythmicsVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) , Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams HQ ( 1983 , Bananas ) - `` alternative video clip '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) - EURYTHMICS '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 2 Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Mississauga : Music Data Canada . p. 389 . ISBN 1 - 896 - 594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 39 , No. 2 , September 10 , 1983 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . 5th result when searching `` Sweet dreams '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams - Are Made Of This '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SWEET DREAMS ( ARE MADE OF THIS ) - Eurythmics '' . Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A . LP3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( E ) '' . Rock.co.za . John Samson . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 10 / 83 '' . tropicalglen.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Log UK : E-40 -- E-Z Rollers '' . Zobbel.de . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( Steve + Angello + Remix &cat = s Lescharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Steve Angello Remix ) '' ) ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1983 -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1983 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1983 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 25 . 25 December 1983 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1984 ) . `` Top 100 singles : 1983 '' . BPI Year Book 1984 . British Phonographic Industry . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1983 / Top 100 Songs of 1983 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1983 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` CRIA Gold Sales Award '' . annielennox.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Singles en Or '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( March 7 , 1998 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : Dead to the World '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McPadden , Mike ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Leather , Denim , & Skinny Ties : The Top 10 Heavy Metal Covers of Classic New Wave Songs '' . VH1 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . PMC . Movieline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) lyrics '' . Lyrics.com Jump up ^ `` The scariest music video ever made '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Metro '' . Dave Stewart : Copious amounts of vodka and a rocking boat gave the track that ' whoa ' feel . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock / Alternative - Volume 63 , No. 13 , May 13 , 1996 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smells Like Children awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs -- September 10 , 2016 '' . Billboard . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Live rehearsal 2007 on YouTube Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) by Marilyn Manson on YouTube Nitty Gritty -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube Térez Montcalm -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube IMDB -- House on Haunted Hill Soundtrack Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 3 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Preceded by `` Our House '' by Madness Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 10 September 1983 -- 17 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Tyler Bates Gil Sharone Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me , Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Lost & Found Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' `` Tattooed in Reverse '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns , God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns , God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins Of Evil : The Second Coming Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell , etc . Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Dreams_(Are_Made_of_This)&oldid=838739760 '' Categories : 1983 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Eurythmics songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Miss Kittin songs RCA Records singles Interscope Records singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs written by Annie Lennox Songs written by David A. Stewart 1983 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 00 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings sweet dreams are made of you | [
"\"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\" is a song written and performed by the British new wave music duo Eurythmics. The song is the title track of their album of the same name and was released as the fourth and final single from the album in early 1983. The song became their breakthrough hit, establishing the duo worldwide. Its music video helped to propel the song to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was the first single released by Eurythmics in the US."
] | [
"Eurythmics"
] |
-7480493641760113078 | Pulitzer Prize | Pulitzer Prize - wikipedia Pulitzer Prize Pulitzer Prize 2018 Pulitzer Prize Pulitzer prize for public service gold medal Awarded for Excellence in newspaper journalism , literary achievements , musical composition Country United States Presented by Columbia University First awarded 1917 Website pulitzer.org The Pulitzer Prize / ˈpʊlɪtsər / is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian - born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty - one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $15,000 cash award ( raised from $10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Entry and prize consideration 1.1 Difference between entrants and nominated finalists 2 History 3 Repeat recipients 3.1 Individuals 3.2 Arts & Letters 3.3 Arts & Letters and Journalism 3.4 Journalism 3.5 Newspapers 4 Categories 4.1 Changes to categories 5 Board 6 Controversies 7 Criticism and studies 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Entry and Prize consideration ( edit ) The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media , but only those that have specifically entered . ( There is a $50 entry fee , paid for each desired entry category . ) Entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories , and can not simply gain entrance for being literary or musical . Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories , regardless of their properties . Each year , 102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories ; one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards . Most juries consist of five members , except for those for Public Service , Investigative Reporting , Explanatory Reporting , Feature writing and Commentary categories , which have seven members ; however all book juries have at least three members . For each award category , a jury makes three nominations . The board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75 % majority vote . The board can also vote to issue no award . The board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work ; however , the jurors in letters , music , and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year , and each chair receives $2,500 . Difference between entrants and nominated finalists ( edit ) Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant . The jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them , together with the winner for each category . However , some journalists who were only submitted , but not nominated as finalists , still claim to be Pulitzer nominees in promotional material . For example , Bill Dedman of msnbc.com ( the recipient of the 1989 Investigative Reporting Prize ) pointed out in 2012 that financial journalist Betty Liu was described as `` Pulitzer Prize - Nominated '' in her Bloomberg Television advertising and the jacket of her book , while National Review writer Jonah Goldberg made similar claims of `` Pulitzer nomination '' to promote his books . Dedman wrote , `` To call that submission a Pulitzer ' nomination ' is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters That 's My Boy in the Academy Awards . Many readers realize that the Oscars do n't work that way -- the studios do n't pick the nominees . It 's just a way of slipping ' Academy Awards ' into a bio . The Pulitzers also do n't work that way , but fewer people know that . '' History ( edit ) Newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize . It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships . He specified `` four awards in journalism , four in letters and drama , one in education , and four traveling scholarships . '' After his death , the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4 , 1917 ; they are now announced each April . The Chicago Tribune under the control of Colonel McCormick felt that the Pulitzer Prize was nothing more than a ' mutual admiration society ' and not to be taken seriously ; the paper refused to compete for the prize during McCormick 's tenure up until 1961 . Repeat recipients ( edit ) Main category : Pulitzer Prize winners It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of Pulitzer Prize repeat winners . ( Discuss ) ( June 2015 ) Individuals ( edit ) Many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize . Nelson Harding , Stanley Forman and Andrew Schneider have received Prizes in consecutive years . Arts & Letters ( edit ) Four prizes Robert Frost , Poetry Eugene O'Neill , Drama Robert E. Sherwood , Drama ( 3 ) and Biography Three prizes Edward Albee , Drama Archibald MacLeish , Poetry ( 2 ) and Drama Edwin Arlington Robinson , Poetry Carl Sandburg , Poetry ( 2 ) and History Robert Penn Warren , Poetry ( 2 ) and Fiction Thornton Wilder , Drama ( 2 ) and Novel Two prizes Bernard Bailyn , History Samuel Barber , Music Walter Jackson Bate , Biography Samuel Flagg Bemis , History and Biography Stephen Vincent Benét , Poetry Robert Caro , Biography Elliott Carter , Music David Herbert Donald , Biography William Faulkner , Fiction Douglas Southall Freeman , Biography Burton J. Hendrick , Biography Paul Horgan , History Marquis James , Biography George S. Kaufman , Drama ( both shared ) Margaret Leech , History David Levering Lewis , Biography Robert Lowell , Poetry Norman Mailer , Fiction and Nonfiction David McCullough , Biography Gian Carlo Menotti , Music W.S. Merwin , Poetry Samuel Eliot Morison , Biography Allan Nevins , Biography Lynn Nottage , Drama Walter Piston , Music Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. , History and Biography T.J. Stiles , Biography and History Booth Tarkington , Novel Alan Taylor , History Barbara W. Tuchman , Nonfiction John Updike , Fiction Richard Wilbur , Poetry Tennessee Williams , Drama August Wilson , Drama E.O. Wilson , Nonfiction Arts & Letters and Journalism ( edit ) Three prizes William Allen White , Editorial Writing , Special Citation ( presented to Sallie Lindsay White ; posthumous ) , Autobiography ( posthumous ) Two prizes Russell Baker , Commentary and Biography Steve Coll , Explanatory Journalism and Nonfiction J. Anthony Lukas , Local Investigative Specialized Reporting and Nonfiction Joby Warrick , Public Service ( named contributor ) and Nonfiction Michael Williamson , Feature Photography and Nonfiction Journalism ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Four prizes Carol Guzy , Breaking News Photography , Feature Photography , Spot News Photography ( 2 ) Three prizes David Barstow , Public Service ( named contributor ) and Investigative Reporting ( 2 ) Walt Bogdanich , Specialized Reporting , National Reporting , Investigative Reporting Jo Becker , National Reporting , ( 2 ) International Reporting ( Staff ) Paul Conrad , Editorial Cartooning Michel duCille , Spot News Photography , Feature Photography , Public Service ( named contributor ) Edmund Duffy , Editorial Cartooning Thomas Friedman , International Reporting ( 2 ) and Commentary Herblock , Editorial Cartooning Rollin Kirby , Editorial Cartooning Jeff MacNelly , Editorial Cartooning William Snyder , Explanatory Journalism , Feature Photography , Spot News Photography Two prizes Daniel Berehulak , Feature Photography and Breaking News Photography Steve Breen , Editorial Cartooning Ding Darling , Editorial Cartooning Horst Faas , Photography and Spot News Photography Daniel R. Fitzpatrick , Editorial Cartooning Stanley Forman , Spot News Photography Jon Franklin , Feature Writing and Explanatory Reporting Walt Handelsman , Editorial Cartooning Nelson Harding , Editorial Cartooning Tyler Hicks , Breaking News Photography David Horsey , Editorial Cartooning Nicholas Kristof , International Reporting and Commentary Stephen A. Kurkjian , Local Investigative Specialized Reporting Anthony Lewis , National Reporting Eric Lipton , Explanatory Journalism and Investigative Reporting Mike Luckovich , Editorial Cartooning Andrew R.C. Marshall , International Reporting Bill Mauldin , Editorial Cartooning Gene Miller , Investigative Reporting Jim Morin , Editorial Cartooning Larry C. Price , Photography Michael Ramirez , Editorial Cartooning James Reston , Telegraphic Reporting -- National and National Reporting Andrew Schneider , Specialized Reporting and Public Service ( named contributor ) Anthony Shadid , International Reporting Vaughn Shoemaker , Editorial Cartooning Paul Szep , Editorial Cartooning Craig F. Walker , Photography Gene Weingarten , Feature Writing Don Wright , Editorial Cartooning Newspapers ( edit ) Nominally , the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service is awarded only to news organizations , not individuals . In rare instances , contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners . Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs ; infrequently , staff Prize citations also distinguish the work of prominent contributors . Categories ( edit ) Pulitzer Prizes Joseph Pulitzer Pulitzers by year Winners Journalism Reporting Breaking News Investigative Explanatory Local National International Writing Feature Editorial Photography Breaking News Feature Other Commentary Criticism Editorial Cartooning Public Service Letters Drama Music Biography / Autobiography Fiction General Nonfiction History Poetry Drama Music Special Citations and Awards Awards are made in categories relating to journalism , arts , letters and fiction . Reports and photographs by United States -- based newspapers , magazines and news organizations ( including news websites ) that `` ( publish ) regularly '' are eligible for the journalism prize . Beginning in 2007 , `` an assortment of online elements will be permitted in all journalism categories except for the competition 's two photography categories , which will continue to restrict entries to still images . '' In December 2008 it was announced that for the first time content published in online - only news sources would be considered . Although certain winners with magazine affiliations ( most notably Moneta Sleet , Jr . ) were allowed to enter the competition due to eligible partnerships or concurrent publication of their work in newspapers , the Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board and the Pulitzer Prize Board historically resisted the admission of magazines into the competition , resulting in the formation of the National Magazine Awards at the Columbia Journalism School in 1966 . In 2015 , magazines were allowed to enter for the first time in two categories ( Investigative Reporting and Feature Writing ) . By 2016 , this provision had expanded to three additional categories ( International Reporting , Criticism and Editorial Cartooning ) . That year , Kathryn Schulz ( Feature Writing ) and Emily Nussbaum ( Criticism ) of The New Yorker became the first magazine affiliates to receive the Prize under the expanded eligibility criterion . In October 2016 , magazine eligibility was extended to all journalism categories . Hitherto confined to the local reporting of breaking news , the Breaking News Reporting category was expanded to encompass all domestic breaking news events in 2017 . Definitions of Pulitzer Prize categories as presented in the December 2017 Plan of Award : Public Service -- for a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper , magazine or news site through the use of its journalistic resources , including the use of stories , editorials , cartoons , photographs , graphics , videos , databases , multimedia or interactive presentations or other visual material . Often thought of as the grand prize , and mentioned first in listings of the journalism prizes , the Public Service award is only given to the winning news organization . Alone among the Pulitzer Prizes , it is awarded in the form of a gold medal . Breaking News Reporting -- for a distinguished example of local , state or national reporting of breaking news that , as quickly as possible , captures events accurately as they occur , and , as time passes , illuminates , provides context and expands upon the initial coverage . Investigative Reporting -- for a distinguished example of investigative reporting , using any available journalistic tool . Explanatory Reporting -- for a distinguished example of explanatory reporting that illuminates a significant and complex subject , demonstrating mastery of the subject , lucid writing and clear presentation , using any available journalistic tool . Local Reporting -- for a distinguished example of reporting on significant issues of local concern , demonstrating originality and community expertise , using any available journalistic tool . National Reporting -- for a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs , using any available journalistic tool . International Reporting -- for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs , using any available journalistic tool . Feature Writing -- for distinguished feature writing giving prime consideration to quality of writing , originality and concision , using any available journalistic tool . Commentary -- for distinguished commentary , using any available journalistic tool . Criticism -- for distinguished criticism , using any available journalistic tool . Editorial Writing -- for distinguished editorial writing , the test of excellence being clearness of style , moral purpose , sound reasoning , and power to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction , using any available journalistic tool . Editorial Cartooning -- for a distinguished cartoon or portfolio of cartoons , characterized by originality , editorial effectiveness , quality of drawing and pictorial effect , published as a still drawing , animation or both . Breaking News Photography , previously called Spot News Photography -- for a distinguished example of breaking news photography in black and white or color , which may consist of a photograph or photographs . Feature Photography -- for a distinguished example of feature photography in black and white or color , which may consist of a photograph or photographs . There are six categories in letters and drama : Fiction -- for distinguished fiction by an American author , preferably dealing with American life . Drama -- for a distinguished play by an American playwright , preferably original in its source and dealing with American life . History -- for a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States . Biography or Autobiography -- for a distinguished biography , autobiography or memoir by an American author . Poetry -- for a distinguished volume of original verse by an American poet . General Non-Fiction -- for a distinguished and appropriately documented book of non-fiction by an American author that is not eligible for consideration in any other category . There is one prize given for music : Pulitzer Prize for Music -- for distinguished musical composition by an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year . There have been dozens of Special Citations and Awards : more than ten each in Arts , Journalism , and Letters , and five for Pulitzer Prize service , most recently to Joseph Pulitzer , Jr. in 1987 . In addition to the Prizes , Pulitzer Travelling Fellowships are awarded to four outstanding students of the Graduate School of Journalism as selected by the faculty . Changes to categories ( edit ) Over the years , awards have been discontinued either because the field of the award has been expanded to encompass other areas , the award been renamed because the common terminology changed , or the award has become obsolete , such as the prizes for telegraphic reporting . An example of a writing field that has been expanded was the former Pulitzer Prize for the Novel ( awarded 1918 -- 1947 ) , which has been changed to the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , which also includes short stories , novellas , novelettes , and poetry , as well as novels . Chronology of Pulitzer Prize categories 10s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Current Categories 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Journalism 7 9 0 5 8 Editorial Writing 7 9 8 7 Reporting -- 7 0 5 0 Public Service 8 Newspaper History Award -- 6 0 5 Editorial Cartooning 9 7 Correspondence -- 7 Telegraphic Reporting - International 8 7 International Reporting 7 Telegraphic Reporting - National 8 National Reporting 7 Photography -- 8 Feature Photography 8 9 Spot News Photography 0 Breaking News Photography 5 0 Specialized Reporting 6 Beat Reporting -- 8 7 Local Reporting Local Reporting - Edition time Local General or Spot News Reporting 5 0 General News Reporting 7 Spot News Reporting 8 Breaking News Reporting Local Reporting - No Edition time Local Investigative Specialized Reporting 5 Investigative Reporting 0 Commentary 0 Criticism 9 Feature Writing 5 7 Explanatory Journalism 8 Explanatory Reporting 10s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Letters , drama , music 7 Biography or Autobiography 7 9 History 7 9 7 6 8 6 7 6 Drama 7 0 6 7 Novel 8 7 7 Fiction 6 Poetry 5 Music General Nonfiction 10s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Others Special Awards & Citations 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Current Categories awarded , category still exists ( one small number marks the year since this category exists ) awarded , category renamed ( two small numbers marking the first and the last year this category existed under that name ) awarded , category no longer exists ( two small numbers marking the first and the last year this category existed ) not awarded , although there were nominees and a category in this year The small single numbers mark the last digit of the year and are linked to the corresponding Pulitzer Prize article of that year . ^ Jump up to : Category Local Reporting - Edition time was renamed Local General or Spot News Reporting and Local Reporting - No Edition time was renamed Local Investigative Specialized Reporting . But it could be the other way too . Until now a citation is still needed . Board ( edit ) The 19 - member Pulitzer Prize Board convenes semiannually in the Joseph Pulitzer World Room at Columbia University 's Pulitzer Hall . It comprises major editors , columnists and media executives in addition to six members drawn from academia and the arts , including the president of Columbia University , the dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and the administrator of the Prizes , who serves as the Board 's secretary . The administrator and the dean ( who has served on the Board since 1976 ) participate in the deliberations as ex officio members but can not vote . Aside from the president and dean ( who serve as permanent members for the duration of their respective appointments ) and the administrator ( who is reelected annually ) , the Board elects its own members for a three - year term ; members may serve a maximum of three terms . Members of the Board and the juries are selected with close attention `` given to professional excellence and affiliation , as well as diversity in terms of gender , ethnic background , geographical distribution and size of news organization . '' The current administrator is former New York Times senior editor Dana Canedy , who contributed to the Times staff entry that received the 2001 National Reporting Prize . Following the retirement of Joseph Pulitzer Jr. ( a grandson of the endower who served as permanent chair of the Board for 31 years ) in 1986 , the chair has typically rotated to the most senior member ( or members , in the case of concurrent elections ) on an annual basis . Since 1975 , the Board has made all prize decisions ; prior to this point , the Board 's recommendations were ratified by a majority vote of the trustees of Columbia University . Although the administrator 's office and staff are housed alongside the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia 's Pulitzer Hall and several administrators have held faculty appointments at the School of Journalism , the Board and administration have been operationally separate from the School since 1950 . Controversies ( edit ) Call for revocation of journalist Walter Duranty 's 1932 Pulitzer Prize . Call for revocation of journalist William L. Laurence 's 1946 Pulitzer Prize . 1941 Novel Prize : The Advisory Board elected to overrule the jury and recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway . However , Columbia University president Nicholas Murray Butler implored the committee to reconsider , citing the potential association between the University and the novel 's frank sexual content ; instead , no award was given . Twelve years later , Hemingway was awarded the 1953 Fiction Prize for The Old Man and the Sea . 1962 Biography Prize : Citizen Hearst : A Biography of William Randolph Hearst by W.A. Swanberg was recommended by the jury and Advisory Board but overturned by the trustees of Columbia University ( then charged with final ratification of the Prizes ) because its subject , Hearst , was not an `` eminent example of the biographer 's art as specified in the prize definition . '' 1974 Fiction Prize : Gravity 's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon was recommended by the three - member fiction jury but the Advisory Board overturned that decision and no award was given by the trustees . Shortly after receiving a Special Citation for Roots : The Saga of an American Family in the spring of 1977 , Alex Haley was charged with plagiarism in separate lawsuits by Harold Courlander and Margaret Walker Alexander . Courlander , an anthropologist and novelist , charged that Roots was copied largely from his novel The African ( 1967 ) . Walker claimed that Haley had plagiarized from her Civil War - era novel Jubilee ( 1966 ) . Legal proceedings in each case were concluded late in 1978 . Courlander 's suit was settled out of court for $650,000 ( equivalent to $2.4 million in 2017 ) and an acknowledgment from Haley that certain passages within Roots were copied from The African . Walker 's case was dismissed by the court , which , in comparing the content of Roots with that of Jubilee , found that `` no actionable similarities exist between the works . '' Forfeiture of Janet Cooke 's 1981 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for story fabrication . 1994 History Prize : Gerald Posner 's Case Closed ; Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK , Lawrence Friedman 's Crime and Punishment in American History and Joel Williamson 's William Faulkner and Southern History were nominated unanimously for the award ; however , no award was given . The decision not to give an award to one of the three books created a public controversy . One of the 19 members of the Pulitzer Board , John Dotson , said that all of the three nominated books were `` flawed in some way . '' But another Board member , Edward Seaton , editor of the Manhattan Mercury , disagreed , saying it was `` unfortunate '' that no award had been given . 2010 Drama Prize : Next to Normal received the award despite not having been among the jury - provided nominees . Criticism and studies ( edit ) Some critics of the Pulitzer Prize have accused the organization of favoring those who support liberal causes or oppose conservative causes . Syndicated columnist L. Brent Bozell said that the Pulitzer Prize has a `` liberal legacy '' , particularly in its prize for commentary . He pointed to a 31 - year period in which only five conservatives won prizes for commentary . The claim is also supported by a statement from the 2010 Pulitzer Prize winner for commentary , Kathleen Parker : `` It 's only because I 'm a conservative basher that I 'm now recognized . '' A 2012 academic study by journalism professor Yong Volz and Chinese University journalism professor Francis Lee found `` that only 27 % of Pulitzer winners since 1991 were females , while newsrooms are about 33 % female . '' The researchers concluded female winners were more likely to have traditional academic experience , such as attendance at Ivy League schools , metropolitan upbringing , or employment with an elite publication such as the New York Times . The findings suggest a higher level of training and connectedness are required for a female applicant to be awarded the prize , compared to male counterparts . See also ( edit ) List of Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times Man Booker Prize Nautilus Book Awards National Book Award Commonwealth Writers Prize Prix Goncourt National Magazine Awards Alfred I. duPont -- Columbia University Award for broadcast journalism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . 29 . How is ' Pulitzer ' pronounced ? The correct pronunciation is ' PULL it sir . ' The mistaken pronunciation / ˈpjuːlɪtsər / , starting off like `` pew '' , is quite common , and included in the major British and American dictionaries . ^ Jump up to : Topping , Seymour ( 2008 ) . `` History of The Pulitzer Prizes '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Columbia University . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler . Jump up ^ `` Pulitzer Board raises prize award to $15,000 '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Columbia University . 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Topping , Seymour ( 2008 ) . `` Administration '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Columbia University . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler . Jump up ^ `` The Medal '' . Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Entry Form For a Pulitzer Prize in Journalism Pulitzer.org Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alexander ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Journalists , Please Stop Saying You Were ' Pulitzer Prize - Nominated ' '' . what matters now . the Atlantic wire . Jump up ^ Morris , James McGrath ( 2010 ) . Pulitzer : A Life in Politics , Print , and Power . New York , NY : HarperCollins . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 079870 - 3 . Retrieved Sep 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Patrick T ( June 8 , 1997 ) . `` A Parade of Pulitzers '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . for more than two decades ( ... ) the Tribune refused to compete for the awards . Jump up ^ Epstein , Joseph ( August 1997 ) . `` The Colonel and the Lady '' ( PDF ) . Commentary . p. 48 . He viewed the Pulitzer Prize as a ' mutual admiration society , ' and hence not to be taken seriously . Jump up ^ Snyder is frequently cited as a four - time winner because of his oversight of The Dallas Morning News 's 2006 Breaking News Photography Prize - winning coverage of Hurricane Katrina as the newspaper 's photo director ; however , he was not listed as a named contributor in the citation and did not contribute any photographs to the entry . `` Staff of The Dallas Morning News '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2000 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service : The Washington Post , notably for the work of Katherine Boo '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service : The News & Observer ( Raleigh , NC ) , for the work of Melanie Sill , Pat Stith and Joby Warrick '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2009 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Local Reporting : Detroit Free Press Staff , and notably Jim Schaefer and M.L. Elrick '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Journalism Submission Guidelines , Requirements and FAQs '' . The Pulizer Prize Board . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pulitzer Board Widens Range of Online Journalism in Entries '' ( Press release ) . Pulitzer Prize Board . November 27 , 2006 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pulitzer Prizes Broadened to Include Online - Only Publications Primarily Devoted to Original News Reporting '' ( Press release ) . Pulitzer Prize Board . December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Expanded eligibility for three journalism categories '' ( Press release ) . Pulitzer Prize Board . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Pulitzer Prizes '' . Pulitzer Prize Board . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pulitzer Prizes open all journalism categories to magazines '' ( Press release ) . Pulitzer Prize Board . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes '' . Pulitzer.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes '' . Pulitzer.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Alexander elected to Pulitzer Prize Board '' ( Press release ) . Pulitzer Prize Board . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes '' . Pulitzer.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes '' . Pulitzer.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Topping , Seymour . `` Biography of Joseph Pulitzer '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler . ^ Jump up to : Boylan , James ( June 2003 ) . Pulitzer 's School : Columbia University 's School of Journalism , 1903 - 2003 . New York : Columbia University Press . OCLC 704692556 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Hohenberg , John . The Pulitzer Diaries : Inside America 's Greatest Prize . 1997 . p. 109 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Edwin . `` Publishing : Pulitzer Controversies '' . The New York Times , May 11 , 1984 : C26 . Jump up ^ Fein , Esther B. ( March 3 , 1993 ) . `` Book Notes '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ ( 1978 , September 21 ) . `` Judge Rules `` Roots '' Original `` , Associated Press Jump up ^ ( 1978 , September 22 ) . `` Suit against Alex Haley is dismissed '' , United Press International Jump up ^ Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917 - 2000 : Decision - Making Processes in all Award Categories Based on Unpublished Sources , by Heinz D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer , The Pulitzer Prize Archive , Walter de Gruyer , 2003 , p. 325 ^ Jump up to : `` Pulitzer Decision Angers Juror Ignoring Nominations , Panel Did n't Know History Prize , '' San Jose Mercury News , April 23 , 1994 , p. 2B Jump up ^ `` unknown '' . Los Angeles Times . April 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . Simonson , Robert ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` Playbill. com 's Theatre Week In Review , April 10 - April 16 : The Pulitzer Paradox '' . Playbill . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bozell , Brent ( April 22 , 2007 ) . `` Pulitzers ' liberal legacy '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hagey , Keach ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Kathleen Parker : ' Smallish - town girl ' hits cable '' . Politico . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yong Z . Volz ; Francis LF Lee ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Who wins the Pulitzer Prize in international reporting ? Cumulative advantage and social stratification in journalism '' . Journalism . doi : 10.1177 / 1464884912455905 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly Burdick ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` New study says women may need connections to win a Pulitzer '' . Melville House Publishing . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Female Pulitzer Prize winners require higher qualifications , study finds '' . Phys.org . October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Auxier , George W. ( March 1940 ) . `` Middle Western Newspapers and the Spanish -- American War , 1895 -- 1898 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . Organization of American Historians. 26 ( 4 ) : 523 . doi : 10.2307 / 1896320 . JSTOR 1896320 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulitzer Prize . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : Pulitzers Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Pulitzer Prize '' dated 2005 - 04 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Pulitzer Prizes Collection at Columbia University . Rare Book and Manuscript Library Writers of African Descent to Win Pulitzer Prizes hide Pulitzer Prizes 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 GND : 4129243 - 1 NKC : ph115063 Journalism portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulitzer_Prize&oldid=845643068 '' Categories : Pulitzer Prizes American journalism awards American literary awards Awards by universities and colleges in the United States Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism Pulitzer family ( newspapers ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles to be split from June 2015 All articles to be split Incomplete lists from February 2014 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 05 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | us newspaper publisher known for group of prizes since 1917 | [
"The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlɪtsər/[1] is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American (Hungarian-born) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, and is administered by Columbia University in New York City.[2] Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award (raised from $10,000 in 2017).[3] The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal.[4][5]\n"
] | [
"Joseph Pulitzer"
] |
3336302670357681343 | Friends (season 8) | Friends ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Friends ( season 8 ) Friends ( season 8 ) Friends season 8 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of Friends episodes The eighth season of Friends , an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , premiered on NBC on September 27 , 2001 . Friends was produced by Bright / Kauffman / Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The season contains 24 episodes and concluded airing on May 16 , 2002 . This season had an average of 24.5 million viewers , and was the most watched TV show of the 2001 -- 02 television season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 United States ratings 4 Awards and nominations 4.1 54th Annual Creative Arts Emmy awards 4.2 59th Annual Golden Globe awards 4.3 14th Annual Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice awards 4.4 6th Annual Online Film & Television Association awards 4.5 28th Annual People 's Choice awards 4.6 54th Annual Primetime Emmy awards 4.7 6th Annual Satellite awards 4.8 8th Annual Screen Actors Guild awards 4.9 4th Annual Teen Choice awards 4.10 18th Annual Television Critics Association awards 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Friends characters ( In particular , Introduced in season 8 or Only in season 8 ) Main cast ( edit ) Jennifer Aniston as Rachel Green Courteney Cox as Monica Geller - Bing Lisa Kudrow as Phoebe Buffay Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani Matthew Perry as Chandler Bing David Schwimmer as Ross Geller Recurring cast ( edit ) Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Bonnie Somerville as Mona Sean Penn as Eric Alec Baldwin as Parker James Michael Tyler as Gunther Guest stars ( edit ) Maggie Wheeler as Janice Hosenstein Eddie Cahill as Tag Jones Marlo Thomas as Sandra Green Ron Leibman as Leonard Green June Gable as Estelle Leonard Brad Pitt as Will Colbert Trudie Styler as Herself Johnny Messner as Kash Eddie McClintock as Clifford ' Cliff ' Burnett Sam McMurray as Doug Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Friends episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 171 `` The One After ' I Do ' '' Kevin S. Bright David Crane & Marta Kauffman September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) 227401 31.70 Everybody thinks Monica 's pregnant , but her denial quickly shifts the focus to Phoebe , who takes the heat off of Rachel -- who is actually pregnant . Chandler 's shoes are slippery , rendering his dance lessons useless . Joey tries to impress a Broadway director . Ross dances with children to impress Monica 's attractive , funny friend Mona , which leads to him getting injured quite a bit . Note : This episode is dedicated to `` The people of New York City '' to remember the September 11 attacks . 172 `` The One with the Red Sweater '' David Schwimmer Dana Klein Borkow October 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 04 ) 227402 30.04 Rachel wo n't tell anybody who the father of her baby is until she tells him . Joey tells Monica and Phoebe that a guy slept with Rachel a few weeks earlier , and left a red sweater behind . Phoebe thinks it 's Tag Jones and arranges a meeting for Rachel with him . Ross and Chandler attempt to recreate the wedding pictures , after Chandler loses the disposable cameras . Monica opens all of her and Chandler 's wedding presents . Monica , Joey and Phoebe find out that Tag is not the father of Rachel 's baby . They 're still pondering the mystery when the red sweater is spotted in front of them and retrieved by its owner : Ross . 173 `` The One Where Rachel Tells ... '' Sheldon Epps Sherry Bilsing & Ellen Plummer October 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 11 ) 227403 29.20 Chandler and Monica prepare to leave for their honeymoon as Rachel prepares to tell the father of her baby . Phoebe and Joey try to get into Monica and Chandler 's apartment by telling Mr. Treeger there is a gas leak . However , not all goes to plan when Treeger , who could not find Monica and Chandler 's key , orders firefighters to break down the door . Note : There was a subplot of Chandler and Monica 's honeymoon that was completely shot and filmed but ultimately never aired . It involved Chandler playfully joking about bombs when preparing to board first - class . The airport security mistake Chandler 's joke as a real threat then take him and Monica to interrogation . Towards the end of the episode they 're determined not to be a threat to the aircraft , but shortly after their release Joey calls Monica and pretends that there is a gas leak in their apartment in an attempt to cover for the broken door . When Joey asked her whether they 'll charge them for the damage of breaking down the door , she sarcastically replied , `` No , I want you to stand there and wait for the entire place to blow up ! '' , causing the authorities to re-interrogate the couple . Following 9 / 11 , the writers felt the humor of this subplot was off color and quickly replaced it with a story about Chandler and Monica getting jealous over another newly married couple who got free perks by arriving just before they did . The cut scenes from this episode were later shown as a special feature on the 2004 UK version of the DVDs . 174 `` The One with the Videotape '' Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri October 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 18 ) 227406 25.58 Ross and Rachel disagree over who came onto whom when they hooked up , with Rachel ( and the group ) sure that Ross was the initiator of their pregnancy - causing sex and Ross being sure that Rachel hit on him first . He wants to prove it and accidentally reveals that he has the encounter on videotape . Rachel goes from being disgusted to being intrigued , and everyone watches the tape where they find out that Ross was right because Rachel used Joey 's patented `` story that leads to having sex '' . Monica and Chandler meet another couple while on their honeymoon . 175 5 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' Gary Halvorson Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones October 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 25 ) 227404 25.64 Phoebe begins dating a guy who works for Monica , causing a problem when Phoebe wants to dump him on the same day Monica plans to fire him . A guy at Chandler 's work thinks that Chandler 's name is Toby . Rachel goes on a date with Joey 's costar , despite being pregnant , much to Ross ' annoyance . Note : This episode is dedicated to the memory of Richard Cox , Sr. , father of Courteney Cox . 176 6 `` The One with the Halloween Party '' Gary Halvorson Mark Kunerth November 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 01 ) 227405 26.96 Monica and Chandler are throwing a Halloween Party . At the party Phoebe runs into her sister 's fiance , Eric ( Sean Penn ) , and finds herself attracted to him as they bond over what a total liar Ursula is . Ross and Chandler arm wrestle ineffectually , as Ross laments that his goofy `` Spudnik '' outfit makes him look like feces . Rachel asks if she can be the person who hands out candy to the trick - or - treaters , as she says ' ever since I got pregnant , I have had the strongest maternal instincts ' , only to find out she is n't as maternal as she thought . 177 7 `` The One with the Stain '' Kevin S. Bright R. Lee Fleming Jr . November 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 08 ) 227407 24.24 Chandler hires a maid to help Monica but she thinks the maid is stealing her clothes . Eric broke up with Ursula and wants to date Phoebe but she reminds him too much of her sister . Ross attempts to secure the apartment of a dying Dutch woman for Rachel , while Joey tries to convince Rachel to continue living with him . 178 8 `` The One with the Stripper '' David Schwimmer Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen November 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 15 ) 227408 26.54 Rachel 's having dinner with her dad to tell him that she 's pregnant , and Rachel is intimidated and lies about Ross being unsupportive , leading to Mr. Green threatening Ross and nearly ruining his budding romance with Mona . Meanwhile Monica hires a stripper , who turns out to be a hooker , for Chandler because he never got to have a bachelor party . 179 9 `` The One with the Rumor '' Gary Halvorson Shana Goldberg - Meehan November 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 22 ) 227410 24.24 Monica invites a high school friend , Will ( Brad Pitt ) to her Thanksgiving dinner . Rachel finds out that Will ( who was a loser like Ross in high school and is now a gorgeous guy ) and Ross started a rumor about Rachel having both male and female `` reproductive parts '' during their senior year of high school . Joey tries to eat an entire turkey because ' he 's a Tribbiani ' . Chandler and Phoebe avoid helping Monica by sitting on the couch and watching a game . 180 10 `` The One with Monica 's Boots '' Kevin S. Bright Story by : Robert Carlock Teleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones December 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 06 ) 227409 22.44 Monica buys very expensive boots and promises Chandler to wear them all the time . After a while they are killing Monica 's feet but she does n't dare to tell Chandler . Joey 's youngest sister Dina ( Marla Sokoloff ) is pregnant and comes to Rachel for advice . Phoebe finds out that Sting 's son is in Ben 's class so she goes to see Sting 's wife ( real wife ( Trudie Styler ) pretending to want to talk about Ben and Jack in order to get tickets to Sting 's concert . Note : In this episode , Ross tells Phoebe Ben is 7 . However this episode is set in December 2001 , and as Ben was born in May 1995 , Ben would only be 6 at the time . 181 11 `` The One with Ross 's Step Forward '' `` The One with The Creepy Holiday Card '' Gary Halvorson Robert Carlock December 13 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 13 ) 227411 23.85 Ross freaks out when Mona wants to send out joint Christmas cards and wants to have `` the talk '' . Chandler tries to get out of spending time with his boss . Rachel has hormonal problems as a result of pregnancy and becomes `` erotically charged '' . 182 12 `` The One Where Joey Dates Rachel '' David Schwimmer Sherry Bilsing - Graham & Ellen Plummer January 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 10 ) 227412 25.53 Now that Rachel ca n't go on dates any more due to her pregnancy , Joey decides to take her on a date . But instantly , he begins to have a crush on Rachel , something that even he is scared about . Monica and Chandler get a Ms. Pac - Man arcade game from Phoebe as a late wedding present . After Phoebe hogs the game , Chandler becomes a pro by repeatedly playing and putting swear words as his initials , however Monica wants them to be removed as Ben would be coming over to play on it . After Ross gets to teach an advanced class , he struggles to get to the class on time . 183 13 `` The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath '' Ben Weiss Vanessa McCarthy January 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 17 ) 227413 29.24 Monica sways Chandler 's dislike of baths but he soon becomes addicted to them . Phoebe , who thinks Joey has a crush on her , is shocked to discover that Joey actually likes Rachel ; Ross and Rachel debate over potential names for their baby and find out the baby 's sex . 184 14 `` The One with the Secret Closet '' Kevin S. Bright Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones January 31 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 31 ) 227414 28.64 Chandler becomes obsessed with finding out what is behind the door of Monica 's secret closet . Phoebe feels betrayed when she discovers Monica has been using a different massage therapist . Ross feels left out after missing the baby 's first kick especially when Joey is mistaken for the father . Joey , feeling bad about the situation , suggests that Rachel should move in with Ross even though he wanted Rachel to live with him . 185 15 `` The One with the Birthing Video '' Kevin S. Bright Dana Klein Borkow February 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 07 ) 227415 28.64 Phoebe gives a birthing video to Rachel . Chandler , mistaking the tape for porn , watches it and is horrified after watching it with Monica , which kills the mood for Valentine 's Day . Ross struggles to tell Mona that Rachel is now living with him , and she breaks up with him over his dishonesty . Joey is depressed and in an effort to lighten his mood , Phoebe lends him a dog to cheer him up . However Joey ends up subduing the dog with his depression , and in the end tells Ross about his feelings for Rachel . 186 16 `` The One Where Joey Tells Rachel '' Ben Weiss Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen February 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 28 ) 227416 27.52 Ross , shocked at Joey 's declaration , avoids him , but eventually convinces him to tell Rachel . Joey confesses his love for Rachel , but Rachel politely and lovingly turns him down . Phoebe is convinced that a British man called Don is Monica 's soulmate . Guest starring Sam Pancake as the waiter . 187 17 `` The One with the Tea Leaves '' Gary Halvorson Story by : R. Lee Fleming Jr . Teleplay by : Steven Rosenhaus March 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 07 ) 227417 26.30 Phoebe determines through tea leaves that she 'll soon meet the man of her dreams , which leads her to a disastrous date with a disturbing man and then a pleasant meeting with a charming one at the dry cleaners . Rachel invents a crazy work problem to reduce the awkwardness of hanging out with Joey , since he confessed his feelings for her . Ross tries to retrieve his ' faded salmon ' shirt from Mona 's apartment . 188 18 `` The One in Massapequa '' `` The One with the Zesty Guy '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Peter Tibbals Teleplay by : Mark Kunerth March 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 28 ) 227418 22.05 Monica botches an attempt at giving a heartfelt speech for her parents ' 35th anniversary party . Phoebe dates Parker ( Alec Baldwin ) , who 's very enthusiastic about everything and ultimately annoys the entire group including herself . Ross and Rachel have to pretend to be married and Ross ' `` wedding toast '' stirs feelings in Rachel . 189 19 `` The One with Joey 's Interview '' Gary Halvorson Doty Abrams April 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 04 ) 227424 22.59 Joey prepares for an interview with Soap Opera Digest , although he 's afraid of saying something stupid that may jeopardize his career . ( In a previous episode , in an interview , he said he writes a lot of his own lines , which led to his firing from Days of Our Lives . ) Joey enlists his friends to make sure things go well . This is the fourth of Friends ' six clip shows . 190 20 `` The One with the Baby Shower '' Kevin S. Bright Sherry Bilsing - Graham & Ellen Plummer April 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 25 ) 227421 22.24 Phoebe and Monica prepare for Rachel 's baby shower and forget to invite Rachel 's mother . During the shower Monica tries desperately to seek forgiveness from Sandra , but to no avail . Rachel realizes she has no idea how to look after the baby after the birth , so her mother insists on staying with her for eight weeks , much to her and Ross ' annoyance . Monica eventually gives Rachel the confidence to be a mom and lets Sandra know she 's furious at her spitefulness . Joey auditions for a job as a host for a new game show called `` Bamboozled '' that makes absolutely no sense , and Chandler and Ross help him practice . 191 21 `` The One with the Cooking Class '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Dana Klein Borkow Teleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones May 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 02 ) 227419 23.97 Monica 's cooking skills get a bad review in The Post . After confronting the critic who wrote it , she decides to join a cooking class , with Joey in tow . Rachel gets jealous when Ross meets a girl who flirts with him at the baby department store . Phoebe helps Chandler prepare for an interview by stopping his natural instinct to make immature jokes . 192 22 `` The One Where Rachel is Late '' Gary Halvorson Shana Goldberg - Meehan May 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 09 ) 227420 24.32 Joey invites Chandler to his movie 's premiere but Chandler falls asleep during it . Rachel is very frustrated with the fact that she 's eight days late , and will try anything to induce labor , which leads to a bet between Monica and Phoebe . 193 194 23 24 `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby '' Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri Marta Kauffman & David Crane May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) 227422 227423 34.91 Ross and Rachel arrive at the hospital . Judy Geller gives Ross her mother 's engagement ring to propose to Rachel with . Monica and Chandler decide to have a baby . After forty - seven hours of labor , Rachel has her and Ross ' baby , Emma as `` River Of Tears '' by Eric Clapton plays in the background . Joey finds Ross ' engagement ring . Rachel thinks he 's proposing and says `` Okay '' . Monica and Chandler try for a baby in the hospital . United states Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode title Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank 171 `` The One After ' I Do ' '' September 27 , 2001 19.5 / 31 31.70 # 1 172 `` The One with the Red Sweater '' October 4 , 2001 18.9 / 31 30.04 # 1 173 `` The One Where Rachel Tells Ross '' October 11 , 2001 17.9 / 26 29.20 # 1 174 `` The One with the Videotape '' October 18 , 2001 16.0 / 25 25.58 # 2 175 5 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' October 25 , 2001 16.1 / 25 25.64 # 2 176 6 `` The One with the Halloween Party '' November 1 , 2001 16.8 / 25 26.96 # 2 177 7 `` The One with the Stain '' November 8 , 2001 15.2 / 23 24.24 # 2 178 8 `` The One with the Stripper '' November 15 , 2001 16.1 / 25 26.54 # 2 179 9 `` The One with the Rumor '' November 22 , 2001 12.7 / 25 24.24 # 3 180 10 `` The One with Monica 's Boots '' December 6 , 2001 14.0 / 23 22.44 # 2 181 11 `` The One with Ross 's Step Forward '' `` The One with The Creepy Holiday Card '' December 13 , 2001 14.9 / 25 23.85 # 2 182 12 `` The One Where Joey Dates Rachel '' January 10 , 2002 16.1 / 24 25.53 # 2 183 13 `` The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath '' January 17 , 2002 17.5 / 27 29.24 # 1 184 14 `` The One with the Secret Closet '' January 31 , 2002 17.8 / 28 28.64 # 3 185 15 `` The One with the Birthing Video '' February 7 , 2002 17.8 / 28 28.64 # 2 186 16 `` The One Where Joey Tells Rachel '' February 28 , 2002 17.4 / 27 27.52 # 1 187 17 `` The One with the Tea Leaves '' March 7 , 2002 16.3 / 25 26.30 # 2 188 18 `` The One in Massapequa '' March 28 , 2002 13.7 / 23 22.05 # 4 189 19 `` The One with Joey 's Interview '' April 4 , 2002 14.7 / 24 22.59 # 4 190 20 `` The One with the Baby Shower '' April 25 , 2002 14.4 / 23 22.24 # 3 191 21 `` The One with the Cooking Class '' May 2 , 2002 15.4 / 25 23.97 # 3 192 22 `` The One Where Rachel is Late '' May 9 , 2002 15.4 / 26 24.32 # 3 193 / 194 23 / 24 `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby '' May 16 , 2002 21.1 / 34 34.91 # 1 Season 8 averaged 24.5 million viewers and finished , for the first time , as the most watched show of the 2001 -- 02 television season . All episodes aired at 8 : 00 pm ET Thursdays on NBC . All episodes ranked within the weekly top 5 most watched TV shows . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 54th Annual Creative Arts Emmy awards ( edit ) 2002 Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ( `` The One with the Rumor '' ) ( Brad Pitt ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series ( `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' ) ( John Shaffner , Joe Stewart , Greg J. Grande ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series ( Leslie Litt , Barbara Miller ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series ( `` The One with the Rumor '' ) ( Nick McLean ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series ( `` The One with the Rumor '' ) ( Stephen Prime ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series ( `` The One with the Halloween Party '' ) ( Kenny Tintorri ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Multi-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series or Special ( `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' ) ( Dana Mark McClure ) - Nominated 59th Annual Golden Globe awards ( edit ) 2002 Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical - Nominated 2002 Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television ( Jennifer Aniston ) - Nominated 14th Annual Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice awards ( edit ) 2002 Favorite Television Show - Nominated 2002 Favorite Television Actor ( Matt LeBlanc ) - Nominated 2002 Favorite Television Actor ( Matthew Perry ) - Nominated 2002 Favorite Television Actress ( Jennifer Aniston ) - Nominated 6th Annual Online Film & Television Association awards ( edit ) 2002 Best Comedy Series - WON 2002 Best Direction in a Comedy Series ( Gary Halvorson , Kevin S. Bright , David Schwimmer , Ben Weiss , Terry Hughes , Sheldon Epps , Stephen Prime ) - Nominated 2002 Best Writing in a Comedy Series ( David Crane , Marta Kauffman , Ted Cohen , Andrew Reich , Scott Silveri , Shana Goldberg - Meehan , Ellen Kreamer , Brian Buckner , Sebastian Jones , Mark J. Kunerth , Doty Abrams , Dana Klein , Robert Carlock , R. Lee Fleming , Jr. , Vanessa McCarthy ) - WON 2002 Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Jennifer Aniston ) - WON 2002 Best Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ( Brad Pitt ) - Nominated 28th Annual People 's Choice awards ( edit ) 2002 Favorite Television Comedy Series - WON 2002 Favorite Female Television Performer ( Jennifer Aniston ) - WON 54th Annual Primetime Emmy awards ( edit ) 2002 Outstanding Comedy Series - WON 2002 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( `` The One Where Joey Tells Rachel '' ) ( Matt LeBlanc ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( `` The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath '' ) ( Matthew Perry ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' ) ( Jennifer Aniston ) - WON 6th Annual Satellite awards ( edit ) 2002 Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical - Nominated 2002 Best Lead Actress in a Series - Comedy or Musical ( Lisa Kudrow ) - Nominated 8th Annual Screen Actors Guild awards ( edit ) 2002 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Jennifer Aniston ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry , David Schwimmer ) - Nominated 4th Annual Teen Choice awards ( edit ) 2002 Choice TV Series - Comedy - WON 2002 Choice TV Actor - Comedy ( Matt LeBlanc ) - WON 2002 Choice TV Actress - Comedy ( Jennifer Aniston ) - WON 2002 Choice TV Actress - Comedy ( Courteney Cox ) - Nominated 2002 Choice TV Actress - Comedy ( Lisa Kudrow ) - Nominated 18th Annual Television Critics Association awards ( edit ) 2002 Outstanding Achievement in Comedy - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Comedy ( Matt LeBlanc ) - Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These episodes originally aired as a single double - length episode but are sometimes split into two episodes for syndication , reruns and DVD presentation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How Did Your Favorite Show Rate ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends Nielsen Ratings Archive -- Season Eight '' . Newmusicandmore.tripod.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 59th Golden Globe Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 59th Golden Globe Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 28th People 's Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 28th People 's Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Golden Satellite Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Golden Satellite Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 18th TCA Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 18th TCA Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 27 . External links ( edit ) List of Friends episodes on IMDb Friends : Season 8 at Rotten Tomatoes The One With The Tea Leaves script at livesinabox.com Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy '' ( 3.01 ) `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_(season_8)&oldid=844092102 '' Categories : Friends seasons 2001 American television seasons 2002 American television seasons Friends ( season 8 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2012 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Gaeilge Italiano Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 15 : 16 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n171\n1\n\"The One After 'I Do'\"\nKevin S. Bright\nDavid Crane & Marta Kauffman\nSeptember 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)\n227401\n31.70[2]\n\n\n\nEverybody thinks Monica's pregnant, but her denial quickly shifts the focus to Phoebe, who takes the heat off of Rachel--who is actually pregnant. Chandler's shoes are slippery, rendering his dance lessons useless. Joey tries to impress a Broadway director. Ross dances with children to impress Monica's attractive, funny friend Mona, which leads to him getting injured quite a bit.\nNote: This episode is dedicated to \"The people of New York City\" to remember the September 11 attacks.\n\n\n172\n2\n\"The One with the Red Sweater\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nDana Klein Borkow\nOctober 4, 2001 (2001-10-04)\n227402\n30.04[2]\n\n\nRachel won't tell anybody who the father of her baby is until she tells him. Joey tells Monica and Phoebe that a guy slept with Rachel a few weeks earlier, and left a red sweater behind. Phoebe thinks it's Tag Jones and arranges a meeting for Rachel with him. Ross and Chandler attempt to recreate the wedding pictures, after Chandler loses the disposable cameras. Monica opens all of her and Chandler's wedding presents. Monica, Joey and Phoebe find out that Tag is not the father of Rachel's baby. They're still pondering the mystery when the red sweater is spotted in front of them and retrieved by its owner: Ross.\n\n\n173\n3\n\"The One Where Rachel Tells...\"\nSheldon Epps\nSherry Bilsing & Ellen Plummer\nOctober 11, 2001 (2001-10-11)\n227403\n29.20[2]\n\n\n\nChandler and Monica prepare to leave for their honeymoon as Rachel prepares to tell the father of her baby. Phoebe and Joey try to get into Monica and Chandler's apartment by telling Mr. Treeger there is a gas leak. However, not all goes to plan when Treeger, who could not find Monica and Chandler's key, orders firefighters to break down the door.\nNote: There was a subplot of Chandler and Monica's honeymoon that was completely shot and filmed but ultimately never aired. It involved Chandler playfully joking about bombs when preparing to board first-class. The airport security mistake Chandler's joke as a real threat then take him and Monica to interrogation. Towards the end of the episode they're determined not to be a threat to the aircraft, but shortly after their release Joey calls Monica and pretends that there is a gas leak in their apartment in an attempt to cover for the broken door. When Joey asked her whether they'll charge them for the damage of breaking down the door, she sarcastically replied, \"No, I want you to stand there and wait for the entire place to blow up!\", causing the authorities to re-interrogate the couple. Following 9/11, the writers felt the humor of this subplot was off color and quickly replaced it with a story about Chandler and Monica getting jealous over another newly married couple who got free perks by arriving just before they did. The cut scenes from this episode were later shown as a special feature on the 2004 UK version of the DVDs.\n\n\n174\n4\n\"The One with the Videotape\"\nKevin S. Bright\nScott Silveri\nOctober 18, 2001 (2001-10-18)\n227406\n25.58[2]\n\n\nRoss and Rachel disagree over who came onto whom when they hooked up, with Rachel (and the group) sure that Ross was the initiator of their pregnancy-causing sex and Ross being sure that Rachel hit on him first. He wants to prove it and accidentally reveals that he has the encounter on videotape. Rachel goes from being disgusted to being intrigued, and everyone watches the tape where they find out that Ross was right because Rachel used Joey's patented \"story that leads to having sex\". Monica and Chandler meet another couple while on their honeymoon.\n\n\n175\n5\n\"The One with Rachel's Date\"\nGary Halvorson\nBrian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nOctober 25, 2001 (2001-10-25)\n227404\n25.64[2]\n\n\n\nPhoebe begins dating a guy who works for Monica, causing a problem when Phoebe wants to dump him on the same day Monica plans to fire him. A guy at Chandler's work thinks that Chandler's name is Toby. Rachel goes on a date with Joey's costar, despite being pregnant, much to Ross' annoyance.\nNote: This episode is dedicated to the memory of Richard Cox, Sr., father of Courteney Cox.\n\n\n176\n6\n\"The One with the Halloween Party\"\nGary Halvorson\nMark Kunerth\nNovember 1, 2001 (2001-11-01)\n227405\n26.96[2]\n\n\nMonica and Chandler are throwing a Halloween Party. At the party Phoebe runs into her sister's fiance, Eric (Sean Penn), and finds herself attracted to him as they bond over what a total liar Ursula is. Ross and Chandler arm wrestle ineffectually, as Ross laments that his goofy \"Spudnik\" outfit makes him look like feces. Rachel asks if she can be the person who hands out candy to the trick-or-treaters, as she says 'ever since I got pregnant, I have had the strongest maternal instincts', only to find out she isn't as maternal as she thought.\n\n\n177\n7\n\"The One with the Stain\"\nKevin S. Bright\nR. Lee Fleming Jr.\nNovember 8, 2001 (2001-11-08)\n227407\n24.24[2]\n\n\nChandler hires a maid to help Monica but she thinks the maid is stealing her clothes. Eric broke up with Ursula and wants to date Phoebe but she reminds him too much of her sister. Ross attempts to secure the apartment of a dying Dutch woman for Rachel, while Joey tries to convince Rachel to continue living with him.\n\n\n178\n8\n\"The One with the Stripper\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nAndrew Reich & Ted Cohen\nNovember 15, 2001 (2001-11-15)\n227408\n26.54[2]\n\n\nRachel's having dinner with her dad to tell him that she's pregnant, and Rachel is intimidated and lies about Ross being unsupportive, leading to Mr. Green threatening Ross and nearly ruining his budding romance with Mona. Meanwhile Monica hires a stripper, who turns out to be a hooker, for Chandler because he never got to have a bachelor party.\n\n\n179\n9\n\"The One with the Rumor\"\nGary Halvorson\nShana Goldberg-Meehan\nNovember 22, 2001 (2001-11-22)\n227410\n24.24[2]\n\n\nMonica invites a high school friend, Will (Brad Pitt) to her Thanksgiving dinner. Rachel finds out that Will (who was a loser like Ross in high school and is now a gorgeous guy) and Ross started a rumor about Rachel having both male and female \"reproductive parts\" during their senior year of high school. Joey tries to eat an entire turkey because 'he's a Tribbiani'. Chandler and Phoebe avoid helping Monica by sitting on the couch and watching a game.\n\n\n180\n10\n\"The One with Monica's Boots\"\nKevin S. Bright\nStory by : Robert Carlock\nTeleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nDecember 6, 2001 (2001-12-06)\n227409\n22.44[2]\n\n\n\nMonica buys very expensive boots and promises Chandler to wear them all the time. After a while they are killing Monica's feet but she doesn't dare to tell Chandler. Joey's youngest sister Dina (Marla Sokoloff) is pregnant and comes to Rachel for advice. Phoebe finds out that Sting's son is in Ben's class so she goes to see Sting's wife (real wife (Trudie Styler) pretending to want to talk about Ben and Jack in order to get tickets to Sting's concert.\nNote: In this episode, Ross tells Phoebe Ben is 7. However this episode is set in December 2001, and as Ben was born in May 1995, Ben would only be 6 at the time.\n\n\n181\n11\n\"The One with Ross's Step Forward\"\n\"The One with The Creepy Holiday Card\"\nGary Halvorson\nRobert Carlock\nDecember 13, 2001 (2001-12-13)\n227411\n23.85[2]\n\n\nRoss freaks out when Mona wants to send out joint Christmas cards and wants to have \"the talk\". Chandler tries to get out of spending time with his boss. Rachel has hormonal problems as a result of pregnancy and becomes \"erotically charged\".\n\n\n182\n12\n\"The One Where Joey Dates Rachel\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nSherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Plummer\nJanuary 10, 2002 (2002-01-10)\n227412\n25.53[2]\n\n\nNow that Rachel can't go on dates any more due to her pregnancy, Joey decides to take her on a date. But instantly, he begins to have a crush on Rachel, something that even he is scared about. Monica and Chandler get a Ms. Pac-Man arcade game from Phoebe as a late wedding present. After Phoebe hogs the game, Chandler becomes a pro by repeatedly playing and putting swear words as his initials, however Monica wants them to be removed as Ben would be coming over to play on it. After Ross gets to teach an advanced class, he struggles to get to the class on time.\n\n\n183\n13\n\"The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath\"\nBen Weiss\nVanessa McCarthy\nJanuary 17, 2002 (2002-01-17)\n227413\n29.24[2]\n\n\nMonica sways Chandler's dislike of baths but he soon becomes addicted to them. Phoebe, who thinks Joey has a crush on her, is shocked to discover that Joey actually likes Rachel; Ross and Rachel debate over potential names for their baby and find out the baby's sex.\n\n\n184\n14\n\"The One with the Secret Closet\"\nKevin S. Bright\nBrian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nJanuary 31, 2002 (2002-01-31)\n227414\n28.64[2]\n\n\nChandler becomes obsessed with finding out what is behind the door of Monica's secret closet. Phoebe feels betrayed when she discovers Monica has been using a different massage therapist. Ross feels left out after missing the baby's first kick especially when Joey is mistaken for the father. Joey, feeling bad about the situation, suggests that Rachel should move in with Ross even though he wanted Rachel to live with him.\n\n\n185\n15\n\"The One with the Birthing Video\"\nKevin S. Bright\nDana Klein Borkow\nFebruary 7, 2002 (2002-02-07)\n227415\n28.64[2]\n\n\nPhoebe gives a birthing video to Rachel. Chandler, mistaking the tape for porn, watches it and is horrified after watching it with Monica, which kills the mood for Valentine's Day. Ross struggles to tell Mona that Rachel is now living with him, and she breaks up with him over his dishonesty. Joey is depressed and in an effort to lighten his mood, Phoebe lends him a dog to cheer him up. However Joey ends up subduing the dog with his depression, and in the end tells Ross about his feelings for Rachel.\n\n\n186\n16\n\"The One Where Joey Tells Rachel\"\nBen Weiss\nAndrew Reich & Ted Cohen\nFebruary 28, 2002 (2002-02-28)\n227416\n27.52[2]\n\n\n\nRoss, shocked at Joey's declaration, avoids him, but eventually convinces him to tell Rachel. Joey confesses his love for Rachel, but Rachel politely and lovingly turns him down. Phoebe is convinced that a British man called Don is Monica's soulmate.\nGuest starring Sam Pancake as the waiter.\n\n\n187\n17\n\"The One with the Tea Leaves\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : R. Lee Fleming Jr.\nTeleplay by : Steven Rosenhaus\nMarch 7, 2002 (2002-03-07)\n227417\n26.30[2]\n\n\nPhoebe determines through tea leaves that she'll soon meet the man of her dreams, which leads her to a disastrous date with a disturbing man and then a pleasant meeting with a charming one at the dry cleaners. Rachel invents a crazy work problem to reduce the awkwardness of hanging out with Joey, since he confessed his feelings for her. Ross tries to retrieve his 'faded salmon' shirt from Mona's apartment.\n\n\n188\n18\n\"The One in Massapequa\"\n\"The One with the Zesty Guy\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : Peter Tibbals\nTeleplay by : Mark Kunerth\nMarch 28, 2002 (2002-03-28)\n227418\n22.05[2]\n\n\nMonica botches an attempt at giving a heartfelt speech for her parents' 35th anniversary party. Phoebe dates Parker (Alec Baldwin), who's very enthusiastic about everything and ultimately annoys the entire group including herself. Ross and Rachel have to pretend to be married and Ross' \"wedding toast\" stirs feelings in Rachel.\n\n\n189\n19\n\"The One with Joey's Interview\"\nGary Halvorson\nDoty Abrams\nApril 4, 2002 (2002-04-04)\n227424\n22.59[2]\n\n\nJoey prepares for an interview with Soap Opera Digest, although he's afraid of saying something stupid that may jeopardize his career. (In a previous episode, in an interview, he said he writes a lot of his own lines, which led to his firing from Days of Our Lives.) Joey enlists his friends to make sure things go well. This is the fourth of Friends' six clip shows.\n\n\n190\n20\n\"The One with the Baby Shower\"\nKevin S. Bright\nSherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Plummer\nApril 25, 2002 (2002-04-25)\n227421\n22.24[2]\n\n\nPhoebe and Monica prepare for Rachel's baby shower and forget to invite Rachel's mother. During the shower Monica tries desperately to seek forgiveness from Sandra, but to no avail. Rachel realizes she has no idea how to look after the baby after the birth, so her mother insists on staying with her for eight weeks, much to her and Ross' annoyance. Monica eventually gives Rachel the confidence to be a mom and lets Sandra know she's furious at her spitefulness. Joey auditions for a job as a host for a new game show called \"Bamboozled\" that makes absolutely no sense, and Chandler and Ross help him practice.\n\n\n191\n21\n\"The One with the Cooking Class\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : Dana Klein Borkow\nTeleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nMay 2, 2002 (2002-05-02)\n227419\n23.97[2]\n\n\nMonica's cooking skills get a bad review in The Post. After confronting the critic who wrote it, she decides to join a cooking class, with Joey in tow. Rachel gets jealous when Ross meets a girl who flirts with him at the baby department store. Phoebe helps Chandler prepare for an interview by stopping his natural instinct to make immature jokes.\n\n\n192\n22\n\"The One Where Rachel is Late\"\nGary Halvorson\nShana Goldberg-Meehan\nMay 9, 2002 (2002-05-09)\n227420\n24.32[2]\n\n\nJoey invites Chandler to his movie's premiere but Chandler falls asleep during it. Rachel is very frustrated with the fact that she's eight days late, and will try anything to induce labor, which leads to a bet between Monica and Phoebe.\n\n\n193\n\n194\n23\n\n24\n\"The One Where Rachel Has a Baby\"\nKevin S. Bright\nScott Silveri\n\nMarta Kauffman & David Crane\nMay 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)[a]\n227422\n\n227423\n34.91[2]\n\n\nRoss and Rachel arrive at the hospital. Judy Geller gives Ross her mother's engagement ring to propose to Rachel with. Monica and Chandler decide to have a baby. After forty-seven hours of labor, Rachel has her and Ross' baby, Emma as \"River Of Tears\" by Eric Clapton plays in the background. Joey finds Ross' engagement ring. Rachel thinks he's proposing and says \"Okay\". Monica and Chandler try for a baby in the hospital.\n\n"
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"2002"
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4603018305605928896 | The Affair (TV series) | The Affair ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Affair ( TV series ) The Affair Television release poster Genre Drama Mystery Psychological drama Created by Sarah Treem Hagai Levi Starring Dominic West Ruth Wilson Maura Tierney Joshua Jackson Julia Goldani Telles Jake Siciliano Jadon Sand Leya Catlett Josh Stamberg Catalina Sandino Moreno Omar Metwally Irène Jacob Sanaa Lathan Opening theme `` Container '' by Fiona Apple Composer ( s ) Marcelo Zarvos Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 42 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sarah Treem Hagai Levi Jeffrey Reiner Eric Overmyer Anya Epstein Production location ( s ) Brooklyn , New York City Long Island City , New York City Westchester County , New York , Montauk , New York Los Angeles , California Cinematography Steven Fierberg Tod Campbell Editor ( s ) Louis Cioffi Todd Desrosiers Dana Congdon Agnes Grandits Pete Beaudreau Running time 50 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Sheleg Higlewater Showtime Networks Release Original network Showtime Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) -- present External links Official website The Affair is an American television drama series created by Sarah Treem and Hagai Levi . The series premiered on Showtime on October 12 , 2014 . A TV - 14 version of the pilot episode was made available online beginning on October 6 , 2014 , via YouTube , SHO.com , and several other on - demand formats . A 12 - episode second season of The Affair premiered on October 4 , 2015 . On December 9 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a third season , which debuted on November 20 , 2016 . On January 9 , 2017 , Showtime renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on June 17 , 2018 . On July 26 , 2018 , Showtime announced it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season to debut in 2019 . The series won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama and Ruth Wilson won for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015 . At the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in 2016 , Maura Tierney won the award for Best Supporting Actress . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 International broadcast 8 References 9 External links Series Overview ( edit ) The Affair explores the emotional effects of an extramarital relationship between Noah Solloway and Alison Lockhart ( Dominic West and Ruth Wilson ) after they casually meet at the diner where Alison works . The show begins with the Solloway family packing up the family van to stay in the resort town of Montauk , New York . Noah is happily married with four children , but he resents their dependence on his wealthy father - in - law . Alison is a local waitress trying to piece her life and marriage back together in the wake of her young son 's tragic accidental death at the age of four . The story of the affair is depicted from Noah 's and Alison 's perspectives respectively , complete with memory bias which often results in vastly different scenarios . Each episode has two parts , one as remembered by Noah , the other by Alison . Noah 's perspective is of a vibrant , playful , and sexy Alison who comes on to him , while her perspective is more cautious , reserved , with a dulled conservative sense of self , and Noah coming on to her . In the second season , the narrative is also expanded to include the perspectives of their original spouses , Helen Solloway and Cole Lockhart ( Maura Tierney and Joshua Jackson ) , as they all move forward with the dissolution of their marriages and deal with the ramifications . The subsequent death of Alison 's brother - in - law , Scott ( Colin Donnell ) , and the ensuing police investigation and criminal trial , are explored in flashforward scenes at the end of most episodes . The third season is set three years later and introduces another perspective , Juliette Le Gall ( Irène Jacob ) , Noah 's new love interest . In the fourth season , Noah has moved to Los Angeles to be closer to his younger children Trevor ( Jadon Sand ) and Stacey ( Abigail Dylan Harrison ) , as Helen and Vik ( Omar Metwally ) have moved there . Cole and Luisa ( Catalina Sandino Moreno ) are living together in Montauk , while Alison is working as a grief counselor . Season 4 also features a flashforward storyline and introduces Vik 's perspective . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Affair episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) December 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 21 ) 12 October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) 10 November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 10 June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Dominic West as Noah Solloway Ruth Wilson as Alison Bailey ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Maura Tierney as Helen Butler , Noah 's ex-wife Joshua Jackson as Cole Lockhart , Alison 's ex-husband Julia Goldani Telles as Whitney Solloway , Noah 's daughter ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 4 ) Jake Siciliano as Martin Solloway , Noah 's son ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 4 ) Jadon Sand as Trevor Solloway , Noah 's son Leya Catlett ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) and Abigail Dylan Harrison ( season 3 -- present ) as Stacey Solloway , Noah 's daughter Josh Stamberg as Max Cadman , Noah 's best friend ( season 2 , recurring season 1 , guest season 3 ) Catalina Sandino Moreno as Luisa León , Cole 's wife ( season 3 -- present , recurring season 2 ) Omar Metwally as Dr. Vikram `` Vik '' Ullah , Helen 's boyfriend ( season 3 -- present , recurring season 2 ) Irène Jacob as Juliette Le Gall , a professor at the university where Noah teaches ( season 3 ) Sanaa Lathan as Jenelle Wilson , the principal of the charter school where Noah teaches ( season 4 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Victor Williams as Detective Jeffries John Doman as Bruce Butler , Helen 's father Kathleen Chalfant as Margaret Butler , Helen 's mother Mare Winningham as Cherry Lockhart , Cole 's mother Colin Donnell as Scott Lockhart , Cole 's brother Danny Fischer as Hal Lockhart , Cole 's brother Michael Godere as Caleb Lockhart , Cole 's brother Kaija Matiss as Mary - Kate Lockhart , Hal 's wife Deirdre O'Connell as Athena Bailey , Alison 's mother Nicolette Robinson as Jane , waitress at The Lobster Roll Darren Goldstein as Oscar Hodges , owner of The Lobster Roll Stephen Kunken as Harry , a publisher Lynn Cohen as Joan Bailey , Alison 's grandmother ( season 1 ) Jennifer Esposito as Nina Solloway , Noah 's sister ( season 2 -- present ) Richard Schiff as Jon Gottlief , Noah 's attorney ( season 2 ) Joanna Gleason as Yvonne , a publisher who , along with her husband Robert , owns the guest house in which Allison and Noah stay ( season 2 ) Peter Friedman as Robert , Yvonne 's husband ( season 2 ) Brendan Fraser as John Gunther , a prison guard ( season 3 ) Reagan and Savannah Grella as Joanie , Alison and Cole 's daughter ( season 3 -- present ) Christopher Meyer as Anton Gatewood , an intelligent student at the school where Noah teaches ( season 4 ) Emily Browning as Sierra , Helen and Vik 's neighbor ( season 4 ) Ramon Rodriguez as Ben Cruz , a Marine veteran and Alison 's love interest ( season 4 ) Production ( edit ) On February 8 , 2013 , it was announced that Showtime had ordered a pilot for The Affair . The network officially picked up the series on January 16 , 2014 , with a 10 - episode order . On November 10 , 2014 , Showtime renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season ; however , it was later changed to 12 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 90 % ( 50 reviews ) 85 ( 28 reviews ) 90 % ( 21 reviews ) 78 ( 15 reviews ) 79 % ( 19 reviews ) 72 ( 8 reviews ) 90 % ( 21 reviews ) N / A The first season received praise from critics . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 90 % , based on 50 reviews , with an average rating of 8.18 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` Thanks to some smart , creative storytelling and spectacular performances , The Affair is a somber , bewitching exploration of truth and desire . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 85 out of 100 , based on 28 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The second season received continued positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 90 % , based on 21 reviews , with an average rating of 8.04 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` The Affair shifts its emphasis in season two , moving psychological drama to the foreground and expanding the show 's central crime story to include two new points of view . '' On Metacritic , it has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 15 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave it an `` A - '' grade and wrote that `` With its bold new move to double our number of perspectives , it appears that The Affair will sail over that sophomore slump that has felled so many other Showtime dramas . The third season received continued positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 79 % , based on 19 reviews , with an average rating of 7.67 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` The Affair adds to its cast of strong characters and deepens the mood , tension , and intrigue , even if the plot sometimes struggles to move forward . '' On Metacritic , it has a score of 72 out of 100 based on 8 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The fourth season received continued positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 90 % , based on 21 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` The Affair 's captivating character study returns with fewer kinks than its previous outing , resulting in a more emotionally grounded season that regains much of the show 's initial allure . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Association Nominee ( s ) Result 72nd Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Dominic West Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Won Best Television Series -- Drama The Affair Won 19th Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama The Affair Nominated 67th Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series The Affair Nominated 6th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Maura Tierney Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Maura Tierney Won 42nd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor Joshua Jackson Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Dominic West Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Maura Tierney Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Affair Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Dominic West Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Maura Tierney Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Contemporary TV Series Sean Ilnseher Nominated 22nd Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Affair Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated Home media ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 4 , 2015 . The set contains all 10 episodes , plus special features , including character profiles and costume featurettes . The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 16 , 2016 . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 25 , 2017 . INTERNATIONAL broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , the series premiered simultaneously with the American broadcast on October 12 , 2014 , and airs on Movie Central and The Movie Network . The series premiered on Showcase in Australia on February 10 , 2015 . Sky Atlantic bought the rights to air The Affair in the UK with season one beginning in May 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Affair ' opening credits feature new Fiona Apple song : Listen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Showtime To Pick Up Drama ' The Affair ' , Philip Seymour Hoffman Comedy To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Affair ' Premiere : Showtime Sneaking Early Look Today '' . Deadline Hollywood . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Homeland ' Season 5 & ' The Affair ' Season 2 to Premiere Sunday , October 4 on Showtime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Homeland , The Affair Renewed '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless , ' ' The Affair , ' ' Masters of Sex ' Season Premiere Dates Set at Showtime '' . Variety . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Affair ' Renewed For Season 4 By Showtime Ahead Of Season 3 Finale -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Showtime Sets Premiere Dates for ' Billions ' and ' The Affair , ' Releases Trailer for Benedict Cumberbatch 's ' Patrick Melrose ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` The Affair to End With Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Releases Key Art for `` The Affair , '' Premiering Sunday , October 12th at 10 PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . Showtime . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Affair boss explains how season 2 will work with four perspectives '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Affair Unveils Game - Changing Season 3 Twist '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Affair ' Boss on a ' Fresh Start ' for Season 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Showtime Gives Pilot Order To ' Affair ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Showtime Renews Homeland for Season 5 , The Affair for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Showtime Fall Programming Overview '' ( Press release ) . Showtime . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair : Season 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair : Season 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair - Season 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Emotional drama The Affair gets even more intimate in season 2 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair : Season 3 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair - Season 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair - Season 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Affair : Season 4 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes 2015 : Gina Rodriguez , Transparent , The Affair Win Big '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2014 ) '' . International Press Academy . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Good Wife , True Detective , Thrones , Louie Among 2015 WGA Nominees '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : TV Winners Include Fargo , Mr. Robot , Master of None , Rachel Bloom and Carrie Coon '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : Mr. Robot and Mozart Win Big ; Taraji P. Henson , Lady Gaga , Jon Hamm , Rachel Bloom Grab Gold '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : 42nd People 's Choice Awards Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actor in a Series , Drama 2015 Nominees '' . Press Academy . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The 68th Annual Emmy Nominations : The Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Affair - Showtime / Paramount Announces ' Season 1 ' on DVD : Date , Box , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` The Affair - ' Season 2 ' DVDs Announced by Showtime / Paramount * * * UPDATE : EXTRAS ! * * * '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Affair - ' Season 3 ' is Coming to DVD this Spring from Showtime / Paramount '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime 's Sexy and Emotionally Gripping Drama THE AFFAIR Premieres on Movie Central and The Movie Network , October 12 '' ( Press release ) . The Movie Network . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Airdate : The Affair '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Dominic West drama The Affair to air on Sky Atlantic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Affair on IMDb The Affair at TV.com Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Showtime original programming Current The Affair ( since 2014 ) Billions ( since 2016 ) The Chi ( since 2018 ) The Circus : Inside the Greatest Political Show on Earth ( since 2016 ) Dark Net ( since 2016 ) Gigolos ( since 2011 ) Guerrilla ( since 2017 ) Homeland ( since 2011 ) I 'm Dying Up Here ( since 2017 ) Inside the NFL ( since 2008 ) Just Another Immigrant ( since 2018 ) Our Cartoon President ( since 2018 ) Polyamory : Married & Dating ( since 2012 ) Ray Donovan ( since 2013 ) Shameless ( since 2011 ) ShoBox : The New Generation ( since 2001 ) Showtime Championship Boxing ( since 1986 ) SMILF ( since 2017 ) Submission ( since 2016 ) Twin Peaks ( since 2017 ) Who Is America ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays cole's mom on the affair | [
"Mare Winningham as Cherry Lockhart, Cole's mother"
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"Mare Winningham"
] |
7968296990533863021 | To the nines | To the nines - wikipedia To the nines Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see To the nines ( disambiguation ) . `` To the nines '' is an English idiom meaning `` to perfection '' or `` to the highest degree '' or to dress `` buoyantly and high class '' . In modern English usage , the phrase most commonly appears as `` dressed to the nines '' or `` dressed up to the nines '' . Origin ( edit ) The phrase is said to be Scots in origin . The earliest written example of the phrase is from the 1719 Epistle to Ramsay by the Scottish poet William Hamilton : The bonny Lines therein thou sent me , How to the nines they did content me . Robert Burns ' `` Poem on Pastoral Poetry '' , published posthumously in 1800 , also uses the phrase : Thou paints auld nature to the nines , In thy sweet Caledonian lines . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Evans , Bergen ; Corneli Evans ( 1957 ) . A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage . Random House . p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dressed to the nines ' comes from old Scottish phrase '' . Deseret News . April 13 , 1997 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_the_nines&oldid=725440888 '' Categories : English phrases Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2016 , at 17 : 39 . About Wikipedia | where did the saying dressed to the nines come from | [
"The phrase is said to be Scots in origin.[2] The earliest written example of the phrase is from the 1719 Epistle to Ramsay by the Scottish poet William Hamilton:"
] | [
"Epistle to Ramsay"
] |
-5618770850149014009 | The Office (U.S. TV series) | The Office ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Office ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Office ( UK TV series ) or The Office ( 1995 TV series ) . The Office Genre Mockumentary Sitcom Based on The Office by Ricky Gervais Stephen Merchant Developed by Greg Daniels Starring Steve Carell Rainn Wilson John Krasinski Jenna Fischer B.J. Novak Ed Helms James Spader Melora Hardin David Denman Leslie David Baker Brian Baumgartner Kate Flannery Angela Kinsey Oscar Nunez Phyllis Smith Mindy Kaling Paul Lieberstein Creed Bratton Craig Robinson Ellie Kemper Zach Woods Amy Ryan Catherine Tate Clark Duke Jake Lacy Theme music composer Jay Ferguson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 201 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Greg Daniels Ricky Gervais Stephen Merchant Howard Klein Ben Silverman Paul Lieberstein Jennifer Celotta B.J. Novak Mindy Kaling Brent Forrester Dan Sterling Michael Schur Paul Feig Cinematography Randall Einhorn Matt Sohn Sarah Levy Peter Smokler ( `` Pilot '' ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Deedle - Dee Productions Reveille Productions ( 2005 -- 12 ) Shine America ( 2012 -- 13 ) NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2005 -- 07 ) Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 11 ) Universal Television ( 2011 -- 13 ) Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release March 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 24 ) -- May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) Chronology Related shows The Office ( UK ) External links Website The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 , to May 16 , 2013 . It is an adaptation of the original BBC series of the same name . The Office was adapted for American audiences by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It was co-produced by Daniels 's Deedle - Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Greg Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . To simulate the look of an actual documentary , it is filmed in a single - camera setup , without a studio audience or a laugh track . The show debuted on NBC as a midseason replacement and ran for nine seasons and 201 episodes . The Office initially featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer , and B.J. Novak as the main cast ; the show experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . Season one of The Office was met with mixed reviews , but the following four seasons received widespread acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year - end top TV series lists , winning several awards such as four Primetime Emmy Awards , which include an Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . While later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , earlier writers oversaw the final season and ended the show 's run with a positive reception . In December 2017 it was reported that NBC was considering a revival of the series . It would debut during the 2018 -- 19 television season and would feature a mix of original ( excluding Steve Carell ) and new cast members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Crew 1.2 Development and writing 1.3 Casting 1.4 Filming 1.5 Music 2 Characters 3 Season synopsis 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Season 5 3.6 Season 6 3.7 Season 7 3.8 Season 8 3.9 Season 9 4 Product placement 5 Reception and legacy 5.1 Critical reviews and commentary 5.2 Awards 5.3 Ratings 5.3. 1 Nielsen ratings 5.4 Cultural impact 5.5 Other broadcasts 6 Other media 6.1 Online releases 6.2 Promotional 6.3 Cast blogs 6.4 Home video releases 7 Proposed spin - offs 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) List of showrunners throughout the series ' run : Season 1 -- 4 : Greg Daniels Season 5 -- 6 : Paul Lieberstein & Jennifer Celotta Season 7 -- 8 : Paul Lieberstein Season 9 : Greg Daniels Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British series for American television . He then left the position when he co-created the comedy series Parks and Recreation with fellow Office writer Michael Schur and divided his time between the two series . Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta were named the series showrunners for the fifth season . Celotta left the series after the sixth season and Lieberstein stayed on as showrunner for the following two seasons . He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin - off , The Farm , which was eventually passed up by NBC . Daniels returned to the showrunner position for the ninth and final season . Other executive producers include cast members B.J. Novak and Mindy Kaling . Kaling , Novak , Daniels , Lieberstein and Schur made up the original team of writers . Kaling , Novak , and Lieberstein also serve multiple roles on the series , as they play regular characters on the show , as well as write , direct , and produce episodes . Credited with twenty - four episodes , Kaling is the most prolific writer on the staff . Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , who created the original British series , are credited as executive producer and wrote the pilot and the third - season episode , `` The Convict . '' Merchant later directed the episode `` Customer Survey '' while Gervais appeared in the episodes `` The Seminar '' and `` Search Committee . '' Randall Einhorn is the most frequent director of the series , with 15 credited episodes . The series also had several guest directors , including Lost co-creator J.J. Abrams , Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator Joss Whedon , both of whom are fans of the series , and filmmakers Jon Favreau , Harold Ramis , Jason Reitman , and Marc Webb . Episodes have been directed by several of the actors on the show including Steve Carell , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , Ed Helms , and Brian Baumgartner . Development and writing ( edit ) Prior to the second episode airing , the writers spent time researching in offices . This process was used for Daniels 's other series King of the Hill and Parks and Recreation . The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the original British series . Daniels chose to go this route because `` completely starting from scratch would be a very risky thing to do '' owing to the show being an adaptation . He had briefly considered using the idea for `` The Dundies '' as the pilot episode . After the writers knew who the cast was , they were allowed to write for the actors , which allowed the show to be more original for the following episode , `` Diversity Day '' . Following the mixed reaction toward the first season , the writers attempted to make the series more `` optimistic '' and to make Michael Scott more likable . They also established the supporting characters of the series more , giving them actual personalities . They also made the lights in the office brighter , which allowed the series to differentiate itself from the British series . A common problem with the scripts , according to Novak , is that they tend to run too long for the regular 22 - minute time slot , leading to several cuts . For example , the script for the episode `` Search Committee '' was initially 75 pages -- 10 pages too long . A complete script is written for each episode ; however , actors are given opportunities to improvise during the shooting process . Fischer said , `` Our shows are 100 percent scripted . They put everything down on paper . But we get to play around a little bit , too . Steve and Rainn are brilliant improvisers . '' This leads to a large number of deleted scenes with almost every episode of The Office , all of which are considered part of the show 's canon and storyline by Daniels . Deleted scenes have sometimes been restored in repeats to make episodes longer or draw back people who have seen the episode before to see the bonus footage . In an experiment , a deleted scene from `` The Return '' was made available over NBC.com and iTunes , explaining the absence of a character over the next several episodes . Daniels hoped that word of mouth among fans would spread the information , but he eventually considered the experiment a failure . Casting ( edit ) According to Jenna Fischer , the series used an unusual casting process that did not involve a script . The producers would ask the actors several questions and they would respond as the characters they were auditioning for . NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott , but the actor declined . Martin Short , Hank Azaria , and Bob Odenkirk were reported to be interested in the part . In January 2004 Variety reported that Steve Carell , of the Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , was in talks to play the role . At the time , he was already committed to another NBC midseason replacement comedy , Come to Papa , but the series was quickly canceled , allowing his full commitment to The Office . Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned . He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais 's characterizations . Other people who were considered or auditioned for the role included Ben Falcone , Alan Tudyk , Jim Zulevic , and Paul F. Tompkins . Rainn Wilson was cast as power - hungry sycophant Dwight Schrute , and he watched every episode of the British series before he auditioned . Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael , a performance that he described as a `` terrible Ricky Gervais impersonation '' ; however , the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more and hired him . Seth Rogen , Matt Besser , Patton Oswalt , and Judah Friedlander also auditioned for the role . John Krasinski ( left ) and Jenna Fischer ( right ) were cast as Jim and Pam . John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer were cast in their respective roles as Jim and Pam , the central love interests . Krasinski had attended school with B.J. Novak , and the two were friends . Fischer prepared for her audition by looking as boring as possible , creating the original Pam hairstyle . In an interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Fischer recalled the last stages of the audition process for Pam and Jim , with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims ( four of each ) together to gauge their chemistry . When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski , he told her that she was his favorite Pam , to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim . Adam Scott and John Cho both auditioned for the role of Jim , and Kathryn Hahn also auditioned for the role of Pam . The supporting cast includes actors known for their improv work : Angela Kinsey , Kate Flannery , Oscar Nunez , Leslie David Baker , Brian Baumgartner , Melora Hardin , and David Denman . Kinsey had originally auditioned for Pam . The producers thought she was `` too feisty '' for the character , but they called her back for the part of Angela Martin , which she won . Flannery first auditioned for the part of Jan Levinson - Gould , before landing the role of Meredith Palmer . Baumgartner originally auditioned for Stanley , but was eventually cast as Kevin . Ken Kwapis , the director of the pilot episode , liked the way Phyllis Smith , a casting associate , read with other actors auditioning so much that he cast her as Phyllis . At the beginning of the third season , Ed Helms and Rashida Jones joined the cast as members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford . While Jones would later leave the cast for a role on Parks and Recreation , in February 2007 , NBC announced that Helms was being promoted to a series regular . Four of the show 's writers have also performed in front of the camera . B.J. Novak was cast as reluctant temp Ryan Howard after Daniels saw his stand - up act . Paul Lieberstein was cast as human resources director Toby Flenderson on Novak 's suggestion after his cold readings of scripts . Greg Daniels was originally unsure where to use Mindy Kaling on - screen in the series until the opportunity came in the script for the second episode , `` Diversity Day , '' where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority . `` Since ( that slap ) , I 've been on the show '' ( as Kelly Kapoor ) , says Kaling . Michael Schur has also made occasional appearances as Dwight 's cousin Mose , and consulting producer Larry Wilmore has played diversity trainer Mr. Brown . Plans were made for Mackenzie Crook , Martin Freeman , and Lucy Davis , from the British series , to appear in the third season , but those plans were scrapped due to scheduling conflicts . Filming ( edit ) Dunder Mifflin company logo The Office was filmed with a single - camera setup in a cinéma vérité allowing the look of an actual documentary , with no studio audience or laugh track , allowing its `` deadpan '' and `` absurd '' humor to fully come across . The primary vehicle for the show is that a camera crew has decided to film Dunder Mifflin and its employees , seemingly around the clock . The presence of the camera is acknowledged by the characters , especially Michael Scott , who enthusiastically participates in the filming . The characters , especially Jim and Pam , also look towards the camera when Michael creates an awkward situation . The main action of the show is supplemented with talking - head interviews or `` confessionals '' in which characters speak one on one with the camera crew about the day 's events . Actor John Krasinski shot the footage of Scranton for the opening credits after he found out he was cast as Jim . He visited Scranton for research and interviewed employees at actual paper companies . In order to get the feel of an actual documentary , the producers hired cinematographer Randall Einhorn , who is known for directing episodes of Survivor , which allowed the show to have the feel of `` rough and jumpy '' like an actual documentary . According to producer Michael Schur , the producers to the series would follow the documentary format strictly . The producers would have long discussions over whether a scene could work under the documentary format . For example , in the fourth - season episode `` Did I Stutter ? , '' a scene featured Michael going through a long process to go to the bathroom and not pass by Stanley . The producers debated whether that was possible and Einhorn walked through the whole scene in order to see if a camera man could get to all the places in time to shoot the whole scene . Despite the strict nature in the early years of the series , later seasons seem to have loosened the rules on the format , with the camera crew often going into places that actual documentary crews would not , which also changed the writing and comedy style of the series . This inconsistency has received criticism from critics and fans . Music ( edit ) The Office theme The song was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The theme song for The Office was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones . It is played over the title sequence , which features scenes of Scranton , various tasks around the office and the main cast members . Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song . Starting with the fourth season , the theme song is played over the closing credits , which previously rolled in silence . The exteriors of buildings in the title sequence are actual buildings in Scranton , Pennsylvania , and were shot by cast member John Krasinski . The mockumentary format of the show contains no laugh track , and most of the music is diegetic , with songs either sung or played by the characters or heard on radios , computers , or other devices . However , songs have been played during montages or the closing credits , such as `` Tiny Dancer '' by Elton John ( `` The Dundies '' ) and `` Islands in the Stream '' by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton ( `` E-mail Surveillance '' ) . Featured music tends to be well known , and often songs reflect the character , such as Michael 's attempt to seem hip by using `` Mambo No. 5 '' and later `` My Humps '' as his cell phone ringtone . Daniels has said that it does not count as film score as long as it already appeared in the episode . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Further information : The Office § Counterparts The Office cast in the third season , from left to right : saleswoman Phyllis Lapin ( Phyllis Smith ) , human resources Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) , salesman Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski , seated ) , accountant Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) , receptionist Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , accountant Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) , customer services representative Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) , temp worker Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , quality assurance representative Creed Bratton ( Creed Bratton , in back ) , regional manager Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , supply relations representative Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) , salesman Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson , seated ) , accountant Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) , Vice President for Regional Sales Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) , salesman Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) , and warehouse worker Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) . The Office employs an ensemble cast . Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the original British series . While these characters normally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts , the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show . The show is known for its generally large cast size , with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work . Steve Carell stars as Michael Scott , regional manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch . Loosely based on David Brent , Gervais 's character in the British series , Scott is a well - intentioned man whose attempts at humor , while seemingly innocent to himself , often offend and annoy his peers and employees , and in some situations lead to reprimanding from his superiors . Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute , who , based upon Gareth Keenan , is a salesman and the assistant to the regional manager , a fictional title created by Michael . John Krasinski portrays Jim Halpert , a salesman and , in later seasons , co-manager who is often known for his wittiness and his hijinks on Schrute ( often accompanied by Pam Beesly ) . Halpert is based upon Tim Canterbury , and is known to have feelings for Pam , the receptionist . Pam , played by Jenna Fischer , is based on Dawn Tinsley . She is shy , but in many cases a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight . B.J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard , who for the first two seasons is a temporary worker but is promoted to sales representative in the third season . He later ascends to the position of vice president , North East Region and director of new media until his treachery was exposed for corporate fraud and he was fired . After this , he gets a job in a bowling alley and then briefly works for the Michael Scott Paper Company . After all this , and a stint in rehab , he eventually ends up again as the temporary worker at the Scranton branch . The accounting department features Angela Martin , an admitted uptight and hypocritical woman who wishes to keep things orderly and make sure situations remain as serious as possible ; Kevin Malone , a lovable , but dim - witted man who revels in juvenile humor and frequently indulges himself with gambling and M&Ms ; and Oscar Martinez , who is intelligent but often patronizing and whose homosexuality and Hispanic heritage made him a favorite target for Michael 's unintentional off - color comments . Rounding out the office are the stern salesman Stanley Hudson , who barely stood for Michael 's constant references to his Black American heritage ( he also does n't like to take part in time - wasting meetings and sometimes sleeps in them or works on crossword puzzles ) ; eccentric quality assurance representative Creed Bratton ; the kind and caring saleswoman Phyllis Lapin - Vance , who marries Bob Vance from Vance Refrigeration across the hall from the office ; Andy Bernard , a salesman introduced in season three after the closing of the Stamford , Connecticut , branch of Dunder Mifflin and the merging of the two ; the bubbly and talkative customer service representative Kelly Kapoor ; the promiscuous alcoholic supply relations representative Meredith Palmer ; human resources representative Toby Flenderson , who is admittedly hated by , and often the target of abuse by Michael Scott ; warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin ; warehouse dock worker and Pam 's ex-fiancé Roy Anderson , who was fired in the third season ; and Michael 's former love interest and former vice president for regional sales for Dunder Mifflin Jan Levinson ( Jan Levinson - Gould until her divorce in season 2 ) . Toward the end of season five , the bubbly and naive Erin Hannon is introduced as Pam 's replacement at reception following Pam 's short stint at the Michael Scott Paper Company and her subsequent move to sales . A story arc at the end of season four has Holly Flax transferred to the office as Toby 's replacement . She acts as a love interest for Michael , as they share very similar personalities . Jo Bennett is the CEO of Sabre and Gabe Lewis , introduced in the middle of season six , is a Sabre employee who is assigned to the Dunder Mifflin Scranton branch as the regional director of sales . In season nine Clark Green and Pete Miller joined as two new customer service representatives to attempt to catch up on the ignored customer services complaints that Kelly had dismissed while she worked at Dunder Mifflin . Clark is later moved to sales . Initially the actors who portray the other office workers were credited as guest stars before they were named series regulars during the second season . The show 's large ensemble has been mainly praised by critics and led to the series winning two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Carell was reportedly paid $175,000 per episode starting with the third season . Krasinski and Fischer were paid around $20,000 for the beginning of the series . Starting with the fourth season , the two started getting paid around $100,000 per episode . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of The Office episodes A typical episode for a half - hour time slot runs 20 - and - a-half minutes . The final episode of season two introduces the first of what would be several super-sized episodes that are approximately 28 - minute running time for a 40 - minute time slot . Season three introduces the first of occasional hour - long episodes ( approximately 42 - minute running time ; suitable for being shown as two separate normal episodes ) . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 1 ) The first season consists of six episodes . The series starts by introducing the office 's workers via a tour given by the branch manager Michael Scott for both the camera crew and a first - day temp Ryan Howard . The audience learns salesman Jim Halpert has a crush on receptionist Pam Beesly , who helps him play pranks on co-worker Dwight Schrute , even though she is engaged to Roy , who works in the building 's lower - level warehouse . News spreads throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin 's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch , leading to general anxiety , but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) The second season is the series ' first 22 - episode season , and has its first 40 - minute `` super-sized '' episode . Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters , and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters . Michael spends the night with his boss Jan , in the wake of the latter 's divorce , but does not sleep with her . Dwight and Angela become romantically involved , but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else . Kelly develops a crush on Ryan , and they start dating . When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam , Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford , Connecticut branch , but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her , even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy . The two kiss , but Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after . The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 3 ) The third season consists of 17 half - hour episodes , four 40 - minute `` super-sized '' episodes , and two one - hour episodes . The season starts with a brief flashback to the last episode of season 2 , `` Casino Night '' , when Jim kissed Pam and confessed his feelings for her . Jim briefly transfers to Stamford branch after Pam confirms her commitment to Roy . Corporate is later forced to merge the Stamford branch and staff into the Scranton branch . Michael takes this merger very seriously . Included in the transfer to Scranton are Karen Filippelli , with whom Jim has developed a relationship , and the anger - prone Andy Bernard . The rest of the Stamford branch are irrelevant considering they all quit within the first few episodes of them being there . Pam is newly single after calling off her marriage and relationship to Roy prior to the merger , and Jim 's unresolved feelings for her and new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three . Meanwhile , Michael and Jan 's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job . On the other hand , Dwight and Angela continue their steamy secret relationship . In the season 's finale , Jim , Karen , and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan 's , who is fired that day for poor performance . Jim wins and rejects the offer off - screen , opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and ask Pam out on a date , which she joyfully accepts . In the final scene , we learn Ryan has been awarded Jan 's job due to his business school credentials . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 4 ) NBC ordered a full fourth season of 30 half - hour episodes , but ended with only 19 due to a halt in production caused by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The season consists of 9 half - hour episodes , and 5 hour - long episodes to make up the 19 total episodes of material created . Karen has left the Scranton branch after her breakup with Jim and becomes regional manager at the Utica branch . A self - employed Jan moves herself and her candle business in with Michael , until the dissolution of their relationship midway through the season . After Dwight 's crude ( though well - intentioned ) method of euthanasia of Angela 's ailing cat without her permission , she leaves him for Andy , leading Dwight into depression . Ryan , in his new corporate life in New York City , attempts to modernize Dunder Mifflin with a new website for online sales ; he also learns that his boss , David Wallace , favors Jim , and thus Ryan attempts to sabotage Jim 's career . Ryan is soon arrested and fired for committing fraud related to the website 's sales numbers . Toby , embarrassed after accidentally revealing affection for Pam and resting his hand on her leg , announces he is moving to Costa Rica , and is replaced by Holly Flax , who quickly shows fondness toward Michael . In Holly 's first full episode , she is led to believe , by Dwight , that Kevin is suffering from some sort of intellectual disability . Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attends a three - month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City . In the season finale Andy proposes to Angela , who reluctantly agrees . Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) The fifth season consists of 28 half - hours of material , divided into 24 half - hour episodes and two hour - long episodes , one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII . Jim proposes to Pam at a gas station halfway between them because he could not wait . Pam ultimately returns from New York to Scranton , where Jim has bought his parents ' house for the two of them . Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service , Ryan dyes his hair and starts working for a bowling alley . Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua , New Hampshire , branch and the relationship ends . When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela 's continued affair , both men leave her . Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial style over the branch that causes Michael to resign in protest . Michael opens the Michael Scott Paper Company , enticing Pam and Ryan to join as salespeople , and though his business model is ultimately unsustainable , Dunder Mifflin 's profits are immediately threatened . The members of the Michael Scott Paper Company enjoy throwing cheese balls into each other 's mouths and they have a morning cheer to boost morale . In a buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company , the three are rehired with Pam promoted to sales and Ryan returning as a temp . During the chaos , new receptionist Erin is hired to fill the vacancy originally left by Pam . The season ends with a scene that obviously announces Pam 's pregnancy . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 6 ) The sixth season consists of 26 half - hours of material , divided into 22 half - hour episodes and two hour - long episodes . Jim and Pam marry and have a baby named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Meanwhile , Andy and Erin develop mutual interest in one another , but find their inherent awkwardness inhibits his attempts to ask her out on a date . Rumors of bankruptcy begin to surround Dunder Mifflin , and by Christmas , Wallace announces to the branch that Dunder Mifflin has accepted a buyout from Sabre Corporation , a printer company . While Wallace and other executives are let go , the Scranton office survives due to its relative success within the company . In the season finale , Dwight buys the office park . Michael agrees to make an announcement to the press regarding a case of faulty printers . When Jo Bennet , Sabre CEO , asks how she can repay him , Michael responds that she could bring Holly back to the Scranton branch . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 7 ) The seventh season consists of 26 half - hours of material , divided into 21 half - hour episodes , one `` super-sized '' episode , and two hour - long episodes . This is the final season for Steve Carell , who plays the lead character Michael Scott , as Carell wanted to move on after his contract expired during this season . Beginning with this season , Zach Woods , who portrays Gabe Lewis , was promoted to a series regular . Erin and Gabe have begun a relationship , much to Andy 's chagrin , and Andy attempts to win Erin 's affection back . Michael 's former girlfriend , Holly , returns to Scranton to fill in for Toby who is doing jury duty for the `` Scranton Strangler '' trial . Michael and Holly eventually restart their relationship . After the two get engaged , Michael then reveals he will be leaving Scranton to go to Colorado with Holly in order to support her elderly parents . Angela starts dating the senator , while Pam and Jim are still adjusting to parenthood . After Michael 's replacement ( Will Ferrell ) is seriously injured , Jo creates a search committee to interview candidates and choose a new manager for the office . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) The eighth season consists of 24 episodes . James Spader reprises his role as Robert California , the new CEO of Dunder Mifflin / Sabre . Andy is then promoted to regional manager and works hard to make a good impression on Robert , and asks Dwight to be his number two . Pam and Jim are expecting their second child , Phillip , at the start of the season , to coincide with Fischer 's real - life pregnancy . Angela is pregnant with her first son , also named Philip , with State Senator Robert Lipton ( although it is implied that Dwight Schrute is actually the child 's biological father ) . Darryl starts falling for new warehouse foreman , Val . Dwight is tasked with traveling to Tallahassee , Florida , to assist Sabre special projects manager Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) in launching a chain of retail stores , along with Jim , Ryan , Stanley , Erin , and new office temp Cathy Simms . Cathy is also revealed to have ulterior motives for the trip , as she intends to seduce Jim , but fails . Robert later kills the retail store project , and Erin decides to stay in Florida as an elderly woman 's live - in helper . Andy goes to Florida and wins back Erin , but this allows Nellie to claim the manager position as her own . Robert tells Andy that he has been demoted back to a salesman , but he refuses to accept the news , which causes him to be fired . Andy becomes motivated to begin a Dunder Mifflin comeback and joins with former CFO David Wallace to buy Dunder Mifflin back from Sabre , putting Sabre completely out of business and giving Andy the manager position once again . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) The final season consists of 25 episodes . Andy , recently returning from Outward Bound manager 's training , reverts to his arrogant earlier season personality , abandoning both Erin and the office to travel around the Caribbean with his brother . In his absence , Erin strikes up a romance with new customer service rep Pete , who along with Clark , another new character , replaces Kelly , who left for Ohio with her new husband ( Ryan also moves to Ohio for `` unrelated reasons '' ) . Meanwhile , Jim receives an exciting opportunity from an old college friend who offers him a job at Athlead , a sports marketing company based in Philadelphia . Darryl also jumps on board , but the distance and dedication to Athlead hurts Jim 's relationship with Pam . Angela also must deal with her husband 's infidelity with Oscar . She also deals with her lingering attraction to Dwight , who inherits his family 's beet farm . Dwight receives more good news when David Wallace handpicks him to be the new manager after Andy quits to pursue an acting career , which quickly ends when he embarrasses himself at an a cappella singing competition that turns into a viral web sensation . Dwight later makes Jim his assistant to the regional manager and the two officially end their grudge . After Jim reconciles with Pam , choosing to stay in Scranton over Philadelphia , Dwight professes his love for Angela and finally marries her . In the series finale , taking place one year after the release of the documentary , the employees reunite for Dwight and Angela 's wedding , for which Michael returns ( with help from Jim who was the person Dwight first asked to be his best man ) to serve as the best man . Kelly and Ryan run away together , Nellie now lives in Poland and `` adopts '' Ryan 's abandoned baby , Erin meets her birth parents , Andy gets a job at Cornell , Stanley retires to Florida , Kevin and Toby are both fired with the former buying a bar and the latter moving to New York City to become an author , and Oscar runs for State Senate . Jim and Pam , at her persuasion , move to Austin to open a new branch of Athleap ( previously Athlead ) with Darryl ( Dwight `` fires '' them to give them both severance packages ) , and Creed is arrested for his many crimes . Product placement ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company tower , shown during the opening credits The Office has had product placement deals with Staples and the Olympic balers , as well as mentioning in dialogue or displaying clear logos for products such as Sandals Resorts , HP , Apple , and Gateway computers , and Activision 's Call of Duty video game series . In `` The Merger '' , Kevin Malone uses a Staples - branded shredding machine to shred a Staples - branded CD - R and many other nonpaper items , including a salad . As with HP , Cisco Systems , a supplier of networking and telephone equipment , pays for product placement , which can be seen on close - up shots of the Cisco IP telephones . Some products have additional branding labels attached ; this can be clearly seen with the HP photo printer on Toby 's desk in season 6 , and less noticeably with the Cisco phones . In `` The Secret '' Michael takes Jim to Hooters to discuss Jim 's feelings for Pam . Many products featured are not part of product placement agreements , but rather inserted by writers as products the characters would use to create realism under the guise of a documentary . Chili 's restaurants were used for filming in `` The Dundies '' and `` The Client , '' as the writers believed they were realistic choices for a company party and business lunch . Though not an explicit product placement , the producers of the show had to allow Chili 's to have final approval of the script before filming , causing a scene of `` The Dundies '' to be hastily rewritten when the chain objected to the original version . Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the iPod when it was used as a much - desired gift in `` Christmas Party , '' though the company did not pay for the placement . The travel website TripAdvisor.com was featured during Season 4 when after a visit to Dwight 's `` agritourism '' bed and breakfast , Schrute Farms , Jim and Pam post an online review about their stay . The show reportedly approached the travel review website about using their name on the show and TripAdvisor set up a review page for the fictional B&B , which itself received hundreds of reviews . The appearance of Second Life in the episode `` Local Ad '' was rated eighth in the top ten most effective product placements of 2007 . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical reviews and commentary ( edit ) Before the show aired , Ricky Gervais acknowledged that there were feelings of hesitation from certain viewers . The first season of The Office was met with a mixed response from critics with some of them comparing it to the short - lived NBC series Coupling , which was also based on a British version . The New York Daily News called it `` so diluted there 's little left but muddy water , '' and USA Today called it a `` passable imitation of a miles - better BBC original . '' A Guardian Unlimited review panned its lack of originality , stating , `` ( Steve Carell ) just seems to be trying too hard ... Maybe in later episodes when it deviates from Gervais and Merchant 's script , he 'll come into his own . But right now he 's a pale imitation . '' Tom Shales of the Washington Post said it was `` not the mishmash that ( Americanized version of Coupling ) turned out to be , but again the quality of the original show causes the remake to look dim , like when the copying machine is just about to give out . '' `` The Office has one of the best casts on television ... It also has created several compelling characters and touching relationships , all of which is fairly remarkable for a half - hour comedy . '' -- Travis Fickett of IGN in June 2007 The second season was better received . James Poniewozik of Time remarked , `` Producer Greg Daniels created not a copy but an interpretation that sends up distinctly American work conventions ... with a tone that 's more satiric and less mordant ... The new boss is different from the old boss , and that 's fine by me . '' He named it the second best TV show of 2006 after Battlestar Galactica . Entertainment Weekly writer Mark Harris echoed these sentiments a week later , stating , `` Thanks to the fearless Steve Carell , an ever - stronger supporting cast , and scripts that spew American corporate absurdist vernacular with perfect pitch , this undervalued remake does the near impossible -- it honors Ricky Gervais ' original and works on its own terms . '' The A.V. Club reviewer Nathan Rabin expressed its views on the show 's progression : `` After a rocky start , The Office improved immeasurably , instantly becoming one of TV 's funniest , sharpest shows . The casting of Steve Carell in the Gervais role proved to be a masterstroke . The American Office is that rarest of anomalies : a remake of a classic show that both does right by its source and carves out its own strong identity . '' The series has been included on several top TV series lists . The show placed # 61 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list . Time 's James Poniewozik named it the second - best TV series of 2006 , and the sixth - best returning series of 2007 , out of ten TV series . He also included it on his `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' list . The show was also named the best show of 2006 by BuddyTV . while Paste named it the sixth - best sitcom of 2010 . In 2013 the Writers Guild of America placed it at # 66 on their list of 101 Best Written TV Series . The show has some superficial similarities to the comic strip Dilbert , which also features employees coping with an inept superior . John Spector , CEO of The Conference Board , says that both show the impact a leader can have , for good or bad . Dilbert creator Scott Adams also touts the similarities : `` The lesson from The Office and from Dilbert is that people are often dysfunctional , and no amount of training can fix it . '' A labor - affiliated group praised the episode `` Boys and Girls '' for what it considered an unusually frank depiction of union busting on American television . Metacritic , a review aggregation website , graded only the first , third , sixth , and final seasons . However , it denoted that all four of them received `` generally favorable reviews '' from critics , awarding a 61 , 85 , 78 , and 64 score -- out of 100 -- to each of them , respectively . It later named it the thirteenth most mentioned series on `` Best of Decade '' top - ten lists . `` The Office now is a pale , listless shadow of what it used to be . '' -- Alan Sepinwall of HitFix in September 2011 , during the show 's eighth season . The last few seasons were criticized for a dip in quality . The sixth season received criticisms for a lack of stakes for the characters . Other critics and fans have also criticized the dragging out of the Jim and Pam romance . The Office co-creator Ricky Gervais wrote in his blog , referring to `` Search Committee , '' particularly Warren Buffett 's guest appearance , `` If you 're going to jump a shark , jump a big one , '' and compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais 's other series , Extras ( although he later said on his website , `` I fucking did n't ( diss The Office ) , that 's for sure '' ) . Some critics said the series should have ended after the departure of Steve Carell . In an IAmA interview on Reddit , Rainn Wilson felt that the eighth season possessed some mistakes `` creatively , '' such as the chemistry between Spader and Helms , which he called `` a bit dark '' and argued that the show should have gone for a `` brighter and more energized '' relationship . Despite this , there are later - series episodes that have received critical acclaim , including `` Stress Relief , '' `` Niagara '' , `` Garage Sale '' , `` Goodbye , Michael '' , `` Dwight Christmas '' , `` A.A.R.M. '' , and `` Finale '' . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Office ( U.S. TV series ) The series received 42 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations , with five wins . It won for Outstanding Comedy Series in season two , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series ( Greg Daniels for `` Gay Witch Hunt '' ) , Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( Jeffrey Blitz for `` Stress Relief '' ) , and Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( David Rogers and Claire Scanlon for `` Finale '' ) . Many cast and crew members have expressed anger that Carell did not receive an Emmy award for his performance in the series . Despite this , Carell won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical in 2006 . The series was also named the best TV series by the American Film Institute in 2006 and 2008 , won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2006 and 2007 and won a Peabody Award in 2006 . Ratings ( edit ) Premiering on Thursday , March 24 , 2005 , after an episode of The Apprentice on NBC , The Office brought in 11.2 million viewers in the U.S. , winning its time slot . When NBC moved the series to its intended Tuesday night slot , it lost nearly half its audience with only 5.9 million viewers . The program averaged 5.4 million viewers , ranking it # 102 for the 2004 -- 05 U.S. television season . `` Hot Girl , '' the first season 's finale , rated a 2.2 with a 10 audience measurement share . Episodes were also rerun on CNBC . As the second season started , the success of Carell 's hit summer movie The 40 - Year - Old Virgin and online sales of episodes at iTunes helped the show . The increase in viewership led NBC to move the series to the `` Must See TV '' Thursday night in January 2006 , where ratings continued to grow . By the 2005 -- 06 season , it placed # 67 ( tied with 20 / 20 ) . It averaged 8 million viewers with a 4.0 / 10 rating / share among viewers ages 18 -- 49 , and was up 80 % in viewers from the year before and up 60 % in viewers ages 18 -- 49 . The series ranked as NBC 's highest rated scripted series during its run . The highest rated episode of the series was `` Stress Relief , '' which was watched by 22.9 million viewers . This episode was aired right after Super Bowl XLIII . While later seasons dropped in the ratings , the show was still one of NBC 's highest rated shows , and in October 2011 it was reported that it cost $178,840 per 30 - second commercial , the most for any NBC scripted series . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Premiered Ended Viewership rank 18 - 49 rank Viewers ( in millions ) 18 - 49 rating Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) 2004 -- 05 Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( `` Pilot '' ) Tuesday 9 : 30 pm March 24 , 2005 11.20 April 26 , 2005 4.80 102 82 5.40 2.5 / 6 2005 -- 06 Tuesday 9 : 30 pm ( September 20 -- December 6 , 2005 ) Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( January 5 -- May 11 , 2006 ) September 20 , 2005 9.00 May 11 , 2006 7.70 67 N / A 8.0 4.0 / 10 2006 -- 07 Thursday 8 : 30 pm September 21 , 2006 9.10 May 17 , 2007 7.90 68 28 8.30 4.1 / 11 2007 -- 08 Thursday 9 : 00 pm September 27 , 2007 9.70 May 15 , 2008 8.07 77 8.04 2.8 5 2008 -- 09 September 25 , 2008 9.20 May 14 , 2009 6.72 52 9.04 3.1 6 2009 -- 10 September 17 , 2009 8.20 May 20 , 2010 6.60 41 11 8.73 4.5 / 11 7 2010 -- 11 September 23 , 2010 8.40 May 19 , 2011 7.29 53 11 7.73 4.0 / 10 8 2011 -- 12 September 22 , 2011 7.64 May 10 , 2012 4.49 78 29 6.51 3.4 / 9 9 2012 -- 13 September 20 , 2012 4.28 May 16 , 2013 5.69 88 41 5.06 2.6 / 7 Cultural impact ( edit ) Dunder Mifflin banner in front of Scranton City Hall The city of Scranton , long known mainly for its industrial past as a coal mining and rail center , has embraced , and ultimately has been redefined by the show . `` We 're really hip now , '' says the mayor 's assistant . The Dunder Mifflin logo is on a lamppost banner in front of Scranton City Hall , as well as the pedestrian bridge to The Mall at Steamtown . The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company , whose tower is shown in the opening credits , plans to add it to the tower as well . Newspapers in other Northeastern cities have published travel guides to Scranton locations for tourists interested in visiting places mentioned in the show . Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well . In a 2008 St. Patrick 's Day speech in its suburb of Dickson City , former Taoiseach ( Irish prime minister ) Bertie Ahern identified the city as the home of Dunder Mifflin . Atrium of the Mall at Steamtown during the inaugural The Office convention The inaugural The Office convention was held downtown in October 2007 . Notable landmarks , some of which have been settings for the show , that served as venues include the University of Scranton , the Radisson Lackawanna Station Hotel and the Mall at Steamtown . Cast appearances were made by B.J. Novak , Ed Helms , Oscar Nunez , Angela Kinsey , Brian Baumgartner , Leslie David Baker , Mindy Kaling , Craig Robinson , Melora Hardin , Phyllis Smith , Creed Bratton , Kate Flannery , Bobby Ray Shafer , and Andy Buckley . Writer appearances , besides Novak and Kaling , were made by Greg Daniels , Michael Schur , Jennifer Celotta , Lee Eisenberg , Gene Stupnitsky , Justin Spitzer , Anthony Ferrell , Ryan Koh , Lester Lewis , and Jason Kessler . Not present were writer - actor Paul Lieberstein ( who was originally going to make an appearance ) , Steve Carell , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , and Jenna Fischer . On an episode of The Daily Show , Republican presidential candidate John McCain , reportedly a devoted fan of the show , jokingly told Jon Stewart he might take Dwight Schrute as his running mate . Rainn Wilson later accepted on Dwight Schrute 's behalf while on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . After the airing of `` Garage Sale '' , where the character of Michael Scott decides to move to Colorado , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Scott to the position of director of paper distribution in the Department of Natural Resources . The show is often paid tribute by the band Relient K. Band member Matt Thiessen is a fan of The Office , and during concerts will often perform a self - described `` love song '' about the series , titled `` The Ballad of Dunder Mifflin , '' followed by him and the band playing the show 's opening theme . Other broadcasts ( edit ) Aside from NBC , The Office has gone into off - network syndication in the United States . It previously ran on local stations and TBS . After a few years absent from conventional television , it was announced in December 2017 that Comedy Central had picked up the entire series , for its second syndication cycle . Comedy Central started airing The Office on January 15 , 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the show was named in listings magazines ( but not onscreen ) as The Office : An American Workplace when it was originally aired on ITV2 . Other Media ( edit ) Online releases ( edit ) Episodes from The Office were among the first shows available for download from the iTunes Store beginning in December 2005 . In 2006 , ten internet - exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com . `` Producer 's Cuts '' ( containing approximately ten additional minutes of material ) of the episodes `` Branch Closing '' and `` The Return '' were also made available on NBC.com . The Office also became available for download from Amazon. com 's Unbox video downloads in 2006 . Sales of new The Office episodes on iTunes ceased in 2007 due to a dispute between NBC and Apple ostensibly over pricing . As of September 9 , 2008 The Office was put back on the iTunes Store , and can be bought in HD and Regular format . Netflix also offers the show for online viewing by subscribers , in addition to traditional DVD rental . The Office is also available on Microsofts Zune Marketplace . On December 13 , 2017 , Comedy Central announced that they had acquired all nine seasons of the show from NBCUniversal in a non-exclusive deal , and some episodes will be made available to stream on Comedy Central 's official website and mobile app after January 15 , 2018 . Of the 12.4 million total viewings of `` Fun Run '' , the fourth season 's premiere , 2.7 million , or 22 % , were on a computer via online streaming . `` The Office '' , said The New York Times , `` is on the leading edge of a sharp shift in entertainment viewing that was thought to be years away : watching television episodes on a computer screen is now a common activity for millions of consumers . '' It was particularly popular with online viewers , an NBC researcher said , because as an episode - driven sitcom without special effects it was easy to watch on smaller monitors such as those found on laptops and iPods . Between the online viewings and those who use digital video recorders , 25 -- 50 % of the show 's viewers watch it after its scheduled airtime . The show 's Internet success became an issue in the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . Daniels and many of the cast members who double as writers posted a video to YouTube shortly after the strike began , pointing out how little , if any , they received in residuals from online and DVD viewing . `` You 're watching this on the Internet , a thing that pays us zero dollars , '' Schur said . `` We 're supposed to get 11 cents for every two trillion downloads . '' The writers were particularly upset that they were n't compensated for the Daytime Emmy Award - winning summer webisodes `` The Accountants '' , which NBC considered promotional material despite the embedded commercials . Promotional ( edit ) The show 's success has resulted in expansion outside of television . Characters have appeared in promotional materials for NBC , and a licensed video game -- The Office -- was released in 2007 . In 2008 two games were introduced via Pressman Toy Corp : The Office Trivia Board Game and The Office DVD Board Game . In 2009 , The Office Clue was released , and The Office Monopoly was released in 2010 . Other merchandise , from T - shirts and a bobblehead doll of Dwight Schrute to more office - specific items such as Dunder Mifflin copy paper and parodies of the Successories motivational poster series featuring the cast are available . Dunder Mifflin has two websites , and the cast members maintain blogs both as themselves and in character . Cast blogs ( edit ) Several members of the cast maintained blogs . These include Jenna Fischer , Angela Kinsey , and Brian Baumgartner , who posted regularly during the season . Rainn Wilson wrote in character on `` Schrute Space '' on NBC.com , which is updated periodically . However , he stopped writing the blog himself . It is unknown whether Creed Bratton authors `` Creed Thoughts , '' the blog attributed to his character . Home video releases ( edit ) Season Region 1 release date Region 2 release date Region 4 release date Episodes Discs Bonus features August 16 , 2005 April 10 , 2006 August 16 , 2006 6 Deleted scenes from all episodes , five commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes . September 12 , 2006 January 28 , 2008 April 4 , 2007 22 Deleted scenes from every episode , ten commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes , The Accountants webisodes , Faces of Scranton video , blooper reel , 17 fake public service announcements , Olympics promos and `` Steve on Steve '' promos . September 4 , 2007 July 21 , 2008 August 20 , 2008 ( Part 1 ) April 22 , 2009 ( Part 2 ) 25 Deleted scenes , eight commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes , `` Kevin Cooks Stuff in The Office '' , 2006 NBC Primetime Preview , Toby wraparound promos , Dwight Schrute music video , Joss Whedon interview , blooper reel , Lazy Scranton video , and a 58th Annual Emmy Awards excerpt . A special edition for Target called the `` Nifty Gifty '' set also contains footage from the Museum of TV festival and script facsimile . September 2 , 2008 June 14 , 2010 September 2 , 2009 ( Part 1 ) December 2 , 2009 ( Part 2 ) 19 Deleted scenes , outtakes , Second Life footage , The Office Convention invitation , The Office Convention : Writer 's Block Panel , `` Goodbye , Toby '' music video , four commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes . 5 September 8 , 2009 February 7 , 2011 September 29 , 2010 ( Part 1 ) March 2 , 2011 ( Part 2 ) 28 5 Deleted scenes , outtakes , ten commentaries by the cast and crew , `` The Academy of Art and Sciences presents , ' The Office , ' Summer Olympic promos , Super Bowl promos , Kevin 's Loan webisodes , and The Outburst webisodes . 6 September 7 , 2010 January 30 , 2012 August 4 , 2011 ( Part 1 ) November 9 , 2011 ( Part 2 ) 26 5 Deleted scenes , outtakes , gag reel , cast and crew commentaries , two extended episodes , minisode The Podcast , `` Welcome to Sabre '' corporate welcome video , promos . Overtime November 16 , 2010 N / A N / A N / A The Accountants , Kevin 's Loan , The Outburst , Blackmail , Subtle Sexuality and The Mentor webisodes , The Podcast minisode , The Office Convention : Cast Q&A , Paley : Inside The Writer 's Room , Subtle Sexuality commentary with Mindy Kaling , B.J. Novak , and Ellie Kemper , Blackmail video commentary with Creed Bratton , Subtle Sexuality music video , Dwight Schrute music video , Lazy Scranton video , Michael Scott 's Dunder Mifflin ad and fake PSAs . 7 September 6 , 2011 September 3 , 2012 August 22 , 2012 ( Part 1 ) November 7 , 2012 ( Part 2 ) 26 5 Deleted scenes , blooper reel , `` The Third Floor '' webisodes , cast and crew commentaries on five episodes , producer 's extended cuts of `` Training Day '' and `` Search Committee , '' Threat Level Midnight : The Movie ( A Michael Scott Joint ) 8 September 4 , 2012 April 7 , 2014 February 13 , 2013 ( Part 1 ) August 8 , 2013 ( Part 2 ) 24 5 Deleted scenes , blooper reel , `` The Girl Next Door '' webisodes , producer 's extended cuts of `` Angry Andy '' and `` Fundraiser '' 9 September 3 , 2013 September 15 , 2014 February 13 , 2014 ( Part 1 ) June 19 , 2014 ( Part 2 ) 25 5 Deleted scenes , gag reel , rare audition footage Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) A spin - off to the series was proposed in 2008 , with a pilot episode expected to debut as the Super Bowl lead - out program in 2009 . However , The Office 's creative team instead decided to develop Parks and Recreation as a separate series . Another spin - off starring Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute running a bed - and - breakfast and beet farm , titled The Farm , was proposed in early 2012 . In October 2012 , however , NBC decided not to go forward with the series . The backdoor pilot episode instead aired as part of the ninth and final season of The Office on March 14 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Office , Jury Report for NBC Duty in March '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Office ' Revival Eyed At NBC '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` How a Parks and Recreation pitch becomes a joke , part 1 : Inside the writers room '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . 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Club , March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James . Top 10 Returning TV Series . Time . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Office ( American ) '' . Time . Time Warner . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Comedies on TV : # 1 The Office '' . BuddyTV . December 3 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` The 10 Best Sitcoms on TV Right Now '' . Paste . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List - 51 - 75 '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Del ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` Taking Office lessons from the world 's greatest ( inept ) boss '' . USA Today . Gannett . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jon Spector , CEO of The Conference Board , an organization that tries to improve business effectiveness , likens The Office to the 18 - year - old comic strip Dilbert that appears in 2,000 newspapers in 65 countries . Both The Office and Dilbert show how leaders have enormous impact for good -- and how they can ' screw things up , ' Spector says ... ' Michael puts himself in a position of responsibility , where most people feel uncomfortably vulnerable , ' says Noah Rowles , CEO of Los Angeles software company Iolo Technologies . ' He takes ownership of his flock . The lesson learned is that people would much rather follow someone who is passionate and dedicated than someone who may be perfect on paper but otherwise uncommitted to achieving success as a group . ' Jump up ^ `` Unionbusting at The Office ? '' . American Rights At Work . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 9 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Shows of 2009 ... and the Decade '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Review : The Office struggles to find its center post-Steve Carell '' . HitFix . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Office Watch : Wait ' Til Next Fiscal Year '' . Time . Jump up ^ Leitch , Will ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Office Recap : The Holly Hint '' . New York . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cindy White ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` The Office : Season 6 Review '' . IGN.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Jaime ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Jim Halpert sucks and we 're just now realizing it -- TV Guidance '' . Macleans.ca . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gervais , Ricky . `` Week one hundred and sixty - nine -- May 2011 '' . Rickygervais.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Office ' should punch out with Carell '' . The Michigan Daily . September 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five Popular Shows That Should End This Season '' . AOLTV . February 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Rainn ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` IAM Rainn WILSON -- Dwight From the Office and the Founder of SoulPancake -- AMA ! '' . Reddit AMA . Reddit . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` 1 . The Office , `` Stress Relief '' `` . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BuddyTV . `` BuddyTV Slideshow TV 's 50 Best Episodes of 2009 '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Sepinwall , Alan ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' The Office ' - ' Garage Sale ' : More than decent proposal '' . HitFix . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . John Kubicek . `` BuddyTV Slideshow The 50 Best TV Episodes of 2011 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : McNutt , Myles ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Goodbye , Michael '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . White , Cindy ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : `` Goodbye , Michael '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Reiher , Andrea ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` The Best TV Episodes of 2012 : ' The Good Wife , ' ' The Office ' and ' Big Brother ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . White , Cindy ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` The Office : ' Dwight Christmas ' Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Sepinwall , Alan ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' The Office ' -- ' A.A.R.M. ' : The Teapot Dome Affair '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Giant , M. ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` A.A.R.M. '' Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Mullins , Jenna ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Office Recap : An Engagement , a Dunder Mifflin Farewell and the Jim - Pam Tribute That Left Us in Tears '' . E ! Online . E !. Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Sepinwall , Alan ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Series finale review : ' The Office ' -- ' Finale ' : That 's What We All Said '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Cornet , Roth ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Finale ' Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Poniewozik , James ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Office Watch : That 's What She Said '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Lowry , Brian ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Office ' Finale '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Office '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Rainn Wilson Tweets Steve Carell Emmy Snub Anger '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Office Emmys post , 2011 '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2006 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2008 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Office '' . The Peabody Awards . May 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason . U.S. remake of The Office loses half its audience . Guardian Unlimited , March 31 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Reporter : Final audience and ratings figures for 2004 -- 05 '' . Hollywood Reporter. April 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lower the lights for NBC 's The Office . Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Media Life Magazine , April 27 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 23 , 2006 ) . `` Office promotions pay off in a big way '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . `` Because of the relationship we have with ( the feature - film division of NBC Universal ) , within the company we knew that Steve had been identified as a big star and we 'd be crazy to let him go , '' said Angela Bromstad , president of NBC Universal Television Studio , the production company behind The Office . Hence the second - season pickup of the show . ' Jump up ^ 2005 -- 06 primetime wrap. , hollywoodreporter.com , May 26 , 2006 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : The Office Draws 22.905 Million Viewers Following the Super Bowl '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Chart : ' American Idol , ' NFL Duke it out for Priciest TV Spot '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Office Nielsen Ratings '' . OfficeTally . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final audience and ratings figures for 2004 -- 05 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 -- 06 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Rankings ( Through 5 / 18 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday , September 25 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , Grey 's Anatomy Win `` Finale Thursday '' ; But Decline Continues `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Rankings ( Through 5 / 24 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Updated NBC Primetime Ratings Results for September 17 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy Rules Finale Thursday ; Bones , FlashForward , CSI , Parks , 30 Rock , Ref Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : The Big Bang Theory Scores at 8pm ; Grey 's Anatomy Tops Night With Young Adults ; My Generation Premiere Stalls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 2012 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout ' , ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( 2013 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Wildermuth , Renate ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Office Visit '' . Times Union . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sagers , Aaron ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Pennsylvania city relishes attention from hit TV series '' . The Morning Call . Pop Matters . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . The tower looks exactly the same as it does on TV , although company President Douglas Fink says there are plans to add a Dunder Mifflin logo to one of the tower 's black circular insets ... Fink adds that the attention from the show has led to a greater awareness of his business . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Office fanatic 's guide to Scranton '' . Times Herald - Record . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Falchek , David ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Prime minister of Ireland attends Lackawanna event '' . Republican & Herald . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . He identified Scranton as the birthplace of senators Robert Casey Jr. and Joseph Biden and the branch office of Dunder Mifflin , a reference to the NBC sitcom based in the city . Jump up ^ `` The Office Convention , Scranton PA '' . Times - Shamrock Communications . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's TV Preferences Emerge : Office Farce , Not Soap '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Mr. McCain seemed to set himself up again last Wednesday when , in an appearance on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , he jokingly proposed Dwight Schrute , a sycophantic character on the NBC sitcom The Office , as his running mate ... But Mr. McCain 's fondness for The Office seems sincere . The next day he seemed slightly star - struck upon meeting B.J. Novak , a writer and actor on the show , at a gala sponsored by Time magazine . Mr. McCain started rattling off the details of ' Dinner Party , ' a recent episode that he apparently enjoyed and remembered . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Hickenlooper appoints new Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources '' . Colorado.gov. April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Relient K 's ode to ' The Office ' '' . OfficeTally . November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Comedy Central Picks Up Off - Network Syndication Rights To ' The Office ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE OFFICE : AN AMERICAN WORKPLACE '' . ITV.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh . NBC Universal Ditches iTunes . Eonline.com , August 31 , 2007 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Comedy Central ® acquires `` The Office '' from NBCUniversal `` . Comedy Central Press . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( March 10 , 2008 ) . `` Serving Up Television Without the TV Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` In the Age of TiVo and Web Video , What Is Prime Time ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Many of the top - rated broadcast shows now have 20 percent to 25 percent ratings gains when DVR viewing is calculated . In urban areas , the gains are even greater . In Los Angeles , fully half the 18 - to 49 - year - old viewership for some shows , including The Office and another NBC sitcom , 30 Rock , happens on a time - shifted basis . Jump up ^ Greg Daniels , Michael Schur , Mindy Kaling , B.J. Novak , and Paul Lieberstein ( November 6 , 2007 ) . The Office is Closed ( online video ) . YouTube . Event occurs at 00 : 36 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Office sets videogame deal '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office '' . MSN Games . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Games & Puzzles '' . Pressman Toy Corporation . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's The Office : T - Shirts , Books , Mugs and Caps '' . NBC . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Office 's ' Dunder Mifflin Paper Company to Become Real '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Motivational Posters '' . NBC . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunder Mifflin Paper , the main website , and Dunder Mifflin Infinity , the intranet . Retrieved on April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Baumgartner 's TV Guide blog ! '' . OfficeTally . July 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Interview : Rainn Wilson ( March 14 , 2006 ) . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , NBC . Jump up ^ Creed Thoughts . Archived March 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . NBC.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Traveling Salesmen '' and `` The Return '' , originally aired as separate half - hour episodes , share one commentary track . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- A look at the ' Rental - Ready ' Disc Case Art for The Office -- Season 4 DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . August 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office Season 5 DVD Buying Guide '' . OfficeTally.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Universal 's Formal Season 6 Press Release Reveals DVD and Blu - ray Bonus Material '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office DVD news : Announcement for The Office -- Overtime : Digital Shorts Collection '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Office - Finalized Street Date for ' Season 9 : The Farewell Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juarez , Vanessa ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` NBC 's new lineup : ' The Office ' gets a spinoff ; ' Friday Night Lights ' and ' ER ' return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spinoff of The Office coming next season on NBC '' . CBC News . April 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` ' Parks ' is like a bad day at ' The Office , ' even with likable Poehler '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : HitFix Staff ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Schrute ' Office ' spin - off starring Rainn Wilson in the works at NBC '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Nixes Dwight - Centered Office Spin - Off '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC to Air `` Office '' Spin - Off `` The Farm '' on Thursday , March 14 `` . The Futon Critic . March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Officeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Office on IMDb The Office at TV.com Preceded by House 2008 The Office Super Bowl lead - out program 2009 Succeeded by Undercover Boss ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Robert California Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Links to related articles Ricky Gervais Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Derek Other television work `` Golden Years '' The Office ( US ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' Film ( writer / director ) The Invention of Lying Cemetery Junction Special Correspondents David Brent : Life on the Road Stand - up ( writer / performer ) Animals Politics Fame Science Humanity Other works The Ricky Gervais Show ( audio ) Flanimals More Flanimals Flanimals of the Deep Flanimals : The Day of the Bletchling Music Seona Dancing `` More to Lose '' `` Bitter Heart '' Stephen Merchant Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK TV series ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Hello Ladies Other television work The Office ( U.S. TV series ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Customer Survey '' Film ( writer and director ) Cemetery Junction Fighting with My Family Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Comedy Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) Sex and the City ( 2003 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2004 ) Entourage ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Transparent ( 2015 ) Atlanta ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does john krasinski play in the office | [
"The Office employs an ensemble cast. Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the original British series. While these characters normally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show. The show is known for its generally large cast size, with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work. Steve Carell stars as Michael Scott, regional manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch. Loosely based on David Brent, Gervais's character in the British series, Scott is a well-intentioned man whose attempts at humor, while seemingly innocent to himself, often offend and annoy his peers and employees, and in some situations lead to reprimanding from his superiors. Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute, who, based upon Gareth Keenan, is a salesman and the assistant to the regional manager, a fictional title created by Michael.[53] John Krasinski portrays Jim Halpert, a salesman and, in later seasons, co-manager who is often known for his wittiness and his hijinks on Schrute (often accompanied by Pam Beesly). Halpert is based upon Tim Canterbury, and is known to have feelings for Pam, the receptionist.[54] Pam, played by Jenna Fischer, is based on Dawn Tinsley. She is shy, but in many cases a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight.[55] B.J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard, who for the first two seasons is a temporary worker but is promoted to sales representative in the third season. He later ascends to the position of vice president, North East Region and director of new media until his treachery was exposed for corporate fraud and he was fired. After this, he gets a job in a bowling alley and then briefly works for the Michael Scott Paper Company. After all this, and a stint in rehab, he eventually ends up again as the temporary worker at the Scranton branch.[56]"
] | [
"Jim Halpert"
] |
-6585487781222527011 | The Testament of Sister New Devil | The Testament of Sister New Devil - Wikipedia The Testament of Sister New Devil The Testament of Sister New Devil First light novel volume cover 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 ( テスタメント ) ( Shinmai Maō no Tesutamento ) Genre Action , Fantasy , Harem Light novel Written by Tetsuto Uesu Illustrated by Nekosuke Ōkuma Published by Kadokawa Shoten Demographic Male Imprint Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko Original run September 29 , 2012 -- present Volumes 12 Manga Written by Tetsuto Uesu Illustrated by Kashiwa Miyako Published by Kadokawa Shoten English publisher Seven Seas Demographic Shōnen Magazine Shōnen Ace Original run October 26 , 2013 -- July 25 , 2017 Volumes 9 ( List of volumes ) Manga The Testament of Sister New Devil : Storm ! Written by Tetsuto Uesu Illustrated by Fumihiro Kiso Published by Hakusensha English publisher Seven Seas Demographic Seinen Magazine Young Animal Arashi Original run September 29 , 2014 -- August 29 , 2016 Volumes 5 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Hisashi Saito Produced by Kuraken Chiaki Written by Takao Yoshioka Music by Yasuharu Takanashi Studio Production IMS Licensed by Madman Entertainment Crunchyroll Anime Limited Original network Tokyo MX , SUN , AT - X , GBS , MTV , BS11 , TVS , CTC , tvk , TVQ Original run January 7 , 2015 -- March 25 , 2015 Episodes 12 + OVA ( List of episodes ) Anime television series The Testament of Sister New Devil BURST Directed by Hisashi Saito Produced by Kuraken Chiaki Written by Sumio Uetake Music by Yasuharu Takanashi Studio Production IMS Licensed by Madman Entertainment Crunchyroll Anime Limited Original network Tokyo MX , AT - X , BS11 , CTC , tvk , TVS , SUN , GBS , MTV , TVQ Original run October 9 , 2015 -- December 11 , 2015 Episodes 10 + OVA ( List of episodes ) Original video animation The Testament of Sister New Devil Departures Studio Production IMS Released March 28 , 2018 Runtime 60 minutes Anime and Manga portal The Testament of Sister New Devil ( Japanese : 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 ( テスタメント ) , Hepburn : Shinmai Maō no Tesutamento ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Tetsuto Uesu and illustrated by Nekosuke Ōkuma . Twelve volumes have been published by Kadokawa Shoten since 2012 under their Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko imprint . A manga adaptation has been serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Shōnen Ace magazine since May 2013 . A second manga adaptation has been serialized in Hakusensha 's Young Animal Arashi magazine since February 2014 . The first season of an anime television adaptation premiered on January 7 , 2015 . The first OVA episode was released on June 22 , 2015 . The second anime television season premiered on October 9 , 2015 . A second OVA episode was released on January 26 , 2016 . A third OVA episode was released on March 28 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Light novels 3.2 Manga 3.3 Anime 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Basara Tōjō is a high school student studying at Hijirigasaka Academy when his father Jin suddenly gets `` remarried '' and asks Basara if he wants to have sisters . Basara meets his two cute stepsisters , Mio Naruse and Maria Naruse . After his father departs overseas , Basara quickly finds that the two sisters are actually part of a demon clan , and he is meant to be with the hero clan . Mio , a Demon princess , forcibly attempts to make a master and servant contract with Basara , but Maria has it end up being the opposite , with Basara as the master . Basara is then always getting into ecchi scenarios , more the while , to protect Mio from being pursued by other demons who are after her heritage passed down by the former Demon Lord Wilbert . Characters ( edit ) Basara Tōjō ( 東城 刃 更 , Tōjō Basara ) Voiced by : Yuichi Nakamura ( Japanese ) ; Chris Hackney ( English ) Basara Tojo is a Year 1 high school student at Hijirigasaka Academy and the main male protagonist of the story . As a member of a hero clan , he grows up in a hidden rural village . Basara wields the formerly cursed sword Brynhildr . Basara is the only son of Jin Tōjō , formerly acknowledged to be the ' Strongest Hero ' in the village . As Jin 's son , great things are expected of Basara and he is unusually strong even as a youth . Basara possesses the skill ' Banishing Shift ' , which nullifies any skill directed against him . Five years earlier , when Jin is on a trip , the seal of the S - Ranked ' Evil Spirit ' is broken . Many people , including his friends and family , are killed by the spirit . When he sees the Evil Spirit trying to harm his childhood friend , Yuki , his Banishing Shift goes out of control , causing a great crater to form , obliterating the bodies of those slain except Yuki , and also cleansing the area of the evil spirit . Yuki is spared and the cursed sword Brynhildr is cleansed . Because of this , he is confined in the village and when Basara 's father returns he insists that Basara be released . Basara is released , but only on the condition that Jin lose his title as a hero . Jin chooses the release of his son and they move to the city . In the present , Basara 's father tells him that he is remarrying and that Basara is going to have two younger step - sisters , Mio and Maria . The four of them move into a new house ( since the girls ' mother is away overseas ) and Jin is soon called away on business . The girls take advantage and try to force Basara to leave the house using magic . However , this backfires and Basara tells them to leave . He then contacts his father who reveals the girls ' true nature to Basara and why he took them in . Having decided to protect them as their older brother , and in spite of their deception , Basara goes after the girls and saves Mio 's life . Maria has Basara and Mio perform a master - slave magical contract that allows them to know each other 's location . But , Maria unexpectedly makes Basara the master and Mio the slave , not the other way around and because Maria used Succubus magic to form the contract , the penalty for a disloyal servant is a strong aphrodisiac effect that can only be relieved by the touch of the master , leading to a strong orgasmic release . He has also entered a pact with Yuki in order to boost their fighting strength . Mio Naruse ( 成瀬 澪 , Naruse Mio ) Voiced by : Ayaka Asai ( Japanese ) ; Lauren Landa ( English ) Mio , the main female protagonist and titular character , is a Demon princess and heir of the former Demon Lord , Wilbert , as well as niece to the current Moderate Faction leader , Ramsus . She grows up in the care of some of Wilbert 's followers ignorant of her heritage . Mio becomes aware of her heritage and inherits her true father 's abilities after his death only six months before meeting the Tōjō family . She and Maria are hiding from the current Demon Lord Leoheart 's minions who want to kill her for the powers that she inherited . This is the reason why Jin Tōjō takes Mio and her succubus retainer , Maria , in to protect them and prevent the current Demon Lord from becoming stronger . Mio is not pleased with the results of Maria 's bonding spell , but she eventually develops feelings for Basara . However , whenever he accidentally walks in on her naked , she constantly says she will kill him a hundred times , with her usually hitting him with her magic . When she needs to be submitted due to the aphrodisiac effects of the pact , her most sensitive area is her breasts . Maria Naruse ( 成瀬 万 理亜 , Naruse Maria ) Voiced by : Kaori Fukuhara ( Japanese ) ; Kira Buckland ( English ) Maria is a succubus and is Mio 's follower and guardian . Maria loves Mio like a sister and is willing to give her own life to protect her . However , true to her succubus nature , Maria likes to tease and trick Basara whenever she can , but she genuinely likes him and considers him to be her older brother , although she seems to enjoy getting him in perverted situations . All that leaves him uncomfortable , as she is also responsible for Basara 's and Mio 's moments alone , involving the two in uncomfortable positions or moments , that may get both naked . Her tricks often gets her in trouble and results in Mio punishing her . It is later revealed that she has a much more adult form that is an extreme opposite of her lolita form , being an incredibly seductive adult . Yuki Nonaka ( 野中 柚 希 , Nonaka Yūki ) Voiced by : Sarah Emi Bridcutt ( Japanese ) ; Xanthe Huynh ( English ) Yuki is a member of the Hero Tribe and Basara Tōjō 's childhood friend , who speaks in the Kansai dialect . She is rather calm and serious person , who only shows her more affectionate side to Basara as she has had a crush on him since they were children . She is one of the observers watching Mio Naruse and is the Class Representative of Basara and Mio 's class in Hijirigasaka Academy . Unlike nearly all of the other people in the Hero Tribe , she does not resent Basara regarding the incident five years ago . She holds Basara as the most important thing in her life despite stating that she is looking out for everyone else because she knows that his people have turned on him , not the other way around . Yuki is the sister of Kurumi Nonaka and wields the Spirit Sword , Sakuya . She is the second person to make a master - servant contract with Basara ( something she agreed to with no hesitation ) and even formed it in the same manner as Mio , with the aphrodisiac effects , and she needs to be submitted ( if anything she almost tries to disobey Basara so that she has to submit ) . It is seen and confirmed by Maria that Yuki 's most sensitive spot is her buttocks . Kurumi Nonaka ( 野中 胡桃 , Nonaka Kurumi ) Voiced by : Iori Nomizu ( Japanese ) ; Cindy Robinson ( English ) Yuki 's younger sister and also a member of the Hero Tribe . Kurumi has a hostile attitude towards Basara , but after being saved by Basara during their fight she realizes what Yuki knew all along -- that he continues to blame himself for not being able to control his ability which causes the accident five years before Mio meets Basara -- and develops a crush on him as well . She specializes in summoning spirits . Kurumi 's most sensitive spot is her underarms . She later joins Basara 's group as the fourth female . Jin Tōjō ( 東城 迅 , Tōjō Jin ) Voiced by : Keiji Fujiwara ( Japanese ) ; Kirk Thornton ( English ) Jin is Basara 's father and a member of the Hero Tribe . He knows of and sympathizes with Mio 's situation and that is why he decides to protect her . As a foreign correspondent Jin is largely absent from the Tōjō home . His strength is so famous that it kept the Demon Lord Wilbert at bay . Yahiro Takigawa ( Lars ) ( 滝川 八尋 ( ラース ) , Takigawa Yahiro ( Rāsu ) ) Voiced by : Tomokazu Sugita ( Japanese ) ; Ray Chase ( English ) A masked Demon sent to spy on Mio who disguises himself as her and Basara 's classmate , but after being defeated and nearly killed , he befriends Basara and they form an uneasy alliance . He is capable of creating dolls to take his place and fights using barriers . Mio 's foster parents were his caretakers in the orphanage he grew up in , so he agreed to help Basara on the condition he could kill Zolgia himself , to fulfill his wish and avenge his caretaker . Takashi Hayase ( 早瀬 高志 , Hayase Takashi ) Voiced by : Go Inoue ( Japanese ) ; Todd Haberkorn ( English ) A member of the Hero Tribe who wields the cursed spear , Byakko . He is Basara 's childhood friend , but has resented him for and since the incident five years before Basara met Mio . He strongly believes that Basara has forgotten the incident and that any who side with a demon needs to be killed . Chisato Hasegawa ( 長谷川 千里 , Hasegawa Chisato ) Voiced by : Yuu Asakawa ( Japanese ) ; Wendee Lee ( English ) The school nurse at Hijiriga Saka Academy . She is aware of the supernatural things happening around the students and tends to give Basara advice . A wise and caring person , it is revealed that she was Basara 's mother 's best friend and they were close enough to be sisters in all but blood . After Basara 's mother dies , Hasegawa dedicates her life to protecting Basara . It is also revealed is that she is not human but in fact an Angel , hinting that Basara 's mother was one as well , therefore making him a Nephilim . She sometimes takes the initiative in trying to seduce Basara . Zest ( ゼスト , Zesuto ) Voiced by : Seiko Yoshida ( Japanese ) ; Jeannie Howard ( English ) Another demon , made by Zolgia to be his right - hand , sent to keep an eye on Mio alongside Lars , who is originally envious of the pacts that Basara has with Maria , Mio and Yuki , since they care for each other . She later joins Basara 's group as the fifth female and third demon girl following Zolgia 's defeat and her defection to the Moderate faction . After spending time with Maria 's mother , Sheera , Basara discovers that her bust had become considerably larger . She and Basara are convinced by Sheera to make a third master - servant pact , to not only increase their strength but also to protect Zest who would be in danger should the tension between the demon factions increase . Although Zest was able make a proper master - servant pact with Basara , unlike Mio and Yuki , the aphrodisiac effects of the curse still activate due to Zest 's own doubts of her worthiness of being Basara 's servant . In contrast to her serious nature during battle , Zest is actually meek and timid on the outside ; she sometimes dresses as a maid for Basara and adds the `` - sama '' honorific to his name . Kyōichi Shiba ( 芝 恭一 , Shiba Kyōichi ) Voiced by : Daisuke Hirakawa ( Japanese ) ; Brian Beacock ( English ) A member of the Hero Tribe who is released from prison to accompany Takashi and Kurumi as a spectator . While very powerful , he respects Basara 's ability and desire to protect Mio , Maria , and Yuki . Basara states that he is so powerful that if he is a genius then Shiba is over-talented . Zolgear ( ゾルギア , Zorugia ) Voiced by : Hiroto Kazuki ( Japanese ) ; Kyle Hebert ( English ) The Demon who kills Mio 's adoptive parents and Zest 's former master , and who plans to turn on Leohart and obtain the Demon King 's powers for himself by kidnapping Mio without Leohart 's knowledge . After he is defeated , Lars captures , tortures , and finally kills him in presence of Basara . Leohart ( レオハート , Reohāto ) Voiced by : Kazuyuki Okitsu ( Japanese ) ; Kyle McCarley ( English ) The current Demon Lord and younger brother of the demon Riara . Mamoru Sakasaki / Ornis ( 坂崎 守 / オルニス , Sakazaki Mamoru / Orunisu ) Voiced by : Kenjiro Tsuda ( Japanese ) ; Harvey Manfrenjensen ( English ) A teacher at Hijirigasaka Academy . Initially assumed to be a human , it is revealed that he is actually a god like Hasegawa . He is intent on killing Basara who he believes reached beyond his stature through earning Hasegawa 's affection and believes that killing him will bring Hasegawa back to heaven . After using Kurumi as a hostage to prevent Basara from attacking , he then succeeds in cutting off Basara 's sword arm . However , this causes the sword to react and release the spirit of Brynhildr , one of the most powerful Valkyries . In this form Basara 's arm grows back , his hair on the right side of his head turns white with a greenish tinge and his right eye glows . He moves so fast that Sakasaki can not even see him and he cuts off the top of his foot using Banishing Shift , which he could earlier only use as a counter , not as an attack . Basara attempts to kill Sakasaki but Hasegawa intervenes . She then reveals that she always knew that Ornis has replaced the real Sakasaki . Using her full power , Hasegawa kills Ornis and has Basara take the credit for killing the god . Media ( edit ) Light novels ( edit ) The first light novel volume was published on September 29 , 2012 , under Kadokawa Shoten 's Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko imprint . Twelve volumes have been published as of April 2018 . No . Release date ISBN September 29 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 100495 - 1 January 31 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 100670 - 2 June 1 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 100860 - 7 November 1 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 101061 - 7 5 April 1 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 101297 - 0 6 September 1 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 101433 - 2 7 January 1 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 102268 - 9 8 July 1 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 102576 - 5 9 December 1 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 103747 - 8 10 February 1 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 103748 - 5 11 November 1 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 105173 - 3 12 April 1 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 106815 - 1 Manga ( edit ) See also : List of The Testament of Sister New Devil chapters A manga adaptation with art by Kashiwa Miyako began serialization in Kadokawa Shoten 's shōnen manga magazine Shōnen Ace in the July 2013 issue , released on May 25 , 2013 . A second manga adaptation , titled Shinmai Maō no Testament : Arashi ! ( 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 ・ 嵐 ! ) , focusing on the antics of Maria with art by Fumihiro Kiso , began serialization in Hakusensha 's seinen manga magazine Young Animal Arashi on February 7 , 2014 . Both series have been licensed for publication in North America by Seven Seas Entertainment . Anime ( edit ) See also : List of The Testament of Sister New Devil episodes An anime television adaptation premiered on January 7 , 2015 . The opening theme is `` Blade of Hope '' by sweet ARMS and the ending theme is `` Still Sis '' by Kaori Sadohara . A second season titled The Testament of Sister New Devil BURST premiered on October 9 , 2015 . The anime is licensed in North America by Crunchyroll , with Funimation handling the home video release . Anime Limited will release the series in the UK . See also ( edit ) Aesthetica of a Rogue Hero , another series by the same author References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Testament of Sister New Devil Gets New 60 - Minute OVA '' . Anime News Network . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Demon Girls Again in `` The Testament of Sister New Devil DEPARTURES '' Full Trailer `` . Crunchyroll . December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two Heroines Looking Stunning in ' The Testament of Sister New Devil DEPARTURES ' DVD / Blu - ray Jacket '' . Crunchyroll . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Testament of Sister New Devil Light Novels Get Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Testament of Sister New Devil Anime 's 1st Promo Previews Opening Theme '' . Anime News Network . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Anime 2nd Season ' The Testament of Sister New Devil BURST ' Scheduled for October '' . Crunchyroll . March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Testament of Sister New Devil Gets 2nd Season , New Original Anime BD '' . Anime News Network . March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Demon Girls Again in ' The Testament of Sister New Devil DEPARTURES ' Full Trailer '' . Crunchyroll . December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two Heroines Looking Stunning in `` The Testament of Sister New Devil DEPARTURES '' DVD / Blu - ray Jacket `` . Crunchyroll . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staff & Cast '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Testament of Sister New Devil English Dub Stars Lauren Landa , Chris Hackney '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 I '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 II '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 III '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 IV '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 V '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 VI '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 VII '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 VIII '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 IX '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 X '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 XI '' ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 「 Fate / hollow ataraxia 」 少年 エース で 雌鳥 が コミカライズ '' ( in Japanese ) . Natalie.mu . May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 新 妹 魔王 の 契約 者 」 木曽 フミヒロ が アニマル 嵐 で マンガ 化 ( in Japanese ) . Natalie.mu . February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Seas Adds The Testament of Sister New Devil , My Monster Secret Manga '' . Anime News Network . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Seas Licenses The Testament of Sister New Devil Storm ! Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iori Nomizu , Seiko Yoshida , Others Join The Testament of Sister New Devil Anime Cast '' . Anime News Network . November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchy Roll and Funimation Partner to Expand access to Anime '' . Crunchyroll . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Release Testament of Sister New Devil , Orange Anime on Home Video '' . Anime News Network . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Limited Q4 Titles Listed on Amazon '' . Anime News Network . August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official light novel website ( in Japanese ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) Official manga website ( in Japanese ) The Testament of Sister New Devil : Storm ! at Young Animal Arashi ( in Japanese ) The Testament of Sister New Devil ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia hide Works by Production IMS Television series Inari , Konkon , Koi Iroha ( 2014 ) Date A Live II ( 2014 ) Gonna be the Twin - Tail ! ! ( 2014 ) The Testament of Sister New Devil ( 2015 ) Castle Town Dandelion ( 2015 ) The Testament of Sister New Devil Burst ( 2015 ) Active Raid ( 2016 ) Hundred ( 2016 ) High School Fleet ( 2016 ) Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia ( 2016 ) Takunomi. ( 2018 ) Feature films Heaven 's Lost Property Final : Eternal My Master ( 2014 ) Date A Live Movie : Mayuri Judgement ( 2015 ) Original video animations Inari Konkon : Cicada Chorus ( 2014 ) Date A Live : Encore ( 2014 ) The Testament of Sister New Devil ( 2015 ) The Testament of Sister New Devil Burst ( 2016 ) High School Fleet ( 2017 ) The Testament of Sister New Devil Departures ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Testament_of_Sister_New_Devil&oldid=850058553 '' Categories : Manga series 2013 manga 2014 manga 2015 anime television series Anime OVAs 2012 Japanese novels Anime and manga based on light novels Funimation Hakusensha manga Japanese fantasy novels Kadokawa Shoten manga Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko Kadokawa Dwango franchises Light novels Production IMS Seinen manga Seven Seas Entertainment titles Shōnen manga Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 09 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does the testament of sister new devil burst come out | [
"The Testament of Sister New Devil (Japanese: 新妹魔王の契約者 (テスタメント), Hepburn: Shinmai Maō no Tesutamento) is a Japanese light novel series written by Tetsuto Uesu and illustrated by Nekosuke Ōkuma. Twelve volumes have been published by Kadokawa Shoten since 2012 under their Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko imprint. A manga adaptation has been serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Shōnen Ace magazine since May 2013. A second manga adaptation has been serialized in Hakusensha's Young Animal Arashi magazine since February 2014. The first season of an anime television adaptation premiered on January 7, 2015.[4][5] The first OVA episode was released on June 22, 2015.[6] The second anime television season premiered on October 9, 2015. A second OVA episode was released on January 26, 2016.[7] A third OVA episode was released on March 28, 2018.[1][8][9]\n"
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"March 28, 2018"
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-6672281055646811989 | 9th Ward of New Orleans | 9th Ward of New Orleans - wikipedia 9th Ward of New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search `` Ninth Ward '' redirects here . For other uses , see Ninth Ward ( disambiguation ) . The Ninth Ward or 9th Ward is a distinctive region of New Orleans , Louisiana , which is located in the easternmost downriver portion of the city . It is geographically the largest of the seventeen Wards of New Orleans . On the south , the Ninth Ward is bounded by the Mississippi River . On the western or `` upriver '' side , the Ninth Ward is bounded by ( going from the River north to Lake Pontchartrain ) Franklin Avenue , then Almonaster Avenue , then People 's Avenue . From the north end of People 's Avenue the boundary continues on a straight line north to Lake Pontchartrain ; this line is the boundary between the Ninth and the city 's Eighth Ward . The Lake forms the north and northeastern end of the ward . Saint Bernard Parish is the boundary to the southeast , Lake Borgne farther southeast and east , and the end of Orleans Parish to the east at the Rigolets . While there is substantial overlap , the 9th Ward should not be confused with city planning designation of the ninth planning district of New Orleans . The 9th Ward includes land in planning districts 7 , 8 , 10 , and 11 ( not to be confused with New Orleans East , the 7th , 8th , 10th , and 11th wards . ) ( 1 ) Among the famous natives and residents of the 9th Ward are music legend Fats Domino , Magic , NBA player Eldridge Recasner , NFL Player Marshall Faulk , authors Kalamu ya Salaam and Poppy Z . Brite , actor John Larroquette , trumpeter Kermit Ruffins , and the prominent Batiste musical family . From 2012 to 2016 , the 9th Ward was represented in the Louisiana House of Representatives by Democrat Wesley T. Bishop . When Bishop was elected in 2015 to the Louisiana State Senate , another Democrat , Jimmy Harris , a lawyer and long - term government employee , filled the District 99 state House seat . Monument arch commemorating 9th Warders who served in World War I is in the Bywater neighborhood of the 9th Ward Contents ( hide ) 1 Neighborhoods of the Ninth Ward 1.1 Lower 9th Ward 1.2 Upper 9th Ward 2 History 2.1 Hurricane Katrina 2.2 2015 shooting 3 Education 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Neighborhoods of the Ninth Ward ( edit ) The Ninth Ward can broadly be divided into three sections , from where the ward is divided from north to south by the Industrial Canal , and where the area east of the Industrial Canal is divided east to west by the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway / Mississippi River Gulf Outlet . St. Claude St. Roch Bywater Florida Desire Lower 9th Ward ( edit ) Main article : Lower Ninth Ward The smallest of these pieces is the area south and east of these canals . The portion of the Ninth Ward along the river down - river from the Industrial Canal stretching to the St. Bernard line is called the `` Lower 9th Ward '' or `` Lower Ninth '' . It includes the Holy Cross neighborhood , the twin Doullut Steamboat Houses and the Jackson Barracks . Until Hurricane Katrina , the Lower Ninth Ward had the highest percentage of black home ownership in the city . Upper 9th Ward ( edit ) The area west or `` above '' the Canal has sometimes been called the `` Upper Ninth Ward . '' Such distinctions arose when the Industrial Canal bisected the neighborhood in the 1920s . The portion of the Ninth Ward along the riverfront between Faubourg Marigny and the Industrial Canal is known as Bywater . Further back are the Infamous St. Claude and Florida area and Desire neighborhood . This part of the Ward contained two of the Housing Projects of New Orleans . The Desire neighborhood was home to the notorious Desire Projects , until they were demolished concurrent with HOPE VI policy . Just across Florida Avenue from that are the Florida Projects once stood . Nearby was the Agriculture Street Landfill , an old city dump that was covered over and made into a neighborhood of low - income housing , then became a Superfund toxic cleanup site . History ( edit ) Flooding after Betsy , 1965 The area along the river front was developed first , at the start of the 19th century , followed by the natural high land along Gentilly Ridge . The designation of this area as the `` 9th Ward '' dates from 1852 , when the boundaries of the Wards of New Orleans were redrawn as part of the reorganization of the city from three municipalities into one centralized city government . Along the lakefront were various fishing camps built on piers , the most famous collection being Little Woods . Such camps were common along the lakefront in the 19th and early 20th century , but the collection at Little Woods was the longest lasting concentration , many surviving until Hurricane Georges in 1998 . The area of the 9th Ward on the back side of St. Claude Avenue experienced the city 's most significant and longest standing flooding from the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915 due to a break in the protection levee at Florida Avenue . ( 2 ) The Industrial Canal was dredged through the neighborhood at the start of the 1920s . Most of the area between Gentilly Ridge and Lake Pontchartrain was swamp , not drained and developed until the mid and late 20th century . Lincoln Beach was an amusement park along the lakefront for African - Americans during the era of racial segregation . The nearby `` Pontchartrain Beach '' was the corresponding amusement area for whites . Parts of the 9th Ward flooded during Hurricane Flossy in 1956 , and the Lower 9th Ward experienced catastrophic flooding in Hurricane Betsy in 1965 . Hurricane Katrina ( edit ) Main article : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans 22 December 2005 view inland from the inner ( southern ) of the two major breaches in the lower side of the Industrial Canal levee & flood wall into the Lower 9th Ward , one of the more famous of the multiple levee failures which devastated much of the Ward at the time of Hurricane Katrina The 9th Ward neighborhood was thrust into the nation 's spotlight in the aftermath of 2005 's Hurricane Katrina . Much of the area on both sides of the Industrial Canal experienced catastrophic flooding . The majority of the damage was caused by storm surge . There were multiple severe levee breaks along both the MRGO and the Industrial Canal . Eastern New Orleans was flooded from multiple sources . The most severe was due to multiple breaches in the MRGO to the south . Some heavy waves during the storm topped the lake levee to the north , which may have contributed to the flooding in some places . Lakefront Airport , outside the main protection levees , was heavily damaged by surge from Lake Pontchartrain . Some water also overtopped a section of the Industrial Canal levee . Most of Eastern New Orleans experienced flooding , generally all areas except the Gentilly / Chef Menteur Ridge and Michoud areas . The Upper Ninth was flooded by levee and floodwall failures near the Desire neighborhood , across the Industrial Canal from the junction with the MRGO . Flooding in this part of the ward joined with that of the bulk of the City 's east bank to the west , with water flowing in from the London Avenue Canal breaches . The old high ground of the section of Bywater on the Mississippi River side of St. Claude Avenue was the only substantial neighborhood to escape significant flooding . A few areas on the very highest part of Gentilly Ridge and along the lakefront fill were also above the floodwaters . The Lower Ninth Ward flooded most catastrophically , with storm surge coming through two large breaches in the Industrial Canal flood protection system , creating violent currents that not only flooded buildings , but smashed them and displaced them from their foundations . Floodwaters propelled the barge ING 4727 into the neighborhood on the other side of the levee from the Industrial Canal . During several days of the hurricane aftermath , live television news coverage from reporters and anchors who had little familiarity with New Orleans frequently included misinformation , such as referring to the Lower 9th Ward simply as `` the 9th Ward '' and misidentifying helicopter shots of the Industrial Canal breach as the 17th Street Canal breach ( which was actually at the nearly opposite end of the city . ) The Lower 9th Ward , not yet dry from Katrina , was re-flooded by Hurricane Rita a month later . During Mardi Gras 2006 , the 9th Ward was a popular spot for visitors . The national attention the area received due to the hurricane and the events following the disaster provided Carnival revelers with an additional destination during their celebration . Visitors , however , were not the only ones to venture into the area . Locals flocked to the devastated neighborhoods of the ward as well . Hundreds of people gathered near the Florida housing project in the Ninth Ward on Fat Tuesday . In the quasi-celebratory spirit of a jazz funeral , many residents made their first trip back to take part in a massive block party in their former neighborhood . Blue house on N. Robertson St. , Upper 9th Ward . The door reads , `` We will be back . '' Since Katrina , the 9th Ward has witnessed an uneven resurgence , with the Vietnamese community in New Orleans East establishing themselves as a dining destination and commercial hub , even as Vietnamese and other fishermen further down the Parish are suffering from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of April 20 , 2010 and despite the projected shuttering of NASA 's Michaud facility with the retirement of the current space shuttle fleet . Roads in the 9th Ward continue to improve . Streets neglected for years in the predominantly African - American ward before Katrina have been resurfaced , such as St. Claude Avenue and Poland Avenue , Chartres Street and parts of Desire Street , but numerous smaller neighborhood roads remain a patchwork of potholes and uneven dips and humps . As of January 1 , 2011 , FEMA trailers are rare in the 9th Ward , although some persist . On some streets , a block - by - block resurgence of owner - occupancy has taken place , but on others , particularly north of Galvez and parts of the Lower 9th Ward north of Claiborne Ave. , large swaths of land are vacant fields . Unoccupied , blighted houses are the only structures remaining on some blocks , over a decade after flooding engulfed the region . 2015 shooting ( edit ) A shooting took place at Bunny Friend playground on 22 November 2015 . In conjunction with the unauthorized block party , 17 people were injured , with Joseph `` Moe '' Allen identified as a suspect . Education ( edit ) In the Ward , New Orleans Public Schools , schools of the Recovery School District , and charter public schools operate . Dr. King Charter School ( K - 12 ) is located in the Lower Ninth Ward ; Carver High School is located in the Ninth Ward . Alfred Lawless High School was the only public high school that operated in the Lower 9th until Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 . The previous Holy Cross High School campus was located in the Lower Ninth Ward . In August 2007 students from Carver and Marshall Middle School began studying at temporary trailers on the site of Holy Cross . See also ( edit ) New Orleans portal Wards of New Orleans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NOPD identifies suspect in Bunny Friend Playground shooting that injured 17 people New Orleans - WDSU Home '' . Wdsu.com. 2015 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 17 now confirmed injured in Bunny Friend shooting '' . Wwltv.com. 2015 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect named in playground mass shooting '' . Wwltv.com. 2015 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Stephanie . `` MLK school reopens in Lower 9th . '' Times Picayune . Sunday June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved on August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Waller , Mark . `` L.B. Landry High School in Algiers overcomes early chaos to finish school year smoothly . '' The Times - Picayune . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . `` Green said he arrived from Carver High School in the 9th Ward , ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Maxwell , Lesli A. `` Up From the Ruins . '' Education Week . Published online on September 27 , 2007 . Published in print on October 3 , 2007 as `` Up From the Ruins . '' Retrieved on April 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 9th Ward of New Orleans . 7th , 8th , and Upper 9th Wards travel guide from Wikivoyage Lower 9th Ward travel guide from Wikivoyage New Orleans ' Ninth Ward - slideshow by Life magazine ( hide ) City of New Orleans Orleans Parish New Orleans metropolitan area Louisiana Topics Architecture Culture Demographics Economy Education Flag Geography Healthcare History Timeline Mardi Gras Media Music Neighborhoods Notable people Skyscrapers Sports Streetcars Tourism Government Mayors City Council Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness Police Department Sheriff 's Department Fire Department EMS Public schools Airport RTA Colleges / Universities Delgado Community College Dillard Holy Cross Loyola LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary Notre Dame Seminary SUNO Tulane University UNO Xavier Sports New Orleans Pelicans New Orleans Privateers ( UNO ) New Orleans Saints New Orleans Baby Cakes Tulane Green Wave ( Tulane U ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_Ward_of_New_Orleans&oldid=765399349 '' Categories : Wards of New Orleans Downtown New Orleans Neighborhoods in New Orleans Hidden categories : New Orleans articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2017 , at 05 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the 9th ward in new orleans | [
"The Ninth Ward or 9th Ward is a distinctive region of New Orleans, Louisiana, which is located in the easternmost downriver portion of the city. It is geographically the largest of the seventeen Wards of New Orleans. On the south, the Ninth Ward is bounded by the Mississippi River. On the western or \"upriver\" side, the Ninth Ward is bounded by (going from the River north to Lake Pontchartrain) Franklin Avenue, then Almonaster Avenue, then People's Avenue. From the north end of People's Avenue the boundary continues on a straight line north to Lake Pontchartrain; this line is the boundary between the Ninth and the city's Eighth Ward. The Lake forms the north and northeastern end of the ward. Saint Bernard Parish is the boundary to the southeast, Lake Borgne farther southeast and east, and the end of Orleans Parish to the east at the Rigolets."
] | [
"easternmost downriver portion of the city"
] |
7598850331930825778 | Winnipeg Blue Bombers | Winnipeg Blue Bombers - wikipedia Winnipeg Blue Bombers Jump to : navigation , search Winnipeg Blue Bombers Founded 1930 Based in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Home field Osborne Stadium ( 1935 -- 1952 ) Canad Inns Stadium ( 1953 -- 2012 ) Investors Group Field ( 2013 -- present ) Head coach Mike O'Shea General manager Kyle Walters Owner ( s ) The club is a corporation without share capital . No person or entity owns the team . League Canadian Football League Division West Division Colours Blue , gold Nickname ( s ) Bombers , Blue and Gold , Big Blue , True Blue Mascot ( s ) Buzz and Boomer Grey Cup wins 10 ( 1935 , 1939 , 1941 , 1958 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1984 1988 , 1990 ) Website www.bluebombers.com Current uniform 2017 Winnipeg Blue Bombers season The Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( officially the Winnipeg Football Club ) are a Canadian football team based in Winnipeg , Manitoba . They are currently members of the West Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . They play their home games at Investors Group Field after many years of playing at the since demolished Canad Inns Stadium . The Blue Bombers were founded in 1930 as the Winnipeg Football Club , which remains the organization 's legal name today . Since that time , they have won the league 's Grey Cup championship 10 times , most recently in 1990 . With 10 wins , they have the third - highest win total in the Grey Cup among active and defunct CFL teams . Though they are currently the team with the longest Grey Cup drought ( and in the West Division overall ( although their 1990 win , their most recent , came when they played in the East Division ) ) , no other CFL franchise has as many Grey Cup appearances as the Blue Bombers ' current 25 . The Blue Bombers were the first team not located in Ontario or Quebec to win a championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team facts 2 Team history 2.1 Beginning 2.2 1935 Grey Cup 2.3 Blue Bombers 2.4 Early days of glory 2.5 Jack Jacobs era 2.6 Glory years and Bud Grant saga 2.7 Cal Murphy era 2.8 Reinebold years 2.9 Milt Stegall era 2.10 The Revolving Door era 2.11 O'Shea and new top brass era 3 Current personnel 3.1 Football operation staff 3.2 Roster 4 Management 4.1 Head coaches 4.2 General managers 5 Stadium 6 Players of note 6.1 Canadian Football Hall of Famers 6.2 All - time 75th - Anniversary team 6.3 Team members notable elsewhere 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Team facts ( edit ) Winnipeg Blue Bombers wordmark 2005 -- 2015 Founded : 1930 Formerly known as : Winnipegs 1930 -- 1937 Helmet design : Gold background , with a white `` W '' and blue trim Uniform colours : Blue , gold with white accents Past uniform colours : Green and white 1930 to 1932 Nicknames : Bombers , Blue and Gold , Big Blue Mascots : Buzz and Boomer Fight Song : `` Bombers Victory March '' Credited to T.H Guild & J. Guild Stadium : Osborne Stadium ( 1935 -- 1952 ) , Canad Inns Stadium ( 1953 -- 2012 , known as Winnipeg Stadium prior to 2000 ) , Investors Group Field ( 2013 -- present ) Local radio : 680 CJOB Main rivals : Saskatchewan Roughriders ( see Labour Day Classic and Banjo Bowl ) , Hamilton Tiger - Cats , a team they have played on numerous occasions for the Grey Cup , Toronto Argonauts , BC Lions , and other prairie city teams the Edmonton Eskimos and the Calgary Stampeders . Western Division 1st place : 16 -- 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1939 , 1940 , 1941 , 1947 , 1950 , 1952 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1972 East Division 1st Place : 7 -- 1987 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2001 , 2011 Western Division championships : 13 -- 1936 , 1939 , 1941 , 1947 , 1950 , 1952 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1972 Eastern Division championships : 7 -- 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2007 , 2011 Grey Cup Championships : 10 -- 1935 , 1939 , 1941 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1984 , 1988 , 1990 Division history : Western Football Conference ( 1961 -- 1979 ) , West Division ( 1980 -- 1986 ) , East Division ( 1987 -- 1994 ) , North Division ( 1995 ) , West Division ( 1996 ) , East Division ( 1997 -- 2001 ) , West Division ( 2002 -- 2005 ) , East Division ( 2006 -- 2013 ) , West Division ( 2014 -- present ) 2016 regular season record : 11 wins , 7 losses , 0 ties Team history ( edit ) Beginning ( edit ) The first football team in Winnipeg was formed in 1879 , and was called the Winnipeg Rugby Football Club . On June 10 , 1930 , they amalgamated with all the other teams in the Manitoba Rugby Football Union to create the Winnipeg Winnipegs Rugby Football Club , adopting the colours green and white . The Winnipegs played their first game against St. John 's Rugby Club on June 13 , 1930 , when St. John 's won by a score of 7 -- 3 . In 1932 , the Winnipegs and St. John 's merged into one team and adopted the colours blue and gold . 1935 Grey Cup ( edit ) Western teams had been to the Grey Cup game 10 times since 1909 , but they had always gone home empty - handed . It was clear in those days that the East was much more powerful , outscoring their opponents 236 -- 29 in these games . On December 7 , 1935 , the Bombers got their first shot at winning the 23rd Grey Cup . The game was being held in Hamilton , with the home - town Tigers being their opponents . It was a rainy day at Hamilton Amateur Athletic Association Grounds , with 6,405 fans in attendance . Winnipeg was up 5 -- 0 before many fans had even reached their seats . Hamilton player Jack Craig let the opening kickoff bounce to the turf while a Winnipeg player promptly recovered the ball at the Hamilton 15 - yard line . Winnipeg scored quickly on a Bob Fritz pass to Bud Marquardt to get the early lead . After scoring another touchdown on a Greg Kabat catch in the endzone , Winnipeg went into halftime up 12 -- 4 . Their lead was soon cut to three points in the second half after Hamilton scored a touchdown of their own , helped by a blocked kick that placed the ball on the Winnipeg 15 - yard line . Then , after a Hamilton rouge , Winnipeg 's RB / KR Fritz Hanson caught a punt , and after a few moves and a few missed tackles , was on his way to a 78 - yard touchdown return , making the score 18 -- 10 . Hamilton would force a safety to bring themselves within six points , but failed to crack the endzone , getting as far as the Winnipeg four - yard line . The final score was Winnipeg 18 , Hamilton 12 . With that , Winnipeg had become the first team from Western Canada to win a Grey Cup . Blue Bombers ( edit ) In 1935 , before an exhibition game against North Dakota State ( NDSU ) , Winnipeg Tribune sports writer Vince Leah decided to borrow from Grantland Rice , who labelled Joe Louis as `` The Brown Bomber '' . He called the team the `` Blue Bombers of Western football '' . Up to that point , the team had been called the `` Winnipegs '' . From that day forward , the team has been known as the `` Winnipeg Blue Bombers '' . In that same year , the Blue Bombers , Calgary Bronks , and Regina Roughriders formed the Western Interprovincial Football Union as the highest level of play in Western Canada . Early days of glory ( edit ) From 1936 to 1949 , the Bombers won the right to compete for the Grey Cup in 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , and 1945 . Of these appearances , Winnipeg won only twice , in 1939 over the Ottawa Rough Riders and again in their 1941 rematch . Jack Jacobs era ( edit ) Jack Jacobs , known as Indian Jack , was a Creek quarterback from Oklahoma . He came to the Bombers in 1950 after a successful career in the United States . He led the Bombers to two Grey Cup appearances , losing both . His exciting style of play and extreme talent increased ticket sales and overall awareness and popularity of the club . The revenue the Bombers were getting from their newfound popularity was enough to convince them to move from the small , outdated Osborne Stadium to the new Winnipeg Stadium ( later known as Canad Inns Stadium ) . Jacobs was so well liked , the fans even referred to the new stadium as `` The House that Jack Built '' . Jacobs retired in 1954 to become a talent scout for the team . In 1951 , Jack Jacobs became the first professional football quarterback to throw for over 3,000 yards in a season with 3,248 . That year , he was also the first professional football quarterback to throw for at least 30 touchdowns , with 33 . The next year he bested that mark with 34 . Glory years and Bud Grant saga ( edit ) Bud Grant joined the team in 1953 after a two - year stint with the Philadelphia Eagles , as one of numerous NFL players lured to Canada during the first part of the decade for then - better salaries . After a four - year career as a receiver , then at the time called an offensive end , he accepted the position of head coach of the Bombers in 1957 . Grant went on to coach the team for the next 10 years before becoming the head coach of the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings . In 1956 , Blue Bombers fans named Labatt 's Pilsener Lager , which had a blue label , Labatt Blue , in honour of their team . During Grant 's tenure as head coach , the Bombers welcomed the likes of Ken Ploen , Leo Lewis , Ernie Pitts , and Ed Kotowich to the team . The Bombers competed in six Grey Cup games during Grant 's tenure , winning four ( 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , and 1962 ) . In 1961 , the Bombers won 21 -- 14 over the Hamilton Tiger - Cats in the first Grey Cup game to go into overtime . The Bombers and Ticats met again in the 1962 Grey Cup , with the game being postponed with 9 : 29 left in the fourth quarter due to zero visibility in the famous `` Fog Bowl '' . The game resumed the next morning with the Bombers winning 28 -- 27 . During the second half of the 1960s , the Bombers ' domination gave away to lean years , with four seasons of double digits in the loss column . The team bounced back in the early 1970s with the likes of quarterback Don Jonas , running - back Mack Herron , wide receivers Jim Thorpe , and Bob LaRose . The team finished first in the Western Conference in 1972 , the first time it had done so since 1962 . However , the Bombers came up short in the Western Final against the Saskatchewan Roughriders . In the game , the Bombers squandered a 13 - point , third quarter lead en route to a heartbreaking 27 -- 24 loss , with Saskatchewan kicker Jack Abendschan converting a short field goal attempt on the last play of the game to send the ' Riders to the 1972 Grey Cup against Hamilton . The 1972 season also marks the last time the team has finished first in the West . The team struggled for a few more seasons under coaches Jim Spavital and Bud Riley before Ray Jauch was brought in as head coach before the 1978 season . Under Jauch , the Bombers became one of the stronger teams in the West , but usually behind Jauch 's former team , the powerhouse Edmonton Eskimos coached by Hugh Campbell . In 1981 , wide receiver Eugene Goodlow became the first CFL player to reach the century mark in receptions in a season . Goodlow caught 100 passes for 1,494 yards and 14 touchdowns . That season , the Bombers became one of the first teams to have three receivers with at least 1,000 yards in a season : Goodlow with 1,494 , Joe Poplawski with 1,271 , and Rick House with 1,102 . Cal Murphy era ( edit ) Canad Inns Stadium In 1983 , Cal Murphy was hired to be the new head coach of the Blue Bombers . Almost immediately , Murphy set the tone for his career with the Bombers by trading popular QB Dieter Brock at midseason ( because of Brock 's desire to play in the USFL ) to Hamilton in exchange for QB Tom Clements . Trading Brock turned out to be a wise decision , with Clements leading the Bombers to crushing victory in the 1984 Grey Cup , coincidentally over the Brock - led Tiger - Cats . This was Winnipeg 's first Grey Cup in 22 years , and also their most recent win and appearance in the championship game as the Western representative . Murphy was named coach of the year in both 1983 and 1984 . In 1987 , Murphy stepped down as head coach to become the team general manager , with assistant coach Mike Riley ( son of former Winnipeg coach Bud Riley ) taking over head - coaching duties . Then , just prior to the start of the 1987 season , the Montreal Alouettes folded . With the East Division suddenly down to three teams compared to five in the West , the league moved the Blue Bombers to the East to balance the divisions . Under Riley , the Blue Bombers quickly made an impact in the East , winning Grey Cups over their former division rivals B.C. and Edmonton in 1988 and 1990 respectively and garnering Riley the coach of the year award both championship seasons . After Riley left , Darryl Rogers and Urban Bowman each led the team for a season until 1993 , when Murphy took over head - coaching duties again . Murphy went on to lead the team to a total of five Grey Cup appearances , winning , as a coach in 1984 , and as a GM , in 1988 and 1990 . He left the club after the 1996 season , having spent 14 years with the team . Later , he would coach the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1999 . Winnipeg would play a total of eight consecutive seasons in the East before moving to the newly created North Division in 1995 during the CFL 's expansion to the United States . With the end of the CFL 's American experiment a year later , and the re-establishment of the Alouettes , the Blue Bombers would return to the re-constituted West Division . This arrangement would also last only one season , as Winnipeg returned to the East again for the 1997 season after the Ottawa Rough Riders ceased operations . Reinebold years ( edit ) In November 1996 , Cal Murphy left the Blue Bombers ' organization after 14 years . This was partly due to a 68 -- 7 playoff thumping by the Edmonton Eskimos , and partly because the team had not had a winning record the previous two years , winning only seven games in 1995 , and nine in 1996 . Jeff Reinebold was hired to replace Murphy as the team coach , and despite a huge amount of hype , and championship promises going into the 1997 season , he proved to be one of the least successful head coaches in team history . The Bombers won four games in 1997 , and just three in 1998 . The few notable highlights from that era include : Milt Stegall became an all - star in 1997 , his first full year with the team , and scored what seemed like at least one long touchdown in every game . A 43 -- 12 drubbing of the eventual Western Division champion Saskatchewan Roughriders in the 1997 Labour Day Classic In a dramatic win over the Roughriders at home in 1998 , forgotten backup QB Troy Kopp led the second - half over-20 - point comeback . This was the `` Guaranteed Win day '' that the club had been promoting all week , as well as the first win of the season , in week 11 . The few memorable players on the team during that time included linebacker K.D. Williams , safety Tom Europe , running back / returner Eric Blount , and Milt Stegall . Milt Stegall era ( edit ) Milt Stegall joined the Bombers in 1995 after a three - year career returning kicks and seeing spot duty at receiver with the Cincinnati Bengals . He played in the Bombers ' final six games of the 1995 season , racking up 469 receiving yards . In 1997 , Stegall set a new league record that still stands today for average gain per reception with 26.5 yards on 61 catches for 1616 yards , including 14 touchdowns . Following a brief return to the NFL , that saw him on the verge of making the New Orleans Saints if not for a serious knee injury at the end of training camp , Stegall remained the team 's primary receiver . In 1999 , the Bombers acquired Khari Jones from the BC Lions . Together , Stegall and Jones brought the Bombers back to prominence , with Jones being the CFL 's most outstanding player in 2001 , and Stegall getting the honour in 2002 . During the 2006 Grey Cup , Khari Jones and Milt Stegall were voted and honored as the best QB / WR combo in CFL history . Charles Roberts joined them in 2001 , a year which the Bombers went to the Grey Cup , which they eventually lost to the Calgary Stampeders . The following season , Winnipeg returned to the West Division following the establishment of the Ottawa Renegades . The team was a powerhouse during this period , being one of the best teams in the league from 2001 until 2003 . Midway through the 2004 season , Jones was traded to the Calgary Stampeders , with backup QB Kevin Glenn taking over the starting duties . Glenn led the team to two mediocre seasons after the trade . Prior to the 2006 season , the Renegades suspended operations and Winnipeg once again returned to the East Division . With the offensive core of Stegall and Roberts still intact , Glenn led the Bombers back to respectability in 2006 . The season included many highlights , but none as exciting at what is simply known as `` The Play '' . On July 20 , 2006 , trailing the Edmonton Eskimos on the road 22 -- 19 , and facing third and long on their own 10 yardline with 4 sec left in the game , Milt Stegall caught a 100 - yard TD pass from Kevin Glenn as time expired to win the game 25 -- 22 . It is considered by many as the greatest play in CFL history . Aided by the `` miracle '' catch , the Bombers ended up making their first playoff appearance in two years . Despite losing in the first round , optimism going into the 2007 was higher than ever . The 2007 CFL season was in some ways the year of Milt Stegall : he broke the career CFL touchdown record and fell just short of overtaking the career receiving yards record held by Allen Pitts . The 2007 season would likely be Stegall 's last , as he was 37 years old and had been contemplating retirement for the previous two seasons . The 2007 Grey Cup game was played between the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and the Saskatchewan Roughriders , the first time the two prairie teams met for the championship . Winnipeg was defeated by the Saskatchewan Roughriders 23 -- 19 in the Rogers Centre in Toronto . During the East division final win over the Toronto Argonauts , quarterback Kevin Glenn broke his arm and Winnipeg was left with an inexperienced rookie to take his place for the championship game . Back - up quarterback Ryan Dinwiddie -- in his first CFL start -- did not fare well and threw one touchdown pass , fumbled once and threw three interceptions to Saskatchewan cornerback James Johnson . Johnson was later declared the game MVP . One of the picks was shown in the instant replay to have hit the ground before it was caught . Despite his rookie mistakes , Dinwiddie showed promise going into the 2008 season . He was released prior to the 2009 season . It was announced on January 31 , 2008 that Milt Stegall would be returning for one more year for the 2008 season . He signed a one - year contract for $200,000 on the basis of the fact his wife wanted to have their next child in Winnipeg , and the fact that they were in line to be a contender for the Grey Cup . He took a $50,000 pay cut , and started the season 159 yards away from breaking Allen Pitts ' all - time receiving yards record . Other returning players who were free agents going into the 2008 season , including star DE Tom Canada , OL 's Dan Goodspeed , and Matt Sheridan , signed for less money from the Bombers than other teams were prepared to pay them , in hopes of a Grey Cup run in ' 08 . Tom Canada , in particular , reportedly turned down a much higher contract offer from the Montreal Alouettes , to come back to Winnipeg . The Bombers made a surprise trade when they sent all - star running back Charles Roberts to B.C. for Joe Smith on September 2 , 2008 . Then on September 8 , 2008 , they traded all - star DE Tom Canada to Hamilton for Zeke Moreno . But on September 9 , 2008 , the trade was cancelled because Canada was injured and could not play for at least 10 weeks . So , since they could not trade Canada , they sent over Corey Mace and a first - round pick for Moreno . Following the 2008 season in which the Bombers were defeated in the division semifinals , Doug Berry ( the head coach ) was fired . Mike Kelly was chosen to replace him . At the end of the Cal Murphy era , Mike Kelly was the offensive coordinator and was passed over for the top job in favour of Jeff Reinebold . With Milt Stegall 's early - season knee surgery and drop in production , it was once again speculated that Milt Stegall would retire . The departure of Brendan Taman on January 13 , 2009 , was another sign that this era was coming to an end and a new one was beginning . On February 18 , 2009 , Milt Stegall did retire from the CFL which formally ended the Milt Stegall era . The revolving door era ( edit ) The return of Mike Kelly opened a new Cal Murphy era , and the board hoped to bring back Murphy 's success . However , Kelly was fired by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers Board of Directors on December 17 , 2009 , after one year of employment . Paul LaPolice was introduced as the 28th head coach in Blue Bombers history on February 5 , 2010 . The new coach emphasized the idea of `` team '' and playing for the uniform . He also made it a point to talk about fixing problems rather than making excuses . The new paradigm was tested in the 2010 season in which the team finished 4 -- 14 and missed the playoffs for the second straight year . Nine of those games were lost by four points or fewer , while 10 were lost by a touchdown or less . The 2011 season featured an almost completely unchanged team ( save for a few losses to the NFL and a few gains from the draft ) . The Blue Bombers reversed their standings from last place in the east in 2010 to finishing in first place in the East division with a 10 -- 8 record . The team success hinged on a league - leading defence dubbed Swaggerville , which led them to their first division title in 10 years . The team advanced to the 99th Grey Cup after defeating Hamilton in the Eastern Final . However , they lost to the favoured BC Lions by a score of 34 -- 23 . On August 9 , 2013 , the Winnipeg Blue Bombers announced that CEO Garth Buchko stepped down and General Manager Joe Mack was fired . The CFL returned to Ottawa in 2014 with the establishment of the Redblacks . Initially , the league planned to keep Winnipeg in the East , at least for the short term , due in part to the ongoing competitive dominance of the West . Despite this , Blue Bombers management lobbied heavily to return to the West Division immediately ( for historical reasons ) , and eventually the league relented . The Blue Bombers finished last place in their first season back in the West , with a 7 -- 11 record . O'Shea and new top brass era ( edit ) After being named the acting CEO in August 2013 Wade Miller was announced as the CEO and President of the Club on November 12 , 2013 . The shake up of the top brass in 2013 also led to Kyle Walters having to take over the acting GM duties , which were made officially his on November 26 , 2013 when he was named the General Manager . On December 4 , 2013 , Mike O'Shea was hired by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers to become the team 's 30th Head Coach in team history . Current personnel ( edit ) Football operation staff ( edit ) Winnipeg Blue Bombers Staff Front Office Owner -- Community owned ( non-profit corporation owned by members ) Chairperson of the Board of Governors -- Brock Bulbuck President / CEO -- Wade Miller General Manager of Football Operations -- Kyle Walters Assistant General Manager / Director of U.S. Scouting -- Danny McManus Assistant General Manager / Director of Player Personnel -- Ted Goveia National Scout -- Craig Smith Director of Football Operations -- Dave Siddall Head Equipment Manager -- Brad Fotty Assistant Equipment Manager -- Kevin Todd Assistant Equipment Manager -- Jared Cronk Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike O'Shea Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Receivers -- Paul LaPolice Quarterbacks -- Buck Pierce Running Backs -- Kevin Bourgoin Offensive Line -- Marty Costello Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Richie Hall Defensive Line & Linebackers -- Glen Young Defensive Backs -- Jordan Younger Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Paul Boudreau → Coaching Staff → More CFL staffs Roster ( edit ) Winnipeg Blue Bombers roster view talk Quarterbacks 6 Dominique Davis 4 Darian Durant 13 Dan LeFevour 12 Philip Nelson 15 Matt Nichols 18 Josh Straughan Running Backs 35 Zach Bauman 20 Tim Flanders 33 Andrew Harris 24 Mike Miller FB 37 Christophe Normand FB 32 John Rush FB Receivers 1 Darvin Adams 88 Garry Brown 2 Matt Coates 89 Clarence Denmark 7 Weston Dressler 83 Julian Feoli - Gudino 81 Chris Givens 84 Ryan Lankford 70 Brendon Thera - Plamondon 5 L'Damian Washington 80 Drew Wolitarsky Offensive Linemen 60 Travis Bond 66 Stanley Bryant 69 Sukh Chungh 59 Michael Couture 57 Manase Foketi 61 Matthias Goossen C 51 Jermarcus Hardrick 53 Patrick Neufeld 67 Cody Speller 64 Qadr Spooner Defensive Linemen -- Daniel Awoleke DT 90 Chris Casher DE 43 Trent Corney DE 56 Faith Ekakitie DT 94 Jackson Jeffcoat DE 67 Cory Johnson DT 91 Ian Marouf DL 99 Sam Montgomery DE 92 Drake Nevis DT 54 Tristan Okpalaugo DE 95 Jake Thomas DT 55 Jamaal Westerman DL Linebackers 34 Jesse Briggs 44 Shayne Gauthier 10 Samuel Hurl 50 Kyle Knox 52 Thomas Miles 40 Frank Renaud 45 Jovan Santos - Knox 38 Ian Wild Defensive Backs 21 Brandon Alexander -- Zavian Bingham 25 Kahlen Branning 30 Sam Brown 26 Abubakarr Conteh 3 Kevin Fogg 23 T.J. Heath -- Travis Howard 0 Derek Jones 31 Maurice Leggett 16 Taylor Loffler -- Eric Patterson 27 Robert Porter 8 Chris Randle 22 Brian Walker Special Teams 9 Justin Medlock K 46 Chad Rempel LS Injured List 6 - Game Injured List Practice Roster Suspended Italics indicate International players Roster updated 2018 - 01 - 23 Depth Chart Transactions 69 Roster → More rosters Management ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Fred Ritter ( 1924 -- 1929 ) Jack Millidge ( 1930 ) Pete Barnes ( 1931 ) Carl Cronin ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Greg Kabat ( 1934 ) Bob Fritz ( 1935 -- 1937 ) Reg Threlfall ( 1938 -- 1944 ) Bert Warwick ( 1945 ) Jack West ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Frank Larson ( 1949 -- 1950 ) George Trafton ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Allie Sherman ( 1954 -- 1956 ) Bud Grant ( 1957 -- 1966 ) Joe Zaleski ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Jim Spavital ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Bud Riley ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Ray Jauch ( 1978 -- 1982 ) Cal Murphy ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Mike Riley ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Darryl Rogers ( 1991 ) Urban Bowman ( 1992 ) Cal Murphy ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Jeff Reinebold ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Dave Ritchie ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Jim Daley ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Doug Berry ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Mike Kelly ( 2009 ) Paul LaPolice ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tim Burke ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Mike O'Shea ( 2014 -- Present ) General managers ( edit ) Joe Ryan ( 1931 -- 1944 ) Lou Adelman ( 1945 ) Gord Bieber ( 1946 -- 1947 ) Bill Boivin ( 1955 -- 1957 ) Jim Ausley ( 1958 -- 1964 ) Bud Grant ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Joe Zaleski ( 1967 ) Earl Lunsford ( 1968 -- 1982 ) Cal Murphy ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Jeff Reinebold ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Ken Bishop ( 1999 ) Lyle Bauer ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Dave Ritchie ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Brendan Taman ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Mike Kelly ( 2009 ) Joe Mack ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Kyle Walters ( 2013 -- present ) Stadium ( edit ) During the Blue Bombers ' early years , the team played at Osborne Stadium , a small stadium near the Manitoba Legislative Buildings . The fast , passing - dominated play of Bombers quarterback Jack Jacobs dramatically increased attendance at games and precipitated the need for a new , larger stadium . Winnipeg Stadium was built in the West End of the city near Polo Park , and the Blue Bombers began play there in 1953 . The stadium had significant changes over the years , including a renaming to Canad Inns Stadium . Over the years , various plans were proposed to relocate the stadium . In 2008 , a plan was proposed to build a new stadium at the University of Manitoba , with both private and public funding . On April 2 , 2009 , David Asper ( a media mogul located out of Winnipeg associated with Canwest and Creswin Properties ) inked a deal with all levels of governments to build a new 33,422 - seat ( expandable to 45,000 ) stadium at the University of Manitoba in southwest Winnipeg . This would serve as the home for the Blue Bombers , as well as the U of M Bisons . The deal included refurbishing the existing Bison Stadium for practice and training , as well as upgrading , expanding , and building new sports and fitness facilities . This project , once completed , would be the premiere sports training facility in Canada . The project would have received on - going funding from a retail development that Asper planned to build on the former CanadInns stadium site . As part of the deal , Creswin properties would take over ownership of the team in 2010 . The new stadium and facilities would have been completed for the 2012 CFL season , with the retail development finished in 2013 . On December 13 , 2013 , it was reported that Asper and Creswin Properties would no longer be included in the stadium project , which would continue with funding from the City of Winnipeg , Province of Manitoba , and Winnipeg Blue Bombers . On May 2 , 2012 , the Blue Bombers announced that because of constructions delays , the stadium would not be ready until September , thus forcing the team to play four or five home games at Canad Inns Stadium to start the season . In June 2012 , it was announced that the stadium would not open until the 2013 season . The Blue Bombers played their first home game at Investors Group Field on June 27 , 2013 , losing 38 -- 33 to the Montreal Alouettes . Canad Inns Stadium Canad Inns Stadium Blue Bombers game at Canad Inns Stadium with temporary seating set up in the endzone for the 2006 Grey Cup Panoramic view of Investors Group Field Players of note ( edit ) Canadian Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Paul Bennett -- inducted as a player in 2002 John Bonk -- inducted as a player in 2008 Ralph `` Dieter '' Brock -- inducted as a player in 1995 Less Browne -- inducted as a player in 2002 Tom `` Citation '' Casey -- inducted as a player in 1964 Arthur Chipman -- inducted as a builder in 1969 Tom Clements -- inducted as a player in 1994 Carl Cronin -- inducted as a player in 1967 Andrew Currie -- inducted as a builder in 1974 Matt Dunigan -- inducted as a player in 2006 Bill Frank -- inducted as a player in 2001 Harry Peter `` Bud '' Grant -- inducted as a builder in 1983 Tommy Grant -- inducted as a player in 1995 G. Sydney Halter -- inducted as a builder in 1966 Frank Hannibal -- inducted as a builder in 1963 Fritz Hanson -- inducted as a player in 1963 John Helton -- inducted as a player in 1985 Dick Huffman -- inducted as a player in 1987 W.P. `` Billy '' Hughes -- inducted as a builder in 1974 Jack Jacobs -- inducted as a player in 1963 Eddie James -- inducted as a player in 1963 Gerry James -- inducted as a player in 1981 Greg Kabat -- inducted as a player in 1996 Les Lear -- inducted as a player in 1974 Leo `` Lincoln Locomotive '' Lewis -- inducted as a player in 1973 Earl Lunsford -- inducted as a player in 1983 Chester `` Ches '' McCance -- inducted as a player in 1976 Cal Murphy -- inducted as a builder in 2004 James Murphy -- inducted as a player in 2000 Ken Ploen -- inducted as a player in 1975 Joe Poplawski -- inducted as a player in 1998 Russ `` The Wisconsin Wraith '' Rebholz -- inducted as a player in 1963 Frank Rigney -- inducted as a player in 1984 Joseph B. Ryan -- inducted as a builder in 1968 Karl Slocomb -- inducted as a builder in 1989 Art Stevenson -- inducted as a player in 1969 Robert Porter `` Buddy '' Tinsley -- inducted as a player in 1982 Chris Walby -- inducted as a player in 2003 Bert Warwick -- inducted as a builder in 1964 All - time 75th - Anniversary team ( edit ) Greg Battle Ralph `` Dieter '' Brock Tom Clements Herb Gray Bob Cameron Tom Casey Fritz Hanson Rick House Jack Jacobs Gerry James Trevor Kennerd Leo Lewis James Murphy Ken Ploen Frank Rigney Charles Roberts Joe Poplawski Willard Reaves Milt Stegall Chris Walby Team members notable elsewhere ( edit ) Ed Schultz , talk show host Ben Hatskin , Winnipeg Jets owner ; World Hockey Association chairman Tommy Europe , The Last 10 Pounds Bootcamp host Michael Coulson , appeared on American Gladiators See also ( edit ) List of fan - owned sports teams Canadian Football Hall of Fame Canadian football Comparison of Canadian and American football List of Canadian Football League seasons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blue Bombers update logo and helmet design in advance of 2012 season '' . Winnipeg Blue Bombers. April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Blue Bombers Club Profile & History '' ( PDF ) . 2017 CFL Guide & Record Book . Canadian Football League . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2009 Canadian Football League Facts , Figures & Records , Canadian Football League Properties / Publications , Toronto , Ontario , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9739425 - 4 - 5 , p. 282 - 283 Jump up ^ Grey Cup 1935 `` 1935 Grey Cup '' Check url = value ( help ) . CFL . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labatt Blue '' . Labatt Brewing Company . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Labatt renews long - standings relationship with Blue Bombers '' . Labatt Brewing Company . 2007 - 05 - 24 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taman resigns player personal post with Blue Bombers '' . TSN . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blue go from reverse to first '' . Winnipeg Free Press . November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swaggerville reincarnate '' . Winnipeg Free Press . September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bombers axe GM Joe Mack , CEO Buchko resigns '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bombers name Wade Miller president , CEO '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Walters named Blue Bombers ' GM '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mike O'Shea hired as Blue Bombers head coach '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of the new Bomber Stadium '' . Blue and Gold . Jump up ^ `` Bombers accelerate stadium plan '' . CFL . March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asper out of $190 M stadium deal '' . Winnipeg Free Press . 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` First game in new stadium could be as early as Sept. 9 : Bombers '' . Winnipeg Free Press . 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bombers to play entire season at Canad Inns Stadium '' . Winnipeg Free Press . June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bombers late to the party '' . Winnipeg Free Press . 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bob Irving ( edited by ) . Blue & Gold : 75 Years of Blue Bomber Glory , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 894283 - 59 - 7 Official statistics of the WIFU , CFC and CFL , 1950 to 2007 CFL Facts , Figures and Records 1985 to 2007 Winnipeg Blue Bomber Media Guides 2006 and 2007 External links ( edit ) Official website CJOB Radio Live broadcasts of all Blue Bomber games MorningBigBlue.com Unofficial Winnipeg Blue Bomber Fan Community OurBombers.com Unofficial Winnipeg Blue Bomber fansite Blue Bombers History and Time Line Winnipeg Blue Bombers Founded in 1930 Based in Winnipeg , Manitoba Franchise Franchise Records Players Seasons Head coaches Stadiums Osborne Stadium Canad Inns Stadium Investors Group Field Culture Buzz and Boomer Labatt Blue Lore Labour Day Classic Banjo Bowl Swaggerville First team from Western Canada to win the Grey Cup Important figures Paul Bennett Ralph `` Dieter '' Brock Less Browne Tom `` Citation '' Casey Tom Clements Carl Cronin Andrew Currie Matt Dunigan Bill Frank Harry Peter `` Bud '' Grant Tommy Grant G. Sydney Halter Frank Hannibal Fritz Hanson John Helton Dick Huffman W.P. Billy Hughes Jack Jacobs Eddie James Gerry James Greg Kabat Les Lear Leo `` Lincoln Locomotive '' Lewis Earl Lunsford Chester `` Ches '' McCance Cal Murphy James Murphy Ken Ploen Joe Poplawski Russ `` The Wisconsin Wraith '' Reholz Frank Rigney Joseph Ryan Karl Slocomb Milt Stegall Art Stevenson Robert Porter `` Buddy '' Tinsley Troy Westwood Chris Walby Bert Warwick Key personnel CEO : Wade Miller General Manager : Kyle Walters Head Coach : Mike O'Shea Grey Cup Championships ( 10 ) 1935 1939 1941 1958 1959 1961 1962 1984 1988 1990 Western Division Championships ( 16 ) 1935 1937 1938 1939 1937 1945 1946 1947 1950 1953 1957 1958 1959 1961 1962 1965 1984 Eastern Division Championships ( 7 ) 1988 1990 1992 1993 2001 2007 2011 Current league affiliations League : Canadian Football League Division : West Division Links to related articles Winnipeg Blue Bombers seasons 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 2001 2017 Bold indicates Grey Cup victory . Blue Bombers Grey Cup Championships Winnipeg ' Pegs 23rd Grey Cup champions President : F.J. Hannibal ( President ) Manager : Joe Ryan Playing - Head Coach : # 19 Bob Fritz # 5 Marsden `` Slush '' Harris # 10 Melvin `` Fritz '' Hanson # 44 Lou Mogul # 1 Lou Adelman # 13 Herb Peschel # 29 Percy Daigle # 18 Alex Grant # 15 Eddie `` Dynamite '' James # 42 Eddie Kushner # 58 Jeff Nicklin # 66 Russ Rebholz ( Playing - Assistant Coach ) # 21 Greg Kabat ( Playing - Assistant Coach ) # 11 Herb Mobberley , # 34 Arnie Coulter # 7 Johnny Patrick # 16 Bert Oja # 47 Cliff Roseborough # 27 Eric Law # 25 Dave Harding # 36 Bill Ceretti # 39 Joe Perpich # 3 Tubber Kobrisky # 24 Bud Marguard Winnipeg Blue Bombers 27th Grey Cup champions 16 Jack Manners 19 Frank Mulvey 20 Bill Boivin 32 Martin Gainor 33 Wayne Sheley 34 Greg Kabat 35 Carl Krisko 36 Bill Ceretti 37 Mel Wilson 39 Bert Iannone 40 Fritz Hanson 41 Herb Mobberley 42 Eddie Kushner 43 Herb Peschel 44 Lou Mogul 47 Cliff Roseborough 52 Art Stevenson 53 Andy Bieber 54 Bud Marquardt 55 Alan Haycock 56 Harry Badger 57 Bill Nairn 58 Jeff Nicklin 60 Chester McCance 63 Johnny Lake 64 Hal Davidson 65 Martin Platz 66 Les Lear 67 Benny Hatskin Head coach : Reg Threlfall Winnipeg Blue Bombers 29th Grey Cup champions 2 Nate Shore 4 Jim Lindsay 11 Ken Draper 14 Lou Mogul 15 Bernie Thornton 16 Jack Manners 18 Art Kolisnyk 19 Frank Mulvey 20 Bill Boivin 24 Mel Wilson 26 Cliff McFayden 28 Wilf Daniels 33 Wayne Sheley 34 Wally Chikowski 36 Bill Ceretti 37 Cec Ludwig 39 Jimmy Lander 40 Fritz Hanson 43 Herb Peschel 44 Ken Preston 47 Cliff Roseborough 52 Art Stevenson 53 Andy Bieber 54 Bud Marquardt 60 Chester McCance 63 Johnny Lake 66 Les Lear 67 Benny Hatskin Head coach : Reg Threlfall Assistant coaches : Bert Warwick Winnipeg Blue Bombers 46th Grey Cup champions 11 Ken Ploen 14 Rick Potter 15 John Varone 17 Ron Latourelle 18 Jim Van Pelt 21 Charlie Shepard 23 Willard Dewveall 24 Nick Miller 27 Gordon Rowland 28 Gerry James 29 Leo Lewis 43 George Druxman 44 Garland Warren 47 Walt Bilicki 52 David Burkholder 53 Herb Gray 56 Ed Kotowich 58 Cornel Piper 62 Roger Savoie 63 Steve Patrick 64 Buddy Tinsley 65 Bob Hobert 67 Frank Rigney 70 Norm Rauhaus 74 Frank Gilliam 73 Cec Luining 77 Ernie Pitts 78 Ron Meadmore 88 Barry Roseborough 90 Tony Kehrer 95 Gene Wlasiuk Head coach : Bud Grant Assistant coaches : Wayne Robinson Joe Zaleski Winnipeg Blue Bombers 47th Grey Cup champions 11 Ken Ploen 12 Henry Janzen 14 Rick Potter 17 Ron Latourelle 18 Jim Van Pelt 19 Keith Webster 21 Charlie Shepard 22 Carver Shannon 23 Jack Delveaux 24 Nick Miller 27 Gordon Rowland 28 Gerry James 29 Leo Lewis 43 George Druxman 44 Garland Warren 45 Burr Davis 47 Walt Bilicki 48 Jack Bruzell 52 David Burkholder 53 Herb Gray 54 Ken Bochen 56 Ed Kotowich 58 Cornel Piper 61 Fred Cole 62 Roger Savoie 63 Steve Patrick 78 Ron Meadmore Head coach : Bud Grant Assistant coaches : John Michels Joe Zaleski Winnipeg Blue Bombers 49th Grey Cup champions 10 Dick Thornton 11 Ken Ploen 12 Hal Ledyard 14 Rick Potter 21 Charlie Shepard 22 Carver Shannon 23 Jack Delveaux 24 Nick Miller 25 Ray Jauch 26 Baz Nagle 27 Gordon Rowland 28 Gerry James 29 Leo Lewis 31 Ron Latourelle 32 Henry Janzen 35 Roger Hagberg 43 George Druxman 44 Garland Warren 48 Jack Bruzell 52 David Burkholder 53 Herb Gray 54 Rod Humenuik 56 Ed Kotowich 58 Ray Ash 61 Roger Hamelin 62 Roger Savoie 63 Steve Patrick 64 Cornel Piper 65 Michael Wright 67 Frank Rigney 70 Norm Rauhaus 71 Farrell Funston 73 Cec Luining 77 Ernie Pitts 78 Ron Meadmore Head coach : Bud Grant Assistant coaches : John Michels Joe Zaleski Winnipeg Blue Bombers 50th Grey Cup champions 11 Ken Ploen 12 Hal Ledyard 14 Dick Thornton 21 Charlie Shepard 22 Joe Williams 23 Jack Delveaux 24 Nick Miller 26 Rick Potter 27 Gordon Rowland 28 Gerry James 29 Leo Lewis 31 Ron Latourelle 32 Henry Janzen 35 Roger Hagberg 43 George Druxman 44 Garland Warren 48 Jack Bruzell 52 David Burkholder 53 Herb Gray 54 Rod Humenuik 55 Sherwyn Thorson 58 Ray Ash 61 Roger Hamelin 62 Roger Savoie 63 Steve Patrick 64 Cornel Piper 65 Neil Thomas 67 Frank Rigney 70 Norm Rauhaus 71 Farrell Funston 73 Cec Luining 77 Ernie Pitts 79 Bill Whisler Head coach : Bud Grant Assistant coaches : John Michels Joe Zaleski Winnipeg Blue Bombers 72nd Grey Cup champions 2 Tom Clements 3 Trevor Kennerd 6 Bob Cameron 8 Norman Gibbs 12 John Hufnagel 14 Scott Flagel 21 James Murphy 24 Ken Hailey 26 Kevin Neiles 26 Donovan Rose 29 Jerome Erdman 30 Dan Huclack 31 Rick House 33 Pat Cantner 35 Tyrone Jones 36 David Shaw 37 Frank Robinson 38 Willard Reaves 39 Sean Kehoe 43 John Bonk 50 Mark Moors 52 Aaron Brown 54 Vernon Pahl 55 Tony Norman 58 Guy Boliaux 59 Lyle Bauer 62 Richard Nemeth 63 Chris Walby 64 Doug MacIver 65 Nick Bastaja 66 Paul Palma 66 Pieter Vanden Bos 68 Val Belcher 70 Jeff Boyd 71 Joe Poplawski 72 Delbert Fowler 75 Stan Mikawos 76 Darrell Patterson 78 Brent Racette Head coach : Cal Murphy Assistant coaches : Art Asselta Fred Glick John Gregory Mike Riley Bob Vespaziani Winnipeg Blue Bombers 76th Grey Cup champions 2 Lee Saltz 3 Trevor Kennerd 5 Tim Jessie 6 Bob Cameron 7 Tom Muecke 8 Ken Pettway 10 Rod Hill 12 Sean Salisbury 20 James Jefferson 21 James Murphy 22 Perry Tuttle 23 Tony Johns 24 Ken Hailey 26 Ken Winey 29 Paul Clatney 30 Darryl Sampson 31 Terry Cochrane 32 Buster Rhymes 33 Michael Allen 34 Greg Battle 35 Dan Wicklum 39 Darren Yewchyn 39 Walter Bender 44 Leon Hatziioannou 51 David Black 52 Mike Gray 53 Aaron Brown 57 Mark Seale 58 James West 59 Lyle Bauer 63 Chris Walby 64 Bob Molle 65 Nick Bastaja 70 Paul Shorten 72 Delbert Fowler 73 Randy Fabi 74 Vernon Pahl 76 Romel Andrews 77 Stan Mikawos 79 Willie Fears 80 Jeff Smith -- Steve Rodehutskors Head coach : Mike Riley Assistant coaches : Gene Gaines Urban Bowman Bob Padilla Bruce Lemmerman Scott Shuhmann Winnipeg Blue Bombers 78th Grey Cup champions 3 Trevor Kennerd 5 Tim Jessie 6 Bob Cameron 7 Burtland Cummings 8 Ken Pettway 9 Sammy Garza 10 Rod Hill 11 Tom Muecke 13 Tom Burgess 14 Danny McManus 15 Less Browne 16 Terry Cochrane 20 Steve Zatylny 21 James Murphy 22 Perry Tuttle 24 Ken Hailey 26 Ken Winey 27 Robert Mimbs 29 Dave Bovell 30 Darryl Sampson 32 Matt Pearce 33 Michael Allen 34 Greg Battle 35 Tyrone Jones 36 Paul Randolph 37 Warren Hudson 39 Rick House 43 Quency Williams 44 Leon Hatziioannou 51 David Black 52 Mike Gray 57 Steve Rodehutskors 58 James West 59 Lyle Bauer 63 Chris Walby 64 Bob Molle 68 Nick Benjamin 69 Scott Redl 71 Lee Hull 76 Quentin Riggins 77 Stan Mikawos 79 Rob Crifo 80 Eric Streater 99 Jeff Croonen Head coach : Mike Riley Assistant coaches Gene Gaines Jim Gilstrap Cal Murphy Bob Padilla Dave Ritchie Ron Simonson Canadian Football League Teams West division BC Lions Calgary Stampeders Edmonton Eskimos Saskatchewan Roughriders Winnipeg Blue Bombers East division Hamilton Tiger - Cats Montreal Alouettes Ottawa Redblacks Toronto Argonauts Defunct Canada Ottawa Rough Riders Ottawa Renegades Atlantic Schooners ( never played ) CFL USA Baltimore Stallions Birmingham Barracudas Las Vegas Posse 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-3923016718375085053 | Christmas tree | Christmas tree - Wikipedia Christmas tree Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Christmas tree ( disambiguation ) . Glade jul by Viggo Johansen ( 1891 ) A young woman decorates the Christmas tree , painting by Marcel Rieder ( 1862 -- 1942 ) from 1898 Christmas tree in Bethlehem , behind it Church of the Nativity , 2014 A Christmas tree is a decorated tree , usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce , pine , or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance , associated with the celebration of Christmas . The modern Christmas tree was developed in medieval Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) and early modern Germany , where Protestant Germans brought decorated trees into their homes . It acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany and the Baltic countries during the second half of the 19th century , at first among the upper classes . The tree was traditionally decorated with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , ( and ) sweetmeats '' . In the 18th century , it began to be illuminated by candles , which were ultimately replaced by Christmas lights after the advent of electrification . Today , there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments , such as garlands , baubles , tinsel , and candy canes . An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the Angel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity . Edible items such as gingerbread , chocolate and other sweets are also popular and are tied to or hung from the tree 's branches with ribbons . In the Western Christian tradition , Christmas trees are variously erected on days such as the first day of Advent or even as late as Christmas Eve depending on the country ; customs of the same faith hold that the two traditional days when Christmas decorations , such as the Christmas tree , are removed are Twelfth Night and , if they are not taken down on that day , Candlemas , the latter of which ends the Christmas - Epiphany season in some denominations . The Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the `` Yule - tree '' , especially in discussions of its folkloric origins . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Possible predecessors 1.1. 1 Georgia 1.1. 2 Poland 1.1. 3 Estonia , Latvia and Germany 1.2 18th to early 20th centuries 1.2. 1 Germany 1.2. 2 Adoption by European nobility 1.2. 3 Britain 1.2. 4 North America 1.3 1935 to present 1.3. 1 Public Christmas trees 1.3. 2 Chrismon trees 2 Customs and traditions 2.1 Setting up and taking down 2.2 Decoration 3 Production 3.1 Natural trees 3.2 Artificial trees 4 Environmental issues 5 Religious issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Possible predecessors ( edit ) From Northern Antiquities , an English translation of the Prose Edda from 1847 . Painted by Oluf Olufsen Bagge . The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th - century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed . Resistance to the custom was often because of its supposed Lutheran origins . Other sources have offered a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions . For example , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica , `` The use of evergreen trees , wreaths , and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians , Chinese , and Hebrews . Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time . '' During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia , houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants , along with other antecedent customs now associated with Christmas . The modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites , wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees . The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donar 's Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans . A later folk version of the story adds the detail that an evergreen tree grew in place of the felled oak , telling them about how its triangular shape reminds humanity of the Trinity and how it points to heaven . Alternatively , it is identified with the `` tree of paradise '' of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December , the commemoration and name day of Adam and Eve in various countries . In such plays , a tree decorated with apples ( to represent the forbidden fruit ) and wafers ( to represent the Eucharist and redemption ) was used as a setting for the play . Like the Christmas crib , the Paradise tree was later placed in homes . The apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red balls . At the end of the Middle Ages , an early predecessor appears referred in the Regiment of the Order of Cister around 1400 , in Alcobaça , Portugal . The Regiment of the local high - Sacristans of the Cistercian Order refers to what may be considered one of the oldest references to the Christmas tree : `` Note on how to put the Christmas branch , scilicet : On the Christmas eve , you will look for a large Branch of green laurel , and you shall reap many red oranges , and place them on the branches that come of the laurel , specifically as you have seen , and in every orange you shall put a candle , and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole , which shall be by the candle of the altar - mor . '' Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany . Its 16th - century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther , who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree . The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the keystone sculpture of a private home in Turckheim , Alsace ( then part of Germany , today France ) , dating 1576 . Georgia ( edit ) Chichilaki , a Georgian Christmas tree variety Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki , made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree . These pale - colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) to 3 meters ( 9.8 feet ) . Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions of Georgia near the Black Sea , but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi . Georgians believe that Chichilaki resembles the famous beard of St. Basil the Great , because Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates St. Basil on January 1 . Poland ( edit ) There was an old pagan custom , associated with Koliada , of suspending a branch of fir , spruce or pine called Podłaźniczka from the ceiling . The branches were decorated with apples , nuts , cookies , colored paper , stars made of straw , ribbons and colored wafers . Some people believed that the tree had magical powers that were linked with harvesting and success in the next year . In the late 18th and early 19th century , these traditions were almost completely replaced by the German custom of decorating the Christmas tree . Estonia , Latvia and Germany ( edit ) Girl with Christmas tree , painting 1892 by Franz Skarbina ( 1849 -- 1910 ) Customs of erecting decorated trees in wintertime can be traced to Christmas celebrations in Renaissance - era guilds in Northern Germany and Livonia . The first evidence of decorated trees associated with Christmas Day are trees in guildhalls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children . In Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) , in 1441 , 1442 , 1510 and 1514 , the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in Reval ( now Tallinn ) and Riga . On the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays , the tree was taken to the Town Hall Square , where the members of the brotherhood danced around it . A Bremen guild chronicle of 1570 reports that a small tree decorated with `` apples , nuts , dates , pretzels and paper flowers '' was erected in the guild - house for the benefit of the guild members ' children , who collected the dainties on Christmas Day . In 1584 , the pastor and chronicler Balthasar Russow in his Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt ( 1584 ) wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated spruce at the market square , where the young men `` went with a flock of maidens and women , first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame '' . After the Protestant Reformation , such trees are seen in the houses of upper - class Protestant families as a counterpart to the Catholic Christmas cribs . This transition from the guild hall to the bourgeois family homes in the Protestant parts of Germany ultimately gives rise to the modern tradition as it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries . 18th to early 20th centuries ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) A little Christmas tree on the table , painting by Ludwig Blume - Siebert in 1888 By the early 18th century , the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland , but it had not yet spread to rural areas . Wax candles , expensive items at the time , are found in attestations from the late 18th century . Along the lower Rhine , an area of Roman Catholic majority , the Christmas tree was largely regarded as a Protestant custom . As a result , it remained confined to the upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time . The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of Prussian officials who emigrated there following the Congress of Vienna . In the 19th century , the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of German culture and of Gemütlichkeit , especially among emigrants overseas . A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army 's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the Franco - Prussian War . Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches , this time in a new brightly lit form . Adoption by European nobility ( edit ) Christmas tree painting 1877 by H.J. Overbeek In the early 19th century , the custom became popular among the nobility and spread to royal courts as far as Russia . Princess Henrietta of Nassau - Weilburg introduced the Christmas tree to Vienna in 1816 , and the custom spread across Austria in the following years . In France , the first Christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the duchesse d'Orléans . In Denmark a Danish newspaper claims that the first attested Christmas tree was lit in 1808 by countess Wilhemine of Holsteinborg . It was the aging countess who told the story of the first Danish Christmas tree to the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen in 1865 . He had published a fairy - tale called The Fir - Tree in 1844 , recounting the fate of a fir - tree being used as a Christmas tree . Britain ( edit ) An engraving published in the 1840s of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert created a craze for Christmas trees . The Christmas Tree 1911 by Albert Chevallier Tayler Although the tradition of decorating the home with evergreens was long established , the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until some two centuries ago . At the time of the personal union with Hanover , George III 's German - born wife , Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800 . The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family . Queen Victoria as a child was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas . In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832 , the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote : After dinner ... we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments . All the presents being placed round the trees ... After Victoria 's marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert , by 1841 the custom became even more widespread as wealthier middle - class families followed the fashion . In 1842 a newspaper advert for Christmas trees makes clear their smart cachet , German origins and association with children and gift - giving . An illustrated book , The Christmas Tree , describing their use and origins in detail , was on sale in December 1844 . On 2 January 1846 Elizabeth Fielding ( née Fox Strangways ) wrote from Laycock Abbey to William Henry Fox - Talbot : `` Constance is extremely busy preparing the Bohemian Xmas Tree . It is made from Caroline 's description of those she saw in Germany '' . In 1847 Prince Albert wrote : `` I must now seek in the children an echo of what Ernest ( his brother ) and I were in the old time , of what we felt and thought ; and their delight in the Christmas - trees is not less than ours used to be '' . A boost to the trend was given in 1848 when The Illustrated London News , in a report picked up by other papers , described the trees in Windsor Castle in detail and showed the main tree , surrounded by the royal family , on its cover . In fewer than ten years their use in better - off homes was widespread . By 1856 a northern provincial newspaper contained an advert alluding casually to them , as well as reporting the accidental death of a woman whose dress caught fire as she lit the tapers on a Christmas tree . They had not yet spread down the social scale though , as a report from Berlin in 1858 contrasts the situation there where `` Every family has its own '' with that of Britain , where Christmas trees were still the preserve of the wealthy or the `` romantic '' . Their use at public entertainments , charity bazaars and in hospitals made them increasingly familiar however , and in 1906 a charity was set up specifically to ensure even poor children in London slums ' who had never seen a Christmas tree ' would enjoy one that year . Anti-German sentiment after World War I briefly reduced their popularity but the effect was short - lived and by the mid-1920s the use of Christmas trees had spread to all classes . In 1933 a restriction on the importation of foreign trees led to the `` rapid growth of a new industry '' as the growing of Christmas trees within Britain became commercially viable due to the size of demand . By 2013 the number of trees grown in Britain for the Christmas market was approximately 8 million and their display in homes , shops and public spaces a normal part of the Christmas season . North America ( edit ) First published image of a Christmas tree , frontispiece to Hermann Bokum 's 1836 The Stranger 's Gift The Queen 's Christmas tree at Windsor Castle published in The Illustrated London News , 1848 The tradition was introduced to North America in the winter of 1781 by Hessian soldiers stationed in the Province of Québec ( 1763 -- 1791 ) to garrison the colony against American attack . General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel and his wife , the Baroness von Riedesel , held a Christmas party for the officers at Sorel , delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits . The Christmas tree became very common in the United States in the early nineteenth century . The first image of a Christmas tree was published in 1836 as the frontispiece to The Stranger 's Gift by Hermann Bokum . The first mention of the Christmas tree in American literature was in a story in the 1836 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir , titled `` New Year 's Day , '' by Catherine Maria Sedgwick , where she tells the story of a German maid decorating her mistress 's tree . Also , a woodcut of the British Royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle , initially published in The Illustrated London News December 1848 , was copied in the United States at Christmas 1850 , in Godey 's Lady 's Book . Godey 's copied it exactly , except for the removal of the Queen 's tiara and Prince Albert 's moustache , to remake the engraving into an American scene . The republished Godey 's image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen Christmas tree in America . Art historian Karal Ann Marling called Prince Albert and Queen Victoria , shorn of their royal trappings , `` the first influential American Christmas tree '' . Folk - culture historian Alfred Lewis Shoemaker states , `` In all of America there was no more important medium in spreading the Christmas tree in the decade 1850 -- 60 than Godey 's Lady 's Book '' . The image was reprinted in 1860 , and by the 1870s , putting up a Christmas tree had become even more common in America . Several cities in the United States with German connections lay claim to that country 's first Christmas tree : Windsor Locks , Connecticut , claims that a Hessian soldier put up a Christmas tree in 1777 while imprisoned at the Noden - Reed House , while the `` First Christmas Tree in America '' is also claimed by Easton , Pennsylvania , where German settlers purportedly erected a Christmas tree in 1816 . In his diary , Matthew Zahm of Lancaster , Pennsylvania , recorded the use of a Christmas tree in 1821 , leading Lancaster to also lay claim to the first Christmas tree in America . Other accounts credit Charles Follen , a German immigrant to Boston , for being the first to introduce to America the custom of decorating a Christmas tree . August Imgard , a German immigrant living in Wooster , Ohio , is said to be the first to popularize the practice of decorating a tree with candy canes . In 1847 , Imgard cut a blue spruce tree from a woods outside town , had the Wooster village tinsmith construct a star , and placed the tree in his house , decorating it with paper ornaments , gilded nuts and Kuchen . German immigrant Charles Minnegerode accepted a position as a professor of humanities at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia , in 1842 , where he taught Latin and Greek . Entering into the social life of the Virginia Tidewater , Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker , thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time . An 1853 article on Christmas customs in Pennsylvania defines them as mostly `` German in origin '' , including the Christmas tree , which is `` planted in a flower pot filled with earth , and its branches are covered with presents , chiefly of confectionary , for the younger members of the family . '' The article distinguishes between customs in different states however , claiming that in New England generally `` Christmas is not much celebrated '' , whereas in Pennsylvania and New York it is . When Edward H. Johnson was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company , a predecessor of Con Edison , he created the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree at his home in New York City in 1882 . Johnson became the `` Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights '' . The lyrics sung in the United States to the German tune O Tannenbaum begin `` O Christmas tree ... '' , giving rise to the mistaken idea that the German word Tannenbaum ( fir tree ) means `` Christmas tree '' , the German word for which is instead Weihnachtsbaum . 18th to early 20th century representations The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer , 1858 Christmas in the Netherlands , c. 1899 Illustration for Harper 's Bazaar , published 1 January 1870 . Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co . ( Boston ) 1880 Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( c. 1904 ) . Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya An Italian American family on Christmas , 1924 1935 to present ( edit ) A Christmas tree from 1951 , in a home in New York state In Russia , the Christmas tree was banned after the October Revolution but then reinstated as a New - year spruce ( Новогодняя ёлка , Novogodnyaya yolka ) in 1935 . It became a fully secular icon of the New Year holiday , for example , the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of Bethlehem Star , but as the Red star . Decorations , such as figurines of airplanes , bicycles , space rockets , cosmonauts , and characters of Russian fairy tales , were produced . This tradition persists after the fall of the USSR , with the New Year holiday outweighing the Christmas ( 7 January ) for a wide majority of Russian people . The TV special A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the Christmas tree . Aluminum Christmas trees were popular during the early 1960s in the US . They were satirized in the Charlie Brown show and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of Christmas . The term Charlie Brown Christmas tree , describing any poor - looking or malformed little tree , also derives from the 1965 TV special , based on the appearance of Charlie Brown 's Christmas tree . 1935 to present Christmas tree with presents Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor 's mansion . Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene , Oregon A Soviet - era ( 1960s ) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut Christmas Trees in church An aluminum Christmas tree Public Christmas trees ( edit ) An early example of a public Christmas celebration tree for the unemployed in Prague Since the early 20th century , it has become common in many cities , towns , and department stores to put up public Christmas trees outdoors , such as the Macy 's Great Tree in Atlanta ( since 1948 ) , the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in New York City , and the large Christmas tree at Victoria Square in Adelaide . The use of fire retardant allows many indoor public areas to place real trees and be compliant with code . Licensed applicants of fire retardant solution spray the tree , tag the tree , and provide a certificate for inspection . Real trees are popular with high end visual merchandising displays around the world . Leading global retailers such as Apple often place real trees in their window displays . In 2009 , Apple placed two Fraser fir trees in every one of its retail establishments . The United States ' National Christmas Tree has been lit each year since 1923 on the South Lawn of the White House . Today , the lighting of the National Christmas Tree is part of what has become a major holiday event at the White House . President Jimmy Carter lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honor of the Americans being held hostage in Iran . The same was true in 1980 , except that the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds , one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity . During most of the 1970s and 1980s , the largest decorated Christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the National Enquirer in Lantana , Florida . This tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern Florida , but was discontinued on the death of the paper 's founder in the late 1980s . In some cities , a charity event called the Festival of Trees is organized , in which multiple trees are decorated and displayed . The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities . After the signing of the Armistice in 1918 the city of Manchester sent a tree , and £ 500 to buy chocolate and cakes , for the children of the much - bombarded town of Lille in northern France . In some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts , such as in Trafalgar Square in London , where the City of Oslo , Norway presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of Norwegian resistance during the Second World War ; in Boston , where the tree is a gift from the province of Nova Scotia , in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that leveled the city of Halifax ; and in Newcastle upon Tyne , where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of Bergen , in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from Nazi occupation . Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to Washington , D.C. as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during World War II . Public Christmas trees Christmas tree in Milan , Italy , 2008 Christmas tree in Vatican City , 2007 Christmas tree in Salerno old town , Italy , 2008 . Trafalgar Square Christmas tree Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt ( 2008 ) in Lisbon ( 2005 ) , at 75 metres ( 246 feet ) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe . Boston 's Christmas Tree . An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid ( 2011 ) Christmas tree in Warsaw Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza , California Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal , Harbour City , Hong Kong Chrismon trees ( edit ) A Chrismon tree in the nave of St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral in Oviedo , Florida A `` Chrismon tree '' is a Christmas tree decorated with explicitly Christian symbols in white and gold . First introduced by North American Lutherans in 1957 , the practice has rapidly spread to other Christian denominations , including Anglicans , Catholics , Methodists , and the Reformed . `` Chrismon '' ( plural `` Chrismons '' ) was adopted for the type of Christmas decoration and explained as a portmanteau of `` Christ - monogram '' ( a Christogram ) . Customs and traditions ( edit ) Setting up and taking down ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A candle on a Christmas tree Both setting up and taking down a Christmas tree are associated with specific dates . Traditionally , Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) or , in the traditions celebrating Christmas Eve rather than the first day of Christmas , 23 December , and then removed the day after Twelfth Night ( 5 January ) ; to have a tree up before or after these dates was even considered bad luck , and that to avoid bad luck from affecting the house 's residents , the tree must be left up until after the following Twelfth Night passes . In many areas , it has become customary to set up one 's Christmas tree at the beginning of the Advent season . Some families in the U.S. and Canada will put up a Christmas tree a week prior to American Thanksgiving ( the fourth Thursday of November ) , and Christmas decorations can show up even earlier in retail stores , often the day after Halloween ( 31 October ) . In Canada many families wait until after Remembrance Day , as to show respect to fallen soldiers . Some households do not put up the tree until the second week of December , and leave it up until 6 January ( Epiphany ) . In Germany , traditionally the tree is put up on 24 December and taken down on 7 January , though many start one or two weeks earlier , and in Roman Catholic homes the tree may be kept until February 2 ( Candlemas ) . In Italy , Ireland and Argentina , along with many countries in Latin America , the Christmas tree is put up on 8 December ( Immaculate Conception day ) and left up until 6 January . In Australia , the Christmas tree is usually put up on 1 December , which occurs about a 2 weeks before the school summer holidays ( except for South Australia , where most people put up their tree after in late November following the completion of the Adelaide Christmas Pageant , a time frame that has started to filter into other states as the official time Christmas decorations and in store Santa Claus start to appear ) and is left up until it is taken down . Some traditions suggest that Christmas trees may be kept up until no later than 2 February , the feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) , when the Christmas season effectively closes . Superstitions say that it is a bad sign if Christmas greenery is not removed by Candlemas Eve . Decoration ( edit ) Main article : Christmas ornament This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) White House Christmas tree Christmas ornaments at the Christmas market , Strasbourg Christmas ornaments are decorations ( usually made of glass , metal , wood , or ceramics ) that are used to decorate a Christmas tree . The first decorated trees were adorned with apples , white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars , hearts and flowers . Glass baubles were first made in Lauscha , Germany , and also garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees . The popularity of these decorations grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilled artisans with clay molds . Tinsel and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used to decorate a Christmas tree . Silvered saran - based tinsel was introduced later . Delicate mold - blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of the glass factories in the Thuringian Forest , especially in Lauscha in the late 19th century , and have since become a large industry , complete with famous - name designers . Baubles are another common decoration , consisting of small hollow glass or plastic spheres coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective , with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration . Lighting with electric lights ( Christmas lights or , in the United Kingdom , fairy lights ) is commonly done . A tree - topper , sometimes an angel but more frequently a star , completes the decoration . In the late 1800s , home - made white Christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow - laden tree . In the 1940s and 1950s , popularized by Hollywood films in the late 1930s , flocking was very popular on the West Coast of the United States . There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners . In the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow . Decorations A transparent Christmas bauble A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree Christmas baubles A snowman - shaped decoration painted as a baseball A toy bear Christmas decoration . Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration . Christmas decorations Red ornamented Christmas bauble Christmas baubles Production ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree production Undecorated Christmas trees for sale Each year , 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America , and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe . In 1998 , there were about 15,000 growers in America ( a third of them `` choose and cut '' farms ) . In that same year , it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5 billion on Christmas trees . By 2016 that had climbed to $2.04 billion for natural trees and a further $1.86 billion for artificial trees . In Europe , 75 million trees worth € 2.4 billion ( $3.2 billion ) are harvested annually . Father and son with their dog collecting a tree in the forest , painting by Franz Krüger ( 1797 -- 1857 ) Trees on sale at a Christmas market in Vienna , painting by Carl Wenzel Zajicek ( 1908 ) A grower in Waterloo , Nova Scotia , prunes balsam fir trees in October . The tree must experience three frosts to stabilize the needles before cutting . Natural trees ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree cultivation The most commonly used species are fir ( Abies ) , which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out , as well as retaining good foliage color and scent ; but species in other genera are also used . In northern Europe most commonly used are : Norway spruce Picea abies ( the original tree , generally the cheapest ) Silver fir Abies alba Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana Noble fir Abies procera Serbian spruce Picea omorika Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Swiss pine Pinus cembra In North America , Central America and South America most commonly used are : Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Balsam fir Abies balsamea Fraser Fir Abies fraseri Grand fir Abies grandis Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis Noble fir Abies procera Red fir Abies magnifica White fir Abies concolor Pinyon pine Pinus edulis Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla Several other species are used to a lesser extent . Less - traditional conifers are sometimes used , such as giant sequoia , Leyland cypress , Monterey cypress and eastern juniper . Various types of spruce tree are also used for Christmas trees ( including the blue spruce and , less commonly , the white spruce ) ; but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut , and spruce needles are often sharp , making decorating uncomfortable . Virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States ; however , its winter color is faded . The long - needled eastern white pine is also used there , though it is an unpopular Christmas tree in most parts of the country , owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches , making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments . Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used , particularly in Oceania , and in Australia , some species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are also occasionally used as Christmas trees . But , by far , the most common tree is the Monterey pine . Adenanthos sericeus or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree . Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments . Some trees , frequently referred to as `` living Christmas trees '' , are sold live with roots and soil , often from a plant nursery , to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed ( and often decorated ) for years or decades . Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio . However , when done improperly , the combination of root loss caused by digging , and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree 's health ; additionally , the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy , leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate . Often Christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals , including mice and spiders . Thus , the survival rate of these trees is low . However , when done properly , replanting provides higher survival rates . European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally grown , unsheared trees , while in North America ( outside western areas where trees are often wild - harvested on public lands ) there is a preference for close - sheared trees with denser foliage , but less space to hang decorations . In the past , Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests , but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms . Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted . According to the United States Department of Agriculture 's agriculture census for 2007 , 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America , 5,717.09 square kilometres ( 1,412,724 acres ) were planted in Christmas trees . A Christmas tree farm near New Germany , Nova Scotia , Canada . The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a 2 - metre ( 7 ft ) tree takes , depending on species and treatment in cultivation , between 8 and 12 years . First , the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees . These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of 3 -- 4 years . The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate , soil quality , as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer . Artificial trees ( edit ) Main article : Artificial Christmas tree An artificial Christmas tree A lighted artificial Christmas tree with ornaments The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century , though earlier examples exist . These `` trees '' were made using goose feathers that were dyed green. , as one response by Germans to continued deforestation . Feather Christmas trees ranged widely in size , from a small 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) tree to a large 98 - inch ( 2,500 mm ) tree sold in department stores during the 1920s . Often , the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders . Over the years , other styles of artificial Christmas trees have evolved and become popular . In 1930 , the U.S. - based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from brush bristles . Another type of artificial tree is the aluminum Christmas tree , first manufactured in Chicago in 1958 , and later in Manitowoc , Wisconsin , where the majority of the trees were produced . Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials , such as polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) . Approximately 10 % of artificial Christmas trees are using virgin suspension PVC resin ; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable . Other trends have developed in the early 2000s as well . Optical fiber Christmas trees come in two major varieties ; one resembles a traditional Christmas tree . One Dallas - based company offers `` holographic mylar '' trees in many hues . Tree - shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard , glass , ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations . Upside - down artificial Christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick ; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products . Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century . Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient , and , because they are reusable , much cheaper than their natural alternative . They are also considered much safer as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard . Between 2001 and 2007 artificial Christmas tree sales in the U.S. jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million . Currently it is estimated that around 58 % of Christmas trees used in the United States are artificial while numbers in the United Kingdom are indicated to be around 66 % . Artificial trees A tree with fibre optic lights Christmas tree and presents Athens , Greece White Christmas tree Spanish artificial Christmas tree A chrismon tree ( St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral , Oviedo , Florida ) An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree Artificial tree Environmental issues ( edit ) Poinsettia flowers arranged into the conical shape of a `` Christmas tree '' , topped with a `` Star of Bethlehem '' , in San Diego ( 2005 ) The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing . Generally , natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts . However , trade groups such as the American Christmas Tree Association , continue to refute that artificial trees are more harmful to the environment , and maintain that the PVC used in Christmas trees has excellent recyclable properties . Christmas tree recycling point ( point recyclage de sapins ) in Paris , 22 January 2010 Live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting , often providing suitable habitat for wildlife . Alternately , live trees can be donated to livestock farmers of such animals like goats who find that such trees uncontaminated by chemical additives are excellent fodder . In some cases management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of pesticides . Concerns have been raised about people cutting down old and rare conifers , such as the Keteleeria evelyniana and Abies fraseri , for Christmas trees . Discarded trees curbside in North Hollywood , Los Angeles Real or cut trees are used only for a short time , but can be recycled and used as mulch , wildlife habitat , or used to prevent erosion . Real trees are carbon - neutral , they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing . However , emissions can occur from farming activities and transportation . An independent life - cycle assessment study , conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development , states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg ( 6.8 lb ) of greenhouse gases every year ( based on purchasing 5 km ( 3.1 miles ) from home ) whereas the artificial tree will produce 48.3 kg ( 106 lb ) over its lifetime . Some people use living Christmas or potted trees for several seasons , providing a longer life cycle for each tree . Living Christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers . Rentals are picked up after the holidays , while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services . Most artificial trees are made of recycled PVC rigid sheets using tin stabilizer in the recent years . In the past , lead was often used as a stabilizer in PVC , but is now banned by Chinese laws . The use of lead stabilizer in Chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years . A 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from lead contamination , there do exist `` worst - case scenarios '' where major health risks to young children exist . A 2008 United States Environmental Protection Agency report found that as the PVC in artificial Christmas trees aged it began to degrade . The report determined that of the 50 million artificial trees in the United States approximately 20 million were 9 or more years old , the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached . A professional study on the life - cycle assessment of both real and artificial Christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial Christmas tree at least 20 years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural Christmas tree . Religious issues ( edit ) A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine Bezbozhnik , distributed by the League of Militant Atheists , depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to cut down a tree for Christmas The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century , with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539 , under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer , Martin Bucer . In the United States , these `` German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . '' When decorating the Christmas tree , many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem , a fact recorded by The School Journal in 1897 . Professor David Albert Jones of Oxford University writes that in the 19th century , it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the Nativity of Jesus . Under the Marxist - Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet anti-religious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays , including Easter ; the League established an anti-religious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . With the Christmas tree being prohibited in accordance with Soviet anti-religious legislation , people supplanted the former Christmas custom with New Year 's trees . In 1935 the tree was brought back as New Year tree and became a secular , not a religious holiday . Pope John Paul II introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican in 1982 . Although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the Roman Catholic Church , the Vatican Christmas Tree has become an integral part of the Vatican Christmas celebrations , and in 2005 Pope Benedict XVI spoke of it as part of the normal Christmas decorations in Catholic homes . In 2004 , Pope John Paul called the Christmas tree a symbol of Christ . This very ancient custom , he said , exalts the value of life , as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life , and it reminds Christians of the `` tree of life '' of Genesis 2 : 9 , an image of Christ , the supreme gift of God to humanity . In the previous year he said : `` Beside the crib , the Christmas tree , with its twinkling lights , reminds us that with the birth of Jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity . The crib and the tree : precious symbols , which hand down in time the true meaning of Christmas . '' The Catholic Church 's official Book of Blessings has a service for the blessing of the Christmas tree in a home . Likewise the Protestant Episcopal Church in The Anglican Family Prayer Book , which has the imprimatur of The Rt. Rev. Catherine S. Roskam of the Anglican Communion , has long had a ritual titled Blessing of a Christmas Tree , as well as Blessing of a Crèche , for use in the church and the home . In 2005 , the city of Boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the Boston Common a `` Holiday Tree '' rather than a `` Christmas Tree '' . The name change drew a poor response from the public and it was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits . Chrismon trees are a variety developed in 1957 by a Lutheran laywoman in Virginia , as a specifically religious version appropriate for a church 's Christmas celebrations , although most Christian churches continue to display the traditional Christmas tree in their sanctuaries during Christmastide . See also ( edit ) Badnjak Christmas traditions Christmas tree controversies Eiresione Festive ecology Festivus pole Hanukkah bush Kadomatsu Legend of the Christmas Spider Tree worship Weihnachten Yule log References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Perry , Joe ( 27 September 2010 ) . Christmas in Germany : A Cultural History . University of North Carolina Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780807899410 . A chronicle from Stasbourg , written in 1604 and widely seen as the first account of a Christmas tree in German - speaking lands , records that Protestant artisans brought fir trees into their homes in the holiday season and decorated them with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , sweetmeats , etc . '' ... The Christmas tree spread out in German society from the top down , so to speak . It moved from elite households to broader social strata , from urban to rural areas , from the Protestant north to the Catholic south , and from Prussia to other German states . Jump up ^ Christmas trees were hung in St. George 's Church , Sélestat since 1521 : Selestat.fr -- Office de la Culture de Sélestat -- The history of the Christmas tree since 1521 Archived December 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dunphy , John J. ( 26 November 2010 ) . From Christmas to Twelfth Night in Southern Illinois . Arcadia Publishing Incorporated . p. 28 . ISBN 9781614232537 . Having a Christmas tree became so closely identified with following Luther 's path that German Catholics initially wanted nothing to do with this symbol of Protestantism . Their resistance endured until the nineteenth century , when Christmas trees finally began finding their way into Catholic homes . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) ^ Jump up to : Mandryk , DeeAnn ( 25 October 2005 ) . Canadian Christmas Traditions . James Lorimer & Company . p. 67 . ISBN 9781554390984 . The eight - pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the 1840s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem . ^ Jump up to : Jones , David Albert ( 27 October 2011 ) . Angels . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780191614910 . The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels , the angel on top of the Christmas tree . This decoration , popularized in the nineteenth century , recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story ( Luke 2.9 -- 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 386 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Christmas trees in the countryside did not appear until World War I , although Slovenians of German ancestry were decorating trees before then . Traditionally , the family decorates their Christmas tree on Christmas Eve with electric lights , tinsel , garlands , candy canes , other assorted ornaments , and topped with an angel figure or star . The tree and Nativity scene remain until Candlemas ( February 2 ) , when they are removed . Jump up ^ `` Candlemas '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night ( January 5th ) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Foley ( 1999 ) . The Christmas Tree . Omnigraphics . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55888 - 286 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Dues ( 2008 ) . Advent and Christmas . Bayard . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58595 - 722 - 4 . Next to the Nativity scene , the most popular Christmas tradition is to have a Christmas tree in the home . This custom is not the same as bringing a Yule tree or evergreens into the home , originally popular during the month of the winter solstice in Germany . ^ Jump up to : Sheryl Karas ( 1998 ) . The Solstice Evergreen : history , folklore , and origins of the Christmas tree . Aslan . pp. 103 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944031 - 75 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gillian Cooke , A Celebration of Christmas , 1980 , page 62 : `` Martin Luther has been credited with the creation of the Christmas tree ... The Christmas tree did not spring fully fledged into ... tree was slow to spread from its Alsatian home , partly because of resistance to its supposed Lutheran origins . '' Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Religion & Ethics -- Did the Romans invent Christmas ? Jump up ^ Fritz Allhoff , Scott C. Lowe ( 2010 ) . Christmas . John Wiley & Sons . His biographer , Eddius Stephanus , relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar , Germany , he had enough of the locals ' reverence for the old gods . Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor , Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it . When nothing happened , Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity . Jump up ^ The story , not recounted in the vitae written in his time , appears in a BBC Devon website , `` Devon Myths and Legends '' , and in a number of educational storybooks , including St. Boniface and the Little Fir Tree : A Story to Color by Jenny Melmoth and Val Hayward ( Warrington : Alfresco Books 1999 ISBN 1 - 873727 - 15 - 1 ) , The Brightest Star of All : Christmas Stories for the Family by Carrie Papa ( Abingdon Press 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64813 - 9 ) and `` How Saint Boniface Kept Christmas Eve '' by Mary Louise Harvey in The American Normal Readers : Fifth Book , 207 - 22 . Silver , Burdett and Co. 1912 . Jump up ^ Philip Lazowski ( 2004 ) . Understanding Your Neighbor 's Faith . KTAV Publishing House . pp. 203 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 811 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Foley ( 2005 ) . Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6967 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball ( 1997 ) . Catholic Traditions in Crafts . Our Sunday Visitor . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87973 - 711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003 . The modern Christmas tree ... originated in western Germany . The main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a fir tree hung with apples ( paradise tree ) representing the Garden of Eden . The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on December 24 , the religious feast day of Adam and Eve . They hung wafers on it ( symbolizing the host , the Christian sign of redemption ) ; in a later tradition , the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes . Candles , too , were often added as the symbol of Christ . In the same room , during the Christmas season , was the Christmas pyramid , a triangular construction of wood , with shelves to hold Christmas figurines , decorated with evergreens , candles , and a star . By the 16th century , the Christmas pyramid and paradise tree had merged , becoming the Christmas tree . Jump up ^ Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal ( National Library of Portugal ) - Codices Alcobacenses ( ( 1 ) ) ; ( BN : cod . alc . CLI / 64 , Page . 330 ) Translated ( `` Nota de como has de poer o ramo de natal , scilicet : Em vespera de natal , buscarás huu grande Ramo de loureiro verde , e colherás muitas laranjas vermelhas e poer lhas has metidas pelos ramos que dele procedem specificadamente segundo já viste . E em cada hua laranja , poeras hua candea . E pendurarás o dicto Ramo per hua corda na polee que ha de star acerca da lampada do altar moor '' ) Jump up ^ `` History of Christmas Trees '' . History . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Helen Haidle ( 2002 ) . Christmas Legends to Remember ' . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56292 - 534 - 5 . Jump up ^ Debbie Trafton O'Neal , David LaRochelle ( 2001 ) . Before and After Christmas . Augsburg Fortress . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8066 - 4156 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ehrsam , Roger ( 1999 ) . Le Vieux Turckheim . Ville de Turckheim : Jérôme Do Bentzinger . ISBN 290623883X . Jump up ^ Friedrich Amelung ( 1885 ) . Geschichte der Revaler Schwarzenhäupter : von ihrem Ursprung an bis auf die Gegenwart : nach den urkundenmäßigen Quellen des Revaler Schwarzenhäupter - Archivs 1 , Die erste Blütezeit von 1399 -- 1557 ( History of the Tallinn Blackheads : from their origins until the present day : from the testimonial sources of the Tallinn Blackheads archive. 1 : The first golden age of 1399 -- 1557 ) ( in German ) . Reval : Wassermann . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) Jump up ^ Johannes Marbach ( 1859 ) . Die heilige Weihnachtszeit nach Bedeutung , Geschichte , Sitten und Symbolen ( The holy Christmas season for meaning , history , customs and symbols ) ( in German ) . p. 416 . Was ist auch eine deutsche Christenfamilie am Christabend ohne Christbäumchen ? Zumal in der Fremde , unter kaltherzigen Engländern und frivolen Franzosen , unter den amerikanischen Indianern und den Papuas von Australien . Entbehren doch die nichtdeutschen Christen neben dem Christbäumchen noch so viele Züge deutscher Gemüthlichkeit . ( English : What would a German Christian family do on Christmas Eve without a Christmas tree ? Especially in foreign lands , among cold - hearted Englishmen and frivolous Frenchmen , among the American Indians and the Papua of Australia . Apart from the Christmas tree , the non-German Christians suffer from a lack of a great many traits of German ' Gemütlichkeit ' . ) Jump up ^ Jan Hermelink ( 2003 ) . `` Weihnachtsgottesdienst '' ( Christmas worship ) . In Christian Grethlein ; Günter Ruddat . Liturgisches Kompendium ( in German ) . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 57211 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Danmarks første juletræ blev tændt i 1808 '' . Kristelig Dagblad . December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` Queen 's Christmas Day message : Monarch quotes from Bible to address a nation shaken by year of atrocities '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stow , John ( 1603 ) . Survey of London . London : John Windet . Against the feast of Christmas every man 's house , as also the parish churches , were decked with holm , ivy , bays , and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Christmas Tree at Windsor '' . Jump up ^ In 1829 the diarist Greville , visiting Panshanger country house , describes three small Christmas trees `` such as is customary in Germany '' , which Princess Lieven had put up . Hole , Christine ( 1950 ) . English Custom and Usage . London : B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 16 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria ( 1912 ) . Reginald Brett , 2nd Viscount Esher , ed . The girlhood of Queen Victoria : a selection from Her Majesty 's diaries . J. Murray . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Marie Claire Lejeune . Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe . Man & Culture . p. 550 . ISBN 90 - 77135 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ '' GERMAN CHRISTMAS TREES . The nobility and gentry are respectfully informed that these handsome JUVENILE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS are supplied and elegantly fitted up ... '' : Times ( London , England ) 20 December 1842 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The Christmas Tree : published by Darton and Clark , London . `` The ceremony of the Christmas tree , so well known throughout Germany , bids fair to be welcomed among us , with the other festivities of the season , especially now the Queen , within her own little circle , has set the fashion , by introducing it on the Christmas Eve in her own regal palace . '' Book review of The Christmas Tree from the Weekly Chronicle , 14 December 1844 , quoted in an advert headlined `` A new pleasure for Christmas '' in The Times , 23 December 1844 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Caroline Augusta Edgcumbe , née Feilding , Lady Mt Edgcumbe ( 1808 -- 1881 ) ; William Henry Fox - Talbot 's half - sister . Jump up ^ Correspondence of William Henry Fox - Talbot , British Library , London , Manuscripts -- Fox Talbot Collection , envelope 20179 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Godfrey and Margaret Scheele ( 1977 ) . The Prince Consort , Man of many Facets : The World and The Age of Prince Albert . Oresko Books . p. 78 . ISBN 9780905368061 . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the year the custom was well - enough known for The Times to compare the January budget of 1848 with gifts handed out beneath `` the Christmas tree '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 21 January 1848 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Special Christmas supplement edition , published 23 December 1848 . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1848 . p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Now the best Christmas box / You can give to the young / Is not toys , nor fine playthings , / Nor trees gaily hung ... '' : Manchester Guardian , Saturday , January 05 , 1856 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Manchester Guardian , 24 January 1856 , p. 3 : the death of Caroline Luttrell of Kilve Court , Somerset . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 28 December 1858 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ The Poor Children 's Yuletide Association . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1906 , p. 2 '' `` The association sent 71 trees ' bearing thousands of toys ' to the poorest districts of London . '' Jump up ^ `` A Merry Christmas '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1918 , p. 2 : `` ... the so - called `` Christmas tree '' was out of favour . Large stocks of young firs were to be seen at Covent Garden on Christmas Eve , but found few buyers . It was remembered that the ' Christmas tree ' has enemy associations . '' Jump up ^ The next year a charity fair in aid of injured soldiers featured ' a huge Christmas - tree ' . ' St. Dunstan 's Christmas Fair ' . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1919 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ ' Poor families in Lewisham and similar districts are just as particular about the shape of their trees as people in Belgravia ... ' ' Shapely Christmas Trees ' : The Times ( London , England ) , 17 December 1926 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Christmas Tree Plantations . The Times ( London , England ) , 11 December 1937 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree grower Ivor Dungey gets award '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Emmy E. Werner ( 2006 ) . In Pursuit of Liberty : Coming of Age in the American Revolution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 115 . ISBN 9780275993061 . ^ Jump up to : Alfred Lewis Shoemaker ( 1999 ) ( 1959 ) . Christmas in Pennsylvania : a folk - cultural study . Stackpole Books . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! Celebrating America 's greatest holiday . Harvard University Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph Wenzel IV ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` First Decorated Christmas Tree in Windsor Locks '' . WFSB . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Christmas '' . Gareth Marples . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England '' . Harvard University Gazette . December 12 , 1996 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 1999 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` They 're Still Cheering Man Who Gave America Christmas Tree '' . Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune . 24 December 1938 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Minnigerode ( 1814 -- 1894 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Electric Christmas Lighting in America '' . oldchristmastreelights.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 мая собираются праздновать 59 % россиян '' ( May 1 going to celebrate 59 % of Russians ) ( in Russian ) . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . New Year is among the most important holidays for 81 % of Russians , while Christmas is such only for 19 % , ranking after Victory Day , Easter , International Women 's Day . Jump up ^ Belk , Russell ( 2000 ) . `` Materialism and the Modern U.S. Christmas '' . Advertising & Society Review . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lighting of the National Christmas Tree '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Blog : The World 's Largest Decorated Christmas Tree '' . The Palm Beach Post . December 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Manchester 's Gift To Lille ... ( FROM G. WARD PRICE . ) ' The Times ( London , England ) , 21 December 1918 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Town twinning : Bergen , Norway '' . Newcastle City Council . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` DC : Christmas Tree Lighting at Union Station '' . Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weaver Jr. , J. Dudley ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 79 . ISBN 9780664502188 . Jump up ^ Segler , Franklin M. ; Bradley , Randall ( 1 October 2006 ) . Christian Worship : Its Theology and Practice , Third Edition . B&H Publishing Group . p. 222 . A Chrismon tree is an evergreen tree adorned with symbols of Christ . The symbols are white and gold , and the three has white lights . Jump up ^ Morris - Pierce , Elizabeth ; Berger , Stephen A. ; Dreher , Eulonda A. ; Russel W. Dalton ; D. Andrew Richardson ; Jeanne Mueller ; Judith Hale Wood ; Ellen Edgar ; James Edgar ( 1 January 2002 ) . In Search of Christmas . CSS Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 9780788019166 . Chrismons were first used in 1957 to decorate a Christmas tree in the Lutheran Church of the Ascension in Danville , Virginia . Jump up ^ Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Over time , the popularity of the Chrismons tree grew and spread to other denominations around the world , while Chrismons themselves have become meaningful decorations throughout the year . Jump up ^ `` Chrismon Tree '' . St. John 's Anglican Church . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . A number of ladies of St. John 's have been hard at work producing beautiful Chrismons ( Christian Monograms ) out of wire and beads to decorate a `` Chrismon Tree '' that will be put up and dedicated on the First Sunday in Advent Jump up ^ Glavich , Mary Kathleen ( 2010 ) . Leading Young Catholics Into Scripture . Twenty - Third Publications . p. 36 . ISBN 9781585958009 . A parallel Advent activity is the more recent custom of making a Chrismon tree ( Christ + monogram ) . The Chrismon tree bears symbols of Jesus from the New Testament . While the children hang their symbols , related Scripture texts might be read . Possible figures for the Chrismon tree are Mary , Joseph , the star , manger , shepherd , angel , sheep , three kings , gifts , fish , dove , grapes , wheat , vine , crown , rock , alpha and omega symbols , Chi - Rho , anchor , and cross . The symbols are usually white and gold . Jump up ^ First United Methodist Church , Midland , Texas : Offering Christ , 1885 -- 1985 : One Hundred Years on Main Street in Downtown Midland . Taylor Publishing Company . 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Advent & Christmas at BRC '' . Brunswick Reformed Church . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ so in The Lutheran Witness , Volume 83 ( 1964 ) , p. 548 `` the Chrismon ( from CHRISt - MONogram ) tree '' , and in James Edgar , Ellen Edgar , A Chrismon Service ( 1981 ) , p. 2 . The word 's actual etymology , from Middle Latin ( Landulf of Milan , 12th century ) crismon , is less than clear : George Henry Lane - Fox Pitt - Rivers , The riddle of the ' Labarum ' and the origin of Christian symbols , Allen & Unwin , 1966 , p. 28 ; `` I can find no roots , etymology or grounds for the adoption of the word adopted by some Christians , ' Chrismon ' , which is supposed to mean the ' Monogram of Christ ' , and which appears in some dictionaries ( i.e. Funk and Wagnalis , 1922 ) . '' Jump up ^ Stookey , Laurence Hull ( 1 December 2011 ) . Calendar : Christ 's Time for the Church . Abingdon Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9781426728044 . Beyond that the term `` Chrismon '' is used loosely to refer to symbols related to Christ , including the orb , crown , fish , star , anchor , and a wide variety of forms on the cross . All of these , often made in materials of gold and white , are used on a pine or fir tree in place of the more usual multicolored ornaments used on trees at home . Lights are also usually of clear glass rather than being colored . Jump up ^ Peter Mazar ( 2000 ) . School Year , Church Year : Customs and Decorations for the Classroom . Liturgy Training Publications . p. 161 . ISBN 1568542402 . Jump up ^ `` Customs of the Weeks after Epiphany '' . Holy Trinity ( German ) Catholic Church , Boston . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Superstitions '' . Snopes.com . December 2006 . Jump up ^ Gary A. Chastagner and D. Michael Benson ( 2000 ) . `` The Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yanofsky , David ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` What the Christmas tree industrial complex looks like from space '' . Quartz . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Living Christmas Trees '' . Clemson University . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Department of Forestry , Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BLM and Forest Service Christmas tree permits available '' . Bureau of Land Management . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Census of Agriculture : Specialty Crops ( Volume 2 , Subject Series , Part 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . November 2009 . Table 1 , page 1 . Jump up ^ `` Unsere kleine Baumschule -- Wissenswertes '' ( Our little nursery : Trivia ) ( in German ) . 2010 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce David Forbes ( 2007 ) . Christmas : A Candid History . University of California Press . pp. 121 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 5202 - 5104 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : James Hewitt ( 2007 ) . The Christmas Tree . Lulu.com . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 1430308206 . ^ Jump up to : Broderick Perkins ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Faux Christmas Tree Crop Yields Special Concerns '' . Realty Times . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Silverthorne ( 1994 ) . Christmas in Texas . Texas A&M University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8909 - 6578 - 1 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! : Celebrating America 's Greatest Holiday . Harvard University Press . pp. 58 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peter Cole ( 2002 ) . Christmas Trees : Fun and Festive Ideas . Chronicle Books . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3577 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cassandra A. Fortin ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` It 's beginning to look a lot like Christmas ( 1958 ) '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Candice Gaukel Andrews ( 2006 ) . Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends . Big Earth Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 1 - 9315 - 9971 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Berry ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Fake Christmas Trees Not So Green '' . LiveScience . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Neer ( December 2006 ) . `` How Christmas Trees Work '' . howStuffWorks . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table - top Christmas Tree '' . Popular Mechanics : 117 . January 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Christmas Tree , one - day course listing '' . Diablo Glass School . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Demand Grows for Upside Down Christmas Tree '' ( Audio ) . All Things Considered . NPR . November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Safety '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : Sharon Caskey Hayes ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` Grower says real Christmas trees are better for environment than artificial ones '' . Kingsport Times - News . Kingsport , Tennessee . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Resource : Your Source On Xmas Decorations '' . Christmas Tree Source . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on PVC Used in Artificial Christmas Trees '' . American Christmas Tree Association . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goats , elk happy to munch on your used Christmas trees '' . CBC News . Dec 29 , 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pesticides & Wildlife Christmas Trees '' . ipm.ncsu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer Update : Old Christmas trees protect town beach '' . United States Army Corps of Engineers . March 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree recycling begins Friday in Columbia County '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling your tree can be a gift for environment '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ David Biello ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` I 'm Dreaming of a Green Christmas ( Tree ) '' ( podcast transcript ) . Scientific American . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) of Christmas trees -- A study ends the debate over which Christmas tree , natural or artificial , is most ecological '' . Ellipsos Inc . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling Your Tree : Real Christmas Trees are Recyclable '' . National Christmas Tree Association . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , R.P. ; Patch , S.C. ; Pandolfo , T.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Artificial Christmas trees : How real are the lead exposure risks ? '' . Journal of environmental health . 67 ( 5 ) : 20 -- 24 , 32 . PMID 15628192 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , R. ; Brown , M.J. ; Kashtock , M.E. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Lead Exposures in U.S. Children , 2008 : Implications for Prevention '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 ( 10 ) : 1285 -- 1293 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 11241 . PMC 2569084 . PMID 18941567 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to Christian Liturgy . Fortress Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9781451424331 . The Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century . Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree , records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in 1539 during Martin Bucer 's superintendency . Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Tree '' . Lutheran Spokesman. 29 -- 32 . 1936 . The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F. ( 2010 ) . The Feast of Christmas . Liturgical Press . p. 94 . ISBN 9780814639320 . German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 24 October 2013 ) . A Short History of Christianity . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 418 . ISBN 9781442225909 . Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree , and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach 's Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England , and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants congregated . Jump up ^ Wells , Dorothy ( 1897 ) . `` Christmas in Other Lands '' . The School Journal . E.L. Kellogg & Company . 55 : 697 -- 8 . Christmas is the occasional of family reunions . Grandmother always has the place of honor . As the time approaches for enjoying the tree , she gathers her grandchildren about her , to tell them the story of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christmas tree ; how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting , the candle lights to recall the light of the world , and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem . Jump up ^ Jennifer Eremeeva ( 15 Dec 2010 ) . `` And so , is this Christmas ? '' . Russia Beyond the Headlines . Russian Christians adhere to the Eastern Orthodox calendar , which lags 13 days behind the modern day calendar . This discrepancy was corrected in 1918 , by the fledgling Bolshevik regime , but Christmas never reverted to December 25th in Russia , because the Bolsheviks began a systematic campaign to phase out traditional religious holidays and replace them with Soviet ones . Christmas was shifted to New Year 's Eve . At the beginning , stringent measures were put in place to see off any holdover of the old days : Christmas trees , introduced to Russia by Tsar Peter The Great in the 17th Century , were banned in 1916 by the Holy Synod as too German . The Bolsheviks kept the tree ban in place . Stalin declared Ded Moroz `` an ally of the priest and kulak , '' and outlawed him from Russia . Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 9781860643972 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 . ^ Jump up to : Echo of Islam . MIG. 1993 . In the former Soviet Union , fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year 's day , following a tradition established by the officially atheist state . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( 10 November 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521022309 . The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion . Jump up ^ Dice , Elizabeth A. ( 2009 ) . Christmas and Hanukkah . Infobase Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 9781438119717 . The Christmas tree , or Yolka , is another tradition that was banned during the Soviet era . To keep the custom alive , people decorated New Year 's trees instead . Jump up ^ Margaret Stenhouse ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Vatican Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Christmas Reflection : May Our Spirits Open to the True Spiritual Light '' . Zenit News Agency . December 21 , 2005 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree is symbol of Christ , says Pope -- And a Sign of ' Undying Life ' '' . Zenit News Agency . December 19 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Urbi et Orbi message of His Holiness Pope John Paul II , Christmas 2003 '' ( in Latin ) . December 25 , 2003 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Order for the Blessing of a Christmas Tree '' . Crossroads Initiative . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 2004 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Morehouse Publishing . p. 125 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 's ' Holiday Tree ' Sparks Controversy '' . The Harvard Crimson . November 28 , 2005 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` At Christmas , what 's in a name ? '' . ABC News . November 29 , 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Vipperman , Heather F. `` Chrismons Ministry '' . History . Lutheran Church . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas tree . Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Christmas . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first christmas tree come about | [
"Other sources have offered a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions. For example, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, \"The use of evergreen trees, wreaths, and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians, Chinese, and Hebrews. Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time.\"[13]"
] | [
"around 1600"
] |
-7040582696271343194 | (Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay | ( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay - wikipedia ( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Dock of the Bay ( disambiguation ) . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' Single by Otis Redding from the album The Dock of the Bay B - side `` Sweet Lorene '' ( Volt issue ) `` Keep Your Arms Around Me '' ( Atco reissue ) Released January 8 , 1968 Format Vinyl record Recorded November 22 and December 7 , 1967 Studio Stax Studios , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Rhythm and blues soul Length 2 : 38 Label Volt Atco V - 157 Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding singles chronology `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 1968 ) `` The Happy Song ( Dum Dum ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 1968 ) `` The Happy Song ( Dum Dum ) '' ( 1968 ) Music video `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' on YouTube `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper . It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967 , including once just days before his death in a plane crash . The song was released on Stax Records ' Volt label in 1968 , becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US . It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . Redding started writing the lyrics to the song in August 1967 , while sitting on a rented houseboat in Sausalito , California . He completed the song with the help of Cropper , who was a Stax producer and the guitarist for Booker T. & the M.G. 's . The song features whistling and sounds of waves crashing on a shore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Charts 1.1. 1 Weekly charts 1.1. 2 Year - end charts 2 Later versions 3 Reception 3.1 Universal success 3.2 Legacy 3.2. 1 Other cover versions 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Origins ( edit ) While on tour with the Bar - Kays in August 1967 , Redding wrote the first verse of the song , under the abbreviated title `` Dock of the Bay , '' on a houseboat at Waldo Point in Sausalito , California . He had completed his famed performance at the Monterey Pop Festival just weeks earlier . While touring in support of the albums King & Queen ( a collaboration with female vocalist Carla Thomas ) and Live in Europe , he continued to scribble lines of the song on napkins and hotel paper . In November of that year , he joined producer and guitarist Steve Cropper at the Stax recording studio in Memphis , Tennessee , to record the song . In a September 1990 interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Cropper explained the origins of the song : Otis was one of those the kind of guy who had 100 ideas . ( ... ) He had been in San Francisco doing The Fillmore . And the story that I got he was renting boathouse or stayed at a boathouse or something and that 's where he got the idea of the ships coming in the bay there . And that 's about all he had : `` I watch the ships come in and I watch them roll away again . '' I just took that ... and I finished the lyrics . If you listen to the songs I collaborated with Otis , most of the lyrics are about him . ( ... ) Otis did n't really write about himself but I did . Songs like `` Mr. Pitiful , '' `` Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa ( Sad Song ) '' ; they were about Otis and Otis ' life . `` Dock of the Bay '' was exactly that : `` I left my home in Georgia , headed for the Frisco Bay '' was all about him going out to San Francisco to perform . Together , they completed the music and melancholy lyrics of `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay . '' From those sessions emerged Redding 's final recorded work , including `` Dock of the Bay , '' which was recorded on November 22 , with additional overdubs on December 7 . Redding 's restrained yet emotive delivery is backed by Cropper 's memorably succinct guitar playing . The song is somewhat different in style from most of Redding 's other recordings . While discussing the song with his wife , Redding stated that he had wanted to `` be a little different '' with `` The Dock of the Bay '' and `` change his style '' . There were concerns that `` The Dock of the Bay '' had too much of a pop feel for an Otis Redding record , and contracting the Stax gospel act the Staple Singers to record backing vocals was discussed but never carried out . Redding had considered the song to be unfinished and planned to record what he considered a final version , but never got the chance . The song features a whistled tune heard before the song 's fade . It was originally performed by Redding , who ( according to Cropper ) had `` this little fadeout rap he was gon na do , an ad - lib . He forgot what it was so he started whistling . '' Redding continued to tour after the recording sessions . On December 10 , his charter plane crashed into Lake Monona , outside Madison , Wisconsin . Redding and six others were killed . After Redding 's death , Cropper mixed `` Dock of the Bay '' at Stax Studios . He added the sound of seagulls and waves crashing to the background , as Redding had requested , recalling the sounds he heard when he was staying on the houseboat . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 7 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 44 UK 38 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Later versions ( edit ) `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' 7 '' single cover Single by Sammy Hagar B - side `` I 've Done Everything for You '' Released 1979 Format 7 '' single Recorded May 1979 Genre Rock Length 3 : 03 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Carter `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' 7 '' single cover Single by Michael Bolton B - side `` Call My Name '' Released Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock adult contemporary Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Jonathan Cain Keith Diamond Susan Hamilton This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Dock of the Bay '' has been hugely popular , even after its stay at the top of the charts . The song has been recorded by many artists , from Redding 's peers , like Glen Campbell , Cher , Peggy Lee , David Allan Coe , Bob Dylan , Don Partridge , Percy Sledge , Dee Clark , and Sam & Dave , to artists in various genres , including Jimmy Velvit ( whose cover version was included on his 2001 Grammy - nominated album Sun Sea & Sand ) , Widespread Panic ( who opened their New Year 's Eve 2005 concert with the song ) , Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson ( whose duet peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart ) , Kenny Rankin , Dennis Brown , Michel Pagliaro , Jacob Miller , Pearl Jam , the Format , T. Rex ( as the B - side of `` Dreamy Lady '' , released in 1975 ) , Brent Smith of Shinedown ( during an acoustic set in 2008 and with Zach Myers in a 2014 EP ) , Justin Nozuka ( 2007 ) , Sara Bareilles ( 2008 ) , and Garth Brooks ( for the 2013 Blue - Eyed Soul album in the Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences compilation ) . Playing for Change recorded a version featuring Grandpa Elliott and other performers . Sammy Hagar released a version of the song as a non-album single in 1979 . His version features the song 's co-writer , Steve Cropper , on guitar and members of the band Boston -- Brad Delp , Sib Hashian and Barry Goudreau -- on backup vocals . Producer John S. Carter had the track recorded in May 1979 with Cropper , bassist Leland Sklar and drummer Alvin Taylor . Later , he added Hagar 's vocals with background harmonies by the three members of Boston , with whom Hagar had just toured . Although the single was a modest hit for Hagar , peaking at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 , he considered it Carter 's efforts to manufacture a pop top 40 pop hit despite Hagar 's heavy metal roots . Hagar and Cropper 's work on the song was rated the thirty - seventh worst guitar solo in history by Pitchfork in 1998 . The song was not released on an album until 1992 , when it appeared on The Best of Sammy Hagar . The B - side of Hagar 's single was the first release of his studio version of `` I 've Done Everything for You '' . Michael Bolton included the song on his 1987 album The Hunger . His version peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Zelma Redding , Otis 's widow , said she was so moved by Bolton 's performance `` that it brought tears to my eyes . It reminded me so much of my husband that I know if he heard it , he would feel the same . '' In a framed letter that hangs on the wall of Bolton 's office , she referred to the record as `` my all - time favorite version of my husband 's classic . '' In April 2013 , Justin Timberlake performed the song as part of a tribute to Memphis soul music at the `` In Performance '' concert series performed at the White House . The series was attended by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama . Reception ( edit ) Many who first heard the final version had doubts about the song , the sound , and the production . Among the skeptics were Phil Walden and Jim Stewart . Redding accepted some of the criticisms and fine - tuned the song . He reversed the opening , which was Redding 's whistling part , and put it at the end as suggested . `` The Dock of the Bay '' was released early in 1968 and topped the charts in the US and UK . Billboard ranked the record as the number 4 song for 1968 . Universal success ( edit ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' was released in January 1968 , shortly after Redding 's death . R&B stations quickly added the song to their playlists , which had been saturated with Redding 's previous hits . The song shot to number one on the R&B charts in early 1968 and , starting in March , topped the pop charts for four weeks . The album , which shared the song 's title , became his largest - selling to date , peaking at number four on the pop albums chart . `` Dock of the Bay '' was popular in countries across the world and became Redding 's most successful record , selling more than four million copies worldwide . The song went on to win two Grammy Awards : Best R&B Song and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance . Legacy ( edit ) Redding 's body of work at the time of his death was immense , including a backlog of archived recordings as well as those created in November and December 1967 , just before his death . In mid-1968 , Stax Records severed its distribution contract with Atlantic Records , which retained the label 's back catalog and the rights to the unreleased Otis Redding masters . Through its Atco subsidiary ( Atco had distributed Otis Redding 's releases from Stax 's Volt label ) , Atlantic issued three more albums of new Redding material , one live album , and eight singles between 1968 and 1970 . Reprise Records issued a live album featuring Redding and Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival . Both studio albums and anthologies sold well in America and abroad . Redding was especially successful in the United Kingdom , where The Dock of the Bay went to number one , becoming the first posthumous album to reach the top spot there . In 1999 , BMI named the song as the sixth-most performed song of the twentieth century , with about six million performances . Rolling Stone ranked The Dock of the Bay number 161 on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , the third of five Redding albums on the list . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' was ranked twenty - eighth on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , the second - highest of four Redding songs on the list , after `` Respect '' ( in this case the version recorded by Aretha Franklin ) . Jim Morrison made reference to `` Dock of the Bay '' in the Doors ' song `` Runnin ' Blue '' , written by Robby Krieger , from their 1969 album The Soft Parade . Morrison sings an a capella intro for the song , singing directly about Otis Redding . `` Poor Otis dead and gone , left me here to sing his song , pretty little girl with a red dress on , poor Otis dead and gone . '' And during the verse , the lyrics `` Got to find a dock and a bay '' appear more than once ; as well as several other references to Redding 's song . Other cover versions ( edit ) In addition to the original Otis Redding version , several other versions have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . King Curtis 's version charted for five weeks starting in March 1968 and peaked at number 84 ( during the same month , the original was number one ) . A year later , Sergio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 's version charted for five weeks starting in June 1969 and peaked at number 66 . Sammy Hagar 's version charted for five weeks starting in April 1979 , peaking at number 65 . The Reddings , who included two of Otis Redding 's sons , released a version which charted for nine weeks starting in June 1982 and peaked at number 55 . Michael Bolton 's rendition charted for 17 weeks starting in January 1988 and peaked at number 11 , making it the highest - charting cover version . In 2016 , the British coffee brand Nescafé remixed part of the song in a television advertisement featuring American musician will.i.am . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Rob ( 2007 ) . Liner Notes for Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Story ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , CA : Reelin ' in the Years Productions / Concord Music Group . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 51 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 7 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Rose Lichter - Marck ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` The undying soul of Otis '' . The Daily Holdings , Inc . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dock of the Bay origin / meaning '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cropper , Steve ( September 18 , 1990 ) . `` Guitarist , songwriter and producer Steve Cropper '' . Fresh Air ( Interview ) . Interview with Terry Gross . NPR . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 -- via WHYY - FM . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` Otis Redding -- Biography '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry , Mike ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` Black History : More Than Just a Month '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Bowman 1997 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 2013 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand -- search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History -- Otis Redding '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Otis Redding -- Charts & Awards '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1968 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1968 / Top 100 Songs of 1968 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` David Allan Coe -- Dock Of The Bay '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Album `` Don Partridge '' , EMI Columbia Records SCX 6280 ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Hagar , Sammy ; Selvin , Joel ( 2011 ) . Red : My Uncensored Life in Rock . HarperCollins . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 200928 - 1 . Jump up ^ Liner notes . Sammy Hagar . The Best of Sammy Hagar . Capitol CDP 0777 7 80262 2 8 . 1992 . Jump up ^ Michael Sandlin . `` Top 50 Worst Guitar Solos of the Millennium '' . Reprint of `` Top 50 Worst Guitar Solos in Music History '' . Pitchfork. 28 October 1998 . Archived January 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` People Are Talking About ... '' Jet . January 18 , 1988 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bolton : ' How Black Music Changed My Life ' '' . Ebony . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Kurt ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Timberlake bares his soul with Otis Redding cover at White House '' . today.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 486 . Jump up ^ Otfinoski 2003 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` Honors '' . Otis Redding Official Website . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman 1997 , pp. 138 - 142 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive 22nd June 1968 '' . London : The Official Charts Company . 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century '' . at BMI.com. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles : 1955 -- 2002 . Record Research , 2004 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bowman , Rob ( 1997 ) . Soulsville U.S.A. : The Story of Stax Records . New York , NY : Schirmer Trade . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8256 - 7284 - 2 . OCLC 36824884 . Guralnick , Peter ( 1999 ) . Sweet Soul Music : Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom . Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33273 - 6 . OCLC 41950519 . Otfinoski , Steven ( 2003 ) . African Americans in the Performing Arts ( A to Z of African Americans ) . New York , NY : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4807 - 6 . OCLC 49558659 . Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Lanham , MD : Lanham : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 810 - 88296 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( in the public domain in Canada ) Preceded by `` Love Is Blue '' by Paul Mauriat Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 16 , 1968 Succeeded by `` Honey '' by Bobby Goldsboro Preceded by `` We 're a Winner '' by The Impressions Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles number one single March 16 -- 30 , 1968 Succeeded by `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' by Aretha Franklin Otis Redding Studio albums Pain in My Heart The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads Otis Blue The Soul Album Complete & Unbelievable : The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul King & Queen ( duet album w / Carla Thomas ) Posthumous albums The Immortal Otis Redding Love Man Tell the Truth Live albums Live in Europe In Person at the Whisky a Go Go Monterey International Pop Festival Good to Me : Live at the Whisky a Go Go , Vol. 2 Compilation albums The History of Otis Redding The Dock of the Bay The Best of Otis Redding Remember Me The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 1 Otis ! The Definitive Otis Redding The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 2 Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology Singles ( US / UK Top Ten singles ) `` These Arms of Mine '' `` Mr. Pitiful '' `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' `` Respect '' `` Satisfaction '' `` My Lover 's Prayer '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` The Happy Song ( Dum - Dum ) '' `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' ( Live ) . `` You Left the Water Running '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Shake ! Otis at Monterey Steve Cropper Booker T. & the M.G. 's Carla Thomas Stax Deep Soul Soul `` Otis '' ( song ) Andrew Love Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson David Allan Coe Studio albums Penitentiary Blues Requiem for a Harlequin The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy Once Upon a Rhyme Longhaired Redneck Rides Again Texas Moon Tattoo Buckstone County Prison Family Album Nothing Sacred Human Emotions Compass Point Spectrum VII I 've Got Something to Say Encore Invictus ( Means ) Unconquered Tennessee Whiskey DAC Rough Rider Underground Album Castles in the Sand Hello in There Just Divorced Darlin ' , Darlin ' Unchained Son of the South A Matter of Life and Death I Love Country Crazy Daddy 1990 Songs for Sale Standing Too Close to the Flames Johnny Cash Is a Friend of Mine Recommended for Airplay Long Haired Country Boy Songwriter of the Tear Country and Western Sings Merle Haggard Whoopsy Daisy Sings Johnny Cash 's Biggest Hits All I 'll Ever Be Rebel Meets Rebel DAC 's Back Live albums Live : If That Ai n't Country ... Live at the Iron Horse Saloon Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of David Allan Coe 17 Greatest Hits For the Record : The First 10 Years 18 X-Rated Hits Biggest Hits Super Hits The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy / Once Upon a Time 20 Greatest Hits Longhaired Redneck / Rides Again The Original Outlaw Headed for the Country Best of the Best Compass Point / I 've Got Something to Say David Allan Coe , Johnny Paycheck & Others Human Emotions / Spectrum VII Invictus Means Unconquered / Tennessee Whiskey Tattoo / Family Album Lonesome Fugitive The Perfect Country and Western Song Truckin ' Outlaw Super Hits , Vol. 2 20 Road Music Hits 16 Biggest Hits Castles in the Sand / Once Upon a Rhyme The Original Outlaw of Country Music 20 All Time Greatest Hits Country Outlaw The Essential David Allan Coe Ultimate Collection For the Soul and for the Mind : Demos of ' 71 - ' 74 Castles in the Sand / Hello in There Just Divorced / Darlin ' Darlin ' : Plus Rough Rider / DAC : Plus Unchained / Son of the South : Plus At His Best The Ride Country Hit Parade Early Years Singles `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' `` Longhaired Redneck '' `` Stand by Your Man '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Dock of the Bay '' `` The Ride '' `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' `` She Used to Love Me a Lot '' `` I 'm Gonna Hurt Her on the Radio '' Related articles Discography Johnny Paycheck `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take This Job and Shove It '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Sittin%27_On)_The_Dock_of_the_Bay&oldid=818068357 '' Categories : 1968 singles Otis Redding songs Songs about California Songs about San Francisco David Allan Coe songs Michael Bolton songs Peggy Lee songs Waylon Jennings songs Willie Nelson songs Jimmy Velvit songs Glen Campbell songs Songs written by Otis Redding Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs released posthumously Songs written by Steve Cropper RCA Records singles Atco Records singles Stax Records singles Capitol Records singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with Wikilivres links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Sardu Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 09 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made sitting on the dock of the bay | [
"\"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper. It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967, including once just days before his death in a plane crash. The song was released on Stax Records' Volt label in 1968,[2] becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US.[3] It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart.",
"\"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper. It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967, including once just days before his death in a plane crash. The song was released on Stax Records' Volt label in 1968,[2] becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US.[3] It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart."
] | [
"Otis Redding",
"Steve Cropper"
] |
2600943324783705654 | Chief Justice of the United States | Chief justice of the United States - wikipedia Chief justice of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Chief Justice of the United States Incumbent John Roberts since September 29 , 2005 Style The Honorable ( formal ) Mr. Chief Justice ( informal ) Your Honor ( when addressed directly in court ) Appointer Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Term length Life tenure Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Inaugural holder John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court September 26 , 1789 Formation March 4 , 1789 This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States . As such , he is head of the United States federal court system , which functions as the judicial branch of the nation 's federal government . The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices ; the other eight have the title Associate Justice . The Chief Justice , as the highest judicial officer in the country , serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch , and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts . He is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , and in that capacity appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts . By law , he is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution , and by custom is elected chancellor of the board . The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments . When the court renders an opinion , the Chief Justice -- when in the majority -- decides who writes the court 's opinion . The Chief Justice also has significant agenda - setting power over the court 's meetings . In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States , which has occurred twice , the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate . Additionally , the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice ( although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular ) . Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 17 persons have served as chief justice . The first was John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) . The current chief justice is John Roberts ( since 2005 ) . Four -- Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan Fiske Stone , and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin , title , and appointment to office 2 Duties 2.1 Impeachment trials 2.2 Seniority 2.3 Oath of office 2.4 Other duties 3 Disability or vacancy 4 List of Chief Justices 4.1 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin , title , and appointment to office ( edit ) John Jay , by Gilbert Stuart The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice , but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 : `` When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside . '' Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office . Article III , Section 1 , which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court , refers to all members of the Court simply as `` judges . '' The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1866 , at the urging of Salmon P. Chase , Congress restyled the chief justice 's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States . The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888 . The associate justices ' title was not altered in 1866 , and remains as originally created . The chief justice , like all federal judges , is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once in office , a justice 's tenure ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress ; the current ( 2017 ) annual salary is $263,300 , which is slightly higher than that of associate justices , which is $251,800 . The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition ; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice , it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom . There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court . Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with , and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice . Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice : Edward Douglass White in 1910 , Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941 , and William Rehnquist in 1986 . A fourth , Abe Fortas , was nominated to the position in 1968 , but not confirmed . As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice , Fortas remained an associate justice . Similarly , when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796 , but declined the office , he too remained on the Court . Additionally , two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice . John Rutledge was the first . President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795 . However , his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate , and he left office and the Court . In 1933 , former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice . Duties ( edit ) Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court , the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill . Impeachment trials ( edit ) Article I , section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate . Two Chief Justices , Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist , have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president -- Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton . Both presidents were subsequently acquitted . Seniority ( edit ) John Marshall , the fourth and longest serving Chief Justice . Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices . Traditionally , the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares ( first among equals ) -- that is , the chief justice is the highest - ranking and foremost member of the Court , regardless of that officeholder 's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice . This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court 's culture and norms , and thus influence how it functions . The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari , to decide whether to hear or deny each case . The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it . While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda , in practice this initial agenda - setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court . Nonetheless , a chief justice 's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices ' understanding of legal principles ; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari . Despite the chief justice 's elevated stature , his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice . Additionally , he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them . The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority . Thus , when the chief justice is in the majority , he always assigns the opinion . Early in his tenure , Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court 's national prestige . In doing so , Marshall would often write the opinions himself , and actively discouraged dissenting opinions . Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice : one justice writes an opinion for the majority , and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not , whether concurring or dissenting . The chief justice 's formal prerogative -- when in the majority -- to assign which justice will write the Court 's opinion is perhaps his most influential power , as this enables him to influence the historical record . He `` may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition , to an ideologically amenable colleague , or to himself . '' Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion ; two justices in the same majority , given the opportunity , might write very different majority opinions . A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much -- by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court -- to affect the general character or tone of an opinion , which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come . Additionally , the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices . He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion . Although the chief justice votes first -- the Court votes in order of seniority -- he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired . It is reported that : Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned , and even vilified in some quarters , for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court 's agenda through opinion assignment . Indeed , Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition , cast `` phony votes '' by voting against his preferred position , and , declined to express a position at conference . Oath of office ( edit ) The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States . This is a tradition , rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice ; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular , simply that it be taken by the president . Law empowers any federal and state judge , as well as notaries public ( such as John Calvin Coolidge , Sr. , to administer oaths and affirmations . William Rehnquist ( left ) takes the oath as Chief Justice from retiring Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in 1986 , as his wife , Natalie , holds the Bible and President Ronald Reagan ( far right ) looks on . If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated , the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court . Seven times , someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President . Robert Livingston , as Chancellor of the State of New York ( the state 's highest ranking judicial office ) , administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration ; there was no Chief Justice of the United States , nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration . William Cushing , an associate justice of the Supreme Court , administered Washington 's second oath of office in 1793 . Calvin Coolidge 's father , a notary public , administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding . This , however , was contested upon Coolidge 's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling , Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia . Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office . On November 22 , 1963 , after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Judge Sarah T. Hughes , a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane . In addition , the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices , whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president . Other duties ( edit ) Since the tenure of William Howard Taft , the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals . The Chief Justice also : Serves as the head of the federal judiciary . Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts . The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules , which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court ( subject to disapproval by Congress ) , to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts . Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools . Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) , a `` secret court '' which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies ( primarily the F.B.I. ) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States . ( see 50 U.S.C. § 1803 ) . Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation , a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts . Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents , and by custom as the Chancellor , of the Smithsonian Institution . Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress . Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other `` office of trust or profit '' of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats , the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions . Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so - called Jay Treaty ( also known as the Treaty of London of 1794 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis , and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President 's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy . As described above , the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress . Disability or vacancy ( edit ) Under 28 USC , when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions , or that office is vacant , his duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act , until the disability or vacancy ends , as chief justice . As of February 13 , 2016 , Anthony Kennedy is the most senior associate justice . List of Chief justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice : Chief Justice Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Length of tenure Appointed by Prior position John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 01 ! September 26 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 14 ! 7003210200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 276 days George Washington Acting United States Secretary of State ( 1789 -- 1790 ) John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 02 ! June 30 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 17 ! 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 days Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas and Sessions ( 1791 -- 1795 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1789 -- 1791 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 03 ! March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 16 ! 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days United States Senator from Connecticut ( 1789 -- 1796 ) John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 04 ! February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 01 ! 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days John Adams 4th United States Secretary of State ( 1800 -- 1801 ) 5 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 05 ! March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 02 ! 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days Andrew Jackson 12th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1833 -- 1834 ) 6 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 06 ! December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 12 ! 7003307400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 152 days Abraham Lincoln 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1861 -- 1864 ) 7 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 07 ! March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 07 ! 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days Ulysses S. Grant Ohio State Senator ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Presiding officer , Ohio constitutional convention ( 1873 ) 8 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 08 ! October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 03 ! 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days Grover Cleveland President , Illinois State Bar Association ( 1886 ) Illinois State Representative ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 9 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 09 ! December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 10 ! 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days William Howard Taft Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1894 -- 1910 ) 10 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 10 ! July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 11 ! 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 11 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 11 ! February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 09 ! 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 44th United States Secretary of State ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1910 -- 1916 ) 12 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 12 ! July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 15 ! 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days Franklin D. Roosevelt Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1925 -- 1941 ) 13 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 13 ! June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 13 ! 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days Harry S. Truman 53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 14 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 14 ! October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 06 ! 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 30th Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) 15 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 15 ! June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 05 ! 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1956 -- 1969 ) 16 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 16 ! September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 04 ! 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days Ronald Reagan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1972 -- 1986 ) 17 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 17 ! September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 08 ! 7003440600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 23 days George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justaice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process . See also ( edit ) Lists of United States Supreme Court cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Administrative Agencies : Office of the Chief Justice , 1789 - present '' . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pettys , Todd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Choosing a Chief Justice : Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court ? '' . Journal of Law & Politics . The University of Iowa College of Law . 22 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 281 . SSRN 958829 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judiciary '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank B. ; Lindquist , Stefanie ( June 2006 ) . `` The decisional significance of the Chief Justice '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Law School . 154 ( 6 ) : 1665 -- 1707 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Timothy R. ; Spriggs II , James F. ; Wahlbeck , Paul J. ( June 2005 ) . `` Passing and Strategic Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Law & Society Review . Law and Society Association , through Wiley . 39 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 377 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations : Presidential Oaths of Office '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Coolidge 's autobiography '' . Historicvermont.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Prologue : Selected Articles '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Swearing - In Ceremony , Part 5 of 6 '' . Inaugural.senate.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Legacy : A Brief History of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . 2006 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 28 U.S. Code § 3 - Vacancy in office of Chief Justice ; disability LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Flanders , Henry . The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1874 at Google Books . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons `` The template below ( USChiefJustices ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Chief Justices of the United States John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ) John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ) History of the Supreme Court of the United States by Chief Justice Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ; cases ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ; cases ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ; cases ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ; cases ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States&oldid=805663729 '' Categories : Chief Justices of the United States Legal professions Supreme Court of the United States people 1789 establishments in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 21 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is chief justice of the supreme court | [
"\n\nChief Justice of the\nUnited States\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nJohn Roberts\nsince September 29, 2005\n\n\n\nStyle\nThe Honorable (formal)\nMr. Chief Justice (informal)\nYour Honor (when addressed directly in court)\n\n\nAppointer\nPresidential nomination with Senate confirmation\n\n\nTerm length\nLife tenure\n\n\nConstituting instrument\nU.S. Constitution\n\n\nInaugural holder\nJohn Jay\nas Chief Justice of the Supreme Court\nSeptember 26, 1789\n\n\nFormation\nMarch 4, 1789\n\n"
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9137853598452853384 | List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck" | List of films that most frequently use the word `` fuck '' - wikipedia List of films that most frequently use the word `` fuck '' Jump to : navigation , search Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . The use of profanity in films has always been controversial , but has increased significantly in recent years . The use of the word fuck in film draws particular criticism ; in 2005 , the documentary Fuck dealt entirely with this phenomenon . The word fuck is thought to be the taboo term used most in American film . The 1927 Motion Picture Production Code , better known as the `` Hays Code '' , banned the use of profanity outright . The modern MPAA rating system assigns a PG - 13 rating if a film contains the word . The R rating is normally required if the film contains two utterances or if the word is used in a sexual context . There are exceptions to the rule that one sexual use or two non-sexual uses of `` fuck '' results in an R rating . In some cases , filmmakers appealed the rating because their target audience might avoid an R - rated film . Censors have been more lenient about the word in films that portray historical events . This is a list of non-pornographic , English language films containing at least 150 spoken uses of the word fuck ( or one of its derivatives ) , ordered by the number of such uses . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of films by number of uses 2 Record progression 3 Notes and references 4 Resources List of films by number of uses Film Year Fuck count Minutes Uses / minute Source Ref . Swearnet : The Movie 2014 935 112 8.35 Fuck -- a documentary on the word 2005 857 93 9.21 The Wolf of Wall Street 2013 569 180 3.16 SI Summer of Sam 1999 435 142 3.06 PO Nil by Mouth 1997 428 128 3.34 SI Casino 1995 422 178 2.40 FMG Straight Outta Compton 2015 392 167 2.35 SI Alpha Dog 2007 367 118 3.11 SI End of Watch 2012 326 109 2.99 KIM Twin Town 1997 318 99 3.21 SI Running Scared 2006 315 122 2.58 SI Sweet Sixteen 2002 313 106 2.95 DR Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat 2002 311 113 2.75 SI Menace II Society 1993 305 98 3.11 PO Goodfellas 1990 300 146 2.05 FMG Narc 2002 297 105 2.82 FMG Harsh Times 2006 296 120 2.46 SI Made 2001 291 94 3.09 FMG Another Day in Paradise 1998 291 101 2.88 SI Pride and Glory 2008 291 125 2.32 SI Dirty 2005 280 97 2.88 FMG I 'm Still Here 280 107 2.40 FMG Jarhead 2005 278 123 2.26 SI Bully 2001 274 113 2.42 FMG State Property 2 2005 271 94 2.88 SI Brooklyn 's Finest 270 140 1.93 SI Reservoir Dogs 1992 269 99 2.71 FMG Pulp Fiction 265 154 1.72 FMG The Big Lebowski 1998 260 117 2.22 FMG Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back 2001 248 104 2.38 FMG Free Fire 2016 240 90 2.67 KIM Do the Right Thing 1989 240 120 2.00 SD The Boondock Saints 1999 239 110 2.17 FMG The Departed 2006 237 151 1.56 SI Empire 2002 236 90 2.62 FMG True Romance 1993 234 121 1.93 FMG Black Mass 2015 234 122 1.92 SI Goon 2012 231 93 2.48 KIM My Name Is Joe 1998 230 105 2.19 SI State of Grace 1990 230 134 1.71 FMG Gridlock 'd 1997 227 91 2.49 SI The Devil 's Rejects 2005 224 109 2.06 FMG Eddie Murphy Raw 223 90 2.47 FMG Suicide Kings 1997 222 106 2.09 FMG Zack and Miri Make a Porno 2008 219 101 2.16 SI 30 Minutes or Less 2011 218 83 2.17 KIM Black and White 1999 215 98 2.19 SI American History X 1998 214 119 1.79 FMG The Original Kings of Comedy 2000 213 115 1.85 FMG Hot Tub Time Machine 212 100 2.12 SI Monument Ave . 1998 210 93 2.25 PO Layer Cake 210 105 2.00 FMG All Eyez on Me 2017 210 140 1.50 PI ( 3 ) Scarface 207 170 1.21 FMG Spun 2002 203 101 2.00 FMG Dysfunktional Family 2003 200 89 2.24 SI Foolish 1999 200 97 2.06 SI This Is The End 2013 200 106 1.88 KIM 8 Mile 2002 200 110 1.81 SI 22 Jump Street 2014 200 112 1.78 PI A Bronx Tale 1993 200 122 1.63 FMG I Got the Hook Up 1998 197 93 2.11 SI Sabotage 2014 196 109 1.80 SI Born on the Fourth of July 1989 196 145 1.35 FMG Next Day Air 2009 193 84 2.23 SI Killing Them Softly 2012 193 97 1.99 SI Overnight 2003 191 82 2.32 FMG Ten Benny 190 108 1.75 KIM Superbad 2007 190 118 1.61 SI Magnolia 1999 190 188 1.01 FMG Monster 2003 187 110 1.70 FMG Belly 1998 186 96 1.93 SI Hustle & Flow 2005 186 115 1.61 FMG The Wall 2017 185 82 2.26 PI ( 4 ) Clockers 1995 185 128 1.44 PO Get Rich or Die Tryin ' 2005 185 134 1.38 FMG Bad Santa 2 2016 180 92 1.96 KIM The 51st State 2001 180 93 1.93 FMG Flawless 1999 178 112 1.58 FMG Slam 1998 176 100 1.76 SI Poetic Justice 1993 175 109 1.60 PO Pineapple Express 2008 175 111 1.57 SI Project X 2012 175 88 1.98 KIM Human Traffic 1999 174 100 1.74 PO Bad Santa 2003 173 98 1.76 FMG Tigerland 2000 173 100 1.73 MR Donnie Brasco 1997 172 127 1.35 FMG Backstage 2000 170 86 1.97 SI The Commitments 1991 169 118 1.43 FMG Grindhouse 2007 169 191 0.88 SI Four Rooms 1995 168 98 1.71 FMG Death of a Dynasty 2003 167 93 1.79 KIM Gang Related 1997 165 102 1.61 SI Crank : High Voltage 2009 164 96 1.71 SI Funny People 2009 164 153 1.01 SI Boogie Nights 1997 164 155 1.05 FMG Formula 51 2001 163 93 1.75 SI Blood In Blood Out 1993 163 190 0.85 PO 21 and Over 2013 162 93 1.74 KIM The Grey 2012 161 117 1.30 SI Lone Survivor 2013 161 121 1.33 SI Sausage Party 2016 160 89 1.80 PI Good Time 2017 160 100 1.60 PI ( 5 ) Dirty Grandpa 2016 160 102 1.57 KIM Snatch 2000 159 102 1.55 FMG Platoon 1986 159 120 1.32 FMG Blue Collar 1978 158 114 1.39 TFF The Heat 2013 158 117 1.35 KIM Colors 157 120 1.30 FMG Dead Presidents 1995 157 119 1.32 PO That 's My Boy 2012 156 116 1.35 SI Magic Mike 2012 156 110 1.42 KIM Intermission 2003 155 106 1.46 FMG The Town 155 125 1.26 SI Legend 2015 155 131 1.18 SI The Blair Witch Project 1999 154 86 1.79 FMG Notorious 2009 154 123 1.25 SI Good Will Hunting 1997 154 126 1.22 FMG Boiler Room 2000 153 118 1.29 SI Bad Boys II 2003 153 147 1.04 FMG All About the Benjamins 2002 151 99 1.53 SI Ash Wednesday 2002 151 99 1.53 FMG Soul Men 2008 151 103 1.46 SI Smokin ' Stogies 2001 151 102 1.48 FMG In the Name of the Father 1993 151 127 1.19 FMG Clerks II 2006 150 97 1.55 PI The Night Before 2015 150 101 1.49 KIM Everybody Wants Some ! ! 2016 150 117 1.28 PI Patriots Day 2016 150 130 1.15 SI Hoffa 1992 150 140 1.07 FMG The Place Beyond the Pines 2012 150 140 1.07 SI American Honey 2016 150 163 0.92 KIM Record progression Film Year Fuck count Minutes Uses / minute The French Connection 1971 11 104 0.11 Last Tango in Paris 1972 25 129 0.19 The Last Detail 1973 65 112 0.58 Blue Collar 1978 158 114 1.39 Scarface 207 170 1.21 Eddie Murphy Raw 223 90 2.47 Do the Right Thing 1989 240 120 Goodfellas 1990 300 146 2.05 Menace II Society 1993 305 98 3.11 Casino 1995 422 178 2.4 Nil by Mouth 1997 428 128 3.34 Summer of Sam 1999 435 142 3.06 Fuck - A documentary on the word 2005 857 93 9.21 The Wolf of Wall Street 2013 569 180 3.16 Swearnet : The Movie 2014 935 112 8.35 Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Violence , sex , and profanity increased significantly in movies between 1992 and 2003 '' . news-medical.net . July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kimberly M. Thompson and Fumie Yokota ( July 13 , 2004 ) . `` Violence , Sex , and Profanity in Films : Correlation of Movie Ratings With Content '' ( PDF ) . Medscape General Medicine . 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rowan Walker ( November 19 , 2006 ) . `` Is this an f - word too far ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ María Jesús Fernández Fernández ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) . `` The Translation of Swearing in the Dubbing of the Film South Park into Spanish '' . In So Many Words : Language Transfer on the Screen . University of Surrey . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America . `` Don'ts and Be Carefuls '' . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ridder , Knight ( 28 August 2003 ) . `` F - word does n't always equal R rating '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Swearnet : The Movie ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ An earlier cut of the film , shown at the AFI Los Angeles International Film Festival , incorrectly stated the film contained 629 uses of the word fuck . Jump up ^ Garvin , Glenn ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` How to hear the F - word 857 times on TV -- F * * k. 2 -- 4 a.m. Saturday . Documentary Channel . '' . The Miami Herald . Florida : The McClatchy Company . Anybody expecting protective bleeps will suffer lethally seared eardrums within minutes of tuning in ; the program shatters all existing records of F - word usage with 857 gloriously stereophonic examples . Jump up ^ Mak , Zoe ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Entertainment : Director gives the F - word an airing '' . South China Morning Post . Hong Kong : SCMP Group . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . But in a movie now being shown in Hong Kong , it is heard no fewer than 857 times . It is ' the F - word ' , and it is still so controversial that on posters for the documentary of the same name , the ' u ' has been replaced by an asterisk . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Is Wolf of Wall Street Really the Sweariest Movie of All Time ? A Slate Investigation '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Every Single Curse Word Said in The Wolf of Wall Street : The Fullest Picture '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ The DVD release includes an optional `` curse counter '' function that keeps a visual record of the number of appearances of the word both verbally and visually in the film . Source : Mike Pinsky ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` DVD Verdict Review -- Fuck '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Nil By Mouth '' . Screenit.com. 1998 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Casino '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Straight Outta Compton '' . Screenitplus.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Alpha Dog '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` End of Watch ( 2012 ) ( R ) -- 5.8. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Town '' . Screenit.com. 1997 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Running Scared '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dow , Bob ( 2008 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Film Sets Record for Most F - words in a Scottish Movie '' . The Daily Record . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Martin Lawerence : Runteldat '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Movie Review '' . Previewonline.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Goodfellas '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Narc '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Harsh Times '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Made '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Another Day In Paradise '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Pride And Glory '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Dirty '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` British Board Of Film Classification -- I 'm Still Here rated 15 '' . BBFC.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Jarhead '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Bully '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` SCREEN IT ! PARENTAL REVIEW : STATE PROPERTY 2 '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Brooklyn 'S Finest '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Reservoir Dogs '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Pulp Fiction '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : The Big Lebowski '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Free Fire '' . kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Do the Right Thing Trivia '' . Screened . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : The Boondock Saints '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : The Departed '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Empire '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : True Romance '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mass '' . Screenitplus.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Goon '' . kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.screenit.com/movies/1998/my_name_is_joe.html Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : State of Grace '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Gridlock 'D '' . Screenit.com. 1997 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : The Devil 's Rejects '' . Family Media Guide . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Eddie Murphy -- Raw '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Suicide Kings '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Zack And Miri Make A Porno '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Minutes or Less '' . kids-in-mind.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Black And White '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : American History X '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : The Original Kings of Comedy '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Hot Tub Time Machine '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Movie Review '' . Previewonline.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Layer Cake '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Scarface '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Spun '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Dysfunktional Family '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Foolish '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This Is The End '' . kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SCREEN IT ! PARENTAL REVIEW : 8 MILE '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Jump Street '' . Plugged In . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : A Bronx Tale '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` I Got The Hook Up '' . Screenit.com. 1998 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sabotage '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Born on the Fourth of July '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Next Day Air '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Killing Them Softly '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Overnight '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Benny ( 1996 ) -- 4.3. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Superbad '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Magnolia '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Monster '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BELLY '' . Screenit.com. 1998 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Hustle & Flow '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Movie Review '' . Previewonline.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Santa 2 ( 2016 ) ( R ) - 8.5. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Formula 51 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Flawless '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` SLAM '' . Screenit.com. 1998 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Movie Review '' . Previewonline.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Pineapple Express '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Project X ( 2012 ) ( R ) -- 7.5. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Movie Review '' . Previewonline.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Bad Santa '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tigerland '' . The Movie Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Donnie Brasco '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Backstage '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : The Commitments '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Grindhouse '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Four Rooms '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Death of a Dynasty ( 2005 ) ( R ) -- 5.4. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Gang Related '' . Screenit.com. 1997 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Crank : High Voltage '' . Screenit.com. 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Funny People '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Boogie Nights '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Formula 51 '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Movie Review '' . Previewonline.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 21 and Over '' . kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Grey '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Lone Survivor '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party Movie Review ( 2016 ) '' . Plugged In . 2016 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Grandpa ( 2016 ) ( R ) - 8.4. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Snatch '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neil Armstrong ( 2004 - 09 - 11 ) . `` The filth and the fury '' . Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Platoon '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Greco , John ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Blue Collar ( 1978 ) Paul Schrader '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Heat '' . kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Colors '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Movie Review '' . Previewonline.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : That 's My Boy '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Mike ( 2012 ) ( R ) -- 8.4. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Intermission '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` THE TOWN '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` LEGEND '' . Screenitplus.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : The Blair Witch Project '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Notorious '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Good Will Hunting '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Boiler Room '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Bad Boys II '' . Family Media Guide . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : All About the Benjamins '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Ash Wednesday '' . Family Media Guide . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Screen It ! Parental Review : Soul Men '' . Screenit.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Smokin ' Stogies '' . Family Media Guide . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : In the Name of the Father '' . Family Media Guide . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Clerks II Movie Review '' . Plugged In . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Night Before ( 2015 ) ( R ) - 8.4. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Wants Some ! ! Movie Review ( 2016 ) '' . Plugged In . 2016 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Freeze Frame : Hoffa '' . Family Media Guide . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` American Honey ( 2016 ) ( R ) - 9.4. 10 '' . Kids-in-mind.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Resources The data in this list are derived from various sources : Family Media Guide ( FMG ) -- source for profanity counts , now defunct . The reviews are still available in the Internet Archive . Preview Online ( PO ) -- source for profanity counts Screen It ! Entertainment Reviews ( SI ) -- source for profanity counts Kids in mind ( KIM ) -- source for profanity counts indieWire ( iW ) -- a leading source on independent films The Documentary Blog ( TDB ) -- created by and for documentary fans and filmmakers Internet Movie Database ( IMDb ) -- useful for general film facts Sexual slang General Anilingus Banjee Bareback Baseball metaphors for sex Blue balls Bottom Camel toe Chickenhead Circle jerk Cock tease Cornhole Cougar Cunt Daisy chain Deep - throating Dick Dirty Sanchez Dogging Donkey punch Douche Felching Fuck Girlfriend experience Glory hole Hogging Hot Karl Italian profanity Latin profanity Mama - san Mammary intercourse Mat Mile high club Motherfucker Nookie Party and play Pearl necklace Pegging Pirate Pussy Quickie Red wings Rusty trombone Saddlebacking Serosorting Shemale Slut Snowballing Soggy biscuit Switch Teabagging Tits Top Top , bottom and versatile Turkey slap Twat Voulez - vous coucher avec moi ? Wanker Whale tail Whore LGBT - specific Bara Bear Beard Bi-curious Breeder Bugchasing Chicken Chickenhawk Chub Daddy Down - low Dyke Fag hag Fruit Gay - for - pay Lipstick lesbian Queen Soft butch Swish Trade Troll Twink U-Haul lesbian In pornography Ass to mouth Bukkake Centerfold Clothed female , naked male ( CFNM ) Clothed male , naked female ( CMNF ) Creampie Cum shot Deep - throating Downblouse Facial Felching Fluffer Gang bang Gokkun Golden Age of Porn Insert MILF / DILF Money shot Paysite Point - of - view Rosebud Stunt cock Upskirt In popular culture List of films that most frequently use the word `` fuck '' Human sexuality Sexology Sexual slur Terminology of homosexuality This film , television or video - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it with reliably sourced additions . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_films_that_most_frequently_use_the_word_%22fuck%22&oldid=836262609 '' Categories : Lists of films by common content Profanity Sexual slang Sexuality - related lists Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles lacking reliable references from December 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Dynamic lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català 日本 語 Română Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 17 : 41 . About Wikipedia | how many times is the f word used in scarface | [
"\n\nFilm\nYear\nFuck count\nMinutes\nUses/minute\nSource\nRef.\n\n\nSwearnet: The Movie\n2014\n935\n112\n8.35\n\n[7]\n\n\nFuck—a documentary on the word[8]\n2005\n857\n93\n9.21\n\n[9][10]\n\n\nThe Wolf of Wall Street\n2013\n569\n180\n3.16\nSI\n[11][12][13]\n\n\nSummer of Sam\n1999\n435\n142\n3.06\nPO\n[14]\n\n\nNil by Mouth\n1997\n428\n128\n3.34\nSI\n[15]\n\n\nCasino\n1995\n422\n178\n2.40\nFMG\n[16]\n\n\nStraight Outta Compton\n2015\n392\n167\n2.35\nSI\n[17]\n\n\nAlpha Dog\n2007\n367\n118\n3.11\nSI\n[18]\n\n\nEnd of Watch\n2012\n326\n109\n2.99\nKIM\n[19]\n\n\nTwin Town\n1997\n318\n99\n3.21\nSI\n[20]\n\n\nRunning Scared\n2006\n315\n122\n2.58\nSI\n[21]\n\n\nSweet Sixteen\n2002\n313\n106\n2.95\nDR\n[22]\n\n\nMartin Lawrence Live: Runteldat\n2002\n311\n113\n2.75\nSI\n[23]\n\n\nMenace II Society\n1993\n305\n98\n3.11\nPO\n[24]\n\n\nGoodfellas\n1990\n300\n146\n2.05\nFMG\n[25]\n\n\nNarc\n2002\n297\n105\n2.82\nFMG\n[26]\n\n\nHarsh Times\n2006\n296\n120\n2.46\nSI\n[27]\n\n\nMade\n2001\n291\n94\n3.09\nFMG\n[28]\n\n\nAnother Day in Paradise\n1998\n291\n101\n2.88\nSI\n[29]\n\n\nPride and Glory\n2008\n291\n125\n2.32\nSI\n[30]\n\n\nDirty\n2005\n280\n97\n2.88\nFMG\n[31]\n\n\nI'm Still Here\n2010\n280\n107\n2.40\nFMG\n[32]\n\n\nJarhead\n2005\n278\n123\n2.26\nSI\n[33]\n\n\nBully\n2001\n274\n113\n2.42\nFMG\n[34]\n\n\nState Property 2\n2005\n271\n94\n2.88\nSI\n[35]\n\n\nBrooklyn's Finest\n2010\n270\n140\n1.93\nSI\n[36]\n\n\nReservoir Dogs\n1992\n269\n99\n2.71\nFMG\n[37]\n\n\nPulp Fiction\n1994\n265\n154\n1.72\nFMG\n[38]\n\n\nThe Big Lebowski\n1998\n260\n117\n2.22\nFMG\n[39]\n\n\nJay and Silent Bob Strike Back\n2001\n248\n104\n2.38\nFMG\n[40]\n\n\nFree Fire\n2016\n240\n90\n2.67\nKIM\n[41]\n\n\nDo the Right Thing\n1989\n240\n120\n2.00\nSD\n[42]\n\n\nThe Boondock Saints\n1999\n239\n110\n2.17\nFMG\n[43]\n\n\nThe Departed\n2006\n237\n151\n1.56\nSI\n[44]\n\n\nEmpire\n2002\n236\n90\n2.62\nFMG\n[45]\n\n\nTrue Romance\n1993\n234\n121\n1.93\nFMG\n[46]\n\n\nBlack Mass\n2015\n234\n122\n1.92\nSI\n[47]\n\n\nGoon\n2012\n231\n93\n2.48\nKIM\n[48]\n\n\nMy Name Is Joe\n1998\n230\n105\n2.19\nSI\n[49]\n\n\nState of Grace\n1990\n230\n134\n1.71\nFMG\n[50]\n\n\nGridlock'd\n1997\n227\n91\n2.49\nSI\n[51]\n\n\nThe Devil's Rejects\n2005\n224\n109\n2.06\nFMG\n[52]\n\n\nEddie Murphy Raw\n1987\n223\n90\n2.47\nFMG\n[53]\n\n\nSuicide Kings\n1997\n222\n106\n2.09\nFMG\n[54]\n\n\nZack and Miri Make a Porno\n2008\n219\n101\n2.16\nSI\n[55]\n\n\n30 Minutes or Less\n2011\n218\n83\n2.17\nKIM\n[56]\n\n\nBlack and White\n1999\n215\n98\n2.19\nSI\n[57]\n\n\nAmerican History X\n1998\n214\n119\n1.79\nFMG\n[58]\n\n\nThe Original Kings of Comedy\n2000\n213\n115\n1.85\nFMG\n[59]\n\n\nHot Tub Time Machine\n2010\n212\n100\n2.12\nSI\n[60]\n\n\nMonument Ave.\n1998\n210\n93\n2.25\nPO\n[61]\n\n\nLayer Cake\n2004\n210\n105\n2.00\nFMG\n[62]\n\n\nAll Eyez on Me\n2017\n210\n140\n1.50\nPI\n[3]\n\n\nScarface\n1983\n207\n170\n1.21\nFMG\n[63]\n\n\nSpun\n2002\n203\n101\n2.00\nFMG\n[64]\n\n\nDysfunktional Family\n2003\n200\n89\n2.24\nSI\n[65]\n\n\nFoolish\n1999\n200\n97\n2.06\nSI\n[66]\n\n\nThis Is The End\n2013\n200\n106\n1.88\nKIM\n[67]\n\n\n8 Mile\n2002\n200\n110\n1.81\nSI\n[68]\n\n\n22 Jump Street\n2014\n200\n112\n1.78\nPI\n[69]\n\n\nA Bronx Tale\n1993\n200\n122\n1.63\nFMG\n[70]\n\n\nI Got the Hook Up\n1998\n197\n93\n2.11\nSI\n[71]\n\n\nSabotage\n2014\n196\n109\n1.80\nSI\n[72]\n\n\nBorn on the Fourth of July\n1989\n196\n145\n1.35\nFMG\n[73]\n\n\nNext Day Air\n2009\n193\n84\n2.23\nSI\n[74]\n\n\nKilling Them Softly\n2012\n193\n97\n1.99\nSI\n[75]\n\n\nOvernight\n2003\n191\n82\n2.32\nFMG\n[76]\n\n\nTen Benny\n1996\n190\n108\n1.75\nKIM\n[77]\n\n\nSuperbad\n2007\n190\n118\n1.61\nSI\n[78]\n\n\nMagnolia\n1999\n190\n188\n1.01\nFMG\n[79]\n\n\nMonster\n2003\n187\n110\n1.70\nFMG\n[80]\n\n\nBelly\n1998\n186\n96\n1.93\nSI\n[81]\n\n\nHustle & Flow\n2005\n186\n115\n1.61\nFMG\n[82]\n\n\nThe Wall\n2017\n185\n82\n2.26\nPI\n[4]\n\n\nClockers\n1995\n185\n128\n1.44\nPO\n[83]\n\n\nGet Rich or Die Tryin'\n2005\n185\n134\n1.38\nFMG\n[84]\n\n\nBad Santa 2\n2016\n180\n92\n1.96\nKIM\n[85]\n\n\nThe 51st State\n2001\n180\n93\n1.93\nFMG\n[86]\n\n\nFlawless\n1999\n178\n112\n1.58\nFMG\n[87]\n\n\nSlam\n1998\n176\n100\n1.76\nSI\n[88]\n\n\nPoetic Justice\n1993\n175\n109\n1.60\nPO\n[89]\n\n\nPineapple Express\n2008\n175\n111\n1.57\nSI\n[90]\n\n\nProject X\n2012\n175\n88\n1.98\nKIM\n[91]\n\n\nHuman Traffic\n1999\n174\n100\n1.74\nPO\n[92]\n\n\nBad Santa\n2003\n173\n98\n1.76\nFMG\n[93]\n\n\nTigerland\n2000\n173\n100\n1.73\nMR\n[94]\n\n\nDonnie Brasco\n1997\n172\n127\n1.35\nFMG\n[95]\n\n\nBackstage\n2000\n170\n86\n1.97\nSI\n[96]\n\n\nThe Commitments\n1991\n169\n118\n1.43\nFMG\n[97]\n\n\nGrindhouse\n2007\n169\n191\n0.88\nSI\n[98]\n\n\nFour Rooms\n1995\n168\n98\n1.71\nFMG\n[99]\n\n\nDeath of a Dynasty\n2003\n167\n93\n1.79\nKIM\n[100]\n\n\nGang Related\n1997\n165\n102\n1.61\nSI\n[101]\n\n\nCrank: High Voltage\n2009\n164\n96\n1.71\nSI\n[102]\n\n\nFunny People\n2009\n164\n153\n1.01\nSI\n[103]\n\n\nBoogie Nights\n1997\n164\n155\n1.05\nFMG\n[104]\n\n\nFormula 51\n2001\n163\n93\n1.75\nSI\n[105]\n\n\nBlood In Blood Out\n1993\n163\n190\n0.85\nPO\n[106]\n\n\n21 and Over\n2013\n162\n93\n1.74\nKIM\n[107]\n\n\nThe Grey\n2012\n161\n117\n1.30\nSI\n[108]\n\n\nLone Survivor\n2013\n161\n121\n1.33\nSI\n[109]\n\n\nSausage Party\n2016\n160\n89\n1.80\nPI\n[110]\n\n\nGood Time\n2017\n160\n100\n1.60\nPI\n[5]\n\n\nDirty Grandpa\n2016\n160\n102\n1.57\nKIM\n[111]\n\n\nSnatch\n2000\n159\n102\n1.55\nFMG\n[112][113]\n\n\nPlatoon\n1986\n159\n120\n1.32\nFMG\n[114]\n\n\nBlue Collar\n1978\n158\n114\n1.39\nTFF\n[115]\n\n\nThe Heat\n2013\n158\n117\n1.35\nKIM\n[116]\n\n\nColors\n1988\n157\n120\n1.30\nFMG\n[117]\n\n\nDead Presidents\n1995\n157\n119\n1.32\nPO\n[118]\n\n\nThat's My Boy\n2012\n156\n116\n1.35\nSI\n[119]\n\n\nMagic Mike\n2012\n156\n110\n1.42\nKIM\n[120]\n\n\nIntermission\n2003\n155\n106\n1.46\nFMG\n[121]\n\n\nThe Town\n2010\n155\n125\n1.26\nSI\n[122]\n\n\nLegend\n2015\n155\n131\n1.18\nSI\n[123]\n\n\nThe Blair Witch Project\n1999\n154\n86\n1.79\nFMG\n[124]\n\n\nNotorious\n2009\n154\n123\n1.25\nSI\n[125]\n\n\nGood Will Hunting\n1997\n154\n126\n1.22\nFMG\n[126]\n\n\nBoiler Room\n2000\n153\n118\n1.29\nSI\n[127]\n\n\nBad Boys II\n2003\n153\n147\n1.04\nFMG\n[128]\n\n\nAll About the Benjamins\n2002\n151\n99\n1.53\nSI\n[129]\n\n\nAsh Wednesday\n2002\n151\n99\n1.53\nFMG\n[130]\n\n\nSoul Men\n2008\n151\n103\n1.46\nSI\n[131]\n\n\nSmokin' Stogies\n2001\n151\n102\n1.48\nFMG\n[132]\n\n\nIn the Name of the Father\n1993\n151\n127\n1.19\nFMG\n[133]\n\n\nClerks II\n2006\n150\n97\n1.55\nPI\n[134]\n\n\nThe Night Before\n2015\n150\n101\n1.49\nKIM\n[135]\n\n\nEverybody Wants Some!!\n2016\n150\n117\n1.28\nPI\n[136]\n\n\nPatriots Day\n2016\n150\n130\n1.15\nSI\n[137]\n\n\nHoffa\n1992\n150\n140\n1.07\nFMG\n[138]\n\n\nThe Place Beyond the Pines\n2012\n150\n140\n1.07\nSI\n[139]\n\n\nAmerican Honey\n2016\n150\n163\n0.92\nKIM\n[140]\n\n"
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"207"
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-4338702837395745013 | Alhamdulillah | Alhamdulillah - wikipedia Alhamdulillah Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on God in Islam Allah Jalla Jalālah in Arabic calligraphy List ( show ) Allah Names Phrases and expressions Theology Oneness Islamic creed Negation Transcendence Nearness Islam portal Category Al - ḥamdu li - llāh ( Arabic : الحَمْدُ للهِ ) or alhamdulillah , also known as Tahmid , is an Arabic phrase meaning `` praise be to the Lord '' , sometimes translated as `` thank Lord ! '' . It is frequently used by Muslims of every background , due to its centrality to the texts of the Quran and Hadith -- the words of the Islamic prophet Muhammad -- and its meaning and in - depth explanation have been the subject of much exegesis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning 2 Translation 3 Use in other historical sources 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Meaning ( edit ) The phrase has three basic parts : al - , the definite article , `` the '' . ḥamdu , literally meaning `` praise '' , `` commendation '' . li - llāh ( i ) , preposition + noun Allāh . Li - is a dative preposition . The word Allāh means `` God '' , and it is a contraction of the definite article al - and the word ʾilāh `` god , deity '' . Like in English , the article is used here to single out the noun as being the only one of its kind , `` the God '' ( the one and only ) or `` God '' . Therefore , Allāh is the Arabic word for `` God '' . ʾilāh is the Arabic cognate of the ancient Semitic name for God , El . Alhamdulillah written in Sini - Arabic script on an incense box , Qing dynasty , 19th century , China . Adilnor Collection , Sweden . The phrase is first found in the first verse of the first sura of the Qur'an ( Al - Fatiha ) . So frequently do Muslims and Arabic - speaking Jews and Christians invoke this phrase that the quadriliteral verb hamdala ( حمدل ) , `` to say al - ḥamdu li - llāh '' was coined , and the derived noun ḥamdala ( حمدلة ) is used as a name for this phrase . The triconsonantal root Ḥ - M-D ( ح م د ) , meaning `` praise '' , can also be found in the names Muhammad , Mahmud , Hamid and Ahmad . Translation ( edit ) Alhamdulillah Arabic الحمد لله Romanization al - ḥamdu li - llāh Literal meaning Praise to God English translations of alhamdulillah include : `` all praise is due to God alone '' ( Muhammad Asad ) `` all the praises and thanks be to Allah '' ( Muhammad Muhsin Khan ) `` praise be to Allah '' ( Abdullah Yusuf Ali , Marmaduke Pickthall ) `` all praise is due to Allah '' ( Saheeh International ) Use in other historical sources ( edit ) Jabir ibn Abd - Allah wrote in a hadith that Muhammad , said : `` The best remembrance of God is to repeat lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh and the best prayer ( du'a ) is al - ḥamdu li - llāh . '' ( Narrated by Nasa'i , Ibn Majah , and Hakim who declared its chain ' sound ' . ) Abu Huraira wrote that Muhammad said : `` Any matter of importance which is not begun with al - ḥamdu li - llāh remains defective . '' From Abu Dawood . Anas bin Malik wrote that Muhammad said : `` God is pleased with his slave who says , al - ḥamdu li - llāh when he takes a morsel of food and drinks a draught of water . '' See also ( edit ) Islam portal Al - hamdu lillahi rabbil ' alamin Dhikr Ash Shakur Glossary of Islam Hadha min fadli Rabbi Hosanna Subhan Allah References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hans Wehr , J. Milton Cowan ( 1979 ) . A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic ( 4th ed . ) . Spoken Language Services . External links ( edit ) AlHamdulillah - Detailed Explanation from Tafseer Ibn Katheer - Surah Fatiha Health benefits of saying Alhamdulillah Everyday duas in Arabic with transliteration and translation Alhamdulillah - Commentary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhamdulillah&oldid=834525511 '' Categories : Arabic words and phrases Islamic terminology Gratitude Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 04 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how to say praise be to allah in arabic | [
"Al-ḥamdu li-llāh (Arabic: الحَمْدُ للهِ) or alhamdulillah, also known as Tahmid, is an Arabic phrase meaning \"praise be to the Lord\", sometimes translated as \"thank Lord!\".[1]"
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"Al-ḥamdu li-llāh"
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477304485005035592 | Pawn Stars | Pawn Stars - Wikipedia Pawn Stars This article is about the American television series . For the British version , see Pawn Stars UK . For the Australian version , see Pawn Stars Australia . Pawn Stars From left : Rick Harrison , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell , Corey Harrison , and Richard Harrison Genre Reality television Starring Rick Harrison Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 522 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Leftfield Pictures Release Original network History Picture format 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital Stereo Original release July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows American Restoration Cajun Pawn Stars Counting Cars Pawn Stars UK Pawnography Pawn Stars Australia External links Website Pawn Stars is an American reality television series , shown on History , and produced by Leftfield Pictures . The series is filmed in Las Vegas , Nevada , where it chronicles the daily activities at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , a 24 - hour family business opened in 1989 and originally operated by patriarch Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison , his son Rick Harrison , Rick 's son Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison , and Corey 's childhood friend , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell . The series , which became the network 's highest rated show and the No. 2 reality show behind Jersey Shore , debuted on July 26 , 2009 . The series depicts the staff 's interactions with customers , who bring in a variety of artifacts to sell or pawn , and who are shown haggling over the price and discussing its historical background , with narration provided by either the Harrisons or Chumlee . The series also follows the interpersonal conflicts among the cast . One reviewer referencing these conflicts described the show as a version of Antiques Roadshow `` hijacked by American Chopper 's '' Teutul family . TV Guide has offered a similar description , calling the show `` one part Antiques Roadshow , a pinch of LA Ink and a dash of COPS '' . Numerous local experts in a variety of fields also regularly appear to appraise the items being sold or pawned , two of whom have gone on to their own spinoff programs . Antique restorer / metal artist Rick Dale is the star of the series ' first spin - off , American Restoration , which premiered in October 2010 , and mechanic / auto restoration expert Danny `` The Count '' Koker stars in the second spinoff , Counting Cars , which debuted August 13 , 2012 . Contents 1 Production history and format 1.1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main shop staff 2.2 Minor shop staff 2.3 Recurring experts 2.4 Celebrity cameo appearances 3 Reception 3.1 U.S. television ratings 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Awards and honors 3.4 Legal issues 4 Spinoffs and similar series by Leftfield 5 Merchandise 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Production History and format Pawn Stars began with Brent Montgomery and Colby Gaines of Leftfield Pictures , who were struck by the array of eclectic and somewhat seedy pawn shops in Las Vegas during a 2008 weekend visit to the city . Thinking such shops might contain unique characters , they searched for a family - run shop on which to center a TV series , until they found the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop less than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip . It had been the subject of a 2001 PBS documentary , and the manager and part - owner , Rick Harrison , had been trying unsuccessfully to pitch a show based on his shop for four years . The shop , and Rick , had previously been featured in the Las Vegas episode of Insomniac with Dave Attell in 2003 . The series was originally pitched to HBO , though the network preferred the series to have been a Taxicab Confessions - style series taking place at the Gold & Silver 's night window . The format eventually evolved into the now - familiar family - oriented motif used on the series . History president Nancy Dubuc , who had been charged with creating programming with a more populist appeal to balance out the network 's in - depth military programming , picked up the series , which was initially titled Pawning History , before a staffer at Leftfield suggested that Pawn Stars would fit better with the locale . The network concurred , believing that name to be more pleasing and easily remembered . The staffer adjusted its story - line in order to bring it in line with the network 's brand , which included the on - camera experts appraising the items brought into the Gold & Silver , though she did not discourage the interpersonal conflicts among the show 's stars . World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in 2010 The series is filmed on location at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas , Nevada . Although jewellery is the most commonly pawned item at the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , most of the customers featured in episodes bring in a variety of vintage or antique items to the store , which has 12,000 items in its inventory as of July 2011 ( 5,000 of which are typically held on pawn ) . Each episode consists of segments devoted to approximately five or six of these items , in which one of the staff members , usually Rick Harrison , his son Corey , or Harrison 's father Richard ( known as the `` Old Man '' ) , explains the history behind the object . When the buyer is unable to evaluate an object , they consult with a knowledgeable expert who can evaluate it to determine its authenticity and potential value , and in the case of items needing repair , the cost of restoration or preparing the item for sale . Whoever is evaluating the object goes over the potential value with the customer , including the expert 's opinion , if one is given , often interspersed with an interview in which he explains the basis of his decision to the viewer . A price tag graphic at the bottom corner of the screen provides the ever - changing dollar amount as the two haggle over the item 's price . On occasion , Rick will purchase items in need of restoration before determining its restoration costs , thus taking a risk on such costs . Interpersonal narratives focusing on the relationship and conflicts among Rick , Corey , the Old Man , and Corey 's childhood friend , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell , who also works at the shop , also comprise episode plots . These usually pertain to arguments over the running of the shop , the elder Harrisons questioning Corey 's judgment , and aspersions cast on Chumlee 's intelligence and competence . Before the second commercial break , a multiple choice trivia question related to the shop and its inventory , the cast members or one of the featured items is shown , with the answer provided after the break ; beginning with the Season 8 episode `` A Very Vegas Christmas '' , a trivia question is asked at every commercial break . In addition to spawning imitators , such as the truTV series Hardcore Pawn , the success of Pawn Stars has been a boon to the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , which has become a Las Vegas tourist site , and has expanded its business accordingly . Originally averaging between 70 and 100 customers per day , the shop 's traffic increased to more than 1,000 by October 2010 . To handle the increased business , the shop hired nearly 30 new employees , and underwent a $400,000 expansion of their showroom by two thirds , to 15,000 square feet , the shop 's tenth expansion since it opened . Rick Harrison also mentioned in the fourth season episode `` Over the Top '' that he was building a gym above the Pawn Shop for the staff 's use . The shop also now sells its own brand merchandise , whose designs originate from fans entering design competitions on Facebook , which saves the Harrisons the cost of hiring professional designers . The staff 's presence on Facebook and Twitter also ensures audiences during local nightclub appearances , for which Corey Harrison and Chumlee Russell are paid $1,000 a night . As a result of filming at the shop , however , the four main cast members no longer work the counter , due to laws that require the identity of customers pawning items to remain confidential , and the tourists and fans taking photos and video in the showroom that would preclude this . When shooting episodes of the series , the shop is temporarily closed , with only a handful of customers allowed into the showroom . In July 2011 , Harrison signed a record - breaking 80 - episode renewal contract for four more seasons of the series . After being broadcast during its first four years on Mondays at 10PM ET , the program moved to Thursday nights at 9PM ET on May 30 , 2013 , replacing Swamp People , which moved an hour later to 10PM ET . The program also received a new opening and theme song , `` Winning is n't Everything '' , performed by Lynyrd Skynyrd . The opening was replaced again with different theme music from an uncredited artist on June 12 , 2014 . Episodes Main article : List of Pawn Stars episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) December 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 27 ) 33 January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) July 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) 30 August 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) March 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) 38 April 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) October 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) 5 30 November 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 6 28 April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 7 34 November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) March 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) 8 46 May 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) December 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 26 ) 9 52 January 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) June 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) 10 47 July 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) 11 42 January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 12 45 October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 13 29 July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 14 30 April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) August 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) 15 30 October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) Cast Main shop staff Richard ( Rick ) Kevin Harrison -- Co-founder / co-owner of the pawn shop . The son of `` The Old Man '' Richard and father of `` Big Hoss '' Corey , he has earned the nickname of `` The Spotter '' due to his sharp eye for valuable items . He started in the pawn business at age 13 . Rick co-founded the `` Gold & Silver '' pawn shop with his father in 1989 at the age of 23 . Boasting that `` Gold & Silver '' is the only family - owned pawn shop in Las Vegas , Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags . An avid reader since childhood , his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy , from the late 1700s to the early 1800s . Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America , an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history , which premiered in June 2014 . Richard Benjamin `` The Old Man '' Harrison -- Rick 's father and Corey 's grandfather , and the founder / co-owner of the pawn shop , which he opened in 1989 with his son Rick . He was usually referred to by his nickname , `` The Old Man '' , which he earned at age 38 , according to the episode `` Fired Up '' . Originally from Lexington , North Carolina , he was the first to arrive at the shop in the morning , and had not had a sick day since 1994 . He was a 20 - year veteran of the U.S. Navy . He was particularly passionate about automobiles , showing an interest in all types of cars , from the 1966 Chrysler Imperial his son and grandson had restored for his 50th wedding anniversary to the mid-1960s B&Z Electra - King electric car shown to them in `` Honest Abe '' , which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart . In the episode that aired on July 31 , 2017 it was mentioned that he was retired . Corey Harrison ( left ) and Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell pictured in 2010 . Both are part of the main staff of the pawn shop . Corey Harrison -- Rick 's son and Richard 's grandson , who is nicknamed `` Big Hoss '' . and started at the shop at age nine , polishing jewelry . He is now the manager of the shop 's day - to - day operations , and 30 of its employees , makes the most purchases of anyone in the shop , and is being groomed by Rick to be the boss one day . Corey often comes into conflict with his father and grandfather over his knowledge of the shop 's inventory , his responsibilities as a manager , and his overall judgment in sales , in particular his purchase of expensive items . Following gastric lap band surgery in 2010 and a change to his diet , Harrison 's weight went down from 365 lb ( 166 kg ) to approximately 250 lb ( 113 kg ) by July 2011 . In Season 6 , he tells the elder Harrisons that he will take a job at another business if he is not given a 10 % partnership in the shop . He remains with the shop after he is given a raise and a 5 % partnership , with the possibility of a greater stake in the business in the future . Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell -- Corey 's childhood friend , employed for five years at the time of the first season , having started at the shop when he was 21 . Chumlee was given his nickname at age 12 by the father of a childhood friend , who named him after the walrus sidekick of Tennessee Tuxedo . He does behind - the - counter work at the shop , such as testing the items , loading them , and writing the tickets for items purchased by others . He is often the butt of the others ' jokes for his perceived lack of intelligence and his incompetence , for which he has been referred to as a `` village idiot '' . Chumlee has responded to this by explaining that he is underestimated , and points to his expertise in pinball machines , which he utilizes in the second season episode `` Pinball Wizards '' , much to Corey 's surprise , as an example of one of the areas in which he is knowledgeable . Chumlee later displays the ability to repair a gas - powered toy car in `` Never Surrender '' ( Episode 3.25 ) , and expert knowledge in discerning a fake pair of Air Jordan V sneakers in the following episode , `` Honest Abe '' ( Episode 3.26 ) . As a result of the show , Russell formed his own company , which sells novelty items , including T - shirts of his own design , and arranges for his personal appearances . He sold half of the company in 2010 to Rick Harrison for $155,000 , so that the shop could handle orders of his merchandise more efficiently . Minor shop staff Danielle `` Peaches '' Rainey -- One of the shop staff members . In the episode `` Rope a Dope '' , she is punished for her habitual tardiness by being put on the graveyard shift with Chumlee , who harbors an unrequited affection for her . She reluctantly helps Rick appraise a box of Playboy magazines in `` Peaches & Pinups '' , despite her distaste for the task . The Old Man asks her about Chumlee 's whereabouts in `` Chum Goes AWOL '' . She is also seen socializing with the other shop staff in the closing scene of `` Confederate Conundrum '' . Olivia Black -- A night shift employee hired in Season 5 . She is among the applicants favored by Corey and Chumlee , because of her attractiveness , when they screen the applicants in `` Learning the Ropes '' . She is hired , after being further interviewed by Rick and The Old Man in `` Crosby , Stills and Cash '' , and begins her training in `` Les is More '' . In `` Corey 's Big Burn '' , she is shown working with night - shift customers with Chumlee , though Rick and The Old Man express concern that the double shifts Chumlee is working as a result of volunteering to train her ( which they perceive to be motivated solely by his attraction to her ) might be too much for him . Black was fired from the show on December 19 , 2012 , when her 2008 nude modeling work for the soft porn website SuicideGirls was revealed . Though fired from the series , she was not fired from the shop , where she continued to work , albeit off - camera . She later left the shop . She also returned to SuicideGirls and shot a new pictorial for them four days after her firing . Antwaun Austin works as bouncer in the shop . Antwaun Austin -- The shop 's 6'5 '' security guard . Usually seen in the background , Antwaun sometimes sells store T - shirts to people who come in , helps customers bring in large items , and , when necessary , removes customers who are unruly or disruptive . In `` Flight of the Chum '' , for example , he attempts to intervene when a seller becomes irate after Rick informs him that the Perseus statue he brought into the shop is not an original by Émile Louis Picault , but a copy . He features heavily in an episode storyline for the first time in Season 4 `` Teacher 's Pet '' , in which he is revealed to have worked at the shop for three years , and is tutored by Chumlee on negotiating prices and discerning genuine gold . When he later prepares to take a few days off in `` Security '' , he in turn tutors Chumlee on how to work the door . Fat Back -- An in - house mechanic , who also provides appraisals on the condition of vehicles . Johnny -- An in - house mechanic and expert in racing and other sporting memorabilia . Scott -- One of the shop 's part - time employees , who spends much of his time at flea markets and estate sales , purchasing items that Rick will purchase from him to sell in the shop . Andy -- The shop 's head of security . He first features prominently in a storyline in the Season 6 episode `` Shekel and Hyde '' . Lili -- An intern at the shop . Recurring Experts Professional specialists are sometimes called in by the pawn shop to determine the authenticity and value of the items brought in and , in some cases , to restore them . The following is a list of recurring experts who have appeared in two or more episodes . Name Area of expertise Mark Allen Performer and collector of Western memorabilia , and owner of Wild West Arts Club and Western Stage Props . Brenda Anderson Handwriting expert and owner of Expert Handwriting Analysis . Jesse Amoroso Expert in stringed instruments , and owner of Cowtown Guitars . Joe Ashman Expert in guns and weapons , and owner of Ashman 's Pioneer Market in Fillmore , Utah . Jemison Beshears Expert in weapons and antique arms . Jeremy Brown Expert in sports memorabilia and cards , and owner of Ultimate Sports Cards & Memorabilia . Rick Dale Metal artist and antique restorer , and owner of Rick 's Restorations . Dale also stars in American Restoration , a spin - off set at Rick 's Restorations and starring Dale and his staff , which premiered in October 2010 . Tony Dee Antique firearms expert , who operates The Gun Store . Bob Demel Expert in antique weapons , militaria and other types of antiques , and owner of Antiques , Arms & Armor Historical Investments , Coto de Caza , California . Ferdinand Geitner Master watchmaker and clockmaker , expert in timepieces , and owner of Montecito Clock Gallery . Craig Gottlieb Firearms and military antiques expert , and owner of Craig Gottlieb Military Antiques . Like Rick Harrison , he also appears on the series United Stuff of America . Steve Grad Principal authenticator for PSA / DNA Mark Hall - Patton Expert in 20th century artifacts and history , and administrator of the Clark County Heritage Museum and the Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum at McCarran Airport . Hall - Patton , affectionately nicknamed The Beard of Knowledge , is the expert most often consulted by the Harrisons , and also appears on the spinoff American Restoration . Unlike most of the experts who appear on the show , Hall - Patton never offers a financial estimate of an item 's value , preferring to only establish authenticity and historical significance . This is in keeping with the International Council of Museums ethics code and many museum policies against staff providing monetary appraisals . Although the Clark County Museum was little - known outside of Las Vegas , and has no advertising budget , annual attendance soared nearly 70 % since 2012 , reaching 42,000 in 2013 . Like Rick Harrison , he also appears on the series United Stuff of America . Johnny Jimenez Expert in vintage toys , and owner of Toy Shack of Las Vegas . Steve Johnston Expert in vintage toys and owner of Rogue Toys Danny `` The Count '' Koker Motorcycle and automobile restoration expert , and owner of Count 's Kustoms . Koker has also guest - starred on Rick Dale 's spinoff , American Restoration , and stars in his own spinoff , Counting Cars , which premiered in August 2012 . Dr. Phineas Kastle Expert in ancient artifacts Wally Korhonen Expert in automobile restoration , and owner of Rusty Nuts Rods and Customs . Dana Linett Expert in artifacts from Early American history , including the Colonial and Revolutionary periods , and President of Early American History Auctions . Mark Logan Expert in classic and performance cars , as well as dragsters , and President of Nevada Classics , Inc. and Shelby Cars Northwest . Brett Maly Fine art appraiser for Art Encounter in Las Vegas . Drew Max Forensic document examiner / handwriting expert , and owner of Authentic Autographs Unlimited . Paul Milbury Owner of Military Historical Arms & Antiques , and an expert in historical military arms and antiques from 1776 -- World War II . Roy Page Expert in vintage vacuum tube appliances , and owner of Roy 's Repair - O-Rama , which specializes in such appliances . Sean Rich Antique arms and armory expert , specializing in the 16th to 18th centuries , and owner of Tortuga Trading Inc . He also appeared as an expert in the National Geographic Channel show Lords of War . Rebecca Romney Expert in rare books , manuscripts and documents from the 15th to the 21st centuries , and manager at the Las Vegas Gallery of Bauman Rare Books . Charles Roof Archery specialist and manager of Pacific Archery Sales . Murray SawChuck Professional magician and magic historian , owner of Murray Productions Inc . Matthew C. Shortal Aviation expert , Marine F - 18 and Navy Blue Angels pilot , and graduate of Top Gun . Jay Tell Expert in coins , paper currency and stamps , and owner of Americana Stamp & Coin Galleries . Bill Ybarzabal Boat restorer , and owner of A1A Marine Tech . Bob Yuhas Restoration and motorcycle expert Celebrity cameo appearances Cameo appearances have been made by Phil Collen , Joe Elliott , Bob Dylan , Jeremy McKinnon , Meredith Vieira , the Oak Ridge Boys , George Stephanopoulos , Matt Kenseth , Steve Carell , Kip Winger , Roger Daltrey , Katie Couric , Vic Flick and Butch Harmon . Reception U.S. television ratings By January 2011 , Pawn Stars was History 's highest - rated series . An original episode broadcast on January 24 , 2011 was watched by seven million viewers , the most - watched telecast ever on History , according to the network and Nielsen Media Research . In 2011 it was the second highest - rated reality series on TV behind Jersey Shore , attracting 7.6 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Pawn Stars was most popular in rural Kentucky . Critical reception Christopher Long , reviewing the first season DVD for DVD Town , praised the series for its cast and the educational value of the items examined , calling it `` addictive '' and `` a big - time winner '' , and opined that it is the best show on History and perhaps cable . In one issue of TV Guide , writer Rob Moynihan included the show in a list of `` guilty pleasures . '' April McIntyre of Monsters and Critics , whose negative view of pawn shops influenced her view of the series ' setting , reviewed one episode of the series , which she labeled a `` cool Antiques Roadshow '' . Though she found aspects of it interesting , she criticized what she perceived as an emphasis on cheap laughs at the expense of family patriarch Richard Harrison over the show 's historical material , as well as Corey Harrison 's weight . She ultimately saw potential for the series if aspects of it that she found to be in poor taste were curbed . USA Today 's Gary Strauss opined that the bickering among the Harrisons , as well as the customers seen in the shop , is `` alternately amusing and grating '' . People magazine wrote of the show , `` Think Antiques Roadshow , but with neon and far more tattoos . '' Some of History 's viewers were reportedly displeased with how reality series like Pawn Stars and Swamp People have replaced some of the network 's previous history - oriented programming . The series has also attracted some criticism from other pawnbrokers , who while conceding its entertainment value , claim that the series ' focus on the extravagant vintage items brought into the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop are not typical of the average pawn shop , whose business is predicated on individuals on fixed income who bring in conventional objects in order to pay their bills , such as electronics , tools and jewelry . Corey Grigson and Charles Brown , who own a shop called Pawn Stars , estimate that their average loan to a customer is between $50 and $100 . They also point out appraisals are handled by the staff , who rely on experience , reference works and research , and not the outside experts who are frequently seen on the show aiding the Harrisons . The success of the series has also lent itself to parody . At the June 2011 NHL Awards in Las Vegas , the Hanson Brothers from the movie Slap Shot appeared in a spoof sketch in which they try to sell the Stanley Cup to Harrison at the Gold & Silver . The show has received 7.7 / 10 ratings on TV.com and has received 7.4 / 10 ratings on IMDb . Awards and honors In 2010 , Rick Harrison and the staff of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop were awarded the Pawnbroker of the Year Award by the National Pawnbrokers Association for bringing the industry greater recognition and a better image with the TV show . On July 17 , 2012 , the Clark County Commission declared that day to be `` Pawn Stars / Gold & Silver Pawn Day '' . At the Commission meeting , Richard `` The Old Man '' Harrison donated $1,000 to the Clark County Heritage Museum , and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran ( sold to the Gold and Silver in the Pawn Stars episode `` Take a Seat '' ) to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran . Legal issues In October 2012 , A + E Networks and History , as well as cast members from the show , were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne Jefferies , a Las Vegas promoter and the Harrisons ' manager , who represented them and Austin Lee `` Chumlee '' Russell in their television business dealings . Jefferies , who was instrumental in helping to launch the series , states that after the show premiered , his influence in the show was increasingly reduced , and he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series . Jefferies states that this occurred after a January 2012 leaked story on TMZ that indicated that the Pawn Stars cast was taken aback by History 's launch of the spinoff Cajun Pawn Stars , of which the cast had been unaware . In March 2016 , `` Chumlee '' Russell pleaded guilty to charges stemming from the discovery of an arsenal of weapons , marijuana , and other drugs by police at his home in Las Vegas . Spinoffs and similar series by Leftfield Following the success of Pawn Stars , Leftfield Pictures created the following spinoffs of Pawn Stars : American Restoration was Pawn Stars ' first spinoff . It stars Rick Dale and his crew at Rick 's Restorations , and premiered in October 2010 . Cajun Pawn Stars is set at the Silver Dollar Pawn & Jewelry Center , a pawn shop in Alexandria , Louisiana that is owned and operated by Jimmie DeRamus and his family . The show , which follows the same format as the original Pawn Stars , debuted on History on January 8 , 2012 . Counting Cars stars Danny `` The Count '' Koker , proprietor of Count 's Kustoms , and follows a format similar to American Restoration , in which Koker and his staff restore and modify classic automobiles . Counting Cars debuted on August 13 , 2012 , after Pawn Stars . Pawn Stars UK is a local version of Pawn Stars set in the United Kingdom ; that series premiered in the UK on the History channel on August 26 , 2013 . This series is slated for a first season of eight episodes , and , like Cajun Pawn Stars , will show the trade of collectibles from the local perspective . Pawnography is a game show that first aired on July 10 , 2014 on History . Hosted by comedian Christopher Titus and featuring Rick , Corey and Chumlee as panelists , Pawnography features contestants answering questions related to selected items sold at the Gold and Silver , for a chance to win the item . Pawn Stars SA is a local version of Pawn Stars set in South Africa ; that premiered on 14 October 2014 on the DSTV channel . Pawn Stars Australia is a local version of Pawn Stars set in Australia , that premiered in 2015 on Foxtel . In addition , Leftfield created five similar series that follow the same format as Pawn Stars : Oddities , a Discovery Channel series which premiered in November 2010 , focusing on the operations of a New York -- based antique shop . Oddities : San Francisco , a spinoff of Oddities taking place at a San Francisco - based antiques shop , which debuted in June 2012 on the Science channel . What the Sell ? ! , a TLC series that debuted in March 2011 , about three generations of women running an antique shop in Wheaton , Illinois . Ball Boys , an ABC series that debuted March 2012 , about an owner of a sports collectibles shop and his son in Baltimore , Maryland . United Stuff of America , an H2 series that focuses on artifacts that played a key role in history , such as the cane with which Andrew Jackson fended off a presidential assassin , the axe Abraham Lincoln used as a young rail splitter , and the pencils Ulysses S. Grant used to write his memoirs . Merchandise In 2011 , History launched Pawn Stars : The Game for play on Facebook . In June 2011 , Rick Harrison 's autobiography , License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver , was published by Hyperion Books . Harrison 's autobiography details his childhood , some of the troubles he faced before he got into the pawning business , as well as anecdotes from his time at the Gold & Silver . Also , The Old Man , Corey , and Chumlee have their own chapters in the book , reflecting on their life and experiences at the pawn shop . In October 2011 , the Redwood Hills Financial Group issued the Modern Cash Prepaid MasterCard Limited Edition : Gold & Silver Pawn Shop prepaid debit card , in a special tie - in with the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop . On September 5 , 2012 , it was announced that Bally Technologies would unveil a new slot machine featuring the cast of Pawn Stars the following month at the 2012 Global Gaming Expo. which took place October 2 to 4 , 2012 in Las Vegas . See also Television portal American Pickers , itinerant buyers of antiques and collectibles Auction Hunters , a series on Spike Auction Kings , a similar series on Discovery Channel Comic Book Men , set at filmmaker Kevin Smith 's comic book store , the show has been described as `` Pawn Stars for geeks '' . Comic Store Heroes , set at Midtown Comics in Manhattan . Hardcore Pawn , a similar series on truTV Pawn Queens , a similar series with female pawn shop operators , airing on TLC Storage Hunters , a series on truTV Storage Wars , a series on A&E References Jump up ^ Rick Harrison and Tim Keown . License to Pawn. 2011 . Hyperion . pp 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Pawn shop boys '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Childers , Linda ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Rick Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' spills success secrets '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` Corey Harrison : Partner and general manager , Gold and Silver Pawn '' , Las Vegas Sun , February 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ Pawn Stars , Locate TV , accessed December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rick Harrison and Tim Keown. 2011 . page 204 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Christopher . `` Las Vegas pawnshop center of new reality series '' Las Vegas Review - Journal ; July 19 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Moynihan , Rob . `` Summer 's Guilty Pleasures '' . TV Guide . June 21 , 2010 . Page 23 ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` History spinning off `` Pawn Stars '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` First'Pawn Stars ' spinoff in production in Vegas , and it has restorative properties '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Rick Dale 's ' Pawn Stars ' spinoff , ' Rusty Nuts , ' set for Oct. 18 debut '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danny ' The Count ' Koker is in the Driver 's Seat When New Car - Loving Series Premieres on History ( R ) -- ' Counting Cars ' '' . The Futon Critic . July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` History Orders Car Flipping Series Starring ' Pawn Stars ' Personality ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Fixmer , Andy ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Pawn Stars : Our Most Revealing Reality Show '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . ^ Jump up to : Bourdeau , Annette ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' : 13 Things You Did n't Know About Chumlee , Rick And Corey `` . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars ' Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Celebrates 70th Birthday '' Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' : '' Rick Harrison talks about cable 's most unlikely hit ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars circa 2003 '' on YouTube , accessed Sep 19 , 2009 , July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown , 2011 . page 249 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Gary ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` From ' Pawn Stars ' to ' Pickers , ' America 's trash is TV 's treasure '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown , 2011 . page 252 . Jump up ^ `` Pezzed Off '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 15 . January 25 , 2010 . History . Jump up ^ `` Face the Music '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 39 . July 25 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` The Wright Stuff '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 44 . August 15 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Examples include the chronometer in `` Sharks and Cobra '' and the barber 's chair in `` A Shot and a Shave '' . ^ Jump up to : Examples include Rick 's reaction to the purchase of a stolen item in `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' , and his perception of Corey 's laziness in motivating staff people like Chumlee to keep the back storage area organized , as well as putting rare items on display at the shop instead of in the backroom in `` Backroom Brawl '' . ^ Jump up to : Examples include his purchase of a boat in `` Sink or Sell '' , despite his father 's policy against buying boats , and his $38,000 purchase of a hot air balloon in `` Hot Air Buffoon '' , despite his father 's rule requiring him to consult him first when paying more than $10,000 for an item . ^ Jump up to : Other examples include the Old Man 's remarks in `` Plane Crazy '' that Chumlee probably ca n't spell the word `` art '' , and can barely tie his own shoelaces . Jump up ^ Corey Harrison indicates he manages 30 employees in the second season episode `` Backroom Brawl '' , and later states the shop has 48 employees in the third season episode `` Like a Rolling Chum '' . The June 2010 Entertainment Weekly source also indicates a staff of over 40 employees . According to Richard Harrison on Page 88 of his son 's 2011 autobiography , License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver , the shop had 12 employees at the time the show began production . Jump up ^ `` Peacemaker '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 27 . May 9 , 2011 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Top '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 33 . June 13 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Harrison , 2011 . pp. 70 , 89 ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' gets new theme song from Lynyrd Skynyrd -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Per Swamp People 's official Facebook page Jump up ^ `` Who 's Your Dali ? '' . Pawn Stars . June 12 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ His middle name is established in `` Chopper Gamble '' ( Episode 2.19 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meet the Pawn Stars : Rick `` The Spotter '' Harrison Archived July 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com , accessed August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ His nickname is also established by the interstitial quiz that connects the second and third acts of the episode `` Luck of the Draw '' . ^ Jump up to : Rick claims in `` Steaks at Stake to own 50 % of the store , but Richard insists that Rick owns only 49 % . Jump up ^ `` Ask the Pawn Stars '' . Pawn Stars on History . Facebook . August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Post , Paul ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Grant Cottage to be part of new TV series '' . Saratogian News . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dalseide , Lars ( June 21 , 2014 ) . `` Catch NRA Museum 's Gun Gurus tonight on History Channel 's United Stuff '' . NRAblog.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shemeligian , Bob ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Road to ' Pawn ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meet the Pawn Stars : The Old Man `` The Appraiser '' Archived July 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , History.com , accessed February 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Christopher ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` PAWN STARS ( TV SERIES ) -- DVD review '' . Movie Metropolis . Jump up ^ `` Chummobile '' , Pawn Stars , Season 4 , Episode 16 , March 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Phoning it In '' ( Episode 3.11 ) ; July 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Big Guns '' ( Episode 2.24 ) ; March 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ His passion for cars is mentioned in the first season episode `` Rope a Dope '' and the third season episode `` Honest Abe '' . He mentions in the second season episode `` Sharks and Cobras '' that he has owned 40 cars in his life . Jump up ^ `` Old Man 's Booty '' , Episode 2.3 , History , December 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Honest Abe '' Pawn Stars , Episode 3.26 , History , November 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Pawn Illustrated '' , Episode 4.9 , February 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Meet the Pawn Stars : Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Archived October 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , History.com , accessed February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guns and Rangers '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 17 . February 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backroom Brawl '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 23 . March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A previous version of History. com 's cast page for the series stated that Rick closed most of the deals on the show . That statement is no longer on that page as of March 2 , 2010 , and the interstitial trivia quiz seen at the end of the last commercial break of the episode `` Off the Wagon '' states that Corey makes the most purchases . Corey 's purchase rate has not been explicitly indicated , but the interstitial that precedes the last Act of `` Flight of the Chum '' states that Rick purchases approximately 50 items a week . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ His father quizzes him on this in `` Rick 's Big Bet '' . Jump up ^ Examples include Corey and the Old Man 's bet in `` Confederate Conundrum '' that Corey could not sell a restored Rolex GMT watch for more than $4,800 . Jump up ^ `` ' I can run now ' : Pawn Star Corey Harrison 's staggering 115lb weight loss '' . Mail Online . July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Offer '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 10 . November 26 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ `` Silent but Chumlee '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 13 . December 10 , 2012 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Pawn Stars : Austin ( Chumlee ) Russell '' Archived June 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com , Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boom or Bust '' ( Episode 1.1 ) Jump up ^ `` Plane Crazy '' ( Episode 1.12 ) Jump up ^ `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; July 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russel , Austin . 2011 . pp. 3 , 151 and 204 . ^ Jump up to : Profile for Austin `` Chumlee '' Russel Archived June 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . at Gold and Silver Pawn Shop ; Accessed August 25 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) ; September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Some Like It Not '' . Pawn Stars . Season 5 . Episode 55 . August 27 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russell , Wallace. 2011 . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Corey also references Chumlee 's knowledge of pinball machines in `` Honest Able '' as well . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russell . 2011 . pp 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Olivia Black '' Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . History . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pawn Stars ' shop girl Olivia Black fired after her porn site past is revealed '' . Fox News . December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Black : ' Pawn Stars ' Reality Starlet Fired For Nude Photos From Her Past As A Porn Star '' . International Business Times . December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnowitz , Leora ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Olivia Black Leaves Gold & Silver '' . Fox News Network . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnowitz , Leora ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' former cast member Olivia Black talks firing , return to porn site work '' . Fox News . ^ Jump up to : `` Teacher 's Pet '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 50 . September 19 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` An inside look at Las Vegas ' television ' Pawn Stars ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : `` Pawn Stars : Security Detail '' , History Channel 's official YouTube channel . December 18 , 2009 . Accessed June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Security '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 52 . September 26 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` License to Pawn '' ( Episode 2.32 ) , History , May 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Case Closed '' ( Episode 4.6 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Silence of the Lambo '' ( Episode 5.6 ) Jump up ^ `` Peeping Pawn '' ( Episode 3.13 ) Jump up ^ `` Shekel and Hyde '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 30 . February 25 , 2013 . History . Jump up ^ `` April Fooled '' . Pawn Stars . Season 8 . Episode 49 . April 3 , 2014 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Experts '' Archived February 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com . Accessed January 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Mark Allen '' . History.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Archived June 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rope a Dope '' ( Episode 1.9 ) ; `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' ( Episode 1.11 ) ; `` Steaks at Stake '' ( Episode 2.6 ) ; `` Ace in the Hole '' ( Episode 3.14 ) ; `` Monkey Business '' ( Episode 3.27 ) Jump up ^ Wild West Arts Club 's official site Archived April 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Western Stage Props ' official site . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damn Yankees '' ( Episode 1.6 ) ; `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) Jump up ^ `` Expert Handwriting Analysis ' official site '' . Experthandwritinganalysis.com . December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Air Buffoon '' ( Episode 2.5 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Strike a Chord '' ( Episode 4.10 ) ; `` Honor They Father '' ( Episode 4.34 ) `` ; Face the Music '' ( Episode 4.38 ) ; `` Buyer Beware '' ( Episode 5.5 ) ; `` Les is More '' ( Episode 5.18 ) ; `` Kick the Can '' ( Episode 5.51 ) ; `` On Guard '' ( Episode 6.7 ) ; `` Little Pawn Shop of Horrors '' ( Episode 6.17 ) ; `` Book ' Em Rick '' ( Episode 6.31 ) ; `` Tee 'd Off '' ( Episode 8.50 ) ; `` Ponies and Phonies '' ( Episode 8.55 ) Jump up ^ `` Cowtown Guitars '' . Cowtown Guitars . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cowtown Guitars Under New Ownership '' . Vintage Guitar Magazine . July 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Rick Harrison traveled to Utah to investigate items for sale at Ashman 's market in `` Sharpe Shooters '' ( Episode 4.30 ) and `` Weird Science '' ( Episode 4.43 ) , but Ashman later appeared at the Gold & Silver as an expert in `` Rick or Treat '' ( Episode 4.54 ) , `` Cash Cash Bang Bang '' ( Episode 5.16 ) and `` Hole in One '' ( Episode 5.19 ) Jump up ^ `` Guilty as Charged '' ( Episode 5.31 ) ; `` Trigger Happy '' ( Episode 5.36 ) ; Like a Rock ( Episode 5.42 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Jet Setters '' ( Episode 5.50 ) Jump up ^ Heritage Auctions . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pipe Dreams '' ( Episode 4.47 ) ; `` Poker Night '' ( Episode 4.53 ) ; `` Mile High Club '' ( Episode 5.1 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` Blaze of Glory '' ( Episode 5.3 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Air Mail '' ( Episode 5.21 ) ; `` Huddle Up '' ( Episode 5.24 ) ; `` Pawnocchio '' ( Episode 5.25 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Burn '' ( Episode 5.32 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Stalled Deals '' ( Episode 5.47 ) ; `` Hot and Colt '' ( Episode 5.48 ) ; `` Kick the Can '' ( Episode 5.51 ) ; `` Free Willie '' ( Episode 5.54 ) ; `` Thirty Something '' ( Episode 5.58 ) ; `` Three Pawn Night '' ( Episode 6.3 ) ; `` Would n't It Be Ice ? '' ( Episode 6.12 ) ; `` Silent but Chumlee '' ( Episode 6.13 ) ; `` Little Pawn Shop of Horrors '' ( Episode 6.17 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Off the Hook '' ( Episode 6.24 ) ; `` Beam Me Up '' ( Episode 6.29 ) Jump up ^ `` Sports Memorabilia Authentication Station Taking Place Saturday , February 16th at Ultimate Sports Cards & Memorabilia '' . Globe Newswire . February 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Rick Dale '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Time Machines '' ( Episode 1.8 ) ; `` Rick 's Big Bet '' ( Episode 1.10 ) ; `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) ; `` Wheels '' ( Episode 2.12 ) ; `` Off the Wagon '' ( Episode 2.21 ) ; `` Bumpy Ride '' ( Episode 2.26 ) ; `` Hell Week '' ( Episode 2.29 ) ; `` The British Are Coming '' ( Episode 2.31 ) ; `` Trail Breaker '' ( Episode 3.1 ) ; `` Deals from Hell '' ( Episode 3.6 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) ; `` Making Cents '' ( Episode 4.36 ) ; `` Putt , Putt , Pawn '' ( Episode 6.11 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) Jump up ^ Rick 's Restorations Archived September 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) ; `` Guns and Rangers '' ( Episode 2.16 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) Jump up ^ `` Corey 's Big Play '' ( Episode 5.11 ) ; `` Help Wanted '' ( Episode 5.12 ) Jump up ^ `` Sharks and Cobras '' ( Episode 2.2 ) ; `` Rick 's Bad Day '' ( Episode 2.11 ) ; `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) Jump up ^ `` Montecito Clock Gallery '' . Montecito Clock Gallery . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud '' ( Episode 5.40 ) ; `` Stuff It '' ( Episode 5.49 ) ; `` Bullitt Proof '' ( Episode 5.52 ) ; `` Cool as Ike '' ( Episode 5.53 ) ; Fork it Over ( Episode 5.57 ) ; What You Talkin ' ' Bout Sturgis ? ( Episode 6.1 ) ; `` Would n't It Be Ice ? '' ( Episode 6.12 ) ; `` Take the Money and Run '' ( Episode 6.14 ) ; `` Santa Chum '' ( Episode 6.16 ) ; `` I Herd That '' ( Episode 6.18 ) ; `` Lunch Larceny '' ( Episode 6.27 ) ; `` Corey , I Am Your Father '' ( Episode 6.32 ) ; `` Close , But No Cigar '' ( Episode 6.33 ) Jump up ^ `` History Hunter : Craig Gottlieb Militaria '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Firepower '' . United Stuff of America . Season 1 . Episode 1 . June 14 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ `` Fired Up '' ( Episode 2.1 ) ; `` Pezzed Off '' ( Episode 2.15 ) ; `` Top Secret '' ( Episode 3.2 ) ; `` Strike , Spare , BOOM '' ( Episode 3.8 ) ; `` Message in a Bottle '' ( Episode 3.9 ) ; `` Rough Riders '' ( Episode 3.10 ) ; `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; `` Getting a Head '' ( Episode 3.16 ) ; `` The Eagle Has Landed '' ( Episode 3.19 ) ; `` Luck of the Draw '' ( Episode 4.3 ) ; `` Case Closed '' ( Episode 4.6 ) ; `` Darth Pawn '' ( Episode 4.7 ) ; `` Put Up Your Dukes '' ( Episode 4.8 ) , `` Going Postal '' ( Episode 4.15 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) ; `` Necessary Roughness '' ( Episode 4.26 ) ; `` Peacemaker '' ( Episode 4.27 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Buy the Book '' ( Episode 4.32 ) ; `` Late Night Chum '' ( Episode 4.31 ) ; `` Face the Music '' ( Episode 4.38 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` Pirate 's Booty '' ( Episode 4.49 ) ; `` Teacher 's Pet '' ( Episode 4.50 ) ; `` Security '' ( Episode 4.52 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` $ = MC2 '' ( Episode 5.7 ) ; `` Pony Up '' ( Episode 5.8 ) ; `` High Tops '' ( Episode 5.9 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Play '' ( Episode 5.11 ) ; `` Over the Moon '' ( Episode 5.17 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Huddle Up '' ( Episode 5.24 ) ; `` Guns Blazing '' ( Episode 5.26 ) ; `` James Gang Rides Again '' ( Episode 5.27 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Burn '' ( Episode 5.32 ) ; `` Bossy Pants '' ( Episode 5.37 ) ; `` Family Feud '' ( Episode 5.40 ) ; `` That Sinking Feeling '' ( Episode 5.44 ) ; `` Jet Setters '' ( Episode 5.50 ) ; `` Some Like It Not '' ( Episode 5.55 ) ; Fork it Over ( Episode 5.57 ) ; `` Three Pawn Night '' ( Episode 6.3 ) ; `` On Guard '' ( Episode 6.7 ) ; `` Sweet Pawn of Mine '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` Silent but Chumlee '' ( Episode 6.13 ) ; `` It 's a Wonderful Pawn '' ( Episode 6.15 ) ; `` I Herd That '' ( Episode 6.18 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Hair Force One '' ( Episode 6.22 ) ; `` Comic Con '' ( Episode 6.23 ) ; `` Room and Hoard '' ( Episode 6.25 ) ; `` Hello , Goodbye '' ( Episode 6.34 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Mark Hall - Patton '' . History.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ed Vogel ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Chapel to be museum fixture '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ As revealed by the interstitial trivia quiz shown at the beginning of Act 3 of `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) Jump up ^ `` Break In '' . American Restoration . Season 4 . Episode 70 . December 12 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ `` ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums , 2006 '' . ICOM.org . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glionna , John M. ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Hall - Patton , expert on TV 's ' Pawn Stars , ' is the real deal '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Badass Presidents '' . United Stuff of America . Season 1 . Episode 1 . June 14 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ `` Like a Rolling Chum '' ( Episode 3.20 ) ; `` Hello Nurse '' ( Episode 3.21 ) ; `` Houdini 's Handcuffs '' ( Episode 4.4 ) ; `` Necessary Roughness '' ( Episode 4.26 ) ; `` Buffalo Bull '' ( Episode 4.40 ) ; `` Cannons and Klingons '' ( Episode 4.41 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` The King 's Bling '' ( Episode 4.46 ) ; `` Smells Like Pawn Spirit '' ( Episode 5.14 ) ; `` Cash Cash Bang Bang '' ( Episode 5.16 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` Bear - ly There '' ( Episode 5.23 ) ; `` Pawnocchio '' ( Episode 5.25 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` What the Truck '' ( Episode 5.38 ) ; `` Three Hour Tour '' ( Episode 5.39 ) ; `` Stuff It '' ( Episode 5.49 ) ; `` Comic Con '' ( Episode 6.23 ) ; `` Room and Hoard '' ( Episode 6.25 ) ; `` Grand Theft Corey '' ( Episode 6.28 ) ; `` Beam Me Up '' ( Episode 6.29 ) ; `` Corey , I Am Your Father '' ( Episode 6.32 ) Jump up ^ Toy Shack . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Getting a Head '' ( Episode 3.16 ) ; `` The Eagle Has Landed '' ( Episode 3.19 ) ; `` Bare Bones '' ( Episode 3.24 ) ; `` Packing Heat '' ( Episode 4.2 ) ; `` Pedal to the Medal '' ( Episode 4.5 ) ; `` Ah , Shoot ! '' ( Episode 4.14 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Pablo Pawncasso '' ( Episode 4.18 ) ; `` Missile Attack '' ( Episode 4.20 ) ; `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) ; `` Sharps Shooters '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) ; `` Out of Gas '' ( Episode 4.45 ) ; `` Bugs Money '' ( Episode 4.51 ) ; `` Security '' ( Episode 4.52 ) ; `` Blaze of Glory '' ( Episode 5.3 ) ; `` Silence of the Lambo '' ( Episode 5.6 ) ; `` Pony Up '' ( Episode 5.8 ) ; `` High Tops '' ( Episode 5.9 ) ; `` Apocalypse Wow '' ( Episode 5.10 ) ; `` Help Wanted '' ( Episode 5.12 ) ; `` Air Mail '' ( Episode 5.21 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Trigger Happy '' ( Episode 5.36 ) ; `` What the Truck '' ( Episode 5.38 ) ; `` Like a Rock '' ( Episode 5.42 ) ; `` Stalled Deals '' ( Episode 5.47 ) ; `` Hot and Colt '' ( Episode 5.48 ) ; `` Bullitt Proof '' ( Episode 5.52 ) ; `` Free Willie '' ( Episode 5.54 ) ; `` Thirty Something '' ( Episode 5.58 ) ; `` The Offer '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` It 's a Wonderful Pawn '' ( Episode 6.15 ) ; `` Grand Theft Corey '' ( Episode 6.28 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Danny Koker '' . History.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Vince Neil Celebrates Grand Opening of Vince Neil Ink at The Rio '' . VegasNews.com . September 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Pick , The Pawn & The Polish '' . American Restoration . Season 2 . Episode 14 . July 11 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` Gangsters & Guitars '' ( Episode 1.5 ) ; `` Helmet Head '' ( Episode 2.27 ) Jump up ^ `` Rusty Nuts Rod - n - Custom '' . Rusty Nuts Rod - n - Custom . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' ( Episode 1.11 ) ; `` PlaneCrazy '' ( Episode 1.12 ) ; `` Steaks at Stake '' ( Episode 2.6 ) ; `` Secret Santa '' ( Episode 2.8 ) ; `` Chopper Gamble '' ( Episode 2.19 ) ; `` Spooning Paul Revere '' ( Episode 2.20 ) ; `` Zzzzzz '' ( Episode 2.30 ) ; `` The British Are Coming '' ( Episode 2.31 ) `` Aw Shucks ! '' ( Episode 3.5 ) ; `` Cornering the Colonel '' ( Episode 3.17 ) ; `` Never Surrender '' ( Episode 3.25 ) ; `` Honest Abe '' ( Episode 3.26 ) ; `` Packing Heat '' ( Episode 4.2 ) ; `` Harrison for President '' ( Episode 4.11 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Patton Pending '' ( Episode 4.24 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Honor Thy Father '' ( Episode 4.34 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Dana Linett '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early American.com Home Page '' . Earlyamerican.com . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sharks and Cobras '' ( Episode 2.2 ) ; `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) Jump up ^ `` Nevada Classics '' . Nevada Classics . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monkey Business '' ( Episode 4.1 ) ; `` Ah , Shoot ! '' ( Episode 4.14 ) ; `` Pablo Pawncasso '' ( Episode 4.18 ) ; `` Looney Dunes '' ( Episode 5.4 ) ; `` $ = MC2 '' ( Episode 5.7 ) ; `` Apocalypse Wow '' ( Episode 5.10 ) ; `` Dirty Sox '' ( Episode 5.43 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Some Like It Not '' ( Episode 5.55 ) ; `` Take the Money and Run '' ( Episode 6.14 ) ; `` Funny Money '' ( Episode 6.19 ) ; `` Million Dali Baby '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Shekel and Hyde '' ( Episode 6.29 ) ; `` Hello , Goodbye '' ( Episode 6.34 ) ; `` April Fooled '' ( Episode 8.49 ) Jump up ^ `` Phoning It In '' ( Episode 3.11 ) ; `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; `` Like a Rolling Chum '' ( Episode 3.20 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Pedal to the Medal '' ( Episode 4.5 ) ; `` Put Up Your Dukes '' ( Episode 4.8 ) ; `` Striking a Chord '' ( Episode 4.10 ) ; `` Wise Guys '' ( Episode 4.12 ) ; `` Evel Genius '' ( Episode 4.17 ) ; `` Not on My Watch '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.22 ) ; `` Pom Pom Pawn '' ( Episode 4.23 ) ; `` Patton Pending '' ( Episode 4.24 ) ; `` The Great Escape '' ( Episode 4.28 ) ; `` Buy the Book '' ( Episode 4.32 ) ; `` Buffalo Bull '' ( Episode 4.40 ) ; `` The Wright Stuff '' ( Episode 4.44 ) ; `` High Stakes '' ( Episode 4.48 ) ; `` Bugs Money '' ( Episode 4.51 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` Crosby , Stills and Cash '' ( Episode 5.15 ) ; `` Over the Moon '' ( Episode 5.17 ) ; `` Les is More '' ( Episode 5.18 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Bear - ly There '' ( Episode 5.23 ) ; `` Guns Blazing '' ( Episode 5.26 ) ; `` Ring Around a Rockne '' ( Episode 5.28 ) ; `` Pawn with the Wind '' ( Episode 5.29 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Dirty Sox '' ( Episode 5.43 ) ; `` Love Me Spender '' ( Episode 5.46 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Drew Max '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Authentic Autographs Unlimited '' . Aaunlimited.net . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Illustrated '' ( Episode 4.9 ) ; `` Over the Top '' ( Episode 4.33 ) ; `` The King 's Bling '' ( Episode 4.46 ) Jump up ^ `` James Gang Rides Again '' ( Episode 5.27 ) ; `` The Last Samurai '' ( Episode 6.7 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Sean Rich '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Shop Pinot '' ( Episode 2.9 ) ; `` Rick 's Bad Day '' ( Episode 2.11 ) ; `` Pezzed Off '' ( Episode 2.15 ) ; `` Guns and Rangers '' ( Episode 2.17 ) ; `` Off the Wagon '' ( Episode 2.21 ) ; `` Bumpy Ride '' ( Episode 2.26 ) ; `` Bow Legged '' ( Episode 2.28 ) ; `` Whale of a Time '' ( Episode 3.3 ) ; `` Deals from Hell '' ( Episode 3.6 ) ; `` Message in a Bottle '' ( Episode 3.9 ) ; `` Rough Riders '' ( Episode 3.10 ) ; `` Double Trouble '' ( Episode 3.15 ) ; `` Hello Nurse '' ( Episode 3.21 ) ; `` Gone With the Schwinn '' ( Episode 3.23 ) ; `` Luck of the Draw '' ( Episode 4.3 ) ; `` Pawn Illustrated '' ( Episode 4.9 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Peacemaker '' ( Episode 4.27 ) ; `` Sharps Shooters '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Off the Wall '' ( Episode 4.39 ) ; `` Cannons and Klingons '' ( Episode 4.41 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` Weird Science '' ( Episode 4.43 ) ; `` The Wright Stuff '' ( Episode 4.44 ) ; `` Buyer Beware '' ( Episode 5.5 ) Jump up ^ Tortuga Trading Inc. accessed July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lords of War official website , Meet the Cast ( Sean Rich ) section '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Out of Gas '' ( Episode 4.45 ) ; `` Pipe Dreams '' ( Episode 4.47 ) ; `` Teacher 's Pet ( Episode 4.50 ) ' `` Learning the Ropes '' ( Episode 5.13 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` Silver Linings '' ( Episode 5.41 ) ; `` That Sinking Feeling '' ( Episode 5.44 ) ; `` Cool as Ike '' ( Episode 5.53 ) ; `` Say It Ai n't So '' ( Episode 5.56 ) ; `` Putt , Putt , Pawn '' ( Episode 6.11 ) ; `` Santa Chum '' ( Episode 6.16 ) ; `` Funny Money '' ( Episode 6.19 ) ; `` Million Dali Baby '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Lunch Larceny '' ( Episode 6.27 ) ; `` Book ' Em Rick '' ( Episode 6.31 ) Jump up ^ Burke , Anne . `` Las Vegas : The Strip 's only bookstore is n't quite what you 'd expect '' Archived October 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Road Journals . June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Los Vaqueros ! February Newsletter '' . Los Vaqueros Las Vegas , Ltd . February 2010 . accessed September 5 , 2011 . Archived January 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Peaches & Pinups '' ( Episode 1.13 ) ; `` Spooning Paul Revere '' ( Episode 2.20 ) ; `` Bow Legged '' ( Episode 2.28 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) Jump up ^ `` Houdini 's Handcuffs '' ( Episode 4.4 ) ; `` The Great Escape '' ( Episode 4.28 ) ; `` The Offer '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` Just Shoe It '' ( Episode 6.26 ) Jump up ^ `` Missile Attack '' ( Episode 4.20 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Mile High Club '' ( Episode 5.1 ) ; `` Crosy , Stills and Cash '' ( Episode 5.15 ) ; `` Wild Thing '' ( Episode 5.33 ) ; `` Bossy Pants '' ( Episode 5.37 ) Jump up ^ `` Guilty as Charged '' ( Episode 5.31 ) ; `` Chum - p Change '' ( Episode 5.35 ) ; `` Three Hour Tour '' ( Episode 5.39 ) Jump up ^ `` Bio of Jay Tell '' . Americana Stamp & Coin Galleries , Inc . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sink or Sell '' ( Episode 1.3 ) ; `` Chum Goes AWOL '' ( Episode 2.13 ) Jump up ^ `` Killer , Ed . `` ' Pawn Star ' sets up shop in Stuart '' TCpalm.com ; February 11 , 2010 , Accessed February 12 , 2010 `` . Tcpalm.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phil Collen and Joe Elliott appear in the episode `` Legends of Rock '' in season 12 . Jeremy McKinnon appears in the episode `` Double Trouble '' , Bob Dylan in `` Like a Rolling Chum '' , and Meredith Vieira in `` Chumdog Millionaire '' , all of which aired during the third season . The Oak Ridge Boys appear in `` Packing Heat '' , and George Stephanopoulos in `` Buy The Book '' , both of which aired during the fourth season . Matt Kenseth appears at the end of the fifth season episode `` What the Truck '' . Steve Carell appears in the sixth season episode `` Hello , Goodbye '' . Kip Winger and Roger Daltrey both appear in the seventh season premiere `` Rick ' n ' Roll '' . Katie Couric appears at the end of the seventh season episode `` Chum - parazzi '' . Vic Flick appeared in `` No Shirt , No Shoes , No Service ''. Butch Harmon appears in the eighth season episode `` Tee 'd Off '' . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` ' Pawn Stars ' Delivers 7 Million Viewers , An All - Time High for History '' . TV by the Numbers . January 25 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Michael . `` Summer TV Winners and Losers '' . TV Guide . September 19 , 2011 . Page 19 Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` April MacIntyre `` History 's Pawn Star $ , some thoughts '' Monsters and Critics ; July 20 , 2009 `` . Monstersandcritics.com . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ; Rizzo , Monica ; Durkee , Cutler ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : 3 Reasons I Love ... '' People . 75 ( 10 ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Emily ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Local pawn shops see more DVDs than diamonds '' . The News - Star . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stars return to Vegas for the 2011 NHL Awards '' . National Hockey League . March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruins Highlights From the NHL Awards '' . Boston Bruins . June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Surveillance '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Accessed August 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Toplikar , Dave ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Richard Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' lends McCarran chair to museum '' . Vegas Deluxe . ^ Jump up to : Ken Ritter ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' sued by former manager in Las Vegas '' . Associated Press . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman set for role as TV judge '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 6 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Garrett to exit Trop for MGM Grand '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 6 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman stays in spotlight '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 1 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Brown ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Pawn Stars Cast Facing Lawsuit From Ex-Manager , Wayne Jefferies '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ken Ritter ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' star Chumlee taking plea deal to avoid jail '' . Associated Press . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History ( R ) Puts a Southern Spin on Its Mega Hit Series With `` Cajun Pawn Stars '' -- New Series Premiering on Sunday , January 8 at 10pm EST `` . The Futon Critic . December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars UK '' . History Channel . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Pawn Stars UK Spin - off Will Air Internationally On History Channels '' . Television Blend . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' game show coming to History -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars SA to follow pawn shop owner Roy Peretz '' . Jump up ^ `` The Pawn Stars of Bondi Beach : Hit American hock show hits Australia starring brothers ' Baz and Shaz ' `` Leftfield Pictures ( An ITV America Company ) '' . www.leftfieldpictures.com . Jump up ^ `` Press release : `` Science Takes Weird West This Summer With the World Premiere of Series ' Oddities : San Francisco ' '' , June 7 , 2012 `` . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oddities : San Francisco ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Science Channel : `` Oddities : San Francisco '' `` . Science.discovery.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ABC.com ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Ball Boys official site '' . Beta.abc.go.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars : The Game '' . AppData . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Harrison : From Pawn Shop to Reality TV Star '' . Good Morning America . June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Rick ; Keown , Tim . License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver 2011 . Hyperion Books . New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2430 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pawn , Gold & Silver . `` Gold & Silver Pawn Shop Launches Modern Cash TM Prepaid MasterCard ® '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Delen ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' ink deal to show up on plastic '' . Vegas Inc . Jump up ^ Green , Steven ( September 5 , 2012 ) . Vegas , Inc. : `` Coming soon to a casino near you : NASCAR and ' Pawn Stars ' slots '' . Vegas Inc . Jump up ^ Venutolo , Anthony ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Smith reality show may land at AMC '' . NJ.com Further reading Harrison , Rick ; Tim Keown ( 2011 ) . License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver . New York City : Hyperion Books . p. 272 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 2430 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pawn Stars . Pawn Stars on IMDb Official website of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop Official website of Pawn Stars Pawn Stars at TV.com Pawn Stars franchise Main Pawn Stars episodes Cast Rick Harrison Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell Spinoffs American Restoration episodes Cajun Pawn Stars episodes Counting Cars episodes Pawn Stars UK Pawnography Pawn Stars Australia History original programming Current Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers In Search of ... 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who gets to the shop first pawn stars | [
"Richard Benjamin \"The Old Man\" Harrison[43] – Rick's father and Corey's grandfather, and the founder/co-owner of the pawn shop,[39] which he opened in 1989[2] with his son Rick. He was usually referred to by his nickname, \"The Old Man\",[44] which he earned at age 38, according to the episode \"Fired Up\".[45] Originally from Lexington, North Carolina,[46] he was the first to arrive at the shop in the morning,[47] and had not had a sick day since 1994.[48] He was a 20-year veteran of the U.S. Navy. He was particularly passionate about automobiles, showing an interest in all types of cars,[49] from the 1966 Chrysler Imperial his son and grandson had restored for his 50th wedding anniversary[50] to the mid-1960s B&Z Electra-King electric car shown to them in \"Honest Abe\", which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart.[51] In the episode that aired on July 31, 2017 it was mentioned that he was retired."
] | [
"Richard Benjamin \"The Old Man\" Harrison"
] |
-7735940949321461919 | Rosh Hashanah | Rosh Hashanah - wikipedia Rosh Hashanah For other uses , see Rosh Hashanah ( disambiguation ) . Rosh Hashanah A shofar , symbol of the Rosh Hashanah holiday Official name ראש השנה Also called Jewish New Year Observed by Jews Type Jewish Observances Praying in synagogue , personal reflection , and hearing the shofar . Begins Start of first day of Tishrei Ends End of second day of Tishrei Date 1 Tishrei 2017 date Sunset , 20 September -- nightfall , 22 September 2018 date Sunset , 9 September -- nightfall , 11 September 2019 date Sunset , 29 September -- nightfall , 1 October 2020 date Sunset , 18 September -- nightfall , 20 September Rosh Hashanah ( Hebrew : רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה ) , literally meaning the `` head ( of ) the year '' is the Jewish civil New Year . The biblical name for this holiday is Yom Teruah ( יוֹם תְּרוּעָה ) , literally `` day of shouting or blasting '' . It is the first of the Jewish High Holy Days ( יָמִים נוֹרָאִים Yamim Nora'im . `` Days of Awe '' ) specified by Leviticus 23 : 23 -- 32 which occur in the early autumn of the Northern Hemisphere . Rosh Hashanah is a two - day celebration which begins on the first day of Tishrei , which is the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year . It marks the beginning of the civil year , according to the teachings of Judaism , while the first month Nisan , the passover month , is the traditional anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve , the first man and woman according to the Hebrew Bible , and the inauguration of humanity 's role in God 's world . According to one secular opinion , the holiday owes its timing to the beginning of the economic year in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa , marking the start of the agricultural cycle . Rosh Hashanah customs include sounding the shofar ( a hollowed - out ram 's horn ) , as prescribed in the Torah , following the prescription of the Hebrew Bible to `` raise a noise '' on Yom Teruah . Its rabbinical customs include attending synagogue services and reciting special liturgy about teshuva , as well as enjoying festive meals . Eating symbolic foods is now a tradition , such as apples dipped in honey , hoping to evoke a sweet new year . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origin 3 Religious significance 4 Customs 4.1 Karaite Judaism 4.2 Samaritanism 5 Shofar blowing 6 Rosh Hashanah eve 7 Duration and timing 8 Prayer service 9 Symbolic foods 10 Tashlikh 11 Greetings 12 Gallery 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) `` Rosh '' is the Hebrew word for `` head '' , `` ha '' is the definite article ( `` the '' ) , and `` shanah '' means year . Thus `` Rosh HaShanah '' means ' head ( of ) the year ' , referring to the Jewish day of new year . The term `` Rosh Hashanah '' in its current meaning does not appear in the Torah . Leviticus 23 : 24 refers to the festival of the first day of the seventh month as `` Zikhron Teru'ah '' ( `` ( a ) memorial ( with the ) blowing ( of horns ) '' ) ; it is also referred to in the same part of Leviticus as ' שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן ' ( shabbat shabbaton ) or penultimate Sabbath or meditative rest day , and a `` holy day to God '' . These same words are commonly used in the Psalms to refer to the anointed days . Numbers 29 : 1 calls the festival Yom Teru'ah , ( `` Day ( of ) blowing ( the horn ) '' ) , and symbolizes a number of subjects , such as the Binding of Isaac whereby a ram was sacrificed instead of Isaac , and the animal sacrifices , including rams , that were to be performed . ( The term Rosh Hashanah appears once in the Bible in Ezekiel 40 : 1 where it means generally the time of the `` beginning of the year '' or is possibly a reference to Yom Kippur , but the phrase may also refer to the Hebrew month of Nisan in the spring , especially in light of Exodus 12 : 2 , Exodus 13 : 3 -- 4 where the spring month of Aviv , later renamed Nisan , is stated as being `` the first month of the year '' and Ezekiel 45 : 18 where `` the first month '' unambiguously refers to Nisan , the month of Passover , as made plain by Ezekiel 45 : 21 . ) In the Siddur and Machzor Jewish prayer - books Rosh Hashanah is also called `` Yom Hazikaron '' ( ( a ) day ( of ) the remembrance ) , not to be confused with the modern Israeli holiday of the same name which falls in spring . The Hebrew Rosh HaShanah is etymologically related to the Arabic Ras as - Sanah , the name Muslims give for the Islamic New Year . Rosh Hashanah marks the start of a new year in the Hebrew calendar ( one of four `` new year '' observances that define various legal `` years '' for different purposes as explained in the Mishnah and Talmud ) . It is the new year for people , animals , and legal contracts . The Mishnah also sets this day aside as the new year for calculating calendar years , shmita and yovel years . Jews are confident that Rosh Hashanah represents either figuratively or literally God 's creation ex nihilo . However , according to Rabbi Eleazar ben Shammua , Rosh Hashanah commemorates the creation of man . Origin ( edit ) The origin of the Hebrew New Year is connected to the beginning of the economic year in the agricultural societies of the ancient Near East . The New Year was the beginning of the cycle of sowing , growth , and harvest ; the harvest was marked by its own set of major agricultural festivals . The Semites in general set the beginning of the new year in autumn , while other ancient civilizations chose spring for that purpose , such as the Persians or Greeks ; the primary reason was agricultural in both cases , the time of sowing the seed and bringing in the harvest . In Jewish law , four major New Years are observed , each one marking a beginning of sorts . The lunar month Nisan ( usually corresponding to the months March -- April in the Gregorian calendar ) is when a new year is added to the reign of Jewish kings , and it marks the start of the year for the three Jewish pilgrimages . Its injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible : `` This month shall be unto you the beginning of months '' ( Exo. 12 : 2 ) . However , ordinary years , Sabbatical years , Jubilees , and dates inscribed on legal deeds and contracts are reckoned differently ; such years begin on the first day of the lunar month Tishri ( usually corresponding to the months September -- October in the Gregorian calendar ) . Their injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible : `` Three times in the year you shall keep a feast unto me ... the feast of unleavened bread ( Passover ) ... the feast of harvest ( Shavuot ) ... and the feast of ingathering ( Sukkot ) which is at the departing of the year '' ( Exo. 23 : 14 -- 16 ) . `` At the departing of the year '' implies that the new year begins here . The reckoning of Tishri as the beginning of the Jewish year began with the early Egyptians and was preserved by the Hebrew nation , being also alluded to in the Hebrew Bible ( Genesis 7 : 11 ) when describing the Great Deluge at the time of Noah . This began during the `` second month '' ( Marheshvan ) counting from Tishri , a view that has largely been accepted by the Sages of Israel . Religious Significance ( edit ) The Mishnah contains the second known reference to Rosh Hashanah as the `` day of judgment '' . In the Talmud tractate on Rosh Hashanah , it states that three books of account are opened on Rosh Hashanah , wherein the fate of the wicked , the righteous , and those of an intermediate class are recorded . The names of the righteous are immediately inscribed in the book of life and they are sealed `` to live '' . The intermediate class are allowed a respite of ten days , until Yom Kippur , to reflect , repent and become righteous ; the wicked are `` blotted out of the book of the living forever '' . In Jewish liturgy , Rosh Hashanah leads to Yom Kippur , which is described as `` the day of judgment '' ( Yom ha - Din ) and `` the day of remembrance '' ( Yom ha - Zikkaron ) . Some midrashic descriptions depict God as sitting upon a throne , while books containing the deeds of all humanity are opened for review , and each person passes in front of Him for evaluation of his or her deeds . The Talmud provides three central ideas behind the day : `` The Holy One said , ' on Rosh Hashanah recite before Me ( verses of ) Sovereignty , Remembrance , and Shofar blasts ( malchuyot , zichronot , shofrot ) : Sovereignty so that you should make Me your King ; Remembrance so that your remembrance should rise up before Me . And through what ? Through the Shofar . ' ( Rosh Hashanah 16a , 34b ) '' This is reflected in the prayers composed by the classical rabbinic sages for Rosh Hashanah found in all machzorim where the theme of the prayers is the strongest theme is the `` coronation '' of God as King of the universe in preparation for the acceptance of judgments that will follow on that day , symbolized as `` written '' into a Divine book of judgments , that then hang in the balance for ten days waiting for all to repent , then they will be `` sealed '' on Yom Kippur . The assumption is that everyone was sealed for life and therefore the next festival is Sukkot ( Tabernacles ) that is referred to as `` the time of our joy '' ( z'man simchateinu ) . Customs ( edit ) The Yamim Nora'im are preceded by the month of Elul , during which Jews are supposed to begin a self - examination and repentance , a process that culminates in the ten days of the Yamim Nora'im known as beginning with Rosh Hashanah and ending with the holiday of Yom Kippur . The shofar is traditionally blown each morning for the entire month of Elul , the month preceding Rosh Hashanah . The sound of the shofar is intended to awaken the listeners from their `` slumbers '' and alert them to the coming judgment . The shofar is not blown on Shabbat . In the period leading up to the Yamim Nora'im ( Hebrew , `` days of awe '' ) , penitential prayers , called selichot , are recited . Rosh Hashanah is also the day of `` Yom Hadin '' , known as Judgment day . On Yom Hadin , 3 books are opened , the book of life , for the righteous among the nations , the book of death , for the most evil who receive the seal of death , and the third book for the ones living in doubts with non-evil sins . Karaite Judaism ( edit ) Unlike the denominations of Rabbinical Judaism , Karaite Judaism believes the Jewish New Year starts with the first month and celebrate this holiday only as it is mentioned in the Torah , that is as a day of rejoicing and shouting . Additionally , Karaites believe the adoption of `` Rosh Hashanah '' in place of Yom Teruah `` is the result of pagan Babylonian influence upon the Jewish nation . The first stage in the transformation was the adoption of the Babylonian month names . In the Torah the months are numbered as First Month , Second Month , Third Month , etc ( Leviticus 23 ; Numbers 28 ) . During their sojourn in Babylonia our ancestors began to use the pagan Babylonian month names , a fact readily admitted in the Talmud . As the Jewish People became more comfortable with the Babylonian month names they became more susceptible to other Babylonian influences . '' `` Karaites allow no work on the day except what is needed to prepare food ( Leviticus 23 : 23 , 24 ) . '' Samaritanism ( edit ) Samaritans , in their strict interpretation of the Torah , preserve the biblical name of the festival celebrated on the first day of the seventh month ( Tishrei ) , namely Yom Teruah , and in accordance with the Torah do not consider it to be a New Year 's day . Shofar blowing ( edit ) Main article : Shofar blowing Yemenite - style shofar Shofar blowing for Rosh Hashana , Ashkenaz version Laws on the form and use of the shofar and laws related to the religious services during the festival of Rosh Hashanah are described in Rabbinic literature such as the Mishnah that formed the basis of the tractate `` Rosh HaShanah '' in both the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud . This also contains the most important rules concerning the calendar year . The shofar is blown in long , short , and staccato blasts that follow a set sequence : Teki'ah ( long sound ) Numbers 10 : 3 ; Shevarim ( 3 broken sounds ) Numbers 10 : 5 ; Teru'ah ( 9 short sounds ) Numbers 10 : 9 ; Teki'ah Gedolah ( very long sound ) Exodus 19 : 16 , 19 ; Shevarim Teru'ah ( 3 broken sounds followed by 9 short sounds ) . The shofar is blown at various instances during the Rosh Hashanah prayers , and the total number of blasts over the day is 100 . Rosh Hashanah Eve ( edit ) The evening before Rosh Hashanah day is known as Erev Rosh Hashanah ( `` Rosh Hashanah eve '' ) . As with Rosh Hashanah day , it falls on the first day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei , since days of the Hebrew calendar begin at sundown . Some communities perform Hatarat nedarim ( a nullification of vows ) after the morning prayer services during the morning on the 29th of the Hebrew month of Elul , which ends at sundown , when Erev Rosh Hashanah commences . The mood becomes festive but serious in anticipation of the new year and the synagogue services . Many Orthodox men immerse in a mikveh in honor of the coming day . Duration and timing ( edit ) See also : Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 Rosh Hashanah occurs 163 days after the first day of Passover ( Pesach ) . In terms of the Gregorian calendar , the earliest date on which Rosh Hashanah can fall is September 5 , as happened in 1842 , 1861 , 1899 and 2013 . The latest Gregorian date that Rosh Hashanah can occur is October 5 , as happened in 1815 , 1929 and 1967 , and will happen again in 2043 . After 2089 , the differences between the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will result in Rosh Hashanah falling no earlier than September 6 . Starting in 2214 , the new latest date will be October 6 . Although the Jewish calendar is based on the lunar cycle , so that the first day of each month originally began with the first sighting of a new moon , since the fourth century it has been arranged so that Rosh Hashanah never falls on a Sunday , Wednesday , or Friday . The Torah defines Rosh Hashanah as a one - day celebration , and since days in the Hebrew calendar begin at sundown , the beginning of Rosh Hashanah is at sundown at the end of 29 Elul . The rules of the Hebrew calendar are designed such that the first day of Rosh Hashanah will never occur on the first , fourth , or sixth day of the Jewish week ( i.e. , Sunday , Wednesday , or Friday ) . Since the time of the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE and the time of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai , normative Jewish law appears to be that Rosh Hashanah is to be celebrated for two days , because of the difficulty of determining the date of the new moon . Nonetheless , there is some evidence that Rosh Hashanah was celebrated on a single day in Israel as late as the thirteenth century CE . Orthodox and Conservative Judaism now generally observe Rosh Hashanah for the first two days of Tishrei , even in Israel where all other Jewish holidays dated from the new moon last only one day . The two days of Rosh Hashanah are said to constitute `` Yoma Arichtah '' ( Aramaic : `` one long day '' ) . In Reform Judaism , while most congregations in North America observe only the first day of Rosh Hashanah , some follow the traditional two - day observance as a sign of solidarity with other Jews worldwide . Karaite Jews , who do not recognize Rabbinic Jewish oral law and rely on their own understanding of the Torah , observe only one day on the first of Tishrei , since the second day is not mentioned in the Written Torah . Prayer service ( edit ) On Rosh Hashanah day , religious poems , called piyyutim , are added to the regular services . A special prayer book , the mahzor , is used on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur ( plural mahzorim ) . A number of additions are made to the regular service , most notably an extended repetition of the Amidah prayer for both Shacharit and Mussaf . The Shofar is blown during Mussaf at several intervals . ( In many synagogues , even little children come and hear the Shofar being blown . ) Biblical verses are recited at each point . According to the Mishnah , 10 verses ( each ) are said regarding kingship , remembrance , and the shofar itself , each accompanied by the blowing of the shofar . A variety of piyyutim , medieval penitential prayers , are recited regarding themes of repentance . The Alenu prayer is recited during the repetition of the Mussaf Amidah . The Mussaf Amidah prayer on Rosh Hashanah is unique in that apart from the first and last 3 blessings , it contains 3 central blessings making a total of 9 . These blessings are entitled `` Malchuyot '' ( Kingship , and also includes the blessing for the holiness of the day as is in a normal Mussaf ) , `` Zichronot '' ( Remembrance ) and `` Shofarot '' ( concerning the Shofar ) . Each section contains an introductory paragraph followed by selections of verses about the `` topic '' . The verses are 3 from the Torah , 3 from the Ketuvim , 3 from the Nevi'im , and one more from the Torah . During the repetition of the Amidah , the Shofar is sounded ( except on Shabbat ) after the blessing that ends each section . Symbolic foods ( edit ) Rosh Hashanah meals usually include apples dipped in honey to symbolize a sweet new year . Other foods with a symbolic meaning may be served , depending on local minhag ( `` custom '' ) , such as the head of a fish ( to symbolize the prayer `` let us be the head and not the tail '' ) . Many communities hold a `` Rosh Hashanah seder '' during which blessings are recited over a variety of symbolic dishes . The blessings have the incipit `` Yehi ratzon '' , meaning `` May it be Thy will . '' In many cases , the name of the food in Hebrew or Aramaic represents a play on words ( a pun ) . The Yehi Ratzon platter may include apples ( dipped in honey , baked or cooked as a compote called mansanada ) ; dates ; pomegranates ; black - eyed peas ; pumpkin - filled pastries called rodanchas ; leek fritters called keftedes de prasa ; beets ; and a whole fish with the head intact . It is also common to eat stuffed vegetables called legumbres yaprakes . Some of the symbolic foods eaten are dates , black - eyed peas , leek , spinach and gourd , all of which are mentioned in the Talmud : `` Let a man be accustomed to eat on New Year 's Day gourds ( קרא ) , and fenugreek ( רוביא ) , leeks ( כרתי ) , beet ( leaves ) ( סילקא ) , and dates ( תמרי ) . '' Pomegranates are used in many traditions , to symbolize being fruitful like the pomegranate with its many seeds . The use of apples dipped in honey , symbolizing a sweet year , is a late medieval Ashkenazi addition , though it is now almost universally accepted . Typically , round challah bread is served , to symbolize the cycle of the year . From ancient to quite modern age , lamb head or fish head were served . Nowadays , gefilte fish and lekach are commonly served by Ashkenazic Jews on this holiday . On the second night , new fruits are served to warrant inclusion of the shehecheyanu blessing . Rosh Hashanah jams prepared by Libyan Jews Traditional Rosh Hashanah foods : Apples dipped in honey , pomegranates , wine for kiddush Tashlikh ( edit ) Main article : Tashlikh Hasidic Jews performing tashlikh on Rosh Hashanah , painting by Aleksander Gierymski , 1884 The ritual of tashlikh is performed on the afternoon of the first day of Rosh Hashanah by Ashkenazic and most Sephardic Jews ( but not by Spanish & Portuguese Jews or some Yemenites ) . Prayers are recited near natural flowing water , and one 's sins are symbolically cast into the water . Many also have the custom to throw bread or pebbles into the water , to symbolize the `` casting off '' of sins . In some communities , if the first day of Rosh Hashanah occurs on Shabbat , tashlikh is postponed until the second day . The traditional service for tashlikh is recited individually and includes the prayer `` Who is like unto you , O God ... And You will cast all their sins into the depths of the sea '' , and Biblical passages including Isaiah 11 : 9 ( `` They will not injure nor destroy in all My holy mountain , for the earth shall be as full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea '' ) and Psalms 118 : 5 -- 9 , Psalms 121 and Psalms 130 , as well as personal prayers . Though once considered a solemn individual tradition , it has become an increasingly social ceremony practiced in groups . Tashlikh can be performed any time until Hoshana Rabba , and some Hasidic communities perform Tashlikh on the day before Yom Kippur . Greetings ( edit ) The Hebrew common greeting on Rosh Hashanah is Shanah Tovah ( Hebrew : שנה טובה ) ( pronounced ( ʃaˈna toˈva ) ) , which translated from Hebrew means `` ( have a ) good year '' . Often Shanah Tovah Umetukah ( Hebrew : שנה טובה ומתוקה ) , meaning `` ( have a ) Good and Sweet Year '' , is used . In Yiddish the greeting is אַ גוט יאָר `` a gut yor '' ( `` a good year '' ) or אַ גוט געבענטשט יאָר `` a gut gebentsht yor '' ( `` a good blessed year '' ) . The formal Sephardic greeting is Tizku Leshanim Rabbot ( `` may you merit many years '' ) , to which the answer is Ne'imot VeTovot ( `` pleasant and good ones '' ) . Less formally , people wish each other `` many years '' in the local language . A more formal greeting commonly used among religiously observant Jews is Ketivah VaChatimah Tovah ( Hebrew : כְּתִיבָה וַחֲתִימָה טוֹבָה ) , which translates as `` A good inscription and sealing ( in the Book of Life ) '' , or L'shanah tovah tikatevu v'tichatemu meaning `` May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year '' . After Rosh Hashanah ends , the greeting is changed to G'mar chatimah tovah ( Hebrew : גמר חתימה טובה ) meaning `` A good final sealing '' , until Yom Kippur . After Yom Kippur is over , until Hoshana Rabbah , as Sukkot ends , the greeting is Gmar Tov ( Hebrew : גְּמָר טוֹב ) , `` a good conclusion '' . The above describes three stages as the spiritual order of the month of Tishrei unfolds : On Rosh Hashanah Jewish tradition maintains that God opens the books of judgment of creation and all mankind starting from each individual person , so that what is decreed is first written in those books , hence the emphasis on the `` ketivah '' ( `` writing '' ) . The judgment is then pending and prayers and repentance are required . Then on Yom Kippur , the judgment is `` sealed '' or confirmed ( i.e. by the Heavenly Court ) , hence the emphasis is on the word `` chatimah '' ( `` sealed '' ) . But the Heavenly verdict is still not final because there is still an additional hope that until Sukkot concludes God will deliver a final , merciful judgment , hence the use of `` gmar '' ( `` end '' ) that is `` tov '' ( `` good '' ) . Gallery ( edit ) Russia , 1899 United States , 1900 Austria , 1904 United States , 1908 Germany , 1910 Germany , 1914 Tel Aviv , 1927 Poland , 1931 Montevideo , 1932 Israel , 2012 See also ( edit ) Jewish holidays Jewish greetings Rosh Hashana kibbutz Unetanneh Tokef Christian observances of Jewish holidays : Feast of Trumpets Judaism portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hebrew / Gregorian calculations by ( ( Hebrew year ) ) -- via ( ( Calendar date ) ) ^ Jump up to : Isidore Singer , J.F. McLaughlin , Wilhelm Bacher , Judah David Eisenstein ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` New - Year '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk and Wagnalls . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Louis . `` Rosh Ha - Shanah . '' Encyclopaedia Judaica . Ed . Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik . Vol. 17 . 2nd ed . Detroit : Macmillan Reference , 2007 . 463 -- 466 . Jump up ^ See Numbers 29 : 1 Jump up ^ `` Exodus 34 : 18 `` Celebrate the Festival of Unleavened Bread . For seven days eat bread made without yeast , as I commanded you . Do this at the appointed time in the month of Aviv , for in that month you came out of Egypt '' . biblehub.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bible Gateway passage : Exodus 34 : 18 -- International Standard Version '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mulder , Otto ( 2003 ) . Simon the High Priest in Sirach 50 : An Exegetical Study of the Significance of Simon the High Priest As Climax to the Praise of the Fathers in Ben Sira 's Concept of the History of Israel . Brill . p. 170 . ISBN 9789004123168 . Jump up ^ `` OU on Elul '' . Ou.org . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mishnah , Rosh Hashanah 1 : 1 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud ; Poskim Jump up ^ Josephus writes in Antiquities of the Jews ( 1.3. § 3 ) concerning the `` second month '' , when the flood of waters appeared in the days of Noah : `` This calamity happened in the six - hundredth year of Noah 's government , in the second month , called by the Macedonians Dius , but by the Hebrews Marchesuan ; for so did they order their year in Egypt ; but Moses appointed that Nisan , which is the same with Xanthicus , should be the first month for their festivals , because he brought them out of Egypt in that month : so that this month began the year as to all the solemnities they observed to the honour of God , although he preserved the original order of the months as to selling and buying , and other ordinary affairs . '' Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , Rosh Hashana 11b -- 12a ; Rabbi Yehoshua says that the flood was in the second month counting from Nisan , but Rabbi Eliezer says that it was in the second month counting from Tishri , and the Sages agree with Rabbi Eliezer ; Aramaic Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan ben Uzziel on Genesis 7 : 11 : `` In the six - hundredth year of the life of Noah , in the second month , being the month of Marheshvan , for hitherto they did not count the ( lunar ) months except from Tishri , insofar that it is the New Year for the completion of the universe . '' Jump up ^ Tractate on Rosh Hashanah I , 2 Jump up ^ Tractate on Rosh Hashanah , I , 16b Jump up ^ Psalms 69 : 29 Jump up ^ ArtScroll Machzor , Rosh Hashanah . Overview , p. xv . Jump up ^ Maimonides , Yad , Laws of Repentance 3 : 4 Jump up ^ Jewish Law permits the Shofar to be blown in the presence of a rabbinical court called the Sanhedrin , which had not existed since ancient times . A recent group of Orthodox rabbis in Israel claiming to constitute a modern Sanhedrin held , for the first time in many years , an Orthodox shofar - blowing on Shabbat for Rosh Hashanah in 2006 . TheSanhedrin.net : Shofar Blowing on Shabbat ( translation of Haaretz Archived January 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . article ) ^ Jump up to : `` How Yom Teruah Became Rosh Hashanah '' . Nehemia 's Wall . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Karaite Jews of America '' . The Karaite Jews of America . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tractate Rosh Hashanah 1 : 1 Jump up ^ `` An early Rosh HaShanah ? -- Ask the Rabbi '' . Oztorah.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Tractate Rosh Hashanah 20a Jump up ^ A popular mnemonic is `` lo adu rosh '' ( `` Rosh ( Hashanah ) is not on adu '' ) , where adu has the numerical value 1 - 4 - 6 ( corresponding to the numbering of days in the Jewish week , in which Saturday night and Sunday daytime make up the first day ) . Jump up ^ Rav David Bar - Hayim . `` Rosh HaShanna in Israel : One Day or Two ? '' . Machon Shilo website . Jerusalem : Machon Shilo . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Includes link for Audio Shiur in English Jump up ^ `` Do Reform Jews Celebrate One or Two Days of Rosh HaShanah ? '' . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Exploring Sephardic Customs and Traditions , Marc Angel , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` Brief Summary of the Keter Shem Tov 's ( Rabbi Shem Tov Gaguine ) comments on the various minhagim practiced on the two nights of Rosh HaShanah at the evening seudoth ( vol 6 , pp. 96 -- 101 ) compiled and explained by Albert S. Maimon '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Debby Segura ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) . `` The Rosh Hashanah Seder '' . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sternberg , Robert The Sephardic Kitchen : The Healthful Food and Rich Culture of the Mediterranean Jews , Harper Collins , 1996 , pp. 320 -- 321 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 017691 - 1 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud ( Keritot 6a ) Jump up ^ Rashi ( ibid . ) calls rubia by its Hebrew name `` tiltan '' ( Heb . תלתן ) , which word he explains elsewhere as being fenugreek . However , Rabbi Hai Gaon , in one of his responsum in `` Otzar Ha - Geonim '' , seems to suggest that `` rubia '' ( Heb . רוביא ) means cowpeas , or what others call , `` black - eyed peas '' ( פול המצרי ) . Rabbi Hai Gaon 's disciple , Rabbi Nissim ben Jacob ( in his Commentary known as Ketav Hamafteah ) , thus explains the word לוביא , in our case spelled רוביא , as meaning non-other than cowpeas ( פול המצרי ) , describing them as having a `` dark eye in its center '' . Jews of North - Africa traditionally make use of stringed beans in place of rubia . ^ Jump up to : Spice and Spirit : The Complete Kosher Jewish Cookbook , 1990 , New York , p. 508 ^ Jump up to : Posner , Menachem . `` What Is Shanah Tovah ? New Year Greeting Translation and More : The meaning of the traditional Rosh Hashanah wishes '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bottner , Lauren ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` From Selichot to Simchat Torah '' . Jewish Journal . TRIBE Media . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Holiday Greeting Chart '' . Patheos.com . July 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Angel , Marc ( 2000 ) . Exploring Sephardic Customs and Traditions . Hoboken , N.J. : KTAV Pub . House in association with American Sephardi Federation , American Sephardi Federation -- South Florida Chapter , Sephardic House . ISBN 0 - 88125 - 675 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Look up Rosh Hashanah in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosh Hashanah . Torah Content on Rosh Hashana -- Text , audio & video classes , Times and Q&A about Rosh HaShana From Our Collections : Marking the New Year -- Online exhibition from Yad Vashem on the celebration of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur before , during , and after the Holocaust Jewish and Israeli holidays and observances Jewish holidays and observances Shabbat Shabbat High Holy Days Rosh Hashanah Fast of Gedalia Ten Days of Repentance Yom Kippur Three Pilgrimage Festivals Passover Fast of the Firstborn Pesach Sheni Shavuot Sukkot Hoshana Rabbah Shemini Atzeret Simchat Torah Yom tov sheni shel galuyot Chol HaMoed Isru chag Rosh Chodesh Hanukkah Tenth of Tevet Tu BiShvat Fast of Esther Purim Purim Katan Counting of the Omer Lag BaOmer 17th of Tammuz The Three Weeks The Nine Days Tisha B'Av Tu B'Av Rosh Hashanah LaBehema Holidays / memorial days of the State of Israel Yom HaShoah ( Holocaust Remembrance Day ) Yom HaZikaron ( Memorial Day ) Yom HaAtzmaut ( Independence Day ) Yom Yerushalayim ( Jerusalem Day ) Yom HaAliyah ( Aliyah Day ) Ethnic minority holidays Mimouna Seharane Sigd Hebrew calendar months Tishrei Cheshvan Kislev Tevet Shevat Adar and Adar Sheni Nisan Iyar Sivan Tammuz Av Elul Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 High Holidays Rosh Hashanah Erev Rosh Hashanah Rosh Hashanah greetings Rosh Hashanah seder Shofar Shofar blowing Tashlikh Yom Kippur Atonement Break fast Confession Jonah Kapparot Kittel Kol Nidre Ne'ila Repentance Selichot Ten Martyrs Unetanneh Tokef Ten Days of Repentance Avinu Malkeinu Fast of Gedalia Shabbat Shuvah Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . GND : 4234191 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosh_Hashanah&oldid=866470267 '' Categories : Rosh Hashanah Autumn festivals Hebrew names of Jewish holy days Adam and Eve Observances set by the Hebrew calendar Non-Gregorian September observances Non-Gregorian October observances Autumn events in Israel Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2015 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the significance of the jewish new year | [
"Rosh Hashanah is a two-day celebration which begins on the first day of Tishrei, which is the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year. It marks the beginning of the civil year, according to the teachings of Judaism, while the first month Nisan, the passover month, is the traditional anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman according to the Hebrew Bible, and the inauguration of humanity's role in God's world. According to one secular opinion, the holiday owes its timing to the beginning of the economic year in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa, marking the start of the agricultural cycle.[2]\n",
"Rosh Hashanah is a two-day celebration which begins on the first day of Tishrei, which is the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year. It marks the beginning of the civil year, according to the teachings of Judaism, while the first month Nisan, the passover month, is the traditional anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman according to the Hebrew Bible, and the inauguration of humanity's role in God's world. According to one secular opinion, the holiday owes its timing to the beginning of the economic year in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa, marking the start of the agricultural cycle.[2]\n"
] | [
"marks the beginning of the civil year, according to the teachings of Judaism",
"the traditional anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman according to the Hebrew Bible, and the inauguration of humanity's role in God's world"
] |
484125576023392065 | The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978 | The high denomination Bank notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 - Wikipedia The high denomination Bank notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 Parliament of India An Act for demonetisation of high denomination Indian bank notes , for improving Economy of India , and regulating illegal financial transactions , with higher denomination bank notes . Citation % 201978. pdf The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act 11 , 1978 Territorial extent India Enacted by Lok Sabha Date passed 16 January 1978 Enacted by Rajya Sabha Legislative history Bill introduced in the Lok Sabha Number 20 of 1978 Amends High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Amendment Act , 1998 Related legislation Ministry of Law Status : In force The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 , of India is a law passed in the Indian Parliament , ceasing the usage of high - denomination bank notes of ₹ 1000 , ₹ 5000 , and ₹ 10000 . On 16 January 1978 , the then President of India Neelam Sanjiva Reddy introduced the High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) , Ordinance 1978 . The then Prime Minister India , Morarji Desai of Janata Party , Finance Minister Hirubhai M. Patel , and Reserve Bank of India Governor I.G. Patel , are considered the key architects in the development and execution of the policy . Contents 1 Preamble to the Demonetisation Act 1978 2 Opposition 3 Passage in the Parliament 4 Details 5 Amendment 5.1 1998 6 Related ordinance 7 Aftermath 8 See also 9 References Preamble to the Demonetisation Act 1978 ( edit ) The Preamble to the Demonetisation Act 1978 highlights the need for demonetisation of high denominations , in the public interest . The usage of high - denomination bank notes was considered detrimental to Economy of India , due to illegal financial transactions facilitated by high - denomination bank notes . Opposition ( edit ) The Constitutional validity of 1978 Act of Demonetisation was challenged in the Supreme Court of India , on the claimed grounds that it violated the then Fundamental Right of property . The Constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India rejected the petitioners ' plea , and upheld the Constitutional validity of Demonetisation Act , 1978 . Passage in the Parliament ( edit ) The Act was passed by consideration in both Houses of Parliament and supreme court , and was implemented by an issue of an ordinance on 16 January 1978 , which was later made an Act , from 30 March 1978 . Details ( edit ) The Demonetisation Act of 1978 has fifteen sections . Section 2 details the usage of words Bank notes in Act Amendment ( edit ) 1998 ( edit ) Section 2 of the Act was amended in the winter session of Indian Parliament in 1998 . Following a discussion in the 1998 winter session of Indian Parliament , the bill was introduced , by the then Finance minister Yashwant Sinha to reintroduce ₹ 1000 banknotes , due to claims of shortage of high - denomination notes and increasing pressure on lower denominations . Related Ordinance ( edit ) The draft of the 1978 Demonetisation Ordinance was prepared by referring to the Demonetisation Ordinance of 1946 . On 12 January 1946 , High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Ordinance 1946 was passed by the then Governor General of India , Field Marshal Archibald Wavell , 1st Earl Wavell ceasing ₹ 500 , ₹ 1000 , and ₹ 10000 to be legal tender . Aftermath ( edit ) The chief economic advisor of the State Bank of India affirmed that 25 % of the proscribed currency notes did not return to the banking system during the 1978 demonetisation episode . See also ( edit ) 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , issued an Ordinance to demonetisation , in 1978 '' . Indian Express . 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Key people in 1978 demonetisation '' . India Today . 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of 1978 Act , defined '' . The Times of India . 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Upheld Constitutional validity , of 1978 Act '' . First Post . 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court verdict on 1978 demonetisation '' . The Times of India . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ % 201978. pdf `` The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 '' Check url = value ( help ) ( PDF ) . lawmin.nic.in . Jump up ^ % 201978. pdf `` The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 '' Check url = value ( help ) ( PDF ) . lawmin.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Bank notes in Act '' . The Hindu . 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reintroduction of 1000 rupees in 1998 '' . DNA India . 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Demonetisation in India '' . Deccan Herald . 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yaswant Sinha , reintroduced 1000 rupee notes , in 1998 '' . Indian Express . 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Only 75 % of demonetised currency returned to the central bank in 1978 Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution ( Regulation ) Act , 2010 Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Mental Health Care Act , 2017 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Indian Christian Marriage Act , 1872 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act , 2016 Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transport Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_High_Denomination_Bank_Notes_(Demonetisation)_Act,_1978&oldid=849506386 '' Categories : Acts of the Parliament of India 1978 Acts of the Parliament of India Desai administration Financial history of India Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use dmy dates from December 2016 Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 13 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | demonetisation of high denomination bank notes was in | [
"The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978\nParliament of India\nAn Act for demonetisation of high denomination Indian bank notes, for improving Economy of India, and regulating illegal financial transactions, with higher denomination bank notes.Citation\n%201978.pdf The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act 11, 1978Territorial extent\nIndiaEnacted by\nLok SabhaDate passed\n16 January 1978Enacted by\nRajya SabhaLegislative historyBill introduced in the Lok Sabha\nNumber 20 of 1978Amends\nHigh Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Amendment Act, 1998Related legislation\nMinistry of Law\nStatus: In force"
] | [
"India"
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5844655772151047867 | Cat in the Rain | Cat in the Rain - wikipedia Cat in the Rain Jump to : navigation , search Ernest Hemingway , with Hadley `` Cat in the Rain '' is a short story by American author Ernest Hemingway ( 1899 - 1961 ) , first published by Boni & Liveright in 1925 in the short story collection In Our Time . The story is about an American man and wife on vacation in Italy . Critical attention focuses chiefly on its autobiographical elements and on Hemingway 's `` theory of omission '' ( iceberg theory ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot summary 3 Writing style 4 Reception 5 In the media 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) According to the book Hemingway 's Cats , Hemingway wrote the story as a tribute to his wife Hadley . The couple had only been married a few years , and lived in Paris where she was left alone for hours at a time while her husband worked . She asked for a cat but he told her they were too poor . When she became pregnant he wrote `` Cat in the Rain '' , apparently based on an incident in Rapallo ( where they visited Ezra Pound in 1923 ) . Hadley found a stray kitten and said , `` I want a cat ... I want a cat . I want a cat now . If I ca n't have long hair or any fun I can have a cat . '' Plot summary ( edit ) `` Cat in the Rain '' is a short story about an American couple on vacation in Italy set in or around the couple 's hotel , which faces the sea as well as the `` public garden and the war monument '' . Throughout the story it rains , leaving the couple trapped in their hotel room . As the American wife watches the rain , she sees a cat crouched `` under one of the dripping green tables . '' Feeling sorry for the cat that `` was trying to make herself so compact she would not be dripped on , '' the wife decides to rescue `` that kitty . '' On her way downstairs , the American wife encounters the innkeeper , with whom she has a short conversation . In this encounter , Hemingway specifically emphasizes how the wife `` likes '' the innkeeper , a word that is repeated often throughout the stories of In Our Time : `` The wife liked him . She liked the deadly serious way he received any complaints . She liked his dignity . She liked the way he wanted to serve her . She liked the way he felt about being a hotel - keeper . She liked his old , heavy face and big hands '' . When the American wife finally arrives outside that cat is gone , and , slightly crestfallen , she returns to the room alone . The American wife then has a ( rather one - sided ) conversation with her husband about the things she wants with her life , particularly how she wants to settle down ( as opposed to the transient vacation life the couple has in the story ) : `` I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles . And I want it to be spring and I want to brush my hair out in front of a mirror and I want a kitty and I want some new clothes . '' However , her husband , George , continues to read his books , acting dismissively of what his wife `` wants . '' The story ends when the maid arrives with a `` big tortoise - shell cat pressed tight against her and swung down against her body , '' which she gives to the American wife . Writing style ( edit ) Hemingway biographer Carlos Baker writes that Hemingway learned from his short stories how to `` get the most from the least , how to prune language , how to multiply intensities , and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth '' . The style has become known as the iceberg theory , ( or sometimes the `` theory of omission , '' ) because in Hemingway 's writing the hard facts float above water while the supporting structure operates out of sight . Hemingway wrote in Death in the Afternoon , `` If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader , if the writer is writing truly enough , will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them . The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one - eighth of it being above water . '' Hemingway learned how to achieve this stripped - down style from Ezra Pound , who , according to Hemingway , `` had taught him more ' about how to write and how not to write ' than any son of a bitch alive '' . Similarly , Hemingway was influenced by James Joyce who taught him `` to pare down his work to the essentials '' . The iceberg theory is evident in `` The Cat in the Rain '' , where he goes beyond mere reporting and tries to convey a sense of reality . The idea that there is `` something below the surface '' to this story is particularly evident in relation to the cat . The cat is not just a cat . Instead , as Professor of English Shigeo Kikuchi writes , the animal 's nature is shrouded in mystery : `` The moderately distant location of the room and the two words suggestive of the cat 's size , have the effect of concealing from the reader the cat 's true size and sort ( which makes ) it impossible to identify the `` cat in the rain . '' But what does the cat represent ? One explanation that scholars have offered is that the cat is a physical manifestation of the wife 's desire for a child : `` The cat stands for her need of a child '' . This ending is both abrupt and ambiguous , and `` hinges on the mystery of the tortoise - shell cat 's identity . We do not know whether it is the `` kitty '' the wife spotted outside and so do not know whether she will be pleased to get it . '' A New York Times book reviewer comments on the plot of the very short story , writing `` that is absolutely all there is , yet a lifetime of discontent , of looking outside for some unknown fulfillment is compressed into the offhand recital . '' Reception ( edit ) `` Cat in the Rain '' was first published in New York in 1925 , as a part of the short story collection In Our Time , which derives its title from the Anglican Book of Common Prayer ( `` Give us peace in our time , O Lord '' ) . It contains notable short stories such as `` Indian Camp '' and `` Big Two - Hearted River '' . When it was published , In Our Time received acclaim from many notable authors of the period , including `` Ford Madox Ford , John Dos Passos , and F. Scott Fitzgerald for its simple and precise use of language to convey a wide range of complex emotions , and it earned Hemingway a place beside Sherwood Anderson and Gertrude Stein among the most promising American writers of that period . '' In a New York Times book review from October 1925 , titled Preludes to a Mood , the reviewer praised Hemingway for his use of language , which he described as `` fibrous and athletic , colloquial and fresh , hard and clean ; his very prose seems to have an organic being of its own . Every syllable counts toward a stimulating , entrancing experience of magic . '' Author D.H. Lawrence said that In Our Time was `` a series of successive sketches from a man 's life ... a fragmentary novel ... It is a short book : and it does not pretend to be about one man . But it is . It is as much as we need know of the man 's life . The sketches are short , sharp , vivid , and most of them excellent . '' Hemingway biographer commented that Hemingway 's writing illustrated that the author had `` felt the genius of Gertrude Stein 's ( his longtime mentor and friend ) Three Lives and had obviously been influenced by it . '' In the media ( edit ) `` Cat in the Rain '' has inspired a short ( 9 minute ) film by Directors Matthew Gentile and Ben Hanks . Made in 2011 , the movie stars actors Brian Caspe , Veronika Bellová and Curtis Matthew . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brennen , Carlene ( 2006 ) . Hemingway 's Cats . Sarasota , FL : Pineapple Press . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hemingway , Ernest ( 2006 ) ( 1925 ) . In Our Time . New York : Scribner . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Carlos ( 1972 ) . Hemingway : The Writer as Artist ( 4th ed . ) . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01305 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hemingway , Ernest ( 1932 ) . Death in the Afternoon . New York : Scribner . p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Meyers , Jeffrey ( 1985 ) . Hemingway : A Biography . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 42126 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kikuchi , Shigeo ( Autumn 2007 ) . `` When You Look Away : `` Reality '' and Hemingway 's Verbal Imagination `` . Journal of the Short Story in English . 49 ( 3 ) : 149 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Hamad , Ahmad S. `` Post-Structuralist Literary Criticism and the Resisting Text '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Holmesland , Oddvar ( 1990 ) . Jackson J. Benson , ed . New Critical Approaches to the Stories of Ernest Hemingway . Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press . Jump up ^ `` Prelude to a Mood '' . The New York Times . October 18 , 1925 . Jump up ^ `` Preludes to a Mood '' . The New York Times . October 18 , 1925 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , D.H ( 1962 ) . Robert Weeks , ed . Hemingway : A Collection of Critical Essays . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall , Inc . pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Mellow , James R. ( 1992 ) . Hemingway : A Life Without Consequences . Cambridge , M.A. : Da Capo Press . Jump up ^ `` IMDb : The Internet Movie Database '' . Retrieved 12 / 06 / 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Ernest Hemingway Collection , JFK Library Ernest Hemingway Bibliography Novels The Torrents of Spring ( 1926 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1929 ) To Have and Have Not ( 1937 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1940 ) Across the River and into the Trees ( 1950 ) The Old Man and the Sea ( 1952 ) Non-fiction Death in the Afternoon ( 1932 ) Green Hills of Africa ( 1935 ) Posthumous A Moveable Feast ( 1964 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1970 ) The Dangerous Summer ( 1985 ) The Garden of Eden ( 1986 ) True at First Light ( 1999 ) Under Kilimanjaro ( 2005 ) Short stories `` Indian Camp '' ( 1925 ) `` The Doctor and the Doctor 's Wife '' ( 1925 ) `` The End of Something '' ( 1925 ) `` The Three - Day Blow '' ( 1925 ) `` The Battler '' ( 1925 ) `` A Very Short Story '' ( 1925 ) `` Soldier 's Home '' ( 1925 ) `` The Revolutionist '' ( 1925 ) `` Mr. and Mrs. Elliot '' ( 1925 ) `` Cat in the Rain '' ( 1925 ) `` Out of Season '' ( 1925 ) `` Cross Country Snow '' ( 1925 ) `` My Old Man '' ( 1925 ) `` Big Two - Hearted River '' ( 1925 ) `` A Clean , Well - Lighted Place '' ( 1926 ) `` A Canary for One '' ( 1926 ) `` Fifty Grand '' ( 1927 ) `` Hills Like White Elephants '' ( 1927 ) `` The Killers '' ( 1927 ) `` The Undefeated '' ( 1927 ) `` Che Ti Dice La Patria ? '' ( 1927 ) `` In Another Country '' ( 1927 ) `` On the Quai at Smyrna '' ( 1930 ) `` Fathers and Sons '' ( 1932 ) `` A Day 's Wait '' ( 1933 ) `` The Gambler , the Nun , and the Radio '' ( 1933 ) `` A Way You 'll Never Be '' ( 1933 ) `` The Snows of Kilimanjaro '' ( 1936 ) `` The Capital of the World '' ( 1936 ) `` The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber '' ( 1936 ) Short story collections Three Stories and Ten Poems ( 1923 ) In Our Time ( 1925 ) Men Without Women ( 1927 ) Winner Take Nothing ( 1933 ) The Fifth Column and the First Forty - Nine Stories ( 1938 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1961 ) The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War ( 1969 ) The Nick Adams Stories ( 1972 ) The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway ( 1987 ) Ernest Hemingway : The Collected Stories ( 1995 ) Story fragments `` On Writing '' Poetry 88 Poems ( 1979 ) Complete Poems Letters and journalism Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917 -- 1961 ( 1981 ) Dateline : Toronto ( 1985 ) The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway ( 2011 ) Adaptations The Sun Also Rises 1957 film 1984 film Opera The Select ( The Sun Also Rises ) Ballet `` The Killers '' 1946 film 1956 film 1964 film Bukowski short story A Farewell to Arms 1932 film 1957 film 1966 TV series To Have and Have Not 1944 film The Breaking Point ( 1950 ) The Gun Runners ( 1958 ) Captain Khorshid ( 1987 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1943 film 1965 TV series Metallica song The Old Man and the Sea 1958 film 1990 miniseries 1999 film Other film adaptations The Macomber Affair ( 1947 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) Hemingway 's Adventures of a Young Man ( 1962 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1977 ) See also Nick Adams Michigan cottage Idaho house Key West home Hotel Ambos Mundos , Havana home Finca Vigía , Cuba home Pilar ( boat ) The Spanish Earth ( 1937 film ) Bacall to Arms ( 1946 cartoon ) Hello Hemingway ( 1990 film ) In Love and War ( 1996 film ) Hemingway & Gellhorn ( 2012 film ) Cooper & Hemingway : The True Gen ( 2013 documentary ) Papa : Hemingway in Cuba ( 2015 film ) Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award Kennedy Library Hemingway collection Family Elizabeth Hadley Richardson ( first wife ) Jack Hemingway ( son ) Pauline Pfeiffer ( second wife ) Patrick Hemingway ( son ) Gregory Hemingway ( son ) Martha Gellhorn ( third wife ) Mary Welsh Hemingway ( fourth wife ) Grace Hall Hemingway ( mother ) Leicester Hemingway ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat_in_the_Rain&oldid=819600802 '' Categories : Short stories by Ernest Hemingway Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 07 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does cat in the rain take place | [
"\"Cat in the Rain\" is a short story by American author Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), first published by Boni & Liveright in 1925 in the short story collection In Our Time. The story is about an American man and wife on vacation in Italy. Critical attention focuses chiefly on its autobiographical elements and on Hemingway's \"theory of omission\" (iceberg theory)."
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"Italy"
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-665654448414303544 | Omaha Beach | Omaha beach - wikipedia Omaha beach Omaha Part of the Normandy landings Into the Jaws of Death : Troops from the U.S. 1st Infantry Division landing on Omaha , as photographed by Robert F. Sargent Date 6 June 1944 Location Sainte - Honorine - des - Pertes , Saint - Laurent - sur - Mer , Vierville - sur - Mer , in France Result Allied victory Belligerents United States United Kingdom Canada Free France Norway Germany Commanders and leaders Omar N. Bradley Norman Cota Clarence R. Huebner George A. Taylor Dietrich Kraiß Ernst Goth Units involved V Corps 1st Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division U.S. Army Rangers US Navy US Coast Guard Royal Navy & Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Navy Free French Navy LXXXIV Corps 352nd Infantry Division 439th Ost - Battalion Strength 43,250 infantry 2 battleships 3 cruisers 13 destroyers 1,010 other vessels 7,800 infantry 8 artillery bunkers 35 pillboxes 4 artillery pieces 6 mortar pits 18 anti-tank guns 45 rocket launcher sites 85 machine gun sites 6 tank turrets Casualties and losses 2,000 -- 5,000 + 1,200 Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial Airborne Assault British Sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American Sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American Sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian Sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American Sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Saint - Lô Carentan Hill 30 Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian Sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge British logistics Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and Sea Operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries Omaha , commonly known as Omaha Beach , was the code name for one of the five sectors of the Allied invasion of German - occupied France in the Normandy landings on June 6 , 1944 , during World War II . ' Omaha ' refers to a section of the coast of Normandy , France , facing the English Channel 8 kilometers ( 5 mi ) long , from east of Sainte - Honorine - des - Pertes to west of Vierville - sur - Mer on the right bank of the Douve River estuary and an estimated 150 - foot ( 45 m ) tall cliffs . Landings here were necessary to link the British landings to the east at Gold with the American landing to the west at Utah , thus providing a continuous lodgement on the Normandy coast of the Bay of the Seine . Taking Omaha was to be the responsibility of United States Army troops , with sea transport , mine sweeping , and a naval bombardment force provided predominantly by the United States Navy and Coast Guard , with contributions from the British , Canadian , and Free French navies . The primary objective at Omaha was to secure a beachhead of eight kilometres ( 5.0 miles ) depth , between Port - en - Bessin and the Vire River , linking with the British landings at Gold to the east , and reaching the area of Isigny to the west to link up with VII Corps landing at Utah . Opposing the landings was the German 352nd Infantry Division . Of the 12,020 men of the division , 6,800 were experienced combat troops , detailed to defend a 53 - kilometer ( 33 mi ) front . The German strategy was based on defeating any seaborne assault at the water line , and the defenses were mainly deployed in strongpoints along the coast . The untested American 29th Infantry Division , along with nine companies of U.S. Army Rangers redirected from Pointe du Hoc , assaulted the western half of the beach . The battle - hardened 1st Infantry Division was given the eastern half . The initial assault waves , consisting of tanks , infantry , and combat engineer forces , were carefully planned to reduce the coastal defenses and allow the larger ships of the follow - up waves to land . Very little went as planned during the landing at Omaha . Difficulties in navigation caused the majority of landing craft to miss their targets throughout the day . The defenses were unexpectedly strong , and inflicted heavy casualties on landing U.S. troops . Under heavy fire , the engineers struggled to clear the beach obstacles ; later landings bunched up around the few channels that were cleared . Weakened by the casualties taken just in landing , the surviving assault troops could not clear the heavily defended exits off the beach . This caused further problems and consequent delays for later landings . Small penetrations were eventually achieved by groups of survivors making improvised assaults , scaling the bluffs between the most heavily defended points . By the end of the day , two small isolated footholds had been won , which were subsequently exploited against weaker defenses further inland , thus achieving the original D - Day objectives over the following days . Contents 1 Terrain and defenses 2 Plan of attack 2.1 Naval component 3 Pre-landing bombardment 4 Initial assault 4.1 Tank landings 4.2 Infantry landings 4.3 Engineer landings 5 Second assault wave 5.1 American situation 5.2 German situation 6 Breakthrough 6.1 Assaulting the bluffs 6.2 Naval support 6.3 German defenses inland 7 Beachhead 7.1 German reactions 8 End of the day 9 Aftermath 10 See also 11 Notes 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Terrain and defenses ( edit ) Diagrammatic cross section of the beach at Omaha The coastline of Normandy was divided into seventeen sectors , with codenames using a spelling alphabet -- from Able , west of Omaha , to Roger on the east flank of Sword . Eight further sectors were added when the invasion was extended to include Utah on the Cotentin Peninsula . Sectors were further subdivided into beaches identified by the colors Green , Red , and White . Omaha was bounded at either end by large rocky cliffs . The crescent - shaped beach presented a gently sloping tidal area averaging 300 m ( 330 yd ) between low and high - water marks . Above the tide line was a bank of shingle 2.5 m ( 8 ft ) high and up to 15 m ( 49 ft ) wide in places . At the western end , the shingle bank rested against a stone ( further east becoming wood ) sea wall which ranged from 1.5 -- 4 m ( 5 -- 13 ft ) in height . For the remaining two thirds of the beach after the seawall ended , the shingle lay against a low sand embankment . Behind the sand embankment and sea wall was a level shelf of sand , narrow at either end and extending up to 200 m ( 220 yd ) inland in the center , and behind that rose steep escarpments or bluffs 30 -- 50 m ( 33 -- 55 yd ) high , which dominated the whole beach and were cut into by small wooded valleys or draws at five points along the beach , codenamed west to east D - 1 , D - 3 , E-1 , E-3 and F - 1 . Tank turret mounted on a Tobruk at Widerstandsnest 68 , June 1944 The German defensive preparations and the lack of any defense in depth indicated that their plan was to stop the invasion at the beaches . Four lines of obstacles were constructed in the intertidal zone . The first , a non-contiguous line with a small gap in the middle of Dog White and a larger gap across the whole of Easy Red , was 250 m ( 270 yd ) out from the highwater line and consisted of 200 Belgian Gates with mines lashed to the uprights. 30 meters ( 33 yd ) behind these was a continuous line of logs driven into the sand pointing seaward , every third one capped with an anti-tank mine . Another 30 meters ( 33 yd ) shoreward of this line was a continuous line of 450 ramps sloping towards the shore , also with mines attached and designed to force flat - bottomed landing craft to ride up and either flip or detonate the mine . The final line of obstacles was a continuous line of hedgehogs 150 meters ( 160 yd ) from the shoreline . The area between the shingle bank and the bluffs was both wired and mined , and mines were also scattered on the bluff slopes . Coastal troop deployments , comprising five companies of infantry , were concentrated mostly at 15 strongpoints called Widerstandsnester ( `` resistance nests '' ) , numbered WN - 60 in the east to WN - 74 near Vierville in the west , located primarily around the entrances to the draws and protected by minefields and wire . Positions within each strongpoint were interconnected by trenches and tunnels . As well as the basic weaponry of rifles and machine guns , more than 60 light artillery pieces were deployed at these strongpoints . The heaviest pieces were located in eight gun casemates and four open positions while the lighter guns were housed in 35 pillboxes . A further 18 anti-tank guns completed the disposition of artillery targeting the beach . Areas between the strongpoints were lightly manned with occasional trenches , rifle pits , and 85 machine - gun emplacements . No area of the beach was left uncovered , and the disposition of weapons meant that flanking fire could be brought to bear anywhere along the beach . Widerstandsnest 65 defending the E-1 draw at Omaha Beach Allied intelligence had identified the coastal defenders as a reinforced battalion ( 800 -- 1000 men ) of the 716th Infantry Division . This was a static defensive division estimated to consist up to 50 % of non-German troops , mostly Russian volunteers and German Volksdeutsche . The recently activated but capable 352nd Infantry Division was believed to be 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) inland at Saint - Lô and was regarded as the most likely force to be committed to a counter-attack . As part of Rommel 's strategy to concentrate defenses at the water 's edge , the 352nd had been ordered forward in March , taking over responsibility for the defense of the portion of the Normandy coast in which Omaha was located . As part of this reorganization , the 352nd also took under its command two battalions of the 726th Grenadier Regiment ( part of the 716th Static Infantry Division ) as well as the 439th Ost - Battalion , which had been attached to the 726th . Omaha fell mostly within ' Coast Defense Sector 2 ' , which stretched westward from Colleville and allocated to the 916th Grenadier Regiment , with the third battalion 726th Grenadier Regiment attached . Two companies of the 726th manned strongpoints in the Vierville area while two companies of the 916th occupied the St. Laurent area strongpoints in the center of Omaha . These positions were supported by the artillery of the first and fourth battalions of the 352nd Artillery Regiment ( twelve 105 mm and four 150 mm howitzers respectively ) . The two remaining companies of the 916th formed a reserve at Formigny , three kilometers ( 1.9 miles ) inland . East of Colleville , ' Coast Defense Sector 3 ' was the responsibility of the remainder of the 726th Grenadier Regiment . Two companies were deployed at the coast , one in the most easterly series of strongpoints , with artillery support provided by the third battalion of the 352nd Artillery Regiment . The area reserve , comprising the two battalions of the 915th Grenadier Regiment and known as ' Kampfgruppe Meyer ' , was located south - east of Bayeux outside the immediate Omaha area . The failure to identify the reorganization of the defenses was a rare intelligence breakdown for the Allies . Post-action reports still documented the original estimate and assumed that the 352nd had been deployed to the coastal defenses by chance , a few days previously , as part of an anti-invasion exercise . The source of this inaccurate information came from German prisoners of war from the 352nd Infantry Division captured on D - Day as reported by the 16th Infantry S - 3 D - Day Action Report . In fact , Allied intelligence had already become aware of the relocation of the 352nd Infantry Division on June 4 . This information was passed on to V Infantry Corps and 1st Infantry Division HQ through 1st Army , but at that late stage in the operations , no plans were changed . Plan of Attack ( edit ) Official history map showing the V Corps objectives for D - Day Omaha was divided into ten sectors , codenamed ( from west to east ) : Charlie , Dog Green , Dog White , Dog Red , Easy Green , Easy White , Easy Red , Fox Green , Fox White , and Fox Red . The initial assault was to be made by two Regimental Combat Teams ( RCT ) , supported by two tank battalions , with two battalions of Rangers also attached . The infantry regiments were organized into three battalions each of around 1,000 men . Each battalion was organized as three rifle companies each of up to 240 men , and a support company of up to 190 men . Infantry companies A through D belonged to the 1st battalion of a regiment , E through H to the 2nd , I through M to the 3rd ; the letter ' J ' was not used . ( Individual companies will be referred to in this article by company and regiment , e.g. Company A of the 116th RCT will be ' A / 116 ' ) . In addition , each battalion had a headquarters company of up to 180 men . The tank battalions consisted of three companies , A through C , each of 16 tanks , while the Ranger battalions were organized into six companies , A through F , of around 65 men per company . V Corps ' 56th Signal Battalion was responsible for communications on Omaha with the fleet offshore , especially routing requests for naval gunfire support to the destroyers and USS Arkansas . The 116th RCT of the 29th Infantry Division was to land two battalions in the western four beaches , to be followed 30 minutes later by the third battalion . Their landings were to be supported by the tanks of the 743rd Tank Battalion ; two companies swimming ashore in amphibious DD tanks and the remaining company landing directly onto the beach from assault craft . To the left of the 116th RCT the 16th RCT of the 1st Infantry Division was also to land two battalions with the third following 30 minutes after , on Easy Red and Fox Green at the eastern end of Omaha . Their tank support was to be provided by the 741st Tank Battalion , again two companies swimming ashore and the third landed conventionally . Three companies of the 2nd Ranger Battalion were to take a fortified battery at Pointe du Hoc , five kilometers ( 3.1 miles ) to the west of Omaha . Meanwhile , C Company 2nd Rangers was to land on the right of the 116th RCT and take the positions at Pointe de la Percée . The remaining companies of 2nd Rangers and the 5th Ranger Battalion were to follow up at Pointe du Hoc if that action proved to be successful , otherwise they were to follow the 116th into Dog Green and proceed to Pointe du Hoc overland . The landings were scheduled to start at 06 : 30 , `` H - Hour '' , on a flooding tide , preceded by a 40 - minute naval and 30 - minute aerial bombardment of the beach defenses , with the DD tanks arriving five minutes before H - Hour . The infantry were organized into specially equipped assault sections , 32 men strong , one section to a landing craft , with each section assigned specific objectives in reducing the beach defenses . Immediately behind the first landings the Special Engineer Task Force was to land with the mission of clearing and marking lanes through the beach obstacles . This would allow the larger ships of the follow - up landings to get through safely at high tide . The landing of artillery support was scheduled to start at H + 90 minutes while the main buildup of vehicles was to start at H + 180 minutes . At H + 195 minutes two further Regimental Combat Teams , the 115th RCT of the 29th Infantry Division and the 18th RCT of the 1st Infantry Division were to land , with the 26th RCT of the 1st Infantry Division to be landed on the orders of the V Corps commander . The objective was for the beach defenses to be cleared by H + 2 hours , whereupon the assault sections were to reorganize , continuing the battle in battalion formations . The draws were to be opened to allow traffic to exit the beach by H + 3 hours . By the end of the day , the forces at Omaha were to have established a bridgehead 8 kilometers ( 5.0 miles ) deep , linked up with the British 50th Division landed at Gold to the east , and be in position to move on Isigny the next day , linking up with the American VII Corps at Utah to the west . Naval component ( edit ) Further information : List of ships and craft of Task Force O USS Samuel Chase , infantry transport ship , part of Assault Group O1 Task Force O , commanded by Rear Admiral John L. Hall , Jr. , was the naval component responsible for transporting the troops across the channel and landing them on the beaches . The task force comprised four assault groups , a support group , a bombarding force , a minesweeper group , eight patrol craft , and three anti-submarine trawlers , numbering in total 1,028 vessels . Assault groups O1 to O3 , tasked with landing the main body of the assault , were organised along similar lines , with each comprising three infantry transports and varying numbers of tank landing ships ( LST ) , Landing Craft Control ( LCC ) , Landing Craft Infantry ( LCI ( L ) ) , Landing Craft Tank ( LCT ) , and Landing Craft Mechanized ( LCM ) . Assault Group O4 , tasked with landing the Rangers and the Special Engineer Task Force at Pointe du Hoc and Dog Green , comprised only six smaller infantry transports . The infantry transports of assault groups O1 and O2 comprised two US Navy Attack Transport ( APA or AP ) ships and a Royal Navy Landing Ship , Infantry ( LSI ( L ) ) . All three infantry transports of Assault Group O3 were US Navy AP ships . Each US transport typically carried 1,400 troops and 26 Landing Craft , Vehicle , Personnel ( LCVP , popularly known as Higgins Boats ) , while the British LSI ( L ) carried 900 to 1,400 troops and 18 Landing Craft Assault ( LCA ) . The infantry transports of Assault Group O4 -- all Royal Navy ships -- comprised three LSI ( S ) and three LSI ( H ) , both smaller variants of the LSI ( L ) . Each of them carried 200 to 250 troops and eight LCA . The Support Group operated a mixture of gun , rocket , flak , tank , and smoke landing craft , totaling 67 vessels . The Minesweeper Group comprised four flotillas , the 4th comprising nine Royal Navy minesweepers ; the 31st comprising nine minesweepers of the Royal Canadian Navy ; the 104th comprising ten Royal Navy inshore minesweepers ; and the 167th comprising ten Royal Navy coastal minesweepers . Bombarding Force C comprised two battleships , three cruisers ( two Free French and one Royal Navy ) , and 13 destroyers ( three of which were provided by the Royal Navy ) . Pre-landing bombardment ( edit ) Arkansas engaging shore batteries off Omaha While reviewing Allied troops in England training for D - Day , General Omar Bradley promised that the Germans on the beach would be blasted with naval gunfire before the landing . `` You men should consider yourself lucky . You are going to have ringside seats for the greatest show on earth , '' he said , referring to the naval bombardment . However , Rear Admiral John L. Hall strongly disapproved of what he considered to be the small amount of air and naval bombardment used , saying `` It 's a crime to send me on the biggest amphibious attack in history with such inadequate naval gunfire support . '' Just after 05 : 00 the Germans at Port - en - Bessin reported ships off the coast , and at 05 : 30 opened artillery fire on the destroyer USS Emmons . The destroyer was joined in returning fire by the Free French cruiser Georges Leygues , and later by the battleship USS Arkansas . At 05 : 50 the planned naval bombardment began . Pointe - du - Hoc was targeted by the battleship USS Texas , and the destroyers USS Satterlee and HMS Talybont , the latter having first destroyed the radar station at Pointe et Raz de la Percée . The focus of the main naval bombardment was then switched to the beach defenses , and at 06 : 00 , 36 M7 Priest howitzers and 34 tanks that were approaching the beach on LCTs began to supplement the naval guns . They were joined by fire from ten landing craft - mounted 4.7 - inch guns and the rockets of nine Landing Craft Tank ( Rocket ) , the latter planned to hit as the assault craft were just 300 metres ( 330 yd ) from the beach . At 06 : 00 , 448 B - 24 Liberators of the United States Army Air Forces , having already completed one bombing mission over Omaha late the previous day , returned . However , with the skies overcast and under orders to avoid bombing the troops which were by then approaching the beach , the bombers overshot their targets and only three bombs fell near the beach area . Shortly after the bombardment began , the German 916th Grenadiers reported their positions to be under particularly heavy fire , with the position at WN - 60 very badly hit . Although the Rangers at Pointe - du - Hoc were greatly assisted in their assault of the cliffs by the Satterlee and Talybont , elsewhere the air and naval bombardment was not so effective , and the German beach defenses and supporting artillery remained largely intact . Later analysis of naval support during the pre-landing phase concluded that the navy had provided inadequate bombardment , given the size and extent of the planned assault . Kenneth P. Lord , a U.S. Army planner for the D - Day invasion , says that , upon hearing the naval gunfire support plan for Omaha , which limited support to one battleship , two cruisers and six destroyers , he and other planners were very upset , especially in light of the tremendous naval gunfire support given to landings in the Pacific . Historian Adrian R. Lewis postulates that American casualties would have been greatly reduced if a longer barrage had been implemented , although the First Infantry Division Chief of Staff said that the Division would not have been able to move off the beach without effective naval gunfire . Initial assault ( edit ) Official history map showing first assault wave landings Dog Green Dog White Dog Red Easy Green Easy Red Fox Green Despite these preparations , very little went according to plan . Ten landing craft were swamped by the rough seas before they reached the beach , and several others stayed afloat only because their passengers bailed water out with their helmets . Seasickness was prevalent among the troops waiting offshore . On the 16th RCT front , the landing boats passed struggling men in life preservers and on rafts , survivors of the DD tanks which had sunk in the rough sea . Navigation of the landing vehicles was made difficult by the smoke and mist obscuring the landmarks they were to use in guiding themselves in , while a strong current pushed them continually eastward . As the boats approached to within a few hundred yards of the shore , they came under increasingly heavy fire from automatic weapons and artillery . The force only then discovered the ineffectiveness of the pre-landing bombardment . The bombers , facing overcast conditions , had been ordered to implement a pre-arranged plan to compensate for decreased accuracy . The center of targeting was displaced inland to assure the safety of the landing allied troops . As a result , there was little or no damage to the beach defenses . Tank landings ( edit ) Because sea conditions were so rough , the decision was made for the 116th RCT to carry the DD tanks of the 743rd tank battalion all the way to the beach , after 27 of the initial 29 DD tanks of the 741st tank battalion swamped while wading to shore . Coming in opposite the heavily defended Vierville draw , Company B of the 743rd Tank Battalion lost all but one of its officers and half of its DD tanks . The other two companies landed to the left of B / 743 without initial loss . On the 16th RCT front , the two DD tanks from the 741st tank battalion that had survived the swim ashore were joined by three others that were landed directly onto the beach because of their LCT 's damaged ramp . The remaining tank company managed to land 14 of its 16 tanks ( although three of these were quickly knocked out ) . Infantry landings ( edit ) I was the first one out . The seventh man was the next one to get across the beach without being hit . All the ones in - between were hit . Two were killed ; three were injured . That 's how lucky you had to be . Captain Richard Merrill , 2nd Ranger Battalion . Of the nine companies landing in the first wave , only Company A of the 116th RCT at Dog Green and the Rangers to their right landed where intended . E / 116 , aiming for Easy Green , ended up scattered across the two beaches of the 16th RCT area . G / 116 , aiming for Dog White , opened up a 1,000 - yard ( 900 m ) gap between themselves and A / 116 to their right when they landed at Easy Green instead . I / 16 drifted so far east it did not land for another hour and a half . As infantry disembarked from the landing craft , they often found themselves on sandbars 50 to 100 yards ( 46 to 91 metres ) out . To reach the beach they had to wade through water sometimes neck deep , and they still had 200 yards ( 180 m ) or more to go when they did reach shore . Those that made it to the shingle did so at a walking pace because they were so heavily laden . Most sections had to brave the full weight of fire from small arms , mortars , artillery , and interlocking fields of heavy machine gun fire . Where the naval bombardment set grass fires burning , as it had at Dog Red opposite the Les Moulins strongpoint , the smoke obscured the landing troops and prevented effective fire from being laid down by the defenders . Some sections of G / 116 and F / 116 were able to reach the shingle bank relatively unscathed , though the latter became disorganized after the loss of their officers . G / 116 was able to retain some cohesion , but this was soon lost as they made their way westwards under fire along the shingle in an attempt to reach their assigned objectives . The scattering of the boats was most evident on the 16th RCT front , where parts of E / 16 , F / 16 and E / 116 had intermingled , making it difficult for sections to come together to improvise company assaults that might have reversed the situation caused by the mis - landings . Those scattered sections of E / 116 landing at Easy Red were able to escape heavy casualties , although , having encountered a deep runnel after being landed on a sandbank , they were forced to discard most of their weapons to make the swim ashore . Casualties were heaviest among the troops landing at either end of Omaha . In the east at Fox Green and the adjacent stretch of Easy Red , scattered elements of three companies were reduced to half strength by the time they gained the relative safety of the shingle , many of them having crawled the 300 yards ( 270 m ) of beach just ahead of the incoming tide . Within 15 minutes of landing at Dog Green on the western end of the beach , A / 116 had been cut to pieces , the leaders among the 120 or so casualties , the survivors reduced to seeking cover at the water 's edge or behind obstacles . The smaller Ranger company to their right had fared a little better , having made the shelter of the bluffs , but were also down to half strength . L / 16 eventually landed , 30 minutes late , to the left of Fox Green , taking casualties as the boats ran in and more as they crossed the 200 yards ( 180 m ) of beach . The terrain at the very eastern end of Omaha gave them enough protection to allow the 125 survivors to organize and begin an assault of the bluffs . They were the only company in the first wave able to operate as a unit . All the other companies were , at best , disorganized , mostly leaderless and pinned down behind the shingle with no hope of carrying out their assault missions . At worst , they had ceased to exist as fighting units . Nearly all had landed at least a few hundred yards off target , and in an intricately planned operation where each section on each boat had been assigned a specific task , this was enough to throw the whole plan off . Engineer landings ( edit ) Like the infantry , the engineers had been pushed off their targets , and only five of the 16 teams arrived at their assigned locations . Three teams came in where there were no infantry or armor to cover them . Working under heavy fire , the engineers set about their task of clearing gaps through the beach obstacles -- work made more difficult by loss of equipment , and by infantry passing through or taking cover behind the obstacles they were trying to blow . They also suffered heavy casualties as enemy fire set off the explosives they were working with . Eight men of one team were dragging their pre-loaded rubber boat off the LCM when artillery hit ; only one survived the resulting detonation of their supplies . Another team had just finished laying its explosives when the area was struck by mortar fire . The premature explosion of the charges killed or wounded 19 engineers , as well as some nearby infantry . Nevertheless , the engineers succeeded in clearing six gaps , one each at Dog White and Easy Green on the 116th RCT front , the other four at Easy Red on the 16th RCT front . They had suffered casualties of over 40 % . Second assault wave ( edit ) Official history map showing the second assault wave landings . With the initial targets unaccomplished , the second and larger wave of assault landings brought in reinforcements , support weapons and headquarters elements at 07 : 00 to face nearly the same difficulties as had the first . The second wave was larger , and so the defenders ' fire was less concentrated . The survivors of the first wave were unable to provide effective covering fire , and in places the fresh landing troops suffered casualty rates as high as those of the first wave . Failure to clear paths through the beach obstacles also added to the difficulties of the second wave . In addition , the incoming tide was beginning to hide the remaining obstacles , causing high attrition among the landing craft before they had reached the shore . As in the initial landings , difficult navigation caused disruptive mislandings , scattering the infantry and separating vital headquarters elements from their units . On the 116th RCT front , the remainder of the 1st Battalion , B / 116 , C / 116 and D / 116 , were due to land in support of A / 116 at Dog Green . Three boats , including their headquarters and beach - master groups , landed too far west , under the cliffs . Their exact casualties in getting across the beach are unknown , but the one - third to one - half that made it to shore spent the rest of the day pinned down by snipers . Not all sections of the badly scattered B / 116 landed there , but those that did were quickly forced to join those survivors of A / 116 fighting for survival at the water 's edge . Two companies of 2nd Rangers , coming in later on the edge of Dog Green , did manage to reach the seawall , but at the cost of half their strength . To the left of Dog Green sat Dog White , between the Vierville and Les Moulins strongpoints ( defending draws D - 1 and D - 3 ) ; and here was a different story . As a result of earlier mis - landings , and now because of their own mis - landing , the troops of C / 116 found themselves alone at Dog White , with a handful of tanks from the first wave in sight . The smoke from the grass fires covering their advance up the beach , they gained the seawall with few casualties , and were in better shape than any unit on the 116th RCT front so far . Although the 1st Battalion was effectively disarmed of its heavy weapons when D / 116 suffered a disastrous landing , the buildup at Dog White continued . C / 116 was joined by the 5th Ranger Battalion almost in its entirety . The Ranger commander , recognizing the situation at Dog Green on the run - in , ordered the assault craft to divert into Dog White . Like the C / 116 , the smoke covered their advance , although the 2nd Rangers were caught out on the right flank of the Ranger 's landing . This was where the 116th RCT regimental command group , including the 29th Division assistant commander Brigadier General Norman `` Dutch '' Cota , was able to land relatively unscathed . Further east , the strongpoint defenses were effective . On the Dog Red / Easy Green boundary , the defenses around the Les Moulins strongpoint took a heavy toll on the remaining 2nd Battalion , with H / 116 and headquarters elements struggling ashore there . The survivors joined the remnants of F / 116 behind the shingle , and here the battalion commander was able to organize 50 men for an improvised advance across the shingle . A further advance up the bluffs just east of Les Moulins was too weak to have any effect and was forced back down . To their left , mainly between the draws on the Easy Green / Easy Red boundary , the 116th RCT 's support battalion landed without too much loss , although they did become scattered , and were too disorganized to play any immediate part in an assault on the bluffs . On the 16th RCT front , at the eastern end of Easy Red , was another area between strongpoints . This allowed G / 16 and the support battalion to escape complete destruction in their advance up the beach . Nevertheless , most of G / 16 's 63 casualties for the day came before they had reached the shingle . The other 2nd Battalion company landed in the second wave ; H / 16 came in a few hundred yards to the left , opposite the E-3 draw , and suffered for it -- they were put out of action for several hours . On the eastern-most beach , Fox Green , elements of five different companies had become entangled , and the situation was little improved by the equally disorganized landings of the second wave . Two more companies of the 3rd Battalion joined the melee , and , having drifted east in the first wave , I / 16 finally made their traumatic landing on Fox Green , at 08 : 00 . Two of their six boats were swamped on their detour to the east , and as they came in under fire , three of the four remaining boats were damaged by artillery or mines , and the fourth was hung up on an obstacle . A captain from this company found himself senior officer , and in charge of the badly out of shape 3rd Battalion . American situation ( edit ) Assault troops of the 3rd Battalion , 16th RCT , from the first two waves , shelter under the chalk cliffs ( which identify this as an area of Fox Red ) . Along with the infantry landing in the second wave , supporting arms began to arrive , meeting the same chaos and destruction as had the rifle companies . Combat engineers , tasked with clearing the exits and marking beaches , landed off - target and without their equipment . Many half - tracks , jeeps and trucks foundered in deep water ; those that made it ashore soon became jammed up on the narrowing beach , making easy targets for the German defenders . Most of the radios were lost , making the task of organizing the scattered and dispirited troops even more difficult , and those command groups that did make the shore found their effectiveness limited to their immediate vicinity . Except for a few surviving tanks and a heavy weapons squad here or there , the assault troops had only their personal weapons , which , having been dragged through surf and sand , invariably needed cleaning before they could be used . The survivors at the shingle , many facing combat for the first time , found themselves relatively well - protected from small arms fire , but still exposed to artillery and mortars . In front of them lay heavily mined flats exposed to active fire from the bluffs above . Morale naturally became a problem . Many groups were leaderless and witnesses to the fate of neighboring troops and landings coming in around them . Wounded men on the beach were drowning in the incoming tide and incoming landing craft were being pounded and set ablaze . German situation ( edit ) As late as 13 : 35 the German 352nd division was reporting that the assault had been hurled back into the sea . From the German vantage point at Pointe de la Percée , overlooking the whole beach from the western end , it seemed that the assault had been stopped at the beach . An officer there noted that troops were seeking cover behind obstacles , and counted ten tanks burning . By 07 : 35 , the third battalion of the 726th Grenadier Regiment , defending Draw F - 1 on Fox Green beach , was reporting that 100 -- 200 American troops had penetrated the front , with troops inside the wire at WN - 62 and WN - 61 attacking the Germans from the rear . Casualties among the defenders were mounting . While the 916th regiment , defending the center of the 352nd zone , was reporting that the landings had been frustrated , it was also requesting reinforcements . The request could not be met , because the situation elsewhere in Normandy was becoming more urgent for the defenders . The reserve regiment , the 915th of the 352nd division , which had earlier been ordered against the American airborne landings to the west of Omaha , was diverted to the Gold zone east of Omaha , the defenses there having crumbled . Breakthrough ( edit ) `` Are you going to lay there and get killed , or get up and do something about it ? '' Unidentified lieutenant , Easy Red . The key geographical features that had influenced the landings also influenced the next phase of the battle : the draws , the natural exits off the beaches , were the main targets in the initial assault plan . The strongly concentrated defenses around these draws meant that the troops landing near them quickly became incapable of carrying out a further assault . In the areas between the draws , at the bluffs , units were able to land in greater strength . Defenses were also weaker away from the draws , thus most advances were made there . The other key aspect of the next few hours was leadership . The original plan was in tatters , with so many units mis - landed , disorganized and scattered . Most commanders had fallen or were absent , and there were few ways to communicate , other than shouted commands . In places , small groups of men , sometimes scratched together from different companies , in some cases from different divisions , were `` ... inspired , encouraged or bullied ... '' out of the relative safety of the shingle , starting the dangerous task of reducing the defenses atop the bluffs . Assaulting the bluffs ( edit ) Aerial view of Omaha showing the draws , left to right ; Vierville ( D - 1 ) , Les Moulins ( D - 3 ) , St. Laurent ( E-1 ) , Colleville ( E-3 ) and `` Number 5 Draw '' ( F - 1 ) . Survivors of C company 2nd Rangers in the first wave landed on Dog Green around 06 : 45 ; by 07 : 30 , they had scaled the cliffs near Dog Green and the Vierville draw . They were joined later by a mis - landed section from B / 116 , and this group spent the better part of the day tying up and eventually taking WN - 73 , which defended draw D - 1 at Vierville . At 07 : 50 , Cota led the charge off of Dog Green , between WN - 68 and WN - 70 , by forcing gaps in the wire with a Bangalore torpedo and wire cutters . Twenty minutes later , the 5th Rangers joined the advance , and blew more openings . The command party established themselves at the top of the bluff , and elements of G / 116 and H / 116 joined them , having earlier moved laterally along the beach , and now the narrow front had widened to the east . Before 09 : 00 , small parties from F / 116 and B / 116 reached the crests just east of Dog White . The right flank of this penetration was covered by the survivors of the 2nd Rangers ' A and B companies , who had independently fought their way to the top between 08 : 00 and 08 : 30 . They took WN - 70 ( already heavily damaged by naval shells ) , and joined the 5th Rangers for the move inland . By 09 : 00 more than 600 American troops , in groups ranging from company sized to just a few men , had reached the top of the bluff opposite Dog White and were advancing inland . The 3rd battalion 116th RCT forced its way across the flats and up the bluff between WN - 66 ( which defended the D - 3 draw at Les Moulins ) , and WN - 65 ( defending the E-1 draw ) . They advanced in small groups , supported by the heavy weapons of M / 116 , who were held at the base of the bluff . Progress was slowed by mines on the slopes of the bluff , but elements of all three rifle companies , as well as a stray section of G / 116 , had gained the top by 09 : 00 , causing the defenders at WN - 62 to mistakenly report that both WN - 65 and WN - 66 had been taken . Between 07 : 30 and 08 : 30 elements of G / 16 , E / 16 , and E / 116 came together and climbed the bluffs at Easy Red , between WN - 64 ( defending the E-1 draw ) and WN - 62 ( the E-3 draw ) . At 09 : 05 , German observers reported that WN - 61 was lost , and that one machine gun was still firing from WN - 62 . 150 men , mostly from G / 16 , having reached the top hampered more by minefields than by enemy fire , continued south to attack the WN - 63 command post on the edge of Colleville . Meanwhile , E / 16 , led by Second Lieutenant John M. Spalding and Captain Robert L. Sheppard V , turned westward along the top of the bluffs , engaging in a two - hour battle for WN - 64 . His small group of just four men had effectively neutralized this point by mid-morning , taking 21 prisoners -- just in time to prevent them from attacking freshly landing troops . On the beach below , the 16th RCT commander , Colonel George Taylor had landed at 08 : 15 . With the words `` Two kinds of people are staying on this beach , the dead and those who are going to die -- now let 's get the hell out of here ! '' he organized groups of men regardless of their unit , putting them under the command of the nearest non-commissioned officer and sending them through the area opened up by G / 16 . By 09 : 30 , the regimental command post was set up just below the bluff crest , and the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 16th RCT were being sent inland as they reached the crest . On Fox Green , at the eastern end of Omaha , four sections of L / 16 had survived their landing intact and were now leading elements of I / 16 , K / 16 and E / 116 up the slopes . With supporting fire from the heavy weapons of M / 16 , tanks and destroyers , this force eliminated WN - 60 , which defended the draw at F - 1 ; by 09 : 00 , the 3rd battalion 16th RCT was moving inland . Naval support ( edit ) USS Frankford The only artillery support for the troops making these tentative advances was from the navy . Finding targets difficult to spot , and in fear of hitting their own troops , the big guns of the battleships and cruisers concentrated fire on the flanks of the beaches . The destroyers were able to get in closer , and from 08 : 00 began engaging their own targets . At 09 : 50 , two minutes after the McCook destroyed a 75 mm gun position in WN - 74 , the destroyers were ordered to get as close in as possible . Some approached within 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) several times , scraping bottom and risking running aground . An engineer who had landed in the first wave at Fox Red , watching the Frankford steaming in towards shore , thought she had been badly hit and was being beached . Instead , she turned parallel to the beach and cruised westwards , guns blazing at targets of opportunity . Thinking she would turn back out to sea , the engineer soon saw that she had instead begun backing up , guns still firing . At one point , gunners aboard the Frankford saw an immobilized tank at the water 's edge , still firing . Watching the fall of its shot , they followed up with a salvo of their own . In this manner , the tank acted as the ship 's fire control party for several minutes . German defenses inland ( edit ) While the coastal defenses had not turned back the invasion at the beach , they had broken up and weakened the assault formations struggling through them . The German emphasis on this Main Line of Resistance ( MLR ) meant that defenses further inland were significantly weaker , and based on small pockets of prepared positions smaller than company sized in strength . This tactic was enough to disrupt American advances inland , making it difficult even to reach the assembly areas , let alone achieve their D - Day objectives . As an example of the effectiveness of German defenses despite weakness in numbers , the 5th Ranger battalion was halted in its advance inland by a single machine gun position hidden in a hedgerow . One platoon attempted to outflank the position , only to run into another machine gun position to the left of the first . A second platoon dispatched to take this new position ran into a third , and attempts to deal with this met with fire from a fourth position . The success of the MLR in blocking the movement of heavy weapons off the beach meant that , after four hours , the Rangers were forced to give up on attempts to move them any further inland . Beachhead ( edit ) Omaha on the afternoon of D - Day Despite penetrations inland , the key beach objectives had not been achieved . The draws necessary for the movement of vehicles off the beach had not been opened , and the strongpoints defending these were still putting up a spirited resistance . The failure to clear beach obstacles forced subsequent landings to concentrate on Easy Green and Easy Red . Where vehicles were landing , they found a narrow strip of beach with no shelter from enemy fire . Around 08 : 30 , commanders suspended all such landings . This caused a jam of landing craft out to sea . The DUKWs had a particularly hard time of it in the rough conditions . Take the 13 DUKWs carrying the 111th Field Artillery battalion of the 116th RCT : five were swamped soon after disembarking from the LCT , four were lost as they circled in the rendezvous area waiting to land , and one capsized as they turned for the beach . Two were destroyed by enemy fire as they approached the beach and the lone survivor managed to offload its howitzer to a passing craft before it also succumbed to the sea . This one gun eventually landed in the afternoon . The official record of Omaha reports that `` ... the tanks were leading a hard life ... '' . According to the commander of the 2nd battalion 116th RCT the tanks `` ... saved the day . They shot the hell out of the Germans , and got the hell shot out of them . '' As the morning progressed the beach defenses were gradually being reduced , often by tanks . Scattered along the length of the beach , trapped between the sea and the impassable shingle embankment and with no operating radios amongst the commanders , tanks had to be controlled individually . This was perilous work . The commanding officer of the 111th Field Artillery , who had landed ahead of his unit , was killed as he tried to direct the fire of one tank . The command group of the 741st tank battalion lost three out their group of five in their efforts . Additionally , the commander of the 743rd tank battalion became a casualty as he approached one of his tanks with orders . When naval gunfire was brought to bear against the strong - points defending the E-3 draw , a decision was made to try to force this exit with tanks . Colonel Taylor ordered all available tanks into action against this point at 11 : 00 . Only three were able to reach the rallying point , and two were knocked out as they attempted to go up the draw , forcing the remaining tank to back off . An American casualty of the morning 's battle Reinforcement regiments were due to land by battalion , beginning with the 18th RCT at 09 : 30 on Easy Red . The first battalion to land , 2 / 18 , arrived at the E-1 draw 30 minutes late after a difficult passage through the congestion off shore . Casualties were light , though . Despite the existence of a narrow channel through the beach obstacles , the ramps and mines there accounted for the loss 22 LCVPs , 2 LCI ( L ) s and 4 LCTs . Supported by tank and subsequent naval fire , the newly arrived troops took the surrender at 11 : 30 of the last strong - point defending the entrance to the E-1 draw . Although a usable exit was finally opened , congestion prevented an early exploitation inland . The three battalions of the 115th RCT , scheduled to land from 10 : 30 on Dog Red and Easy Green , came in together and on top of the 18th RCT landings at Easy Red . The confusion prevented the remaining two battalions of the 18th RCT from landing until 13 : 00 , and delayed the move off the beach of all but 2 / 18 , which had exited the beach further east before noon , until 14 : 00 . Even then , this movement was hampered by mines and enemy positions still in action further up the draw . By early afternoon , the strong - point guarding the D - 1 draw at Vierville was silenced by the navy . But without enough force on the ground to mop up the remaining defenders , the exit could not be opened . Traffic was eventually able to use this route by nightfall , and the surviving tanks of the 743rd tank battalion spent the night near Vierville . The advance of the 18th RCT cleared away the last remnants of the force defending the E-1 draw . When engineers cut a road up the western side of this draw , it became the main route inland off the beaches . With the congestion on the beaches thus relieved , they were re-opened for the landing of vehicles by 14 : 00 . Further congestion on this route , caused by continued resistance just inland at St. Laurent , was bypassed with a new route , and at 17 : 00 , the surviving tanks of the 741st tank battalion were ordered inland via the E-1 draw . The F - 1 draw , initially considered too steep for use , was also eventually opened when engineers laid down a new road . In the absence of any real progress opening the D - 3 and E-3 draws , landing schedules were revised to take advantage of this route , and a company of tanks from the 745th tank battalion were able to reach the high ground by 20 : 00 . Approaches to the exits were also cleared , with minefields lifted and holes blown in the embankment to permit the passage of vehicles . As the tide receded , engineers were also able to resume their work of clearing the beach obstacles , and by the end of the evening , 13 gaps were opened and marked . German reactions ( edit ) Observing the build - up of shipping off the beach , and in an attempt to contain what were regarded as minor penetrations at Omaha , a battalion was detached from the 915th Regiment being deployed against the British to the east . Along with an anti-tank company , this force was attached to the 916th Regiment and committed to a counterattack in the Colleville area in the early afternoon . It was stopped by `` firm American resistance '' and reported heavy losses . The strategic situation in Normandy precluded the reinforcement of the weakened 352nd Division . The main threat was felt by the Germans to be the British beachheads to the east of Omaha , and these received the most attention from the German mobile reserves in the immediate area of Normandy . Preparations were made to bring up units stationed for the defense of Brittany , southwest of Normandy , but these would not arrive quickly and would be subject to losses inflicted in transit by overwhelming Allied air superiority . The last reserve of the 352nd Division , an engineer battalion , was attached to the 916th Regiment in the evening . It was deployed to defend against the expected attempt to break out of the Colleville - St. Laurent beachhead established on the 16th RCT front . At midnight General Dietrich Kraiss , commander of the 352nd Division , reporting the total loss of men and equipment in the coastal positions , advised that he had sufficient forces to contain the Americans on D + 1 but that he would need reinforcements thereafter , to be told that there were no more reserves available . End of the Day ( edit ) Official history map showing extent of advances made by evening . Following the penetrations inland , confused hard - fought individual actions pushed the foothold out two and a half kilometers ( 1.6 miles ) deep in the Colleville area to the east , less than that west of St. Laurent , and an isolated penetration in the Vierville area . Pockets of enemy resistance still fought on behind the American front line , and the whole beachhead remained under artillery fire . At 21 : 00 the landing of the 26th RCT completed the planned landing of infantry , but losses in equipment were high , including 26 artillery pieces , over 50 tanks , about 50 landing craft and 10 larger vessels . Only 100 of the 2,400 tons of supplies scheduled to be landed on D - Day were landed . An accurate figure for casualties incurred by V Corps at Omaha on 6 June is not known ; sources vary between 2,000 and over 5,000 killed , wounded , and missing , with the heaviest losses incurred by the infantry , tanks and engineers in the first landings . Only five tanks of the 741st Tank Battalion were ready for action the next day . The German 352nd division suffered 1,200 killed , wounded and missing ; about 20 % of its strength . Its deployment at the beach caused such problems that Lieutenant General Omar Bradley , commander of the U.S. First Army , at one stage considered evacuating Omaha , while Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery considered the possibility of diverting V Corps forces through Gold . Aftermath ( edit ) 2nd Infantry Division troops and equipment going up the bluff via the E-1 draw on D + 1 , June 7 . They are going past WN - 65 that defended the route up the Ruquet Valley to Saint - Laurent - sur - Mer . The foothold gained on D - Day at Omaha , itself two isolated pockets , was the most tenuous across all the D - Day beaches . With the original objective yet to be achieved , the priority for the Allies was to link up all the Normandy beachheads . During the course of June 7 , while still under sporadic shellfire , the beach was prepared as a supply area . Surplus cargo ships were deliberately sunk to form an artificial breakwater and , while still less than planned , 1,429 tons of stores were landed that day . With the beach assault phase completed the RCTs reorganized into infantry regiments and battalions and over the course of the next two days achieved the original D - Day objectives . On the 1st divisional front the 18th Infantry Regiment blocked an attempt by two companies from the 916th and 726th Grenadiers to break out of WN - 63 and Colleville , both of which were subsequently taken by the 16th Infantry Regiment which also moved on Port - en - Bessin . The main advance was made by the 18th Infantry Regiment , with the 3rd battalion of the 26th Infantry Regiment attached , south and south - eastwards . The heaviest opposition was encountered at Formigny where troops of the 2nd battalion 915th Grenadiers had reinforced the headquarters troops of 2nd battalion 916th Grenadiers . Attempts by 3 / 26 and B / 18 with support from the tanks of B / 745 were held off and the town did not fall until the morning of June 8 . The threat of an armored counterattack kept the 18th Infantry Regiment on the defensive for the rest of June 8 . The 26th Infantry Regiment 's three battalions , having been attached to the 16th , 18th and 115th Regiments the previous day , spent June 8 reassembling before pushing eastwards , forcing the 1st battalion of the German 726th Grenadiers to spend the night extricating itself from the pocket thus forming between Bayeux and Port - en - Bessin . By the morning of June 9 the 1st Division had established contact with the British XXX Corps , thus linking Omaha with Gold . On the 29th divisional front two battalions of the 116th Infantry Regiment cleared the last defenders from the bluffs while the remaining 116th battalion joined the Rangers in their move west along the coast . This force relieved the 2nd Ranger companies who were holding Pointe du Hoc on June 8 and subsequently forced the German 914th Grenadiers and the 439th Ost - Battalion to withdraw from the Grandcamp area which lay further to the west . Early on June 7 WN - 69 defending St. Laurent was abandoned and the 115th Infantry Regiment was therefore able to push inland to the south - west , reaching the Formigny area on June 7 and the original D - Day phase line the following day . The third regiment of 29th Division ; the 175th , started landing on June 7 . By the morning of June 9 this regiment had taken Isigny and on the evening of the following day forward patrols established contact with the 101st Airborne Division , thus linking Omaha with Utah . Omaha landscape 67 years after landing . Harbor remains and `` Les Braves '' monument can be seen on the sand beach top edge . In the meantime , the original defender at Omaha , the 352nd Division , was being steadily reduced . By the morning of June 9 the division was reported as having been `` ... reduced to ' small groups ' ... '' while the 726th Grenadier Regiment had `` ... practically disappeared . '' By June 11 the effectiveness of the 352nd was regarded as `` very slight '' , and by June 14 the German corps command was reporting the 352nd as completely used up and needing to be removed from the line . Once the beachhead had been secured , Omaha became the location of one of the two Mulberry harbors , prefabricated artificial harbors towed in pieces across the English Channel and assembled just off shore . Construction of ' Mulberry A ' at Omaha began the day after D - Day with the scuttling of ships to form a breakwater . By D + 10 the harbor became operational when the first pier was completed ; LST 342 docking and unloading 78 vehicles in 38 minutes . Three days later the worst storm to hit Normandy in 40 years began to blow , raging for three days and not abating until the night of June 22 . The harbor was so badly damaged that the decision was taken not to repair it ; supplies being subsequently landed directly on the beach until fixed port facilities were captured . In the few days that the harbor was operational , 11,000 troops , 2,000 vehicles and 9,000 tons of equipment and supplies were brought ashore . Over the 100 days following D - Day more than 1,000,000 tons of supplies , 100,000 vehicles and 600,000 men were landed , and 93,000 casualties were evacuated , via Omaha . Today at Omaha jagged remains of the harbor can be seen at low tide . The shingle bank is no longer there , cleared by engineers in the days following D - Day to facilitate the landing of supplies . The beachfront is more built - up and the beach road extended , villages have grown and merged , but the geography of the beach remains as it was and the remains of the coastal defenses can still be visited . At the top of the bluff overlooking Omaha near Colleville is the American cemetery . In 1988 , particles of shrapnel , as well as glass and iron beads resulting from munitions explosions were found in the sand of the beach , and the study of them estimated that those particles would remain in the sand of the beach for one to two centuries . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Military of the United States portal List of ships in Omaha Bombardment Group Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official estimates put the casualties for A / 116 as high as two thirds , but of the more than 200 strong company Neillands and De Normann report that the unit `` ... had 91 men killed and almost as many wounded . Less than 20 men got across the beach . '' Stephen Ambrose reports that the company `` ... had lost 96 % of its effective strength . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buckingham , William F. ( 2004 ) . D - Day : The First 72 Hours . Stroad , Gloucestershire : Tempus . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2842 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Assault Plan '' . Omaha Beachhead . United States Army Center of Military History . 1994 ( 20 September 1945 ) . pp. 11 -- 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Enemy Defenses '' . Omaha Beachhead . United States Army Center of Military History . 1994 ( 20 September 1945 ) . p. 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Enemy Defenses '' . Omaha Beachhead . United States Army Center of Military History . 1994 ( 20 September 1945 ) . p. 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Enemy Defenses '' . Omaha Beachhead . United States Army Center of Military History . 1994 ( 20 September 1945 ) . p. 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bastable , Jonathon ( 2006 ) . Voices from D - Day . David & Charles . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 2553 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Enemy Defenses '' . Omaha Beachhead . United States Army Center of Military History . 20 September 1945 . p. 26 . CMH Pub 100 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lt. Col. Fritz Ziegalmann ( Chief of Staff of the 352ID ) . `` The 352nd Infantry Division at Omaha Beach '' . Stewart Bryant . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Major Carl W. Plitt , 16th Infantry S - 3 . `` Summary of Regimental Situation on D - Day '' . National Archives ( College Park , Maryland ) , Rg. 407 , 301 INF ( 16 ) - 0.3. 0 , Box 5919 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Balkoski , Joseph ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . USA : Stackpole Books . pp. 47 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0079 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Infantry Historical Records '' . National Archives ( College Park , Maryland ) , Rg. 407 , 301 - INF ( 16 ) - 0.3 , Box 5909 , Report of Operations file . 9 July 1945 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Omaha Beachhead . United States Army Center of Military History . 1994 ( 20 September 1945 ) . p. 30 . CMH Pub 100 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Assault Plan '' . Omaha Beachhead . United States Army Center of Military History . 1994 ( 20 September 1945 ) . pp. 30 -- 33 . CMH Pub 100 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 33 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 48 -- 49 & 54 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Neptune '' ( PDF ) . Royal Navy . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Balkoski , Joseph ( 1989 ) , Beyond the Beachhead : The 29th Infantry Division in Normandy , Stackpole Books , Harrisburg , PA , p. 61 , 63 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Adrian . `` The Navy Falls short at Normandy '' . December 1998 . Naval History Magazine . March 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 50 & 57 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 57 & 59 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Amphibious Operations Invasion of Northern France Western Task Force , June 1944 , Chapter 2 -- 27 '' . From Hyperwar , retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michael Green , James D. Brown , War Stories of D - Day : Operation Overlord : June 6 , 1944 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Adrian R. ( 2001 ) . Omaha Beach : A Flawed Victory . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 2 , 26 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2609 - X . Jump up ^ Tillman , Barrett ( 2004 ) . Brassey 's D - Day Encyclopedia : The Normandy Invasion A-Z . Washington , DC : Brassey 's . pp. 170 -- 171 . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 760 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 38 -- 39 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 40 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 41 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 42 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bastable , Jonathon ( 2006 ) . Voices from D - Day . David & Charles . p. 131 . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 2553 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 45 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 47 -- 48 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 43 -- 44 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 47 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 48 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Neillands , Robin ; De Normann , Roderick ( 2001 ) . D - Day , Voices from Normandy . Cassell Military Paperbacks . p. 189 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35981 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2002 ) . D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , The Battle for the Normandy Beaches . Pocket Books . p. 331 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 4974 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 48 -- 49 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 42 -- 43 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.americandday.org/Veterans/Ross_Wesley.html eyewitness account Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 49 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 50 -- 51 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 53 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 50 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 51 -- 52 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 52 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 53 -- 54 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 54 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 54 -- 57 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 57 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 113 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 135 -- 136 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Gordon A. ( 1951 ) . `` Cross-Channel Attack '' . Historical Division , War Department . pp. 320 -- 321 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 58 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 75 -- 77 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 59 -- 62 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 77 -- 78 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 63 -- 65 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 73 , 76 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 71 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 66 -- 73 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 73 -- 75 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2002 ) . D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , The Battle for the Normandy Beaches . Pocket Books . pp. 386 -- 389 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 4974 - 6 . The official history attributes a similar action to the Carmick : `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 81 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Gordon A. ( 1951 ) . `` Cross-Channel Attack '' . Historical Division , War Department . p. 326 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 93 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 79 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 80 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 80 -- 81 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . pp. 82 -- 85 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 95 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 104 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 106 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 102 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Gordon A. ( 1951 ) . `` Cross-Channel Attack '' . Historical Division , War Department . p. 330 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Gordon A. ( 1951 ) . `` Cross-Channel Attack '' . Historical Division , War Department . p. 332 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Gordon A. ( 1951 ) . `` Cross-Channel Attack '' . Historical Division , War Department . p. 334 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 109 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 108 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Balkoski , Joseph ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . USA : Stackpole Books . pp. 350 -- 352 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0079 - 8 . Jump up ^ Citino , Robert M. ( 2017 ) . The Wehrmacht 's Last Stand : The German Campaigns of 1944 -- 1945 . Kansas : University Press of Kansas . p. 135 . ISBN 9780700624942 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 94 -- 95 , 98 -- 100 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 92 -- 94 , 97 -- 100 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 147 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 149 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha Beachhead '' . Historical Division , War Department . 20 September 1945 . p. 161 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` A Harbor Built from Scratch '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Mulberry '' . U.S. Army Transportation Museum . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge to the Past -- Engineers in World War II '' . US Army Corp of Engineers . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Badsey , Stephen ; Bean , Tim ( 2004 ) . Omaha Beach . Sutton Publishing . pp. 12 , 128 -- 184 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3017 - 9 . Jump up ^ McBride , Earle F. ; Picard , M. Dane ( September 2011 ) . `` Shrapnel in Omaha Beach sand '' ( PDF ) . The Sedimentary Record . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : Shrapnel and debris from D - Day invasion found in Omaha Beach sand 68 YEARS after battle '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . References ( edit ) Buckingham , William F. ( 2004 ) . D - Day : The First 72 Hours . Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2842 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Harrison , G.A. ( 1951 ) . Cross-Channel Attack ( PDF ) . United States Army in World War II : The European Theater of Operations . Washington , DC : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 606012173 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Omaha Beachhead ( 6 June -- 13 June 1944 ) . American Forces in Action Series ( 2011 Digital ed . ) . Washington DC : Historical Division , War Department . 1945 . OCLC 643549468 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Omaha Beach . Omaha Beach Memorial 29th Infantry Division Historical Society American D - Day : Omaha Beach , Utah Beach & Pointe du Hoc 352nd Infantrie Division History D - Day : Etat des Lieux : Omaha Beach Photos of Omaha Beach and the American Cemetery , with text by Ernie Pyle and President Clinton IX Engineer Command Oral history interview with Franklyn Johnson . from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University . Also , he wrote a book , One More Hill , ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 26728 - 0 , that describes his experiences as a lieutenant leading an anti tank platoon across North Africa , the Sicily Campaign , D - Day , and on until he was seriously wounded . Omaha Beach . H - Hour on Easy Red & Fox Green Free Mobile Augmented Reality app for use on location below WN62 by the Colleville draw ( developed by the SitsimLab -- project at the University of Oslo ) . 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Line Under The Ocean ) Operation Fortitude ( Deception plan ) Operation Perch ( UK ) Operation Martlet ( UK ) Operation Epsom ( UK ) Operation Windsor ( Canada ) Operation Charnwood ( UK ) Operation Jupiter ( UK ) Operations Greenline , Pomegranate and Express ( UK ) Operation Goodwood ( UK ) Operation Atlantic ( Canada ) Operation Spring ( Canada ) Operation Cobra ( US ) Operation Bluecoat ( UK ) Operation Totalize ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Lüttich ( German ) Operation Tractable ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Titanic ( UK ) Battle for Brest ( US ) Battle for Caen ( UK , Canada ) Battle of Verriéres Ridge ( Canada ) Battle of Carentan ( US ) Battle of Cherbourg ( US ) Battle of Villers - Bocage ( UK ) Landing points ( W → E ) : Utah Beach ( US ) Omaha Beach ( US ) Pointe du Hoc ( US ) Gold Beach ( UK ) Juno Beach ( Canada ) Sword Beach ( UK ) Other : Crisbecq Battery Falaise Pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Houlgate battery Longues - sur - Mer battery Maisy battery Merville Gun Battery Mont Canisy battery Pegasus Bridge Category : Operation Overlord Category : Operation Overlord people Atlantic Wall D - Day Dieppe Raid Hobart 's Funnies Rhino tank Allied forces in Normandy Mulberry harbour Liberation of Paris ( France ) Operation Dragoon ( France , UK , US ) Operation Jedburgh ( France , UK , US ) Normandy US Cemetery & Memorial Brittany US Cemetery & Memorial More information on Battle of Normandy : D - day from Wiktionary D - day Textbooks from Wikibooks D - day Quotations from Wikiquote D - day Source texts from Wikisource D - day Images and media from Commons D - day from Wikinews Coordinates : 49 ° 22 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 52 ′ 07 '' W / 49.36889 ° N 0.86861 ° W / 49.36889 ; - 0.86861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omaha_Beach&oldid=850417200 '' Categories : Operation Overlord Operation Neptune Military history of Normandy World War II operations and battles of Europe Battles and operations of World War II Battles of World War II involving Germany Battles of World War II involving the United States Beaches of Metropolitan France Landforms of Normandy Hidden categories : Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 18 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the battle of d-day take place | [
"OmahaPart of the Normandy landingsInto the Jaws of Death: Troops from the U.S. 1st Infantry Division landing on Omaha, as photographed by Robert F. SargentDate6 June 1944LocationSainte-Honorine-des-Pertes, Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer, Vierville-sur-Mer, in FranceResult\nAllied victoryBelligerents\n\n United States\n United Kingdom\n Canada\n Free France\n Norway\n\n GermanyCommanders and leaders\n Omar N. Bradley Norman Cota Clarence R. Huebner George A. Taylor\n Dietrich Kraiß Ernst GothUnits involved\n V Corps\n1st Infantry Division\n29th Infantry Division\nU.S. Army Rangers\n US Navy\n US Coast Guard\n Royal Navy & Royal Air Force\n Royal Canadian Navy\n\n Free French Navy\n LXXXIV Corps\n352nd Infantry Division\n439th Ost-BattalionStrength\n43,250 infantry 2 battleships 3 cruisers 13 destroyers 1,010 other vessels\n7,800 infantry 8 artillery bunkers 35 pillboxes 4 artillery pieces 6 mortar pits 18 anti-tank guns 45 rocket launcher sites 85 machine gun sites 6 tank turretsCasualties and losses\n2,000–5,000+\n1,200"
] | [
"Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes, Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer, Vierville-sur-Mer, in France"
] |
5685687698548242062 | List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 August 2018 . This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game . This feat has been accomplished 68 times in NBA history . Twenty - five different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) . Chamberlain holds the single - game scoring record , having scored 100 points in a game in 1962 . Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once . Contents 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts List ( edit ) Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . Scoring by quarter 100 Wilt Chamberlain * March 2 , 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 81 Kobe Bryant January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 78 Wilt Chamberlain * December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 73 Wilt Chamberlain * January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Wilt Chamberlain * November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 David Thompson * April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Wilt Chamberlain * November 3 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Elgin Baylor * November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 David Robinson * April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 18 25 10 70 Wilt Chamberlain * March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Devin Booker ^ March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 11 24 26 12 69 Michael Jordan * March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 6 21 23 13 68 Wilt Chamberlain * December 16 , 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Pete Maravich * February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Wilt Chamberlain * March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Wilt Chamberlain * February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Wilt Chamberlain * February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Wilt Chamberlain * January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Wilt Chamberlain * February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Wilt Chamberlain * February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Wilt Chamberlain * February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Wilt Chamberlain * February 7 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Kobe Bryant March 16 , 2007 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Elgin Baylor * November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Rick Barry * March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 5 64 Michael Jordan * January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 5 9 11 27 63 Joe Fulks * February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Elgin Baylor * December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 Jerry West * January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Wilt Chamberlain * December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Wilt Chamberlain * November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 George Gervin * April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Michael Jordan * April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Wilt Chamberlain * January 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Wilt Chamberlain * January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Wilt Chamberlain * January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Wilt Chamberlain * January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Wilt Chamberlain * November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Wilt Chamberlain * March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 Tracy McGrady * March 10 , 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Kobe Bryant December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 10 22 25 62 Carmelo Anthony ^ January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 George Mikan * January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Wilt Chamberlain * December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Wilt Chamberlain * February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Wilt Chamberlain * February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Elgin Baylor * April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Wilt Chamberlain * November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Wilt Chamberlain * December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Wilt Chamberlain * December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Michael Jordan * March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Michael Jordan * April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 17 21 61 Karl Malone * January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 Shaquille O'Neal * March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Kobe Bryant February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 6 20 20 61 LeBron James ^ March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Wilt Chamberlain * December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Wilt Chamberlain * December 29 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123 -- 118 48 24 43 -- -- 12 19 60 Wilt Chamberlain * January 26 , 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126 -- 113 -- 22 36 -- -- 16 24 60 Bernard King * December 25 , 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114 -- 120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 60 Larry Bird * March 12 , 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126 -- 115 43 22 36 15 16 60 Tom Chambers March 24 , 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 60 Allen Iverson * February 12 , 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112 -- 99 42 : 01 17 36 5 24 27 60 Gilbert Arenas December 17 , 2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 141 49 : 00 17 32 5 12 21 27 60 Kobe Bryant March 22 , 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 : 11 20 37 7 17 18 60 Kobe Bryant April 13 , 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 60 Klay Thompson ^ December 5 , 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142 -- 106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 60 James Harden ^ January 30 , 2018 16 13 13 18 Houston Rockets Orlando Magic 114 -- 107 46 : 26 19 30 5 14 17 18 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Notes ( edit ) Chamberlain set the following , still - standing ( as of the 2017 - 18 season ) single - game NBA records : points scored ( 100 ) , points scored in a half ( 59 ) , shots made ( 36 ) , shots attempted ( 63 ) , and free throws made ( 28 ) . Also set a then - record for points scored in a quarter ( 31 ) . Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Outscored the Raptors 55 - 41 in the second half . Led Lakers from an 18 - point deficit . Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62 . Scored 28 of the Lakers ' 31 points in the fourth quarter . Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter . 3 OT ; set a then - record for points in a game . Most points scored in a losing effort . Also recorded 43 rebounds . Set a then - record for points in a regulation game . Most points scored in an opposing arena . Last game of the season ; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a . 07 margin . Set a then - record for points in a game . Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal . Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game . 8 points in overtime . OT victory ; also recorded his regular season career - high for rebounds in this game with 18 . Last time Chamberlain scored 60 . Scored basket that sent game in OT . Scored nine in extra period . Set a then - record for points in a game . Scored 7 points in OT . Pre-shot clock era ; set a then - record for points in a game . 3 OT . Scored a then - record 33 points in the second quarter . Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson . NBA Playoffs record . 5 points in first OT , 4 points in second OT . OT ; Game played at Detroit , Michigan . OT ; Game played at Utica , New York . Sat out the fourth quarter ; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters , 62 -- 61 . Anthony made a half - court buzzer - beater at the end of the first half . 2 OT ; Mikan scored 67 % of his team 's points . NBA Finals record ( game 5 victory ) ; most points in a regulation playoff game . Scored four points in OT . Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season . On his 28th birthday . Made his first 8 three - pointers . Chamberlain 's seventh straight 50 + point game ( an NBA record ) and 13th straight 40 + point game ( he would push this streak to 14 the next evening ) . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Game played at Cleveland , Ohio . Scored last basket at the buzzer . Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . Scored 16 of his team 's 21 points in OT , setting an NBA record . 3rd game of a four - game 50 + streak ; Bryant 's 50 + streak exceeded only by Chamberlain 's streaks of seven ( twice ) , six , and five ( four times ) . Final game of Bryant 's career . Oldest player to score 60 . Sat out the fourth quarter . New Rockets franchise single - game scoring record , as well as setting the record for highest scoring triple double in league history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . `` Chamberlain 's feats the stuff of legend '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - March '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ hoophall.com ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1961 - 62 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 point game highlights '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1962 - 63 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBINSON GETS 71 , SCORING TITLE '' . Chicago Tribune . April 25 , 1994 . p . C10 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1994 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball ; 69 Points F > or Jordan '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1990 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( March 29 , 1990 ) . `` Jordan pours in 69 His ` best game ever ' beats Cavs in OT '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday , March 16th , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Jordan 's 64 ca n't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mac has first 60 - point game since 2000 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday , March 10th , 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday , December 20th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview , Play - by - Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points '' . Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL JORDAN : 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons ( 1987.03. 04 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists ( 1987 ) MUST Watch ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 61 for Jordan , 23 in a Row '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1987 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Jordan triumphant in Bulls ' defeat '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3 '' . Jump up ^ Enlund , Tom ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Malone answers all - star snub with 61 points against Bucks '' , The Milwaukee Journal , p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday , March 6th , 2000 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday , February 2nd , 2009 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Heat - March 3 , 2014 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats vs Heat game recap '' . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldpaper , Sam ( December 26 , 1984 ) . `` King Scores Knick - Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets '' . The New York Times . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Was Like Living in a Video Game ' : An Oral History of Larry Bird 's 60 - Point Game '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosedive Persists For Nets '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1990 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points '' . Chicago Tribune . March 25 , 1990 . p . C15 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day In History ( 3.24. 90 ) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics '' . Ballislife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chambers Lights It Up '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Three - time scoring champ hits career high '' . ESPN.com . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday , February 12th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday , December 17th , 2006 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday , March 22nd , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13 , 2016 '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Magic vs. Rockets - Box Score - January 30 , 2018 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Top single - game scorers ( 60 - plus ) from NBA.com NBA Almanac : Most Points Historical NBA Box Scores Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders&oldid=856057335 '' Categories : National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 15 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | highest score of michael jordan in one game | [
"\n\n\nRank\n\nPoints\n\nPlayer\n\nDate\n\n1st\n\n2nd\n\n3rd\n\n4th\n\nTeam\n\nOpponent\n\nScore\n\nMP\n\nFGM\n\nFGA\n\n3PM\n\n3PA\n\nFTM\n\nFTA\n\nNotes\n\nRef.\n\nScoring by quarter\n\n\n\n1\n\n100\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nMarch 2, 1962\n\n23\n\n18\n\n28\n\n31\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n169–147\n\n48\n\n36\n\n63\n\n—\n\n—\n\n28\n\n32\n\n[A]\n\n[1][2] [3][4][5]\n\n\n2\n\n81\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nJanuary 22, 2006\n\n14\n\n12\n\n27\n\n28\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nToronto Raptors\n\n122–104\n\n41:56\n\n28\n\n46\n\n7\n\n13\n\n18\n\n20\n\n[B]\n\n[6][7][8]\n\n\n3\n\n78\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nDecember 8, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n147–151\n\n63\n\n31\n\n62\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n31\n\n[C]\n\n[5]\n\n\n4\n\n73\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nJanuary 13, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nChicago Packers\n\n135–117\n\n48\n\n29\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n25\n\n[D]\n\n[5]\n\n\n73\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nNovember 16, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n127–111\n\n48\n\n29\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n19\n\n[E]\n\n[9]\n\n\n73\n\nDavid Thompson*\n\nApril 9, 1978\n\n32\n\n21\n\n9\n\n11\n\nDenver Nuggets\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n137–139\n\n43\n\n28\n\n38\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n20\n\n[F]\n\n\n\n\n7\n\n72\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nNovember 3, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n115–127\n\n—\n\n29\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n14\n\n18\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n8\n\n71\n\nElgin Baylor*\n\nNovember 15, 1960\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n123–108\n\n45\n\n28\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n18\n\n[G]\n\n\n\n\n71\n\nDavid Robinson*\n\nApril 24, 1994\n\n18\n\n6\n\n19\n\n28\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\n112–97\n\n44\n\n26\n\n41\n\n1\n\n2\n\n18\n\n25\n\n[H]\n\n[10][11]\n\n\n10\n\n70\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nMarch 10, 1963\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nSyracuse Nationals\n\n148–163\n\n48\n\n27\n\n38\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n22\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n70\n\nDevin Booker^\n\nMarch 24, 2017\n\n10\n\n9\n\n23\n\n28\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n120–130\n\n45\n\n21\n\n40\n\n4\n\n11\n\n24\n\n26\n\n[I]\n\n\n\n\n12\n\n69\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nMarch 28, 1990\n\n16\n\n15\n\n20\n\n18\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\n117–113\n\n50\n\n23\n\n37\n\n2\n\n6\n\n21\n\n23\n\n[J]\n\n[12][13][14]\n\n\n13\n\n68\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nDecember 16, 1967\n\n14\n\n15\n\n15\n\n24\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nChicago Bulls\n\n143–123\n\n—\n\n30\n\n40\n\n—\n\n—\n\n8\n\n22\n\n\n\n\n\n\n68\n\nPete Maravich*\n\nFebruary 25, 1977\n\n17\n\n14\n\n17\n\n20\n\nNew Orleans Jazz\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n124–107\n\n43\n\n26\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15\n\n67\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nMarch 9, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n135–126\n\n—\n\n27\n\n37\n\n—\n\n—\n\n13\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\n\n67\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nFebruary 17, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n121–128\n\n48\n\n26\n\n44\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n20\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n67\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nFebruary 25, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n135–149\n\n48\n\n25\n\n38\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n22\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n67\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nJanuary 11, 1963\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n129–134\n\n—\n\n28\n\n47\n\n—\n\n—\n\n11\n\n17\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n19\n\n66\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nFebruary 9, 1969\n\n17\n\n17\n\n22\n\n10\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\n134–116\n\n48\n\n29\n\n35\n\n—\n\n—\n\n8\n\n18\n\n[K]\n\n\n\n\n20\n\n65\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nFebruary 13, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nCincinnati Royals\n\n132–152\n\n48\n\n24\n\n40\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n30\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n65\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nFebruary 27, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n147–137\n\n48\n\n25\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n20\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n65\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nFebruary 7, 1966\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n132–125\n\n—\n\n28\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n65\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nMarch 16, 2007\n\n4\n\n19\n\n9\n\n24\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n116–111\n\n49:58\n\n23\n\n39\n\n8\n\n12\n\n11\n\n12\n\n[L]\n\n[15]\n\n\n24\n\n64\n\nElgin Baylor*\n\nNovember 8, 1959\n\n13\n\n12\n\n17\n\n22\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n136–115\n\n—\n\n25\n\n47\n\n—\n\n—\n\n14\n\n19\n\n[M]\n\n\n\n\n64\n\nRick Barry*\n\nMarch 26, 1974\n\n—\n\n—\n\n23\n\n22\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\nPortland Trail Blazers\n\n143–120\n\n43\n\n30\n\n45\n\n—\n\n—\n\n4\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n64\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nJanuary 16, 1993\n\n22\n\n8\n\n11\n\n16\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n124–128\n\n47\n\n27\n\n49\n\n1\n\n5\n\n9\n\n11\n\n[N]\n\n[16]\n\n\n27\n\n63\n\nJoe Fulks*\n\nFebruary 10, 1949\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nIndianapolis Jets\n\n108–87\n\n—\n\n27\n\n56\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n14\n\n[O]\n\n\n\n\n63\n\nElgin Baylor*\n\nDecember 8, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\n151–147\n\n—\n\n23\n\n55\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n24\n\n[P]\n\n[17]\n\n\n63\n\nJerry West*\n\nJanuary 17, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n129–121\n\n39\n\n22\n\n36\n\n—\n\n—\n\n19\n\n22\n\n\n\n\n\n\n63\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nDecember 14, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n118–120\n\n—\n\n24\n\n41\n\n—\n\n—\n\n15\n\n20\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n63\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nNovember 26, 1964\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\n117–128\n\n—\n\n27\n\n58\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\n\n63\n\nGeorge Gervin*\n\nApril 9, 1978\n\n20\n\n33\n\n10\n\nDNP\n\nSan Antonio Spurs\n\nNew Orleans Jazz\n\n132–153\n\n33\n\n23\n\n49\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n20\n\n[Q]\n\n\n\n\n63\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nApril 20, 1986\n\n17\n\n6\n\n13\n\n18\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n131–135\n\n53\n\n22\n\n41\n\n0\n\n0\n\n19\n\n21\n\n[R]\n\n\n\n\n34\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nJanuary 14, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n136–145\n\n48\n\n27\n\n45\n\n—\n\n—\n\n8\n\n10\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nJanuary 17, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n136–130\n\n53\n\n24\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n14\n\n20\n\n[S]\n\n[5]\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nJanuary 21, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSyracuse Nationals\n\n139–132\n\n53\n\n25\n\n42\n\n—\n\n—\n\n12\n\n17\n\n[T]\n\n[5]\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nJanuary 29, 1963\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n123–103\n\n—\n\n27\n\n44\n\n—\n\n—\n\n8\n\n17\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nNovember 15, 1964\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nCincinnati Royals\n\n122–106\n\n—\n\n26\n\n44\n\n—\n\n—\n\n10\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n\n\n62\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nMarch 3, 1966\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\n135–125\n\n—\n\n26\n\n39\n\n—\n\n—\n\n10\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\n\n62\n\nTracy McGrady*\n\nMarch 10, 2004\n\n7\n\n21\n\n24\n\n10\n\nOrlando Magic\n\nWashington Wizards\n\n108–99\n\n45:50\n\n20\n\n37\n\n5\n\n14\n\n17\n\n26\n\n\n\n[18]\n\n\n62\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nDecember 20, 2005\n\n15\n\n17\n\n30\n\nDNP\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nDallas Mavericks\n\n112–90\n\n32:53\n\n18\n\n31\n\n4\n\n10\n\n22\n\n25\n\n[U]\n\n[19][20]\n\n\n62\n\nCarmelo Anthony^\n\nJanuary 24, 2014\n\n20\n\n17\n\n19\n\n6\n\nNew York Knicks\n\nCharlotte Bobcats\n\n125–96\n\n38:39\n\n23\n\n35\n\n6\n\n11\n\n10\n\n10\n\n[V]\n\n[21]\n\n\n43\n\n61\n\nGeorge Mikan*\n\nJanuary 20, 1952\n\n18\n\n18\n\n—\n\n—\n\nMinneapolis Lakers\n\nRochester Royals\n\n91–81\n\n—\n\n22\n\n45\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n21\n\n[W]\n\n\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nDecember 9, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nChicago Packers\n\n135–113\n\n48\n\n28\n\n48\n\n—\n\n—\n\n5\n\n10\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nFebruary 22, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n139–121\n\n48\n\n21\n\n36\n\n—\n\n—\n\n19\n\n34\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nFebruary 28, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nChicago Packers\n\n128–119\n\n48\n\n24\n\n46\n\n—\n\n—\n\n13\n\n17\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\n\nElgin Baylor*\n\nApril 14, 1962\n\n18\n\n15\n\n13\n\n15\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nBoston Celtics\n\n126–121\n\n—\n\n22\n\n46\n\n—\n\n—\n\n17\n\n19\n\n[X]\n\n\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nNovember 21, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nCincinnati Royals\n\n139–143\n\n—\n\n27\n\n52\n\n—\n\n—\n\n7\n\n15\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nDecember 11, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nSyracuse Nationals\n\n136–124\n\n—\n\n27\n\n57\n\n—\n\n—\n\n7\n\n11\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nDecember 18, 1962\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSan Francisco Warriors\n\nSt. Louis Hawks\n\n130–110\n\n—\n\n26\n\n53\n\n—\n\n—\n\n9\n\n14\n\n\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nMarch 4, 1987\n\n14\n\n10\n\n7\n\n26\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nDetroit Pistons\n\n125–120\n\n43\n\n22\n\n39\n\n0\n\n0\n\n17\n\n18\n\n[Y]\n\n[22][23][24]\n\n\n61\n\nMichael Jordan*\n\nApril 16, 1987\n\n15\n\n17\n\n16\n\n13\n\nChicago Bulls\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\n114–117\n\n41\n\n22\n\n38\n\n0\n\n3\n\n17\n\n21\n\n[Z]\n\n[25][26][27][28][29]\n\n\n61\n\nKarl Malone*\n\nJanuary 27, 1990\n\n17\n\n13\n\n20\n\n11\n\nUtah Jazz\n\nMilwaukee Bucks\n\n144–96\n\n33\n\n21\n\n26\n\n0\n\n0\n\n19\n\n23\n\n\n\n[30]\n\n\n61\n\nShaquille O'Neal*\n\nMarch 6, 2000\n\n10\n\n16\n\n16\n\n19\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\n123–103\n\n44:52\n\n24\n\n35\n\n0\n\n0\n\n13\n\n22\n\n[AA]\n\n[31]\n\n\n61\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nFebruary 2, 2009\n\n18\n\n16\n\n12\n\n15\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nNew York Knicks\n\n126–117\n\n36:48\n\n19\n\n31\n\n3\n\n6\n\n20\n\n20\n\n\n\n[32]\n\n\n61\n\nLeBron James^\n\nMarch 3, 2014\n\n11\n\n13\n\n25\n\n12\n\nMiami Heat\n\nCharlotte Bobcats\n\n124–107\n\n41:12\n\n22\n\n33\n\n8\n\n10\n\n9\n\n12\n\n[AB]\n\n[33][34]\n\n\n57\n\n60\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nDecember 1, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n138–117\n\n48\n\n22\n\n47\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n26\n\n\n\n[5]\n\n\n60\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nDecember 29, 1961\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n123–118\n\n48\n\n24\n\n43\n\n—\n\n—\n\n12\n\n19\n\n[AC]\n\n[5]\n\n\n60\n\nWilt Chamberlain*\n\nJanuary 26, 1969\n\n18\n\n9\n\n10\n\n23\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nCincinnati Royals\n\n126–113\n\n—\n\n22\n\n36\n\n—\n\n—\n\n16\n\n24\n\n[AD]\n\n\n\n\n60\n\nBernard King*\n\nDecember 25, 1984\n\n21\n\n19\n\n11\n\n9\n\nNew York Knicks\n\nNew Jersey Nets\n\n114–120\n\n41\n\n19\n\n30\n\n0\n\n0\n\n22\n\n26\n\n\n\n[35]\n\n\n60\n\nLarry Bird*\n\nMarch 12, 1985\n\n12\n\n11\n\n19\n\n18\n\nBoston Celtics\n\nAtlanta Hawks\n\n126–115\n\n43\n\n22\n\n36\n\n1\n\n4\n\n15\n\n16\n\n[AE]\n\n[36]\n\n\n60\n\nTom Chambers\n\nMarch 24, 1990\n\n14\n\n21\n\n14\n\n11\n\nPhoenix Suns\n\nSeattle SuperSonics\n\n121–95\n\n42\n\n22\n\n32\n\n0\n\n0\n\n16\n\n18\n\n\n\n[37][38][39][40]\n\n\n60\n\nAllen Iverson*\n\nFebruary 12, 2005\n\n17\n\n12\n\n11\n\n20\n\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n112–99\n\n42:01\n\n17\n\n36\n\n2\n\n5\n\n24\n\n27\n\n\n\n[41][42]\n\n\n60\n\nGilbert Arenas\n\nDecember 17, 2006\n\n12\n\n5\n\n12\n\n15\n\nWashington Wizards\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\n147–141\n\n49:00\n\n17\n\n32\n\n5\n\n12\n\n21\n\n27\n\n[AF]\n\n[43]\n\n\n60\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nMarch 22, 2007\n\n13\n\n11\n\n19\n\n17\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nMemphis Grizzlies\n\n121–119\n\n45:11\n\n20\n\n37\n\n3\n\n7\n\n17\n\n18\n\n[AG]\n\n[44]\n\n\n60\n\nKobe Bryant\n\nApril 13, 2016\n\n15\n\n7\n\n15\n\n23\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\n\nUtah Jazz\n\n101–96\n\n42\n\n22\n\n50\n\n6\n\n21\n\n10\n\n12\n\n[AH]\n\n[45][46]\n\n\n60\n\nKlay Thompson^\n\nDecember 5, 2016\n\n17\n\n23\n\n20\n\nDNP\n\nGolden State Warriors\n\nIndiana Pacers\n\n142–106\n\n29\n\n21\n\n33\n\n8\n\n14\n\n10\n\n11\n\n[AI]\n\n[47]\n\n\n60\n\nJames Harden^\n\nJanuary 30, 2018\n\n16\n\n13\n\n13\n\n18\n\nHouston Rockets\n\nOrlando Magic\n\n114–107\n\n46:26\n\n19\n\n30\n\n5\n\n14\n\n17\n\n18\n\n[AJ]\n\n[48]\n"
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"69"
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-5491538503954440651 | The Crown (TV series) | The Crown ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Crown ( TV series ) The Crown Genre Historical drama Created by Peter Morgan Starring Claire Foy Matt Smith Vanessa Kirby Eileen Atkins Jeremy Northam Victoria Hamilton Ben Miles Greg Wise Jared Harris John Lithgow Alex Jennings Lia Williams Anton Lesser Matthew Goode Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Composer ( s ) Rupert Gregson - Williams Lorne Balfe Country of origin United Kingdom United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Morgan Stephen Daldry Andy Harries Philip Martin Suzanne Macki Matthew Byam - Shaw Robert Fox Tanya Seghatchian Nina Wolarsky Allie Goss Producer ( s ) Andrew Eaton Production location ( s ) United Kingdom Running time 54 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Left Bank Pictures Sony Pictures Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Crown is a historical drama web television series , created and principally written by Peter Morgan and produced by Left Bank Pictures and Sony Pictures Television for Netflix . The show is a biographical story about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II . The first season covers the period from her marriage to Philip , Duke of Edinburgh in 1947 to the disintegration of her sister Princess Margaret 's engagement to Peter Townsend in 1955 . The second season covers the period from the Suez Crisis in 1956 through the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 to the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . The third season will continue from 1964 , covering Harold Wilson 's two periods as the Prime Minister until 1976 , while the fourth will see Margaret Thatcher 's premiership and a focus on Diana , Princess of Wales . The Crown evolved out of Morgan 's 2006 film The Queen and 2013 stage play The Audience . The series is intended to last 60 episodes over six seasons , with 10 one - hour episodes per season , covering Elizabeth 's life from her younger years to her reign , and with new actors being cast every two seasons . Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the first two seasons , alongside Matt Smith as Prince Philip , and Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret . For the third and fourth seasons , Olivia Colman will take over as the Queen , Tobias Menzies as Prince Philip , and Helena Bonham Carter as Princess Margaret . Filming for the series takes place at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with location shooting throughout the United Kingdom and internationally . The first season was released on Netflix on November 4 , 2016 , with the second released on December 8 , 2017 . The series has been renewed for a third and fourth season , with the third intended to be released in 2019 . The Crown was praised for its acting , directing , writing , cinematography , production values , and the relatively accurate historical account of Queen Elizabeth 's reign . It has received several accolades , including winning Best Actress and Best Actor at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards for Foy and Lithgow , respectively , in addition to receiving a total of 26 nominations for its first two seasons at the Primetime Emmy Awards , including twice for Outstanding Drama Series . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.1. 1 Featured 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Season 1 2.2. 2 Season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Historical accuracy 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The Crown traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947 through to the present day . The first season , in which Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the early part of her reign , depicts events up to 1955 , with Winston Churchill resigning as Prime Minister and the Queen 's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend . The second season covers the Suez Crisis in 1956 , the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal , and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . Beginning with season three , Olivia Colman will portray the Queen . Season three will cover Harold Wilson 's time as Prime Minister , and will also include Princess Margaret 's eight - year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn that leads to the Princess 's divorce from Antony Armstrong - Jones in 1978 . It will also introduce Camilla Parker Bowles and Lady Diana Spencer , who will be a focus of the fourth season ( set during Margaret Thatcher 's premiership ) . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II Matt Smith as Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , Elizabeth 's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret , Elizabeth 's younger sister Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary , Elizabeth 's grandmother ( season 1 ) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden , Churchill 's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary , who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth , George VI 's wife and Elizabeth 's mother , known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter 's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend , George VI 's equerry , who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , Philip 's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI , Elizabeth 's father , known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill , the Queen 's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as the Duke of Windsor , formerly King Edward VIII , who abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson ; known to his family as David Lia Williams as the Duchess of Windsor , Edward 's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan , who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister ( season 2 ) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones , known as Tony , a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret ( season 2 ) Featured ( edit ) The below actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role . Stephen Dillane as Graham Sutherland , a noted artist who paints a portrait of the ageing Churchill ( season 1 ) Gemma Whelan as Patricia Campbell , a secretary who works with Altrincham and types up his editorial ( season 2 ) John Heffernan as Lord Altrincham , a writer who penned a scathing criticism of the Queen ( season 2 ) Paul Sparks as Billy Graham , a prominent American preacher with whom Elizabeth consults ( season 2 ) Michael C. Hall as John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States who visits the Queen ( season 2 ) Jodi Balfour as Jacqueline Kennedy , the First Lady of the United States ( season 2 ) Burghart Klaußner as Dr. Kurt Hahn , the founder of Gordonstoun , where Philip and Charles went to school ( season 2 ) Finn Elliot as school - aged Prince Philip ( season 2 ) Julian Baring as school - aged Prince Charles ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Billy Jenkins as young Prince Charles Grace and Amelia Gilmour as young Princess Anne ( uncredited ) Clive Francis as Lord Salisbury Pip Torrens as Tommy Lascelles Harry Hadden - Paton as Martin Charteris Daniel Ings as Mike Parker Lizzy McInnerny as Margaret `` Bobo '' MacDonald Michael Bertenshaw as the Master of the Household Patrick Ryecart as the Duke of Norfolk Will Keen as Michael Adeane James Laurenson as Doctor Weir Mark Tandy as Cecil Beaton Michael Culkin as Rab Butler George Asprey as Walter Monckton James Hillier as Equerry Anna Madeley as Clarissa Eden Nick Hendrix ( season 1 ) and Tom Durant - Pritchard ( season 2 ) as Billy Wallace Josh Taylor as Johnny Dalkeith David Shields ( season 1 ) and Pip Carter ( season 2 ) as Colin Tennant Julius D'Silva as Baron Nahum Jo Herbert as Mary Charteris Richard Clifford as Norman Hartnell Joseph Kloska as Porchey Amir Boutrous as Gamal Abdel Nasser Abigail Parmenter as Judy Montagu Season 1 ( edit ) Harriet Walter as Clementine Churchill Nicholas Rowe as Jock Colville Simon Chandler as Clement Attlee Kate Phillips as Venetia Scott Ronald Pickup as the Archbishop of Canterbury Nigel Cooke as Harry Crookshank Patrick Drury as the Lord Chamberlain John Woodvine as the Archbishop of York Rosalind Knight as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark Andy Sanderson as Prince Henry Verity Russell as young Princess Elizabeth Beau Gadsdon as young Princess Margaret Jo Stone - Fewings as Collins Tony Guilfoyle as the Bishop of Durham Paul Thornley as Bill Mattheson Season 2 ( edit ) Chloe Pirrie as Eileen Parker Nicholas Burns as Anthony Nutting Lucy Russell as Lady Mountbatten Richard Elfyn as Selwyn Lloyd Adrian Lukis as Vice-Admiral Sir Conolly Abel Smith Sophie Leigh Stone as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark Guy Williams as Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark Leonie Benesch as Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark Simon Paisley Day as Meryn Lewis Sylvestra Le Touzel as Dorothy Macmillan Catherine Bailey as Elizabeth Cavendish Paul Clayton as Bob Boothby Yolanda Kettle as Camilla Fry Ed Cooper Clarke as Jeremy Fry Ryan Sampson as Dudley Moore Tim Steed as John Profumo Lyla Barrett - Rye as school - aged Princess Anne Robert Irons as Freddie Bishop Patrick Warner as Peter Cook Oliver Maltman as Jim Orr David Annen as Alec Douglas - Home Richard Lintern as Stephen Ward Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Wolferton Splash '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In November 1947 , Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth , King George VI 's elder daughter and heiress presumptive . The newlyweds move to Malta , where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne . In 1951 , the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer . After being told that he has months to live , the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign . Meanwhile , former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour government . `` Hyde Park Corner '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1952 , with King George still in ill health , Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place . While the couple is on safari in Kenya , the King is found dead in his bed . His wife Queen Elizabeth , younger daughter Margaret , and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George 's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world . Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth , who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief . `` Windsor '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In February 1952 , as the Royal Family prepares for King George 's funeral , Elizabeth 's uncle the Duke of Windsor , who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936 , arrives in the United Kingdom . This causes the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife . Elizabeth meets Churchill to discuss Philip 's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten , and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace . The Prime Minister is reluctant to grant either request ; Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from the Duke of Windsor . Churchill later informs Elizabeth that the date for her coronation has been set for the following year ; she understands that Churchill is trying to secure his position within his own party , which is eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him . `` Act of God '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In December 1952 , as a great smog affects London and kills thousands , Elizabeth 's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill , who referred to the event as an `` act of God '' , to step down . While initially reluctant to do so , the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting . Before the meeting , Churchill 's eyes are finally opened when his beloved secretary , Venetia Scott , is killed by a double - decker bus . He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia 's body is being held , promising a longer - term approach to preventing future smog . His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind , when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place . Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend , who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret . 5 5 `` Smoke and Mirrors '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) The Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth 's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth 's coronation and learning that Wallis will also not be receiving an invitation . Elizabeth places Philip in charge of preparations , only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he should forgo kneeling to pay homage when she is crowned , and his insistence that the event be televised , which annoys the committee . On June 2 , Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey . The Duke and Duchess of Windsor view the coverage from their villa in Paris , and spitefully mock the new Queen . 6 6 `` Gelignite '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) When Margaret and the divorcee Townsend ask for Elizabeth 's permission to marry , the Queen promises her support , while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it . As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship , Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty - five . Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend , who is set to be posted to Brussels , with them on a trip to Northern Ireland , but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised , causing a lasting rift between the two sisters . 7 7 `` Scientia Potentia Est '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In August 1953 , Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon . At the last minute , Churchill falls victim to a stroke , which inhibits his ability to govern and prompts Conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret . Meanwhile , Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris . She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science , which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her . 8 8 `` Pride & Joy '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) With Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth , Margaret takes on more royal engagements , and the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position . While she is there , she buys a castle . Meanwhile , Philip grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop , and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers . While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to surrender the recording , she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument , but must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public 's sake . Churchill visits Margaret and , after explaining that the public do not want someone with passion or personality , tells her that she will no longer be taking on royal engagements . 9 9 `` Assassins '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Philip begins spending more time away from home , while Elizabeth begins spending time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord `` Porchey '' Porchester . The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace , and culminates in a heated confrontation . Elizabeth later tells Philip that he is the only man she has ever loved , which has disappointed many others . He , in turn , silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill 's eightieth birthday dinner . As part of the celebrations , contemporary artist Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament . However , the Prime Minister hates its accuracy and , after a heated confrontation with Sutherland , admits his pain at what ageing has done to him . Churchill decides to resign as Prime Minister and requests that Eden replaces him . The portrait is later destroyed on Clementine 's instructions . 10 10 `` Gloriana '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1956 , Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves , but officials from Parliament and the Church of England disapprove , of Margaret 's relationship with Townsend . As Elizabeth tries to dissuade Margaret from the relationship , the Queen Mother complains at Philip 's domineering attitude towards Charles . At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother , Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow . A five - month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned Royal Yacht is later added to Philip 's itinerary , to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him to find a public role . Meanwhile , Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in an escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` Misadventure '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In February 1957 , Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon , seeing that divorce is not an option . Five months earlier , Elizabeth had suspected he may be having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase . Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Eden 's solution to the Egyptian takeover of the Suez Canal , but then agrees to military intervention . Philip 's uncle Earl Mountbatten warns Elizabeth about the possible intervention , and she confronts Eden about the Israeli invasion of Sinai . Eden confesses that there is a secret agreement between the Israeli , French and British governments to reclaim the canal from the Egyptians , without approval from Parliament or the United Nations . British forces begin moving into Egypt . After her nightly prayers she resolutely closes the door to the room with an empty double bed . 12 `` A Company of Men '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In December 1956 , Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure , before going on holiday to Jamaica to recover his health . Meanwhile , Philip continues his royal tour , punctuated by an interview which he abandons when the reporter asks him embarrassing questions about his family history . At Christmas , Philip makes a radio broadcast , prompting Elizabeth to let him know that his family is waiting for him as part of her Christmas Message and making him look forward to going home to a happier marriage . Meanwhile , Eileen , the wife of Philip 's private secretary Michael , initiates divorce proceedings because of her husband 's infidelities , including one with a waitress who works at Philip 's lunch club . Elizabeth 's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane that this could cause the press to start asking about Elizabeth and Philip 's own marriage . 13 `` Lisbon '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Eden returns from Jamaica to find himself forced out of Downing Street by the Cabinet and the Conservative Party , who blame him for the Suez Crisis . As Macmillan becomes Prime Minister , Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to change Eileen 's mind about the divorce . When he fails , and Elizabeth , Philip , and Parker learn about the decision , Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off an announcement , but she is rebuffed . The story goes public , prompting Philip to force Parker to resign . Elizabeth arranges Philip 's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon , where they again discuss their marriage . Philip says that he resents his son outranking him , and needs more respect from the court and palace staff . On February 22 , 1957 , Philip is made a Prince and becomes `` His Royal Highness the Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh '' . 14 `` Beryl '' Benjamin Caron Amy Jenkins and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Shortly before her birthday , Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace . She breaks off the engagement on finding him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the intended announcement , during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip 's tenth wedding anniversary . Later , she meets photographer Antony Armstrong - Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him . He invites her to his studio for a sitting . Bored with traditional birthday pictures , she gives one of the photos , which suggests that she is nude , to the newspapers . The following day , the picture is published , shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family . Macmillan 's wife Dorothy tells him she will end her longtime affair , but Macmillan overhears her talking to her lover on the telephone suggesting otherwise . 15 5 `` Marionettes '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Lord Altrincham , a minor peer and magazine editor , sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article criticising Elizabeth . The piece was written after he had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone - deaf speech of hers , written by her aides , to workers at a car factory . While both local newspapers and the general public are initially against him , they support him after he appears on ITN and argues that the monarchy must adapt to post-war and post-Suez society . Macmillan reminds Elizabeth of the trend of nations to abolish their monarchies , prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret . She later implements two of his suggestions : that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised , and that the Debutante Ball be opened to some of her subjects . Six months later , the Queen Mother expresses embarrassment over the monarchy 's slow loss of authority , while hosting a garden party . 16 6 `` Vergangenheit '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In 1945 Germany , a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top - secret diplomatic papers . After discovering that these contain information about `` Windsor '' , Churchill informs King George and is asked to ensure that the files are never published . In 1958 , shortly before meeting American evangelist Billy Graham , Elizabeth receives a letter from the Duke of Windsor asking permission to re-enter the UK to find employment . She agrees , and he starts convincing former sycophants to support his return . When historians unearth the papers , reorganised and titled The Marburg Files , Macmillan brings the matter before Elizabeth . He and the Queen Mother explain that one volume , which the United States wants published , concerns the Duke of Windsor 's clandestine relationship with the Nazi High Command . After an encounter with the Duke does not go as planned , Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice , only to learn that the extent of the relationship was even worse than she had known . She then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham before allowing the volume to be published and exiling the Duke of Windsor for betraying his country . 17 7 `` Matrimonium '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) After learning that Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman , Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong - Jones into proposing marriage . Because Elizabeth is pregnant , protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement . Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong - Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with other women , and also with his best male friend and his wife , who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong - Jones 's child . Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Andrew . She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong - Jones 's sexual activities . Margaret and Armstrong - Jones are married at Westminster Abbey . 18 8 `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Elizabeth invites newly - inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner . The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady , only to become annoyed on hearing that Jackie had insulted both her and the Palace at a party . Feeling challenged , she travels to Ghana to meet President Kwame Nkrumah , whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan . Elizabeth convinces him to cut ties with the Soviet Union and to realign Ghana with the United Kingdom , in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with him . Later , Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the UK and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle , where she apologises for insulting her , explaining that she had been under the influence of `` substances '' . Elizabeth later confides in Philip , asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way . President Kennedy is assassinated , and Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place . She also sends Jackie a personal letter of sympathy . 19 9 `` Paterfamilias '' Stephen Daldry Tom Edge and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) On Philip 's insistence Charles is sent to Gordonstoun School . Elizabeth and Louis , who are against the idea , recommend Eton College , only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to compel her to back him . As he takes Charles to Scotland , Philip recalls his time at the school , when he was punished for fighting by being forced to construct the school 's front gate during the winter holiday , and when his favourite sister Cecile and her family had died in a plane crash , for which his father Andrew blamed him . Charles starts to struggle with Gordonstoun 's rigorous curriculum and , when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge , is found crying by his security detail . Philip admonishes Charles for being `` bloody weak '' . 20 10 `` Mystery Man '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In 1963 , the government is thrown into chaos by an affair between the Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becoming public knowledge . When the media begins to speculate about a `` mystery man '' seen in a photograph taken at a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward , who is charged with immorality offences , Margaret and Tony notice the similarities with Philip . Ward commits suicide , and the police find a hand - drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings . An embarrassed Macmillan resigns , and is succeeded by Alec Douglas - Home , whose appointment is controversial due to his relationship with the Royal Family . Elizabeth asks Philip if he is the mystery man , and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova . Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity , having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck . He denies attending Ward 's weekend parties , and reaffirms his love and support for Elizabeth . Elizabeth gives birth to her fourth child . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Peter Morgan , who wrote the 2006 film The Queen and the 2013 stage play The Audience , is the main scriptwriter for The Crown . The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry , Philip Martin , Julian Jarrold , and Benjamin Caron . The first 10 - part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date , costing at least £ 100 million . A second season was commissioned , with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons . By October 2017 , `` early production '' had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season , and by the following January , Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season . Casting ( edit ) By November 2014 , Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series . By May 2015 , Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret . In June 2015 , John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill , and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Phillip ; Foy was confirmed as Queen Elizabeth II . Also starring in the first season were Victoria Hamilton , Jared Harris , and Eileen Atkins . The Left Bank producers noted that Smith was paid more than Foy in the first two seasons , partially because of his Doctor Who fame . This information brought up discussion on the gender pay gap , including the creation of a petition asking Smith to donate the difference between his and Foy 's salary to the Time 's Up Legal Defense Fund . Left Bank later issued an apology to Foy and Smith for putting them `` at the center of a media storm ... through no fault of their own . '' Left Bank also clarified that they `` are responsible for budgets and salaries ; the actors are not aware of who gets what , and can not be held personally responsible for the pay of their colleagues . '' They added that they support `` the drive for gender equality in film and TV and ( were ) eager to talk to the British Time 's Up campaign and ( were ) already speaking to Era 50 : 50 , a group campaigning for gender equality on screen and stage . '' Suzanne Mackie , Left Bank 's creative director , did note that moving forward , no other actor would be paid more than the actress portraying the Queen . Regarding the controversy , Foy was `` not ( surprised about the interest in the story ) in the sense that it was a female - led drama . I 'm not surprised that people saw ( the story ) and went , ' Oh , that 's a bit odd . ' But I know that Matt feels the same that I do , that it 's odd to find yourself at the center ( of a story ) that you did n't particularly ask for . '' Smith noted that he supported Foy and was `` pleased that it was resolved and ( the producers ) made amends for it because that 's what needed to happen . '' The Hollywood Reporter noted it was unclear what Smith was referring to regarding the situation being resolved and amended , as Netflix and Left Bank had not commented on the matter further . The producers will recast some roles with older actors every two seasons , as the timeline moves forward and the characters age . In October 2017 , Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons . By January 2018 , Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip , respectively , for these seasons . However , by the end of the month Bettany was forced to drop out due to the time commitment required . By the end of March 2018 , Tobias Menzies was cast as Prince Phillip for the third and fourth seasons . In early May 2018 , Bonham Carter was confirmed to have been cast , alongside Jason Watkins as Prime Minister Harold Wilson . The next month , Ben Daniels was cast as Antony Armstrong - Jones for the third season , along with Erin Doherty joining the series as Princess Anne . A month later , Josh O'Connor and Marion Bailey were cast as Prince Charles and the Queen Mother , respectively , for the third and fourth seasons . Filming ( edit ) An estimated 25 % of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with the remainder filmed on location , altogether taking 152 days . Sets for private quarters , the interior of a private jet , the cabinet room , and the exterior of 10 Downing Street , were built at Elstree Studios , while Lancaster House , Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used to double as Buckingham Palace . Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey , while locations in South Africa doubled as Kenya . Additional locations in the UK included Eltham Palace , the Royal Naval College , Goldsmiths ' Hall , Shoreham Airport , New Slains Castle , Balmoral Castle , Cruden Bay , Lyceum Theatre , Loseley Park , Hatfield House , The Historic Dockyard Chatham , Southwark Cathedral , Ardverikie House , Englefield House , and the Glenfeshie Estate . Filming on the second season began in early October 2016 . Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days , with each costing about GB £ 5 million ( US $7 million ) to produce . The third season began filming in July 2018 , and will shoot back - to - back with the fourth season . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Churchill had forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend . In the series the Queen is seen telling her sister that if she marries Townsend she would no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772 . Yet there is clear evidence that in reality efforts had been made to prevent any further delay of the marriage , which would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance , stay in the country and even continue with her public duties . The re-enactment of the removal of the King 's cancerous lung , originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas , was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak , specialist in transplant surgery at Guy 's Hospital , London . Chandak and his surgical team also became part of the real scene . The surgical model of King George VI was donated to the Gordon Museum of Pathology for use as a teaching aid . Despite confirming historical accuracy that Queen Elizabeth did condemn the Duke of Windsor following her informing of The Marburg Files ; historians have stated that the episode 's implication that the Duke was admonished from the Royal family upon publication is false and that the Duke remained in contact and his public appearances continued . Peggy Noonan of The Wall Street Journal highlighted the historical inaccuracy of the series , and argued for `` more truth in art and entertainment '' . Gordonstoun School responded to its negative portrayal in series two , claiming that in fact the Prince 's personal feedback to the school had been overwhelmingly positive . Royal historian Hugo Vickers said that the same episode inaccurately depicted Philip 's sister 's death in a plane crash as having arisen from his own misbehaviour at Gordonstoun , stating `` It is beyond me how serious film - makers would wish to turn such a dreadful tragedy into a series of invented scenes bearing no relation to the truth . '' Release ( edit ) The series 's first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1 , 2016 . The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4 , 2016 . The second season was released on December 8 , 2017 . The third season is expected to be released in 2019 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) John Lithgow won multiple awards for his performance as Winston Churchill . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported 89 % approval for the first season based on 64 reviews , with an average rating of 8.72 / 10 . Its critical consensus reads , `` Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top - notch production worthy of its grand subject . '' On Metacritic , the series holds a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The Guardian 's TV critic Lucy Mangan praised the series and wrote that `` Netflix can rest assured that its £ 100m gamble has paid off . This first series , about good old British phlegm from first to last , is the service 's crowning achievement so far . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Ben Lawrence said , `` The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors , a compassionate piece of work that humanises them in a way that has never been seen before . It is a portrait of an extraordinary family , an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one . '' Chief television critic Jaci Stephen of The Mail on Sunday lauded the series as `` faultless '' and complimented its `` exquisite writing and magnificent acting '' . Writing for The Boston Globe , Matthew Gilbert also praised the series saying it `` is thoroughly engaging , gorgeously shot , beautifully acted , rich in the historical events of postwar England , and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance '' . Vicki Hyman of The Star - Ledger described it as `` sumptuous , stately but never dull '' . The A.V. Club 's Gwen Ihnat said it adds `` a cinematic quality to a complex and intricate time for an intimate family . The performers and creators are seemingly up for the task '' . The Wall Street Journal critic Dorothy Rabinowitz said , `` We 're clearly meant to see the duke ( of Windsor ) as a wastrel with heart . It does n't quite come off -- Mr. Jennings is far too convincing as an empty - hearted scoundrel -- but it 's a minor flaw in this superbly sustained work . '' Robert Lloyd writing for the Los Angeles Times said , `` As television it 's excellent -- beautifully mounted , movingly played and only mildly melodramatic . '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post also reviewed the series positively : `` Pieces of The Crown are more brilliant on their own than they are as a series , taken in as shorter , intently focused films '' . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said , `` This is a thoughtful series that lingers over death rather than using it for shock value ; one that finds its story lines in small power struggles rather than gruesome palace coups . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Daniel Fienberg said the first season `` remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics , finding both emotional heft in Elizabeth 's youthful ascension and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol and etiquette '' . Other publications such as USA Today , Indiewire , The Atlantic , CNN and Variety also reviewed the series positively . Some were more critical of the show . In a review for Time magazine , Daniel D'Addario wrote that it `` will be compared to Downton Abbey , but that ... was able to invent ahistorical or at least unexpected notes . Foy struggles mightily , but she 's given little ... The Crown 's Elizabeth is more than unknowable . She 's a bore '' . Vulture 's Matt Zoller Seitz concluded , `` The Crown never entirely figures out how to make the political and domestic drama genuinely dramatic , much less bestow complexity on characters outside England 's innermost circle . '' Verne Gay of Newsday said , `` Sumptuously produced but glacially told , The Crown is the TV equivalent of a long drive through the English countryside . The scenery keeps changing , but remains the same . '' Slate magazine 's Willa Paskin , commented : `` It will scratch your period drama itch -- and leave you itchy for action . '' Writing for The Mail on Sunday , Hugo Vickers , an English biographer of the Royal Family , argued that `` while ( The Crown ) certainly holds the attention , it is marred by a series of sensationalist errors and some quite remarkable lapses into vulgarity . '' Season 2 ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating for the second season based on 70 reviews , with an average rating of 8.45 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus read `` The Crown continues its reign with a self - assured sophomore season that indulges in high drama and sumptuous costumes . '' On Metacritic , the second season holds a score of 87 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , retaining the first season 's indication of `` universal acclaim '' . Foy and Smith both earned significant praise from critics . Chancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote `` As always , Claire Foy turns in an amazingly restrained performance . '' Reviewing the first episode , Gabriel Tate of The Daily Telegraph wrote that Foy and Smith have `` seldom been better '' . Hugo Rifkind of The Times said `` While ardent monarchists might bristle at the way this is going , for the rest of us it 's getting better and better . '' Alison Keene of Collider said `` each new episode makes its mark and tells its own complete story ... It 's another exceptionally strong season of television , full of compelling drama and sweeping grandeur . '' Krutika Malikarjuna of TV Guide argued that the public is attracted to the royals ' celebrity and star power , and said : `` The brilliance of this framing becomes clear as the show evolves into The Real Housewives of Buckingham . '' Sophie Gilbert wrote for The Atlantic that the portrayal of a monarch who `` would rather be living any other life '' is `` riveting '' , and that it is `` gorgeously shot , with flawless re-creations of everything from the Throne Room in Buckingham Palace to a 1950s hospital ward . And it 's surprisingly funny . '' The Wall Street Journal critic John Anderson said `` The Crown attains genuine sexiness without sex . Margaret , à la Ms. Kirby 's interpretation , smolders , as does Elizabeth , at least on occasion . '' Meghan O'Keefe of Decider wrote that the season `` continues to romanticize the British royal family , but the romance comes from how they 're normal , not divine '' . Less complimentary reviews saw the season criticised for what some regarded as failing to meet the emotional intensity of the first . John Doyle wrote for Globe and Mail that despite being `` lavishly made '' and `` breathtaking '' , it `` now leans toward a three - hanky weeper about marriage . It is less than it was , like the monarchy itself , and of interest to monarchy fans only . '' Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx added `` Many of the season 's wounds are self - inflicted '' and that Prince Philip `` still comes across as a whiny man - child '' . Phil Owen of The Wrap described the season as `` trashy '' and saw dry comedy in Northam 's portrayal of Prime Minister Anthony Eden : `` I 'm assuming that creator Peter Morgan meant for it to be comedy . There 's really no other explanation for why Jeremy Northam played Prime Minister Anthony Eden like he 's having a nervous breakdown in every scene . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Jared Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Hans Zimmer Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film John Lithgow Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Claire Foy , Clive Francis , Harry Hadden - Paton , Victoria Hamilton , Jared Harris , Daniel Ings , Billy Jenkins , Vanessa Kirby , John Lithgow , Lizzy McInnerny , Ben Miles , Jeremy Northam , Nicholas Rowe , Matt Smith , Pip Torrens , Harriet Walter Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Martin Childs Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Yan Miles ( for `` Assassins '' ) Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Jared Harris Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Michele Clapton Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year The Crown Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Claire Foy Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Online First / Streaming The Crown Won Best Actor Matt Smith Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Writer Peter Morgan Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards Best Editing Úna Ní Dhonghaíle Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam , Robert Bentley Won BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Best Director : Fiction Stephen Daldry Nominated Best Photography and Lightning : Fiction Adriano Goldman Nominated Best Production Design Martin Childs Nominated Best Special , Visual and Graphic Effects Úna Ní Dhonghaíle , Molinare Won Best Title and Graphic Identity Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks Nominated Best Writer : Drama Peter Morgan Nominated BAFTA Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Supporting Actor John Lithgow Nominated Jared Harris Nominated Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Kirby Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Crown Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Claire Foy Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Peter Morgan , Stephen Daldry , Andy Harries , Philip Martin , Suzanne Mackie , Matthew Byam - Shaw , Robert Fox , Tanya Seghatchian , and Andrew Eaton Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy ( for `` Assassins '' ) Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow ( for `` Assassins '' ) Won Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Stephen Daldry ( for `` Hyde Park Corner '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Peter Morgan ( for `` Assassins '' ) Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Adriano Goldman ( for `` Smoke and Mirrors '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Period / Fantasy Series , Limited Series , or Movie Michele Clapton , Alex Fordham , Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell ( for `` Wolferton Splash '' ) Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Ivana Primorac , Amy Riley ( for `` Hyde Park Corner '' ) Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks , Javier Leon Carrillo and Jeff Han Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Series Rupert Gregson - Williams ( for `` Hyde Park Corner '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Martin Childs , Mark Raggett and Celia Bobak ( for `` Smoke and Mirrors '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Ben Turner , Tom Debenham , Standish Millennas , Kim Phelan , Oliver Cubbage , Lionel Heath , Charlie Bennet , Stephen Smith and Carmine Agnone ( for `` Windsor '' ) Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Score -- TV Show / Limited Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won 2018 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Adriano Goldman ( for `` Smoke and Mirrors '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Martin Childs ( for `` A Company of Men '' , `` Beryl '' , `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Ashworth , Lee Walpole , Stuart Hilliker , Martin Jensen , Rory de Carteret , Philip Clements ( for `` Misadventure '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Period Television Series Jane Petrie Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Crown Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam and Robert Bentley Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Claire Foy , Victoria Hamilton , Vanessa Kirby , Anton Lesser , Matt Smith Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won BAFTA Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Kirby Won BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Writer : Fiction Peter Morgan Nominated Best Editing : Fiction Pia di Ciaula Nominated Best Costume Design Jane Petrie Nominated Best Production Design Martin Childs , Alison Harvey Nominated Best Photography : Fiction Adriano Goldman Won Best Special , Visual & Graphic Effects Asa Shoul , Christopher Reynolds Nominated Best Sound : Fiction Sound Team Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Peter Morgan , Stephen Daldry , Andy Harries , Philip Martin , Suzanne Mackie , Matthew Byam - Shaw , Robert Fox , Andy Stebbing , and Martin Harrison Pending Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy ( for `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Matt Smith ( for `` Mystery Man '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Vanessa Kirby ( for `` Beryl '' ) Pending Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Stephen Daldry ( for `` Paterfamilias '' ) Pending Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Peter Morgan ( for `` Mystery Man '' ) Pending Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold and Robert Sterne Pending Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Adriano Goldman ( for `` Beryl '' ) Pending Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Matthew Goode ( for `` Matrimonium '' ) Pending Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Ivana Primorac ( for `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' ) Pending Outstanding Period Costumes Jane Petrie , Emily Newby , Basia Kuznar and Gaby Spanswick ( for `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' ) Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Martin Childs , Mark Raggett and Alison Harvey ( for `` Beryl '' ) Pending Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Ben Turner , Standish Millennas , Alison Griffiths , Matthew Bristowe , Iacopo Di Luigi , Garrett Honn , Charlie Bennett , Jenny Gauci and Carmine Agnone ( for `` Misadventure '' ) Pending See also ( edit ) British Royal Family The Crown References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season Two ( Soundtrack from the Netflix Original Series ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : Claire Foy and Matt Smith on the making of the £ 100m Netflix series '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown '' . Real or Fake 4K . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown '' . Television Academy . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` £ 100m Netflix Series Recreates Royal Wedding '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Russ ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : What year did Series 1 finish ? What will be in season 2 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's Matthew Goode is joining the cast of Netflix 's The Crown '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Adds Michael C Hall & Jodi Balfour As Jack & Jackie Kennedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , Nick ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` The Crown : Paul Bettany in talks to play Prince Philip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Olivia ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Colman Joins ' The Crown ' as Queen Elizabeth for Seasons 3 and 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 3 : All the Details ( So Far ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Crown 's Third Season Is Minus a Prince Philip as Paul Bettany Bows Out '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trailers for Netflix series ' The Crown , ' and ' The Get Down ' '' . Geeks of Doom . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Kenji ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown trailer : First look at Peter Morgan 's Netflix drama '' . Final Reel . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Why Britain 's psyche is gripped by a different kind of royal fever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown Season Two : Representation vs Reality '' . Netflix . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sarah ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Filming The Crown : on the set of the lavish Netflix series -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Robert . The Crown : The Inside History . London : Blink Publishing , 2017 . 354 . Jump up ^ Gruccio , John ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The trailer for Netflix 's royal drama series , `` The Crown '' `` . TMStash . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Made in the UK : The Crown '' . British Film Commission . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : the Royal family are ' nervous ' about Netflix 's new £ 100 million series '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Smith starring in Netflix series , The Crown '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Julia ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV royalty : £ 100million drama The Crown descends on Trafalgar Square to film second season ... after Netflix debut is met with rave reviews '' . MailOnline . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's glittering Crown could leave BBC looking a little dull '' . The Guardian . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' Finds Its Queen In Claire Foy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Vanessa Kirby To Play Princess Margaret In Netflix 's ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Alum Matt Smith Cast in Netflix 's ' The Crown ' with John Lithgow , Claire Foy '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Queen Elizabeth Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Claire Foy Was Paid Less Than Matt Smith on ' The Crown ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Petition Calls on Matt Smith to Donate Part of His Salary From ' The Crown ' to Time 's Up '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Producers Apologize to Claire Foy , Matt Smith Over Gender Pay Scandal '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Claire Foy talks The Crown pay controversy : ' I 'm not surprised people went , `` That 's a bit odd '' ' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Star Matt Smith Breaks Silence on Claire Foy Pay - Disparity Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown will replace Matt Smith , Claire Foy and its ENTIRE CAST after two seasons '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Helena Bonham Carter Poised To Play Princess Margaret '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Sets ' Outlander 's Tobias Menzies As New Prince Philip '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Officially Casts Helena Bonham Carter , Adds Jason Watkins for Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : ' The Exorcist ' Star Ben Daniels To Play Antony Armstrong - Jones In Season 3 Of Netflix 's Royal Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Casts Its Princess Anne ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Josh O'Connor to Play Prince Charles , Marion Bailey the Queen Mother '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix period drama The Crown filmed on location throughout the UK and South Africa '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? Page 2 '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( 2016 ) '' . Kent Film Office . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fedko - Blake , Vaira ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Where Was The Expensive New Drama Filmed ? '' . Movie Pilot . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frederick , Clint ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` New The Crown Season 3 Photos Featuring Helena Bonham Carter '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did the Queen stop Princess Margaret marrying Peter Townsend ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons replace actors in The Crown 's King George VI operation scene '' . AOL UK . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Gordon Museum -- King 's Alumni Community '' . alumni.kcl.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` How accurate is The Crown ? We sort fact from fiction in the royal drama '' . The Times . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Peggy ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) . `` The Lies of ' The Crown ' and ' The Post ' '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colditz in kilts ? Charles loved it , says old school as Gordonstoun hits back at The Crown '' . The Daily Telegraph . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( Season 1 , Episodes 1 & 2 ) ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Smith 's Netflix drama The Crown gets premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Foy and Matt Smith face the challenges of royal life in new extended trailer for Netflix drama The Crown '' . Radio Times . September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Sets Premiere Date , Releases First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mangan , Lucy ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown review -- the £ 100m gamble on the Queen pays off royally '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown , spoiler - free review : Netflix 's astonishing £ 100 million gamble pays off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Jaci ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` A royal feast ... now just watch me binge ! Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting '' . The Mail on Sunday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' bows to the queen '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' review : ' Downton Abbey ' fans , meet your new ( and better ) obsession '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown is a visually sumptuous family drama fit for a queen '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Dorothy ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : The Making of Elizabeth II '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is a winning tale of royals and the weight of tradition '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is best when viewed like separate little movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix Does Queen Elizabeth II in ' The Crown , ' No Expense Spared '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Crown ' is sumptuous miniseries with stellar cast '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : Netflix Period Drama Came to Reign in Made - To - Order Emmys Contender '' . Indiewire . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Is a Sweeping , Sumptuous History Lesson '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' regally explores reign of Queen Elizabeth '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Crown ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown Makes the Most of an Unknowable Queen '' . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's The Crown Is Tedious , But Anglophiles Will Like It '' . New York . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Review : Queen Elizabeth Story Falls Flat '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sumptuous $100 million drama about the British monarchy delivers exactly what it promises . That is n't enough '' . Slate . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Hugo ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` With a £ 100million budget Netflix 's eagerly - anticipated new show The Crown is the most lavish biopic ever , says royal expert Hugo Vickers , but it 's marred by sensationalist errors and some remarkable lapses into vulgarity '' . The Mail on Sunday . London . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . metacritic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown premiere recap : ' Misadventure ' '' . Entertainment . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown , season 2 , episode 1 review : a glittering account of the Windsors in crisis '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV review : Hugo Rifkind on The Grand Tour '' . The Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Another Exquisite , Compelling Portrait of Royal Life '' . Collider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season 2 Lightens the Weight of Colonialism with Karmic Comeuppance '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Netflix 's Best Superhero Show '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' and ' Family Guy ' Review : Messy Family Affair '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Claire Foy Still Reigns Supreme '' . Decider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown slips into silly escapist eye - catching candy '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Looks Tarnished By Too Much Philip in Season Two '' . Uproxx . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Just Trashy Enough to Work '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` TV Honorees Heavy on Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . AFI Awards . Jump up ^ `` HBO leads television nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice awards with 22 nominations '' . Critics ' Choice . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Winners for the 21st Annual Satellite Awards '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television nominations '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Night Manager , The Crown , Planet Earth II and Desert Island Discs take top prizes at 43rd Broadcasting Press Guild Awards '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Craft Awards nominees 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' The Crown ' , ' The Night Manager ' , ' National Treasure ' -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the Virgin TV British Academy Television Awards in 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I loved playing someone who fought for change ! ' The Crown star Vanessa Kirby gives a shout out to female empowerment as she leads the winners at the Glamour Women of the Year Awards '' . Dailymail.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Atlanta ' Lead 2017 TV Critic Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 EMMY ® AWARDS NOMINATIONS FOR PROGRAMS AIRING JUNE 1 , 2016 -- MAY 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards winners 2018 : Full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies and Three Billboards Top Golden Globe Nominations '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced '' . BAFTA. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the British Academy Television Craft Awards in 2018 '' . Bafta. 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes of the crown in season 2 | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date111\"Misadventure\"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nIn February 1957, Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon, seeing that divorce is not an option. Five months earlier, Elizabeth had suspected he may be having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase. Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Eden's solution to the Egyptian takeover of the Suez Canal, but then agrees to military intervention. Philip's uncle Earl Mountbatten warns Elizabeth about the possible intervention, and she confronts Eden about the Israeli invasion of Sinai. Eden confesses that there is a secret agreement between the Israeli, French and British governments to reclaim the canal from the Egyptians, without approval from Parliament or the United Nations. British forces begin moving into Egypt. After her nightly prayers she resolutely closes the door to the room with an empty double bed.\n122\"A Company of Men\"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nIn December 1956, Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure, before going on holiday to Jamaica to recover his health. Meanwhile, Philip continues his royal tour, punctuated by an interview which he abandons when the reporter asks him embarrassing questions about his family history. At Christmas, Philip makes a radio broadcast, prompting Elizabeth to let him know that his family is waiting for him as part of her Christmas Message and making him look forward to going home to a happier marriage. Meanwhile, Eileen, the wife of Philip's private secretary Michael, initiates divorce proceedings because of her husband's infidelities, including one with a waitress who works at Philip's lunch club. Elizabeth's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane that this could cause the press to start asking about Elizabeth and Philip's own marriage.\n133\"Lisbon\"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nEden returns from Jamaica to find himself forced out of Downing Street by the Cabinet and the Conservative Party, who blame him for the Suez Crisis. As Macmillan becomes Prime Minister, Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to change Eileen's mind about the divorce. When he fails, and Elizabeth, Philip, and Parker learn about the decision, Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off an announcement, but she is rebuffed. The story goes public, prompting Philip to force Parker to resign. Elizabeth arranges Philip's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon, where they again discuss their marriage. Philip says that he resents his son outranking him, and needs more respect from the court and palace staff. On February 22, 1957, Philip is made a Prince and becomes \"His Royal Highness the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\".\n144\"Beryl\"Benjamin CaronAmy Jenkins and Peter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nShortly before her birthday, Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace. She breaks off the engagement on finding him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the intended announcement, during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip's tenth wedding anniversary. Later, she meets photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him. He invites her to his studio for a sitting. Bored with traditional birthday pictures, she gives one of the photos, which suggests that she is nude, to the newspapers. The following day, the picture is published, shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family. Macmillan's wife Dorothy tells him she will end her longtime affair, but Macmillan overhears her talking to her lover on the telephone suggesting otherwise.\n155\"Marionettes\"Philippa LowthorpePeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nLord Altrincham, a minor peer and magazine editor, sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article criticising Elizabeth. The piece was written after he had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone-deaf speech of hers, written by her aides, to workers at a car factory. While both local newspapers and the general public are initially against him, they support him after he appears on ITN and argues that the monarchy must adapt to post-war and post-Suez society. Macmillan reminds Elizabeth of the trend of nations to abolish their monarchies, prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret. She later implements two of his suggestions: that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised, and that the Debutante Ball be opened to some of her subjects. Six months later, the Queen Mother expresses embarrassment over the monarchy's slow loss of authority, while hosting a garden party.\n166\"Vergangenheit\"Philippa LowthorpePeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nIn 1945 Germany, a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top-secret diplomatic papers. After discovering that these contain information about \"Windsor\", Churchill informs King George and is asked to ensure that the files are never published. In 1958, shortly before meeting American evangelist Billy Graham, Elizabeth receives a letter from the Duke of Windsor asking permission to re-enter the UK to find employment. She agrees, and he starts convincing former sycophants to support his return. When historians unearth the papers, reorganised and titled The Marburg Files, Macmillan brings the matter before Elizabeth. He and the Queen Mother explain that one volume, which the United States wants published, concerns the Duke of Windsor's clandestine relationship with the Nazi High Command. After an encounter with the Duke does not go as planned, Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice, only to learn that the extent of the relationship was even worse than she had known. She then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham before allowing the volume to be published and exiling the Duke of Windsor for betraying his country.\n177\"Matrimonium\"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nAfter learning that Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman, Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong-Jones into proposing marriage. Because Elizabeth is pregnant, protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement. Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong-Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with other women, and also with his best male friend and his wife, who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong-Jones's child. Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Andrew. She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong-Jones's sexual activities. Margaret and Armstrong-Jones are married at Westminster Abbey.\n188\"Dear Mrs. Kennedy\"Stephen DaldryPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nElizabeth invites newly-inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner. The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady, only to become annoyed on hearing that Jackie had insulted both her and the Palace at a party. Feeling challenged, she travels to Ghana to meet President Kwame Nkrumah, whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan. Elizabeth convinces him to cut ties with the Soviet Union and to realign Ghana with the United Kingdom, in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with him. Later, Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the UK and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle, where she apologises for insulting her, explaining that she had been under the influence of \"substances\". Elizabeth later confides in Philip, asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way. President Kennedy is assassinated, and Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place. She also sends Jackie a personal letter of sympathy.\n199\"Paterfamilias\"Stephen DaldryTom Edge and Peter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nOn Philip's insistence Charles is sent to Gordonstoun School. Elizabeth and Louis, who are against the idea, recommend Eton College, only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to compel her to back him. As he takes Charles to Scotland, Philip recalls his time at the school, when he was punished for fighting by being forced to construct the school's front gate during the winter holiday, and when his favourite sister Cecile and her family had died in a plane crash, for which his father Andrew blamed him. Charles starts to struggle with Gordonstoun's rigorous curriculum and, when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge, is found crying by his security detail. Philip admonishes Charles for being \"bloody weak\".\n2010\"Mystery Man\"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\nIn 1963, the government is thrown into chaos by an affair between the Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becoming public knowledge. When the media begins to speculate about a \"mystery man\" seen in a photograph taken at a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward, who is charged with immorality offences, Margaret and Tony notice the similarities with Philip. Ward commits suicide, and the police find a hand-drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings. An embarrassed Macmillan resigns, and is succeeded by Alec Douglas-Home, whose appointment is controversial due to his relationship with the Royal Family. Elizabeth asks Philip if he is the mystery man, and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova. Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity, having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck. He denies attending Ward's weekend parties, and reaffirms his love and support for Elizabeth. Elizabeth gives birth to her fourth child."
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1043405389653029591 | Samira Wiley | Samira Wiley - wikipedia Samira Wiley Jump to : navigation , search Samira Wiley Wiley in 2013 Samira Denise Wiley ( 1987 - 04 - 15 ) April 15 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Education Temple University Juilliard School ( BFA ) Occupation Actress , model , producer Years active 2011 ( 2011 ) -- present Spouse ( s ) Lauren Morelli ( m . 2017 ) Samira Wiley ( born April 15 , 1987 ) is an American actress and model . She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid 's Tale . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Modeling 3 Awards 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video game 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Wiley was raised in Washington , D.C. Her parents , Christine and Dennis W. Wiley , are the co-pastors of Covenant Baptist United Church of Christ . Wiley 's parents have been referred to as `` pillars of the LGBT religious community , '' as the Covenant Baptist Church was the only Baptist church in D.C. performing same - sex unions in 2007 . She has two siblings : Aiyana Ma'at and Joshua Wiley . Wiley attended the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington , D.C. , and the Juilliard School in New York City , graduating in 2010 . At Juilliard , she trained in theater performance and worked mainly in theater in her early career . Career ( edit ) Wiley 's first major acting role was in the comedy film The Sitter ( 2011 ) . In 2011 , Wiley played Maria in a theater production of Love 's Labour 's Lost by The Public Theater . When the Netflix television series Orange Is the New Black -- based on Piper Kerman 's memoir of the same name -- came into development , Wiley was told about the auditions by a friend from Juilliard , Marco Ramirez , who was a writer for the show . After discovering that another Juilliard friend , Danielle Brooks , had won a role in the show , Wiley asked Brooks to rehearse lines with her to prepare for her audition for the role of Poussey Washington , the on - screen best friend of Brooks ' character . Wiley 's audition was ultimately successful ; she appeared in all twelve episodes of the series ' first season and was featured prominently throughout the second season . The darker and more violent plot of the second season allowed for the growth of Wiley 's character , whose evolved story lines led to Wiley 's prolonged screen exposure and ultimate development as a `` fan - favorite . '' She was promoted to series regular for the third season . The fourth season revolves heavily around her character , leading up to the reactions within the prison upon Poussey 's death at the hands of a prison officer . Wiley 's wife , Lauren Morelli , is a writer on the show . In between seasons of Orange Is the New Black , Wiley filmed Rob the Mob ( 2014 ) , an independent crime film directed by Raymond De Felitta . She appeared in an advertisement for the digital monetary service PayPal in 2014 . In 2015 , Wiley featured in the 21st episode of the 16th season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , `` Perverted Justice '' , portraying a young adult wishing to recant her rape accusation of her father when she was 6 years old , and set him free . In December 2015 , it was announced Wiley had been cast to voice the titular character in the video game The Walking Dead : Michonne . The game was released by Telltale Games in February 2016 . In 2017 , she narrated one of two versions of Max Brooks ' book , Minecraft : The Island : A Novel . Wiley also starred in a film called 37 ( 2016 ) , a true story of thirty - seven people who witness a murder and none call the police or intervene . In 2016 , she starred in a new play by Quiara Alegría Hudes called Daphne 's Dive . Modeling ( edit ) Wiley has modeled for Maniac Magazine , appearing on the cover and in an editorial of the 2014 September / October issue . She was pictured modeling `` a series of bold , chic , high fashion looks . '' Wiley was also featured on the cover of 2014 edition of Out magazine , along with Sam Smith , Ellen Page , and Zachary Quinto . Awards ( edit ) In 2014 , Wiley was named Out magazine 's Ingenue of the Year . In February 2015 , she was awarded the Human Rights Campaign 's Visibility Award . According to the Human Rights Campaign 's website , Wiley was always accepted and embraced by her parents , regardless of her sexuality , and to this she attributes her success . In 2017 , Wiley received a Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role in the Hulu series The Handmaid 's Tale . Personal life ( edit ) On October 4 , 2016 , Wiley announced her engagement to Orange Is the New Black writer Lauren Morelli . They married on March 25 , 2017 . In November 2017 , Wiley was nominated to Out magazine 's `` OUT100 '' for 2017 in recognition of her work and her visibility . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 The Sitter Tina 2012 Being Flynn Asha 2014 Rob the Mob Agent Annie Bell 2016 Nerve Hacker Kween 37 Joyce Smith 2017 Detroit Vanessa Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Unforgettable Gina 2 episodes 2012 Person of Interest Triage Nurse Episode : `` Many Happy Returns '' 2013 -- 17 Orange Is the New Black Poussey Washington 50 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2015 -- 17 ) 2015 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Michelle Episode : `` Perverted Justice '' 2016 The Catch Captain Nia Brooks Episode : `` The Benefactor '' 2016 You 're the Worst Justina Jordan 5 episodes 2017 -- present The Handmaid 's Tale Moira 7 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2017 Last Week Tonight With John Oliver Forensic Scientist Episode : `` Forensic evidence '' ( CSI : Crime Scene Idiot skit ) 2017 -- present Ryan Hansen Solves Crimes on Television Jessica Mathers 8 episodes Video game ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . 2016 The Walking Dead : Michonne Michonne Nominated -- BTVA Video Game Voice Acting Award for Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Video Game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Samira Wiley Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Victoria ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' star Samira Wiley on how Black Lives Matter inspired Poussey Washington '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Berlin , Mike ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Out100 : OITNB 's Samira Wiley , Ingenue Of The Year '' . Out . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Samira ( @ samirawiley ) ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Lol , that is Aiyana Ma'at . She 's my sister '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wiley , Josh ( @ imjusjoshin ) ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Watch my sister @ samirawiley on Law & Order SVU tonight ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Wiley , Doris W '' . The Washington Post . July 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 -- via Legacy.com . Also survived by three grandchildren , Aiyana Ma'at , Samira Wiley and Joshua Wiley ... Jump up ^ Wiley in `` Exclusive Interview : Samira Wiley on Orange is the New Black '' . Voice.Fan.TV . December 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . I went to a performing arts school for high school and went to Juilliard ... I went to Duke Ellington School of the Arts in D.C. ^ Jump up to : Abdulhamid , Yassmeen ( September 2013 ) . `` Fame Is the New Reality for ' Orange ' Actress '' . The Juilliard School . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley on Playing Poussey and Tweets From Regina King -- Exclusive ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Catching Up With Orange is the New Black 's Samira Wiley '' . Blackfilm.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` O , That Rowdy Passage From Celibate to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Interview : Samira Wiley Talks Taystee - Poussey , Netflix Model and Season 2 '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breger , Esther ( 1 July 2014 ) . `` Interview : Orange Is The New Black 's Poussey on Playing the Season 's Tragic Heroine '' . NewRepublic . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Samira Wiley , The Extraordinary Poussey on ' Orange is the New Black '' . Pajiba . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Ariel ( 25 Aug 2014 ) . `` Bustle '' . Bustle . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' Just Cast An ' OITNB ' Actress As Michonne '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Let Jack Black and Samira Wiley transport you to Minecraft : The Island '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Samira Wiley Rocks High Fashion Looks For Maniac Magazine . Images by April Hubal '' . SUPERSELECTED Black Fashion Magazine Black Models Black Contemporary Artists Art Black Musicians. 31 Oct 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alexa Rae ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Talk about My Music , Not My Sexuality , ' Says Sam Smith as He Joins Samira Wiley , Ellen Page and Zachary Quinto on Cover of Multiple Edition OUT Magazine '' . Daily Mail . UK : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Hayley ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Human Rights Campaign '' . Human Rights Campaign . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies , The Handmaid 's Tale Lead the 2017 Emmy Winners '' . Vulture . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macatee , Rebecca ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Is Engaged To Lauren Morelli '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savada , Shira ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Exclusive : Samira Wiley and Lauren Morelli Are Married ! '' . Martha Stewart Weddings . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` OUT100 : Samira Wiley , Actress '' . Out . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Michonne - Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Samira Wiley on IMDb ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samira_Wiley&oldid=830692799 '' Categories : 1987 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Washington , D.C. African - American actresses American actresses American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Juilliard School alumni LGBT African Americans LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Washington , D.C. Lesbian actresses Living people Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 11 : 35 . About Wikipedia | who plays poussey from orange is the new black | [
"Samira Wiley (born April 15, 1987)[1] is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Poussey Washington in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and for playing Moira in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the latter role."
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-7964588421480243446 | Mumford & Sons | Mumford & Sons - wikipedia Mumford & Sons Jump to : navigation , search Mumford & Sons Mumford & Sons performing in 2015 Background information Origin London , England Genres Folk rock alternative rock Years active 2007 -- present Labels Gentlemen of the Road Island Glassnote Universal Associated acts Alabama Shakes Moulettes Website mumfordandsons.com Members Marcus Mumford Winston Marshall Ben Lovett Ted Dwane Mumford & Sons are a British band formed in 2007 . The band consists of Marcus Mumford ( lead vocals , electric guitar , acoustic guitar , drums ) , Ben Lovett ( vocals , keyboard , piano , synthesizer ) , Winston Marshall ( vocals , electric guitar , banjo ) and Ted Dwane ( vocals , bass guitar , double bass ) . Mumford & Sons have released three studio albums : Sigh No More ( 2009 ) , Babel ( 2012 ) and Wilder Mind ( 2015 ) . Sigh No More peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and the Billboard 200 in the US , with Babel and Wilder Mind both debuting at number one in the UK and US , the former becoming the fastest - selling rock album of the decade and leading to a headline performance at Glastonbury Festival in 2013 . The band has also issued two live albums : Live at Shepherd 's Bush Empire ( 2011 ) and The Road to Red Rocks ( 2012 ) . The band have won a number of music awards throughout their career , with Sigh No More earning the band the Brit Award for Best British Album in 2011 and six overall Grammy Award nominations . The live performance at the 2011 Grammy ceremony with Bob Dylan and The Avett Brothers led to a surge in popularity for the band in the US . The band received eight total Grammy nominations for Babel and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . The band also won the Brit Award for Best British Group in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.2 Sigh No More ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 1.3 Babel ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1.4 Wilder Mind ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Musical style and development 3 Gentlemen of the Road 4 Band members 4.1 Band members 4.2 Live musicians 4.3 Studio musicians 4.4 Past studio musicians 4.5 Past live musicians 5 Discography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Mumford & Sons were formed in December 2007 by multi-instrumentalists Marcus Mumford , Ben Lovett , Winston Marshall and Ted Dwane . Band members play acoustic guitar , drums , keyboard instruments , bass guitar , and traditional folk instruments such as banjo , mandolin and resonator guitar . The band name originates from the fact that Marcus Mumford was the most visible member , organizing the band and their performances . Lovett indicated that the name was meant to invoke the sense of an `` antiquated family business name '' . A handful of similar bands were increasing their visibility in West London around the same time , giving rise to the label `` West London folk scene '' . Mumford downplays that characterisation as an exaggeration -- Mumford & Sons and a few other folk acts just happened to be operating in the same general area at the time . In an interview with the Herald Sun , Marcus Mumford said , `` It 's not folk really . Well , some of it is , and it 's certainly not a scene . Someone got over-excited about a few bands who live in a hundred - mile radius and put it in a box to sell it as a package . It 's a community , not a scene . It 's not exclusive . '' Having developed in the same musical and cultural environment , Mumford & Sons ' sound has been compared to that of artists such as Noah and the Whale , Johnny Flynn and Laura Marling , whose backing band had included Marshall , Mumford , and Dwane . In early 2008 , the band began working with manager Adam Tudhope , who , as part of management company Everybody 's , also represents Keane and Laura Marling . It was through Tudhope 's connection that Mumford & Sons were exposed to their future A&R at Island , Louis Bloom , who began monitoring the band . Bloom told HitQuarters that they were still at a fledgling state and not yet ready for a label deal : `` There was no one there for it , just a few friends , and they needed time to develop . Over the next six months I kept going to see them and they were literally picking up fans every time . '' In February 2008 , the band completed an extensive UK tour with support from Alessi 's Ark , Sons of Noel and Adrian , Peggy Sue and others . June 2008 marked the band 's first appearance at the Glastonbury Festival . They also toured Australia with Laura Marling , whose disinclination to interact with audiences encouraged Mumford into the spotlight . The experience helped inform his attitude towards Mumford & Sons audiences , which is to interact frequently and to try to create a comfortable , casual atmosphere . Mumford & Sons ' first project was an EP entitled Love Your Ground which took a year to complete and was released in November 2008 on Chess Club Records . Sigh No More ( 2009 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Throughout 2008 and into 2009 , Mumford & Sons performed in small to moderate venues in the UK and US , exposing audiences to Love Your Ground tracks and other material that would eventually become Sigh No More . The band finally recorded Sigh No More with Markus Dravs , who had produced albums with artists such as Arcade Fire . At the time , band members did not even own their own instruments -- Dravs initially turned them away when they showed up at the recording sessions empty - handed . The only track from Love Your Ground to be included on Sigh No More was `` Little Lion Man '' . The band told the Herald Sun that they self - financed the album to avoid the artistic and technical compromises that sometimes befall studio - financed projects . They toured again in support of Laura Marling in 2009 , and Mumford & Sons were contributing musicians to her 2010 album I Speak Because I Can . Mumford & Sons performing at Dot to Dot Festival in Bristol on 23 May 2009 In August 2009 , Mumford & Sons signed a licensing deal to Island Records in the UK , to Dew Process in Australia and New Zealand , to Glassnote Records in North America and Cooperative Music in the rest of the world , and through its own label Gentlemen of the Road . Dew Process boss Paul Piticco signed the band after witnessing a US performance in 2009 and appreciating their `` honest '' approach and unique sound . Their debut album was released on 5 October 2009 with `` Little Lion Man '' as the lead single . Dave Berry of XFM named `` Little Lion Man '' his record of the week , and in another interview with the band , Berry said `` Screw ' of the week ' , it 's my favourite track of the year . '' BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe made `` Little Lion Man '' his `` Reaction Record '' on 27 July 2009 , before naming it the `` Hottest Record in the World '' the following evening . In their first performance on US network television , the band played `` Little Lion Man '' on CBS 's Late Show with David Letterman on 17 February 2010 . This appearance was followed by a performance of `` The Cave '' on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on 26 February 2010 . Mumford & Sons have been commercially successful in Australia and New Zealand . By January 2010 , `` Little Lion Man '' topped the Triple J Hottest 100 list for all of 2009 , with its margin of victory the largest in the history of the chart . In November 2010 , the band won an ARIA Music Award for Most Popular International Artist . Sigh No More first reached number 9 on the New Zealand charts in October 2010 , and subsequently topped the chart in January 2011 due to the popularity of the singles from the album . In a March 2010 interview , Ray Davies announced that Mumford & Sons would be appearing on his forthcoming collaborations album . Marcus Mumford confirmed this in an interview the same month , stating , `` I am more excited about that than I have been about anything before in my life '' . Mumford & Sons performed the track `` Days / This Time Tomorrow '' along with Davies on 12 February 2010 on Later ... with Jools Holland on the BBC . Marcus Mumford and Winston Marshall on stage in Brighton , 4 October 2010 In December 2010 , Mumford & Sons earned Grammy Award nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Song ( `` Little Lion Man '' ) . While they did not go on to win an award , the band performed their single `` The Cave '' at the Grammy ceremony . The performance earned positive media attention and boosted visibility for Sigh No More -- US sales increased by 99 % in the period following the ceremony in February 2011 . The album subsequently peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and the Billboard 200 in the US . On 7 December 2010 , in collaboration with Dharohar Project and Laura Marling , Mumford & Sons released an EP album recorded in Delhi , India . The album was recorded in a makeshift studio with traditional Rajasthani musicians and features four collaborations , including multicultural mash - ups of Marling 's `` Devil 's Spoke '' and Mumford & Sons ' `` To Darkness . '' Sigh No More is certified 4x Platinum in the UK , and 2x Platinum in the US . The band continued to grow in popularity in 2011 , winning several major awards and headlining larger shows and festivals . In February 2011 , they received a European Border Breakers Award for their international success . They received a Brit Award for British Album of the Year with Sigh No More and performed `` Timshel '' at the ceremony . UK sales of the album subsequently increased by 266 percent . While touring the United States in early 2011 , the band began writing songs for the follow - up album . Keyboardist Ben Lovett credited the creative atmosphere of Nashville , Tennessee with easing the songwriting process . While performing in Kansas City , Missouri on 3 June , the first stop of their US tour , the band announced they had been recording a new album , initially set to be released in late 2011 . They then performed several new tracks from the forthcoming album , the title of which was not revealed . In April 2011 , the group joined Old Crow Medicine Show and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros on the inaugural Railroad Revival Tour , which was inspired by the Festival Express tour across Canada in 1970 that included Buddy Guy , Janis Joplin , The Grateful Dead and The Band . Travelling exclusively in vintage rail cars , the three bands performed in six `` unique outdoor locations '' over the course of a week starting in Oakland , California . Ketch Secor of Old Crow told American Songwriter that `` It 's like we left all our baggage at home and just brought our instruments , '' often writing new songs while on the train . `` We were just on these old rattling rails . It was a railroad odyssey that would have made Woody and Doc tip their hats and blow their whistles , '' he says . They appear in the musical documentary Big Easy Express , directed by Emmett Malloy , being made of the trip which premiered March 2012 at the South by Southwest Film Conference and Festival ( SXSW Film ) in Austin , Texas -- winning the Headliner Audience Award . The film went on to win `` Best Long Form Video '' at the 2013 Grammy Awards . Mumford & Sons played at the Glastonbury Festival on Friday 24 June 2011 , and then embarked on a North American tour on which they frequently performed songs from the upcoming album . They recorded two songs for Andrea Arnold 's adaptation of Wuthering Heights , one of which ( entitled `` Enemy '' ) is featured during the closing credits . In June 2012 , Mumford & Sons contributed the song `` Learn Me Right '' with Birdy to the Pixar film Brave . Babel ( 2012 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Mumford & Sons released their second studio album Babel on 24 September 2012 , with a track listing of 12 songs , and a deluxe edition containing three exclusive songs . The lead single `` I Will Wait '' premiered on Zane Lowe 's BBC Radio 1 show on 7 August . On 29 August 2012 , Mumford & Sons recorded their concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado . The Concert was later released on DVD , Vinyl and on iTunes as `` Road to Red Rocks '' . The performance of `` I Will Wait '' from the concert was released ahead of the DVD on 9 September as the band 's official video for the song . On 22 September 2012 , the band performed two songs from the new album , `` I Will Wait '' and `` Below My Feet '' , on Saturday Night Live . Mumford & Sons performing at the 2013 Brit Awards held at the O2 Arena in London , 20 February 2013 Babel debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . It became the fastest selling album of 2012 in the UK , selling over 158,000 copies in its first week , and was the biggest selling debut of any album in 2012 in the US , selling 600,000 in its first week , and over a million worldwide . In December 2012 , Winston Marshall told NME that the band was rehearsing and writing for their next album . The first phase of a 2013 world tour in support of Babel was released in November 2012 . Their Gentlemen of the Road tour continued through 2013 . After performing two shows on 8 & 9 June 2013 at the Austin360 Amphitheater in Austin , Texas , bassist Ted Dwane checked into a hospital the next day . Surgeons found a blood clot on the surface of his brain and performed surgery to remove it . Heeding medical advice to aid Dwane 's recovery , the band cancelled the rest of its Summer Stampede Tour , including performances at the 2013 Bonnaroo Music Festival and returned to the UK . Dwane 's surgery was successful , and his recovery was such that the band were able to headline the 2013 Glastonbury Festival on 30 June , with the band receiving acclaim for their performance . After first including select stopover cities in their 2012 Tour , the band again selected five cities in Canada , the UK and US to host a two - day festival with shows on multiple stages as well as various other activities and performances . The first stopover of the 2013 Gentleman of the Road tour was in Lewes , East Sussex , from 19 to 20 July . Next was Simcoe , Ontario from 23 to 24 August , followed by Troy , Ohio from 30 to 31 August . The band rounded out their tour with stopovers in Guthrie , Oklahoma on 6 and 7 September and finally St. Augustine , Florida on 13 and 14 September . The Vaccines , Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros , Vampire Weekend , Old Crow Medicine Show , Yacht Club DJs , Alabama Shakes and various other bands also performed at many of the stopovers throughout the tour . After the end of the Babel tour , Mumford and Sons took a five - month break before returning to the studio in February 2014 to start work on their third album . Wilder Mind ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) On 27 February 2015 , the band released a short video teasing new live material , promising a further announcement on 2 March 2015 . It was revealed on 2 March 2015 that the third studio album from the band will be entitled Wilder Mind and will be released on 4 May 2015 , with the first single `` Believe '' being released to radio stations on 9 March and available to download straight after . The announcement also confirmed a new series of Gentleman of the Road Stopovers festivals for Summer 2015 . Mumford & Sons made their live return at the 375 capacity Oslo venue in Hackney , London on 10 March 2015 with an intimate show for family and friends . The band played again to fans on the following two nights , debuting songs from Wilder Mind . The second single from Wilder Mind , `` The Wolf '' premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 9 April 2015 , and was made available to download straight after , with the official audio being uploaded to the band 's YouTube channel . The official video , a live video of the band performing the song , was uploaded to YouTube on 13 April 2015 . Mumford & Sons confirmed their return on 14 January 2015 with the announcement of a headline performance at the 2015 Bonnaroo Music Festival . Mumford and Sons headlined the Reading & Leeds Festivals in 2015 . In the following weeks , many other dates were added to their 2015 UK & Ireland tour . On 30 April 2015 , the band announced an intimate show at Brighton Corn Exchange exclusively to members of their mailing list . The gig took place on 1 May 2015 . Mumford & Sons promoted their new album with several TV appearances and radio broadcasts , including a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1 , The Graham Norton Show , Saturday Night Live on NBC , Later ... with Jools Holland on the BBC the Late Show with David Letterman , and live streamed concerts for iHeartRadio and SiriusXM . On 13 April 2015 , the band announced a 16 - date North America tour in - between summer festival dates ; the tour started on 2 June 2015 in Brooklyn , New York . For Record Store Day on 18 April 2015 , the band released the coordinates of stores where fans could attend to listen to Wilder Mind in full on vinyl record , over two weeks before its release . The band also released a limited edition 7 '' record of `` Believe '' / `` The Wolf '' for the event . Wilder Mind was released 4 May 2015 . Wilder Mind debuted at number one in the UK , the US and Australia . On 17 June 2016 , Mumford & Sons released an EP titled Johannesburg . Musical style and development ( edit ) The band members play multiple instruments in live performances . Here Marcus Mumford sits at a drum kit . Mumford & Sons have been described by The Hollywood Reporter and Forbes as a folk rock band . They began by using bluegrass and folk instrumentation , with the core instruments of acoustic guitar , banjo , piano and a double bass , played with a rhythmic style based in alternative rock and folk . In the documentary Big Easy Express , Marcus Mumford recognises the Old Crow Medicine Show influence : `` I first heard Old Crow 's music when I was , like , 16 , 17 , and that really got me into , like , folk music , bluegrass . I mean , I 'd listened to a lot of Dylan , but I had n't really ventured into the country world so much . So Old Crow were the band that made me fall in love with country music . '' Mumford acknowledges that `` the band inspired them to pick up the banjo and start their now famous country nights in London . '' Ketch Secor , Old Crow front - man , concurs : `` Those boys took the message and ran with it . '' Emmylou Harris was `` among the gateway artists who helped Mumford and bandmates Ben Lovett , Ted Dwane and Winston Marshall discover their love for American roots music . It started with the ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' soundtrack ... That eventually led them to the Old Crow Medicine Show and then deep immersion in old - timey sounds from America 's long - neglected past . '' Much of Mumford & Sons ' lyrical content has a strong literary influence , its debut album name deriving from William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing . The track `` Sigh No More '' includes lines from the play such as Serve God love me and mend , For man is a giddy thing , and One foot in sea and one on shore . The title of the song `` Roll Away Your Stone '' is an allusion to Macbeth ; the song includes the line Stars hide your fires / And these here are my desires which borrows and pares down Macbeth 's line in act 1 , scene 4 : Stars , hide your fires , / Let not light see my black and deep desires . Additionally , `` The Cave '' includes several references to The Odyssey , in particular the sirens that Odysseus encounters on his journey home . The song also contains many references to G.K. Chesterton 's book , St. Francis of Assisi , in which Chesterton uses Plato 's Cave as a way of explaining how St. Francis views the world from God 's perspective . `` Little Lion Man '' appears to be a retelling in dramatic monologue form of Chretien de Troyes ' Yvain , the Knight of the Lion , which is the story of a knight who goes mad after betraying a promise to his wife to return to her . Both `` Timshel '' and `` Dust Bowl Dance '' draw heavily from the John Steinbeck novels Of Mice and Men , East of Eden and The Grapes of Wrath . The band 's change in sound on their third album was described by Lovett as a `` natural departure . '' At the end of the Babel tour Winston Marshall traded his banjo for electric guitar in sound checks and Mumford started playing more drums as the band jammed on heavy instrumentals and even some Radiohead tunes . Banjo does not feature on the record , an instrument that had become synonymous with the band . NME reported that the band 's sound is `` More expansive than ever and decidedly heavier , thanks to the shift in instrumentation . '' The group also employed a full drumkit instead of kick drum . `` We 've had our standard line - up of instruments for the last six years and we felt like that was our palette , ( but ) we started picking up other stuff , '' said Lovett . `` It 's a very natural departure from some of that rootsier stuff . '' Lovett told NME that working with James Ford for Wilder Mind was part of trying something new . `` We felt a need for change . Not from Markus ( Dravs ) , but he was so closely attached to those first two records that as we had taken that time off , we wanted to try doing something new . It felt like , if we do our third record with Markus , does that mean we do our ninth and 10th records with Markus ? At some point you have to try different things , as we collectively felt like it was time to try other stuff . Markus knows that we might well make the next record with him . We definitely have n't broken up ( with Dravs ) , we 're just playing the field ! '' Gentlemen of the Road ( edit ) In 2009 , the band founded Gentlemen of the Road , a live promotions company , record label and organiser of the global series of Stopover Festivals . These festivals tend to take place in towns and villages not normally toured in by bands or singers in an effort to bring money to the place and help businesses there . The band handpicks the supporting acts which play for the Stopover Festivals . These include bands such as Foo Fighters , The Flaming Lips , The Vaccines , The Maccabees and Jenny Lewis , amongst others . Band members ( edit ) Band members ( edit ) Marcus Mumford -- lead vocals , guitar , drums Ben Lovett -- vocals , piano , keyboards , synthesisers Winston Marshall -- vocals , guitar , banjo Ted Dwane -- vocals , bass guitar , double bass Live musicians ( edit ) Chris Maas -- drums Tom Hobden -- fiddle ( also of Noah and the Whale ) Nick Etwell -- trumpet , flugelhorn ( also of The Filthy Six ) Dave Williamson -- trombone Studio musicians ( edit ) Wilder Mind James Ford -- drums , percussion , keyboards Tom Hobden -- violin Thomas Bartlett aka Doveman -- keyboards Dave Nelson -- trombone Aaron Dessner -- keyboards Benjamin Lanz -- trombone Past studio musicians ( edit ) Sigh No More Nick Etwell -- trumpet , flugelhorn Pete Beachill -- trombone Nell Catchpole -- violin , viola Christopher Allan -- cello Markus Dravs -- a nail and a piano string Tom Hobden -- original string parts on Track 5 Babel Chris Allan -- cello Nell Catchpole -- violin , viola Nick Etwell -- trumpet , flugelhorn Ross Holmes -- fiddle Dave Williamson -- trombone Past live musicians ( edit ) Ross Holmes -- fiddle ( also of Chessboxer ) Richard Freeman -- trumpet Ephraim Owens -- trumpet Ben ( Unknown second name ) -- trumpet Davie ( Unknown second name ) -- trombone Will Calderbank -- cello ( also of Sons of Noel and Adrian ) Chris Allan -- cello Michael Siddell -- violin ( also of The Leisure Society ) Ivan Bunyard -- drums Harry Cargill -- guitar , mandolin ( replacement guitar when Mumford broke his hand ) Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Mumford & Sons discography and List of songs recorded by Mumford & Sons Sigh No More ( 2009 ) Babel ( 2012 ) Wilder Mind ( 2015 ) Johannesburg ( EP ) ( 2016 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Mumford & Sons Mumford & Sons have been awarded the following honors : ARIA Music Awards 2010 , Most Popular International Artist Q Awards 2010 , Best New Act UK Festival Awards 2010 , Breakthrough Artist Americana Music Honors & Awards 2011 , Emerging Artist of the Year Billboard Music Award 2011 , Top Rock Album ( for Sigh No More ) Billboard Music Award 2011 , Top Alternative Album ( for Sigh No More ) Billboard Music Award 2011 , Top Alternative Artist Brit Awards 2011 , British Album of the Year ( for Sigh No More ) Billboard Music Awards 2013 , Top Rock Album ( for Babel ) Brit Awards 2013 , Best British Group Echo Music Prize 2013 , International Rock / Pop Group Grammy Award 2013 , Album of the Year ( for Babel ) Grammy Award 2013 , Best Long Form Music Video ( for Big Easy Express ) Juno Award 2013 , International Album of the Year Ivor Novello Awards 2014 , International Achievement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ted Dwane 's other band , Moulettes `` . Mumfordandsonsblog.tumblr.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mumford & Sons album Babel is fastest seller of 2012 in UK and US '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mumford & Sons ' ' Babel ' Scores Biggest Debut of Year , Bows at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard. 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Betts , Marianne ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Mumford & Sons have taken Australia by storm '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` London -- Radio -- Mumford and Sons '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Mumford and Sons : Ben Lovett talks about playing with Dylan , recording with Ray Davies , and high - fiving R. Kelly '' . Entertainment Weekly Music Mix . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Tim ( 28 July 2008 ) . `` Mumford & Sons , The Luminaire , London '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Lynn ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` From the archives : FFS interviews Mumford and Sons '' . For Folk 's Sake . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Louis Bloom '' . HitQuarters. 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford And Sons : ' We were banished from studio by producer ' '' . NME.COM. 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sound of 2009 : Mumford & Sons '' . News.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zane ( 27 July 2009 ) . `` Tracklisting -- Monday 27 July 2009 '' . BBC Radio 1 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zane ( 28 July 2009 ) . `` Tracklisting -- Tuesday 28 July 2009 '' . BBC Radio 1 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford And Sons censor ' Little Lion Man ' for David Letterman '' . NME.COM . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Natalie ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Aussies rock in Triple J 's Hottest 100 '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Collett - White , Mike ( 20 November 2010 ) . `` Mumford & Sons top ARIA Awards '' . Billboard 122 ( 46 ) : p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` International Charts : Mumford & Sons ' Sigh No More rallies around globe '' . Music Week : p. 28 ( 22 January 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Uricheck , Mark ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` THE MUSICIAN 'S VOICE : A Chat With The Legendary Ray Davies '' . Themusiciansvoice.blogspot.com . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Later live ... with Jools Holland : Ray Davies & Mumford and Sons -- Days / This Time Tomorrow '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` A Grammy performance is good for business '' . USA Today . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mumford & Sons reach UK and US million sales landmark '' . NME.COM. 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Now 37 ' Livens Up Billboard 200 at No. 1 , Mumford Climb to No. 2 '' . Billboard. 16 February 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British Certification database '' . Bpi.co.uk . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Certifications database '' . Riaa.com . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of the 2011 European Border Breakers Awards '' . Ec.europa.eu. 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` Mumford & Sons write Sigh No More follow - up while touring US '' . MTV . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Setlist.fm 2011 '' . Setlist.fm . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Garvanin , Sinead ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` Mumford 's railroad revival : The band boarded the Big Easy Express for a US tour with a difference '' . BBC Radio : 6 Music News . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 24 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Moss , Marissa ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` Mumford & Co . Chase The American Dream in Big Easy Express '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Hannah ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Q & A with Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show '' . The DePaulia . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW Film Announces 2012 Features Lineup ; ' Big Easy Express ' to Close Festival '' by Nigel M. Smith , IndieWire.com ; 1 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Jay A. ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` SXSW 2012 : ' Big Easy Express ' Wins Headliner Audience Award : Emmett Malloy 's film follows folk rock bands on the road '' The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site of Music 's Biggest Night '' . GRAMMY.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Glastonbury Festival '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Jagernuth , Kevin ( 23 May 2011 ) . `` Mumford & Sons Record New Song `` Enemy '' For Andrea Arnold 's ' Wuthering Heights ' `` . Indie Wire . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryko ( 1 May 2012 ) . `` First Details on ' Brave ' Soundtrack ! ( UPDATE ) '' . Upcoming Pixar . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons announce details of new album , ' Babel ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons ' ' Babel ' to be Released Sept. 25 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons track played for first time on Radio 1 '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LISTEN : Mumford & Sons unveil new single ' I Will Wait ' '' . Clixie. 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mumford & Sons Match Grandeur of Red Rocks on ' I Will Wait ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan Nicklaus ( 23 September 2012 ) . `` Mumford & Sons Save the Day on ' SNL ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons : ' We 're already working on new songs ' 2012 '' . NME . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Studio Juice , Ltd . `` Mumford & Sons -- Live '' . Mumfordandsons.com . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BONNAROO & US TOUR -- A STATEMENT FROM THE BAND '' . Mumfordandsons.com . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glastonbury 2013 -- review : Mumford and Sons give a triumphant performance on last night '' . The Independent . 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gentlemen of the Road Stopovers 2013 -- Mumford & Sons '' . Gentlemenoftheorad.com . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mumford & Sons -- SOLD OUT ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Mumford & Sons April 6th , 2015 ( le ) poisson rouge '' . Lepoissonrouge.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford and Sons taking a break '' . The Huffington Post . 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( 22 September 2013 ) . `` Mumford & Sons Taking a Break '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kat . `` Mumford will start writing for new album '' . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kat . `` Ben Lovett Announces his Engagement and Work on New Album '' . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kat . `` Mumford and Sons 2015 Tour to be Announced on Monday '' . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kat . `` Mumford and Sons ' 3rd studio album `` Wilder Mind '' due out May 4th `` . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- Mumford and Sons '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets , Line - up , News & Info -- Stopovers '' . Gentlemenoftheroad.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons announce new album details and tour '' . Never Enough Notes . Never Enough Notes . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford And Sons -- Oslo '' . Oslohackney.com. 2015 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mumford & Sons -- The Wolf ( Official Audio ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Mumford & Sons -- The Wolf ( Live ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Kat . `` Mumford and Sons Confirmed Headlining 2015 Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival '' . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons Friday 28 Aug 2015 Main Stage '' . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Mumford & Sons announce mobile phone - free gig in Brighton '' . Nme.Com. 2015 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ 1 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Live Lounge Mumford & Sons '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- The Graham Norton Show , Series 17 , Episode 4 '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Taraji P. Henson with Mumford & Sons Episodes Saturday Night Live '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Later ... with Jools Holland -- Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Later ... with Jools Holland -- Full Episode -- Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons Kick Off CBS 's Legends On Letterman : The online music series celebrates the amazing musical acts that have performed '' . CBS.com. 2015 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Show with Trevor Noah - Series Comedy Central Official Site CC.com '' . Thedailyshow.cc.com. 2016 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` iHeartRadio Album Release Party with Mumford & Sons iHeartRadio '' . News.iheart.com. 2015 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons named their favorite songs by other artists ! SiriusXM Blog '' . Blog.siriusxm.com. 2015 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons on Twitter : `` North America ! New summer tour dates announced ! Tickets on sale 10am local time Friday 17th April . `` '' . Twitter.com. 2015 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons '' . Record Store Day . Archived from the original on 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Forums Archive -- Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons score their second Number 1 album '' . ( 10 May 2015 ) . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 July 2015 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Mumford & Sons Scores Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Wilder Mind : Australian Album Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved 24 July 2015 Jump up ^ Hendicott , James ( 22 April 2016 ) . `` Mumford and Sons announce ' Johannesburg ' mini album '' . NME . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith Harris ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Mumford & Sons 's New Album : Johannesburg '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( December 2016 ) . `` The World 's Highest - Paid Musicians Of 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hight , Jewly ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show : The Wheel Of Life '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Talbott , Chris ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show starts new chapter with ' Carry Me Back ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Talbott , Chris ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Emmylou , Mumford & Sons team for ' CMT Crossroads ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MACBETH , Act 1 Scene 4 '' . Shakespeare-navigators.com . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NME News Mumford & Sons say going electric on new album is ' a natural departure ' '' . Nme.Com. 2015 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Page 2 of Mumford & Sons Talk Going Electric on New Album ' Wilder Mind ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets , Line - up , News & Info '' . Gentlemenoftheroad.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Gentlemen Of The Road Stopovers 2015 - Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com. 2016 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` BABEL / DELUXE by MUMFORD & SONS '' . HMV . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Personnel : Duchess Nell Catchpole ( violin , viola ) ; Ross Holmes ( fiddle ) ; Chris Allan ( cello ) ; Nick Etwell ( trumpet , flugelhorn ) ; Dave Williamson ( trombone ) Jump up ^ `` One Sharp Cat : Nick Etwell '' . The Huffington Post UK . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ChessBoxer '' . Facebook . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Today Bexhill -- tomorrow Glastonbury ! '' . Bexhill Observer . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brewed Aboard The Ark ' The Leisure Society 's Mike Siddell Brews Own Brand Beer '' . The British Guild of Beer Writers . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brewed Aboard The Ark ' The Leisure Society 's Mike Siddell Brews Own Brand Beer '' . The British Guild of Beer Writers . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Mumford and Sons to play festival shows with guest musicians after Marcus Mumford breaks hand '' . Nme.com. 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMumford & Sonsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Mumford & Sons on Twitter Mumford & Sons on IMDb Preceded by Frank Ocean Saturday Night Live musical guest September 22 , 2012 Succeeded by Muse Preceded by Carly Rae Jepsen Saturday Night Live musical guest April 11 , 2015 Succeeded by Wiz Khalifa Mumford & Sons Marcus Mumford Winston Marshall Ben Lovett Ted Dwane Albums Sigh No More ( 2009 ) Babel ( 2012 ) Wilder Mind ( 2015 ) Live albums Live at Shepherd 's Bush Empire The Road to Red Rocks Studio extended plays Mumford & Sons Love Your Ground The Cave and the Open Sea Mumford & Sons , Laura Marling & Dharohar Project The Wedding Band -- The First Dance Johannesburg Live extended plays iTunes Festival : London 2009 iTunes Festival : London 2010 iTunes Festival : London 2012 Live from Bull Moose Apple Music Festival : London 2015 Singles `` Little Lion Man '' `` Winter Winds '' `` The Cave '' `` Roll Away Your Stone '' `` I Will Wait '' `` Lover of the Light '' `` Whispers in the Dark '' `` Babel '' `` Believe '' `` The Wolf '' `` Ditmas '' `` Tompkins Square Park '' `` There Will Be Time '' `` Just Smoke '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations List of songs Laura Marling Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) VIAF : 159349002 LCCN : no2010068247 ISNI : 0000 0001 2195 5760 GND : 16049438 - 2 BNF : cb16653724q ( data ) MusicBrainz : c44e9c22 - ef82 - 4a77 - 9bcd - af6c958446d6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumford_%26_Sons&oldid=816063808 '' Categories : ARIA Award winners British folk rock groups Brit Award winners Grammy Award winners Juno Award winners Americana Music Honors & Awards winners Island Records artists Musical groups established in 2007 Musical groups from London Musical quartets 2007 establishments in England English rock music groups Echo ( music award ) winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2015 Use British English from April 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the band mumford and sons from | [
"\n\nMumford & Sons\n\n\n\nMumford & Sons performing in 2015\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nOrigin\nLondon, England\n\n\nGenres\n\n\n\nFolk rock\nalternative rock\n\n\n\n\n\nYears active\n2007–present\n\n\nLabels\n\n\n\nGentlemen of the Road\nIsland\nGlassnote\nUniversal\n\n\n\n\n\nAssociated acts\n\n\n\nAlabama Shakes\nMoulettes[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nmumfordandsons.com\n\n\n\n\n\nMembers\n\n\nMarcus Mumford\nWinston Marshall\nBen Lovett\nTed Dwane\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"London, England"
] |
1412834206303259520 | School of American Ballet | School of American Ballet - wikipedia School of American Ballet Jump to : navigation , search School of American Ballet Location New York , New York United States of America Coordinates 40 ° 46 ′ 27 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W / 40.77430 ° N 73.98417 ° W / 40.77430 ; - 73.98417 Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 27 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W / 40.77430 ° N 73.98417 ° W / 40.77430 ; - 73.98417 Information Type Ballet school Established 1934 ( 1934 ) Campus type Urban Website sab.org The School of American Ballet ( SAB ) is an American classical ballet school and is the associate school of the New York City Ballet , a ballet company based at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City . The school trains students from the age of six , with professional vocational ballet training for students aged 11 -- 18 . Graduates of the school achieve employment with leading ballet companies worldwide , most notably in the United States with New York City Ballet , American Ballet Theatre , Boston Ballet , and San Francisco Ballet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Program 3 Faculty 4 Alumni 5 Mae L. Wien Awards 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The school was founded by the renowned Russo - Georgian - born choreographer George Balanchine , and philanthropists Lincoln Kirstein and Edward Warburg in 1934 . Balanchine 's self - prescribed edict , `` But first , a school '' , is indicative of his adherence to the ideals of the training that was fostered by the Imperial Ballet School where he received his training . He realized that most great dance companies were fed by an academy closely associated with it . This practice afforded scores of dancers , well versed in the specifics of his technique and choreographic style . Among the teachers there were many Russian emigres who fled the Russian Revolution : Pierre Vladimiroff , Felia Doubrovska , Anatole Oboukhoff , Hélène Dudin , Ludmilla Schollar , Antonina Tumkovsky , and Alexandra Danilova . Their intention was to establish a major classical ballet company in America , which would lead to the formation of today 's New York City Ballet . The school was formed to train and feed dancers into the company . It opened at 637 Madison Avenue with 32 students on January 2 , 1934 , and the students first performed that June . Seventy - five years later , the School was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama . Program ( edit ) Students are chosen through audition . Children 's division auditions for the 2007 - 08 school year included six - year - olds for the first time ; previously , the youngest students were required to turn eight in the year they began their studies . Children in the younger divisions are able to perform in various ballets with the company including George Balanchine 's famous The Nutcracker , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Peter Martins 's Swan Lake , and The Sleeping Beauty . The most advanced students perform in a workshop at the end of each year where the heads of many prestigious ballet companies choose several of them to join their companies , including New York City Ballet . This started in 1965 , when Alexandra Danilova sought and received approval from Balanchine to produce a spring workshop performance for the students . These workshops have become an important preview for many outstanding dancers . The school also hosts a summer program , where it selects about 200 dance students from across the country to train for five weeks . This summer program is one of the most selective ballet summer programs in the country . During the summer program , students are divided into six girls ' classes and two boys ' classes : Girls ' classes : first division through fifth B1 B2 C1 C2 D Boys ' classes : boys one through four ( boys stay in the same level for two years before moving to the next ) intermediate men advanced men second advanced men A small group of students from the summer program may be invited to enroll in SAB 's winter term . Faculty ( edit ) See also : Category : School of American Ballet faculty . As of June 2016 , the faculty of School of American Ballet includes Peter Martins ( artistic director / chairman of faculty ) , Kay Mazzo ( co-chairman of faculty ) , Susan Pilarre , Suki Schorer , Sheryl Ware , Arch Higgins , Katrina Killian , Darci Kistler , Andrei Kramarevsky , Dena Abergel , Lisa de Ribere , Andrew Scordato , Allen Peiffer , Jock Soto , and Jonathan Stafford . Alumni ( edit ) See also : Category : School of American Ballet alumni . According to SAB , alumni of the School of American Ballet make up over 90 % of New York City Ballet , all but two of the company at present . Some alumni include Maria Tallchief , Tanaquil LeClercq , Jacques d'Amboise , Debra Austin , Jillana , Allegra Kent , Arthur Mitchell , Patricia McBride , Edward Villella , Suzanne Farrell , Kay Mazzo , Kathryn Morgan , Garielle Whittle , Helgi Tomasson , Fernando Bujones , Gelsey Kirkland , Heather Watts , Merrill Ashley , Jock Soto , Peter Boal , Victoria Rowell , Kyra Nichols , Darci Kistler , Patrick Bissell , Damian Woetzel , Ethan Stiefel , Wendy Whelan , Alan Bergman and Paloma Herrera as well as celebrities Sean Young , Ashlee Simpson , Macaulay Culkin , Lawrence Leritz , Vanessa Carlton , Megan Mullally , Alex Westerman , Ivanka Trump , and Madeleine Martin . Mae L. Wien Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Mae L. Wien Awards recipients Lawrence A. Wien , his daughters and their families founded the Mae L. Wien Awards in their mother 's name . SAB students are chosen each year on the basis of their outstanding promise and a faculty member is honored for distinguished service . New York City Ballet chief balletmaster Peter Martins may give a third award to a young choreographer at his discretion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Edward M.M. Warburg Strives to Give Life Meaning Through Art '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . November 19 , 1933 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jack Anderson , `` Felia Doubrovska Dies at 85 ; Ballerina and Noted Teacher '' , New York Times , September 21 , 1981 . Jump up ^ RAIN DEFERS RECITAL OF BALLET SCHOOL ; 250 Guests of Mr. and Mrs. Felix M. Warburg Witness Part of Event at White Plains , June 10 , 1934 Jump up ^ BALLET SCHOOL GIVES 2 WORLD PREMIERES ; Recital at Estate of the Felix M. Warburgs Is First Outside of Studio , June 11 , 1934 . Jump up ^ White House Announces 2009 National Medal of Arts Recipients Archived 2010 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jennifer ( May 22 , 1989 ) . `` Ballet School Gala Benefit Is a Farewell For Teacher '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ dancers by name , NYCB website Jump up ^ dancers by rank , NYCB website External links ( edit ) Official website Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Venues Alice Tully Hall Damrosch Park David Geffen Hall David H. Koch Theater Rose Hall Metropolitan Opera House Vivian Beaumont Theater Walter Reade Theater Resident companies Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center Film Society of Lincoln Center Jazz at Lincoln Center Juilliard School Lincoln Center Theater Metropolitan Opera New York City Ballet New York City Opera New York Philharmonic New York Public Library for the Performing Arts School of American Ballet Schools of professional ballet Europe Académie Royale de Danse Royal Danish Ballet school Elmhurst School for Dance English National Ballet School John Cranko Schule La Scala Theatre Ballet School Lviv State Choreographic School Moscow State Academy of Choreography Perm State Choreographic College Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance Royal Ballet School Royal Swedish Ballet School Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet Americas Canada 's National Ballet School Cuban National Ballet School Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School Pacific Northwest Ballet School Royal Winnipeg Ballet School San Francisco Ballet School School of American Ballet Other Tokyo Ballet K - ballet Cairo Opera Ballet Company Higher Institute of Ballet Australian Ballet School Beijing Dance Academy Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad VIAF : 125546615 LCCN : n85012731 ISNI : 0000 0001 2216 2156 GND : 4747069 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_of_American_Ballet&oldid=817283561 '' Categories : School of American Ballet United States National Medal of Arts recipients Ballet schools in the United States Dance in New York City Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Português Română Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 10 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who started the school of american ballet and the new york city ballet | [
"The school was founded by the renowned Russo-Georgian-born choreographer George Balanchine, and philanthropists Lincoln Kirstein and Edward Warburg in 1934.[1] Balanchine's self- prescribed edict, \"But first, a school\", is indicative of his adherence to the ideals of the training that was fostered by the Imperial Ballet School where he received his training. He realized that most great dance companies were fed by an academy closely associated with it. This practice afforded scores of dancers, well versed in the specifics of his technique and choreographic style. Among the teachers there were many Russian emigres who fled the Russian Revolution: Pierre Vladimiroff, Felia Doubrovska,[2] Anatole Oboukhoff, Hélène Dudin, Ludmilla Schollar, Antonina Tumkovsky, and Alexandra Danilova. Their intention was to establish a major classical ballet company in America, which would lead to the formation of today's New York City Ballet. The school was formed to train and feed dancers into the company. It opened at 637 Madison Avenue with 32 students on January 2, 1934, and the students first performed that June.[3][4] Seventy-five years later, the School was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama.[5]",
"The school was founded by the renowned Russo-Georgian-born choreographer George Balanchine, and philanthropists Lincoln Kirstein and Edward Warburg in 1934.[1] Balanchine's self- prescribed edict, \"But first, a school\", is indicative of his adherence to the ideals of the training that was fostered by the Imperial Ballet School where he received his training. He realized that most great dance companies were fed by an academy closely associated with it. This practice afforded scores of dancers, well versed in the specifics of his technique and choreographic style. Among the teachers there were many Russian emigres who fled the Russian Revolution: Pierre Vladimiroff, Felia Doubrovska,[2] Anatole Oboukhoff, Hélène Dudin, Ludmilla Schollar, Antonina Tumkovsky, and Alexandra Danilova. Their intention was to establish a major classical ballet company in America, which would lead to the formation of today's New York City Ballet. The school was formed to train and feed dancers into the company. It opened at 637 Madison Avenue with 32 students on January 2, 1934, and the students first performed that June.[3][4] Seventy-five years later, the School was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama.[5]",
"The school was founded by the renowned Russo-Georgian-born choreographer George Balanchine, and philanthropists Lincoln Kirstein and Edward Warburg in 1934.[1] Balanchine's self- prescribed edict, \"But first, a school\", is indicative of his adherence to the ideals of the training that was fostered by the Imperial Ballet School where he received his training. He realized that most great dance companies were fed by an academy closely associated with it. This practice afforded scores of dancers, well versed in the specifics of his technique and choreographic style. Among the teachers there were many Russian emigres who fled the Russian Revolution: Pierre Vladimiroff, Felia Doubrovska,[2] Anatole Oboukhoff, Hélène Dudin, Ludmilla Schollar, Antonina Tumkovsky, and Alexandra Danilova. Their intention was to establish a major classical ballet company in America, which would lead to the formation of today's New York City Ballet. The school was formed to train and feed dancers into the company. It opened at 637 Madison Avenue with 32 students on January 2, 1934, and the students first performed that June.[3][4] Seventy-five years later, the School was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama.[5]"
] | [
"George Balanchine",
"Lincoln Kirstein",
"Edward Warburg"
] |
-2861914406698881499 | Jason Lewis (actor) | Jason Lewis ( actor ) - wikipedia Jason Lewis ( actor ) Jason Lewis by John Russo Jason Lewis ( born June 25 , 1971 ) is an American actor and former fashion model . He is known for his role as Jerry `` Smith '' Jerrod in the HBO series Sex and the City . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Lewis was born in Newport Beach , California , to Nancy , a nurse , and Gregory Lewis , a judge ; his parents are divorced . He has three siblings , Sean , Katie and Nicole . He grew up in Los Alamitos , California , and graduated from Los Alamitos High School . He attended college at San Diego State University . After college he started modeling , first in Paris and then with star status in Milan in the late 1990s for Guess ? , Tommy Hilfiger and Hugo Boss , among others . Career ( edit ) In 1995 , Lewis made his acting debut as a regular on High Sierra Search and Rescue . He appeared on Beverly Hills , 90210 in 1997 , playing Rob Andrews , a love interest of character Valerie ( Tiffani - Amber Thiessen ) . His most prominent role to date was in Sex and the City , where he was a recurring member of the show 's cast in its final season as waiter turned emerging young actor Smith Jerrod , the one man whose sincerity got to Samantha . He reprised the role in 2008 's Sex and the City : The Movie and its 2010 sequel . Lewis has appeared in several films : My Bollywood Bride , a Hollywood / Bollywood romantic comedy where Lewis plays the leading man opposite Bollywood actress Kashmira Shah , and Mr. Brooks , a thriller , where he plays opposite Demi Moore and Kevin Costner . He is also known in Europe for playing the hunk on the Aero Advert for Aero Bubbles . After appearing on The WB 's supernatural drama Charmed , where he played the recurring role of Dex Lawson , a love interest ( and brief husband ) of Phoebe Halliwell ( Alyssa Milano ) , it was announced on December 5 , 2006 , that he would guest - star on episodes of Brothers & Sisters as a possible love interest to Matthew Rhys ' character Kevin Walker . He signed on to do seven episodes to play Chad Barry , a closeted gay soap opera actor who finds it difficult trying to develop a relationship with Kevin while keeping his sexuality secret from the Hollywood press . He reprised the role in an episode in April 2009 . He also played a soap opera actor on two episodes of House . Lewis appears and is highlighted on the cover in the limited - edition coffee table book About Face , shot by celebrity photographer John Russo and published by Pixie Press Worldwide . Lewis is a supporter of the LGBT community . On May 10 , 2008 , he attended the 19th GLAAD Media Awards , a ceremony that celebrates gay - friendly actors and actresses as well as media outlets . Lewis appeared in the How I Met Your Mother episode `` The Wedding Bride '' as a star in a fictional film within the show . He starred in the 2011 Canadian film Textuality . In addition , he appeared as Pete in the Israeli television show , Be With Her . He starred as Christopher Dollanganger in If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday , the third and fourth films of the Flowers in the Attic TV film series based on the Dollanganger novel series by V.C. Andrews . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1998 Next Stop Wonderland Rory 1999 Kimberly Scott 2000 The King 's Guard William The Elite Jason The Vision Blake Short film 2005 The Jacket Officer Harrison 2006 My Bollywood Bride Alex Kincade 2006 For One Night Mark Manning Television film 2007 Lucifer Lucifer Short film 2007 Mr. Brooks Jesse Vialo 2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Bobby Z 2007 Deadbox Aaron 2008 The Attic John Trevor Direct - to - video 2008 Sex and the City Smith Jerrod 2009 Tribute Ford Sawyer Television film 2009 So che ritornerai Tom Television film Sex and the City 2 Smith Jerrod 2011 Textuality Breslin 2013 The Pardon Cowboy 2017 Running Wild Brannon Bratt 2017 Palm Swings Lance 2018 Half Magic Television Year Title Role Notes 1995 High Sierra Search and Rescue Flynn Norstedt 6 episodes Beverly Hills , 90210 Rob Andrews 4 episodes 2003 -- 2004 Sex and the City Jerry `` Smith '' Jerrod 16 episodes 2003 CSI : Miami Jimmy Hutton Episode : `` Grand Prix '' 2005 Charmed Dex Lawson 6 episodes 2006 The Evidence Inspector Rourke / Officer Rourke 2 episodes 2007 , 2009 Brothers & Sisters Chad Barry 8 episodes 2007 Six Degrees Todd Episode : `` Get a Room '' 2008 House Evan Greer / Dr. Brock Sterling Episode : Living the Dream ( 1 other uncredited ) 2008 Mogli a pezzi Elvio Giorgi Main cast 2008 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Craig Hess Episode : `` Let It Bleed '' 2009 The Eastmans Rick Green Unsold CBS pilot 2009 Rick & Steve : The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World Manfred Dax ( voice ) Episode : `` The Only Straight in the Village '' How I Met Your Mother Movie Tony Episode : `` The Wedding Bride '' 2011 Love Bites N / A Unaired pilot 2012 Watson & Oliver Various Episode # 1.1 2013 Hit the Floor Benny Episode : `` Turnover '' 2014 Be With Her Pete Evans Episode # 10 , Israeli TV show 2015 If There Be Thorns Christopher Dollanganger Lifetime Original Movie 2015 Seeds of Yesterday Christopher Dollanganger Lifetime Original Movie 2017 -- present Midnight , Texas Joe Strong Main cast References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hancock , Louise ( September 21 , 2003 ) . `` Our lad 's ABSOLUTEly Fab '' . Sunday Mirror . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Lewis '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DiPasquale , Cara ; Karnopp , Kris ( March 26 , 2003 ) . `` Former model gets ' Sex and the City ' role '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Watson , Margeaux ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` Sex and the City Q&A : Jason Lewis '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Operation Desert Togs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Lael ( January 27 , 2006 ) . `` My Bollywood Bride '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Mr. Brooks '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Nestlé unveils £ 7m bubbles ad for Aero '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Education Press : Presenting News About Worldwide Education '' . Pixiepressworldwide.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Taps Malin Akerman , Jason Lewis , Chris Kattan '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Text and the city with Jason Lewis '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fries , Laura ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : Lifetime 's ' If There Be Thorns , ' ' Seeds of Yesterday ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Jason Lewis on IMDb Men 's Fitness interview GND : 1013086791 ISNI : 0000 0001 2018 3287 LCCN : no2005049276 NLA : 41897987 VIAF : 76048322 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Lewis_(actor)&oldid=849415550 '' Categories : 1971 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Newport Beach , California American male film actors Male models from California American male television actors LGBT rights activists from the United States Living people People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Activists from California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 21 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played smith jared in sex and the city | [
"Jason Lewis (born June 25, 1971) is an American actor and former fashion model. He is known for his role as Jerry \"Smith\" Jerrod in the HBO series Sex and the City.\n"
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-1560795868762198976 | Mariyappan Thangavelu | Mariyappan Thangavelu - wikipedia Mariyappan Thangavelu Jump to : navigation , search Mariyappan Thangavelu Full name Mariyappan Thangavelu மாரியப்பன் தங்கவேலு ( 1995 - 06 - 28 ) 28 June 1995 ( age 22 ) Periavadagampatti , Salem district , Tamil Nadu , India Sport Country India Sport Athletics Event ( s ) High Jump - T42 Achievements and titles Paralympic finals 2016 Summer Paralympics : High Jump ( T42 ) -- Gold Medal record ( hide ) Representing India Men 's athletics Paralympic Games 2016 Rio Paralympics High Jump ( T42 ) Mariyappan Thangavelu ( born 28 June 1995 ) is an Indian Paralympic high jumper . He represented India in the 2016 Summer Paralympic games held in Rio de Janeiro in the men 's high jump T - 42 category , winning the gold medal in the finals . He is India 's first Paralympian gold medallist since 2004 . Tamil film director Aishwaryaa Dhanush is making a film about this life and achievements titled Mariyappan . On 25 January 2017 , Government of India announced `` Padma Shri '' award for his contribution towards sports and in the same year he was also awarded Arjuna Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Athletic career 3 Personal life 4 Awards and recognition 5 See also 6 References Early life ( edit ) Mariyappan was born in Periavadagampatti village , Salem district , Tamil Nadu , one of six children ( four brothers and a sister ) . His father reportedly abandoned the family early on , and his mother , Saroja , raised her children as a single mother , carrying bricks as a labourer until becoming a vegetable seller , earning ₹ 100 ( US $1.60 ) a day . At the age of five , Mariyappan suffered permanent disability in his right leg when he was run over by a drunk bus driver while walking to school ; the bus crushed his leg below the knee , causing it to become stunted . Despite this setback , he completed secondary schooling ; he says he `` did n't see myself as different from able - bodied kids . '' Athletic career ( edit ) Mariyappan enjoyed playing volleyball as a student ; subsequently , his school physical education instructor encouraged him to try high jumping . In his first competitive event , aged 14 , he placed second among a field of able - bodied competitors , after which he received strong encouragement from his classmates and others in Salem district . In 2013 , his current coach Mr. Satyanarayana , supported by the Sports academy of India for differently - abled , first noticed his performance at the Indian national para-athletics championships , and formally took him on as a student in 2015 , bringing him to Bengaluru for further coaching . In March 2016 , Mariyappan cleared a distance of 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) in the men 's high jump T -- 42 event at the IPC Grand Prix in Tunisia , qualifying him for the Rio Paralympics . At the Rio Paralympics , he won the gold medal in the men 's high jump T -- 42 event , with a leap of 1.89 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) . Personal life ( edit ) In 2015 , Mariyappan completed a bachelor 's degree in business administration from AVS College of Arts and Science . He plans to complete an MBA from the same institution . He has an elder sister Sudha and two younger brothers Kumar and Gopi . Awards and recognition ( edit ) For the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics Padma Shri ( 2017 ) - fourth highest Indian national honour ₹ 2 crore ( US $310,000 ) from the Government of Tamil Nadu ₹ 75 lakh ( US $120,000 ) from the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports ₹ 30 lakh ( US $47,000 ) from the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment ₹ 15 lakh ( US $23,000 ) from fund established by Sachin Tendulkar , various corporations . ₹ 10 lakh ( US $16,000 ) from Yash Raj Films ₹ 10 lakh ( US $16,000 ) from the Delhi Golf Club ₹ 5 lakh ( US $7,800 ) from NRI businessman Mukkattu Sebastian See also ( edit ) Sharad Kumar , P.V. Sindhu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. , Aprameya ( 10 September 2016 ) . `` Rio Paralympics : Who is history - maker Mariyappan Thangavelu ? '' . OneIndia.com . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paralympics 2016 Mariyappan Thangavelu wins India 's first gold in Rio '' . 2016 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stalin , J. Sam Daniel ( 10 September 2016 ) . `` Paralympian Mariyappan Thangavelu 's Golden Leap From Poverty '' . NDTV Sports . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ PTI . `` SRK shares first look of Aishwaryaa Dhanush 's next film '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` PadmaAwards - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` National Sports Awards : Centre unveils list , cricket sensation Harmanpreet Kaur to receive Arjuna Award '' . Financial Express . 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chidananda , Shreedutta ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` It 's not beyond me , even gold is possible : Mariyappan '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indians bag gold , bronze in men 's high jump in Paralympics '' . The Hindu . 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Home Affairs : Padma Awards 2017 '' ( PDF ) . mha.nic.in . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rio Paralympics : Jayalalithaa announces Rs 2 crore award for gold medallist Mariyappan Thangavelu '' . The Indian Express . 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Govt announces Rs 90L cash awards in total for Paralympics medal winners '' . Hindustan Times . 29 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Rio 2016 Paralympics medal winners felicitated '' . The Indian Express . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yash Raj Films to honour Indian Paralympic medal winners '' . Deccan Herals. 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Golf club announces Rs 50 lakh in cash awards for Rio Olympics and Paralympics winners '' . Firstpost Sports . 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NRI businessman announces cash prize for 2016 Rio paralympics heroes '' . News Nation. 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariyappan_Thangavelu&oldid=809344282 '' Categories : Athletes ( track and field ) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics Sportspeople from Tamil Nadu People from Salem district Tamil people Indian high jumpers Living people 1995 births Paralympic athletes of India Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Paralympic gold medalists for India 21st - century Indian sportspeople Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 15 : 03 . About Wikipedia | who won gold medal in rio paralympics in high jump | [
"Mariyappan Thangavelu (born 28 June 1995)[1] is an Indian Paralympic high jumper. He represented India in the 2016 Summer Paralympic games held in Rio de Janeiro in the men's high jump T-42 category, winning the gold medal in the finals.[2][3] He is India's first Paralympian gold medallist since 2004. Tamil film director Aishwaryaa Dhanush is making a film about this life and achievements titled Mariyappan.[4]"
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"Mariyappan Thangavelu"
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5865017245504972276 | Nullification Crisis | Nullification crisis - wikipedia Nullification crisis Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter The Nullification Crisis was a United States sectional political crisis in 1832 -- 33 , during the presidency of Andrew Jackson , which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government . It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state . The U.S. suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s , and South Carolina was particularly affected . Many South Carolina politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy that developed after the War of 1812 to promote American manufacturing over its European production competition . The controversial and highly protective Tariff of 1828 ( known to its detractors as the `` Tariff of Abominations '' ) was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams . The tariff was opposed in the South and parts of New England . By 1828 , South Carolina state politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue . Its opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced . When the Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns , the most radical faction in the state began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina . In Washington , an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun , a native South Carolinian and the most effective proponent of the constitutional theory of state nullification . On July 14 , 1832 , before Calhoun had resigned the Vice Presidency to run for the Senate where he could more effectively defend nullification , Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832 . This compromise tariff received the support of most northerners and half of the southerners in Congress . The reductions were too little for South Carolina , and on November 24 , 1832 , a state convention adopted the Ordinance of Nullification , which declared that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . The state initiated military preparations to resist anticipated federal enforcement . On March 1 , 1833 , Congress passed both the Force Bill -- authorizing the President to use military forces against South Carolina -- and a new negotiated tariff , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , which was satisfactory to South Carolina . The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 15 , 1833 , but three days later nullified the Force Bill as a symbolic gesture to maintain its principles . The crisis was over , and both sides could find reasons to claim victory . The tariff rates were reduced and stayed low to the satisfaction of the South , but the states ' rights doctrine of nullification remained controversial . By the 1850s the issues of the expansion of slavery into the western territories and the threat of the Slave Power became the central issues in the nation . Since the Nullification Crisis , the doctrine of states ' rights has been asserted again by opponents of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , proponents of California 's Specific Contract Act of 1863 ( which nullified the Legal Tender Act of 1862 ) , opponents of Federal acts prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana in the first decade of the 21st century , and opponents of implementation of laws and regulations pertaining to firearms from the late 1900s up to 2013 . Contents 1 Background ( 1787 -- 1816 ) 2 Tariffs ( 1816 -- 1828 ) 3 South Carolina Background ( 1819 -- 1828 ) 4 Route to nullification in South Carolina ( 1828 -- 1832 ) 5 Washington , D.C. ( 1828 -- 1832 ) 6 Negotiation and Confrontation ( 1833 ) 7 Aftermath 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( 1787 -- 1816 ) ( edit ) The historian Richard E. Ellis wrote : By creating a national government with the authority to act directly upon individuals , by denying to the state many of the prerogatives that they formerly had , and by leaving open to the central government the possibility of claiming for itself many powers not explicitly assigned to it , the Constitution and Bill of Rights as finally ratified substantially increased the strength of the central government at the expense of the states . The extent of this change and the problem of the actual distribution of powers between state and the federal governments would be a matter of political and ideological discussion up to the Civil War and beyond . In the early 1790s the debate centered on Alexander Hamilton 's nationalistic financial program versus Jefferson 's democratic and agrarian program , a conflict that led to the formation of two opposing national political parties . Later in the decade the Alien and Sedition Acts led to the states ' rights position being articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions . The Kentucky Resolutions , written by Thomas Jefferson , contained the following , which has often been cited as a justification for both nullification and secession : ... that in cases of an abuse of the delegated powers , the members of the general government , being chosen by the people , a change by the people would be the constitutional remedy ; but , where powers are assumed which have not been delegated , a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy : that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact , ( casus non fœderis ) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits : that without this right , they would be under the dominion , absolute and unlimited , of whosoever might exercise this right of judgment for them : that nevertheless , this commonwealth , from motives of regard and respect for its co-States , has wished to communicate with them on the subject : that with them alone it is proper to communicate , they alone being parties to the compact , and solely authorized to judge in the last resort of the powers exercised under it ... . The Virginia Resolutions , written by James Madison , hold a similar argument : The resolutions , having taken this view of the Federal compact , proceed to infer that , in cases of a deliberate , palpable , and dangerous exercise of other powers , not granted by the said compact , the States , who are parties thereto , have the right , and are in duty bound to interpose to arrest the evil , and for maintaining , within their respective limits , the authorities , rights , and liberties appertaining to them ... The Constitution of the United States was formed by the sanction of the States , given by each in its sovereign capacity . It adds to the stability and dignity , as well as to the authority of the Constitution , that it rests on this solid foundation . The States , then , being parties to the constitutional compact , and in their sovereign capacity , it follows of necessity that there can be no tribunal above their authority to decide , in the last resort , whether the compact made by them be violated ; and , consequently , as parties to it , they must themselves decide , in the last resort , such questions as may be of sufficient magnitude to require their interposition . Historians differ over the extent to which either resolution advocated the doctrine of nullification . Historian Lance Banning wrote , `` The legislators of Kentucky ( or more likely , John Breckinridge , the Kentucky legislator who sponsored the resolution ) deleted Jefferson 's suggestion that the rightful remedy for federal usurpations was a `` nullification '' of such acts by each state acting on its own to prevent their operation within its respective borders . Rather than suggesting individual , although concerted , measures of this sort , Kentucky was content to ask its sisters to unite in declarations that the acts were `` void and of no force '' , and in `` requesting their appeal '' at the succeeding session of the Congress . '' The key sentence , and the word `` nullification '' was used in supplementary Resolutions passed by Kentucky in 1799 . Madison 's judgment is clearer . He was chairman of a committee of the Virginia Legislature which issued a book - length Report on the Resolutions of 1798 , published in 1800 after they had been decried by several states . This asserted that the state did not claim legal force . `` The declarations in such cases are expressions of opinion , unaccompanied by other effect than what they may produce upon opinion , by exciting reflection . The opinions of the judiciary , on the other hand , are carried into immediate effect by force . '' If the states collectively agreed in their declarations , there were several methods by which it might prevail , from persuading Congress to repeal the unconstitutional law , to calling a constitutional convention , as two - thirds of the states may . When , at the time of the Nullification Crisis , he was presented with the Kentucky resolutions of 1799 , he argued that the resolutions themselves were not Jefferson 's words , and that Jefferson meant this not as a constitutional but as a revolutionary right . Madison biographer Ralph Ketcham wrote : Though Madison agreed entirely with the specific condemnation of the Alien and Sedition Acts , with the concept of the limited delegated power of the general government , and even with the proposition that laws contrary to the Constitution were illegal , he drew back from the declaration that each state legislature had the power to act within its borders against the authority of the general government to oppose laws the legislature deemed unconstitutional . '' Historian Sean Wilentz explains the widespread opposition to these resolutions : Several states followed Maryland 's House of Delegates in rejecting the idea that any state could , by legislative action , even claim that a federal law was unconstitutional , and suggested that any effort to do so was treasonous . A few northern states , including Massachusetts , denied the powers claimed by Kentucky and Virginia and insisted that the Sedition law was perfectly constitutional ... Ten state legislatures with heavy Federalist majorities from around the country censured Kentucky and Virginia for usurping powers that supposedly belonged to the federal judiciary . Northern Republicans supported the resolutions ' objections to the alien and sedition acts , but opposed the idea of state review of federal laws . Southern Republicans outside Virginia and Kentucky were eloquently silent about the matter , and no southern legislature heeded the call to battle . Portrait of Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale , 1800 The election of 1800 was a turning point in national politics as the Federalists were replaced by the Democratic - Republican Party led by Jefferson . But , the four presidential terms spanning the period from 1800 to 1817 `` did little to advance the cause of states ' rights and much to weaken it . '' Over Jefferson 's opposition , the power of the federal judiciary , led by Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall , increased . Jefferson expanded federal powers with the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and his use of a national embargo designed to prevent involvement in a European war . Madison in 1809 used national troops to enforce a Supreme Court decision in Pennsylvania , appointed an `` extreme nationalist '' in Joseph Story to the Supreme Court , signed the bill creating the Second Bank of the United States , and called for a constitutional amendment to promote internal improvements . Opposition to the War of 1812 was centered in New England . Delegates to a convention in Hartford , Connecticut met in December 1814 to consider a New England response to Madison 's war policy . The debate allowed many radicals to argue the cause of states ' rights and state sovereignty . In the end , moderate voices dominated and the final product was not secession or nullification , but a series of proposed constitutional amendments . Identifying the South 's domination of the government as the cause of much of their problems , the proposed amendments included `` the repeal of the three - fifths clause , a requirement that two - thirds of both houses of Congress agree before any new state could be admitted to the Union , limits on the length of embargoes , and the outlawing of the election of a president from the same state to successive terms , clearly aimed at the Virginians . '' The war was over before the proposals were submitted to President Madison . James Madison After the conclusion of the War of 1812 Sean Wilentz notes : Madison 's speech ( his 1815 annual message to Congress ) affirmed that the war had reinforced the evolution of mainstream Republicanism , moving it further away from its original and localist assumptions . The war 's immense strain on the treasury led to new calls from nationalist Republicans for a national bank . The difficulties in moving and supplying troops exposed the wretchedness of the country 's transportation links , and the need for extensive new roads and canals . A boom in American manufacturing during the prolonged cessation of trade with Britain created an entirely new class of enterprisers , most of them tied politically to the Republicans , who might not survive without tariff protection . More broadly , the war reinforced feelings of national identity and connection . This spirit of nationalism was linked to the tremendous growth and economic prosperity of this post war era . However in 1819 the nation suffered its first financial panic and the 1820s turned out to be a decade of political turmoil that again led to fierce debates over competing views of the exact nature of American federalism . The `` extreme democratic and agrarian rhetoric '' that had been so effective in 1798 led to renewed attacks on the `` numerous market - oriented enterprises , particularly banks , corporations , creditors , and absentee landholders '' . Tariffs ( 1816 -- 1828 ) ( edit ) The Tariff of 1816 had some protective features , and it received support throughout the nation , including that of John C. Calhoun and fellow South Carolinian William Lowndes . The first explicitly protective tariff linked to a specific program of internal improvements was the Tariff of 1824 . Sponsored by Henry Clay , this tariff provided a general level of protection at 35 % ad valorem ( compared to 25 % with the 1816 act ) and hiked duties on iron , woolens , cotton , hemp , and wool and cotton bagging . The bill barely passed the federal House of Representatives by a vote of 107 to 102 . The Middle states and Northwest supported the bill , the South and Southwest opposed it , and New England split its vote with a majority opposing it . In the Senate the bill , with the support of Tennessee Senator Andrew Jackson , passed by four votes , and President James Monroe , the Virginia heir to the Jefferson - Madison control of the White House , signed the bill on March 25 , 1824 . Daniel Webster of Massachusetts led the New England opposition to this tariff . Protest against the prospect and the constitutionality of higher tariffs began in 1826 and 1827 with William Branch Giles , who had the Virginia legislature pass resolutions denying the power of Congress to pass protective tariffs , citing the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and James Madison 's 1800 defense of them . Madison denied both the appeal to nullification and the unconstitutionality ; he had always held that the power to regulate commerce included protection . Jefferson had , at the end of his life , written against protective tariffs . Portrait of Martin Van Buren The Tariff of 1828 was largely the work of Martin Van Buren ( although Silas Wright Jr. of New York prepared the main provisions ) and was partly a political ploy to elect Andrew Jackson president . Van Buren calculated that the South would vote for Jackson regardless of the issues so he ignored their interests in drafting the bill . New England , he thought , was just as likely to support the incumbent John Quincy Adams , so the bill levied heavy taxes on raw materials consumed by New England such as hemp , flax , molasses , iron and sail duck . With an additional tariff on iron to satisfy Pennsylvania interests , Van Buren expected the tariff to help deliver Pennsylvania , New York , Missouri , Ohio , and Kentucky to Jackson . Over opposition from the South and some from New England , the tariff was passed with the full support of many Jackson supporters in Congress and signed by President Adams in early 1828 . As expected , Jackson and his running mate John Calhoun carried the entire South with overwhelming numbers in all the states but Louisiana where Adams drew 47 % of the vote in a losing effort . However many Southerners became dissatisfied as Jackson , in his first two annual messages to Congress , failed to launch a strong attack on the tariff . Historian William J. Cooper Jr. writes : The most doctrinaire ideologues of the Old Republican group ( supporters of the Jefferson and Madison position in the late 1790s ) first found Jackson wanting . These purists identified the tariff of 1828 , the hated Tariff of Abominations , as the most heinous manifestation of the nationalist policy they abhorred . That protective tariff violated their constitutional theory , for , as they interpreted the document , it gave no permission for a protective tariff . Moreover , they saw protection as benefiting the North and hurting the South . South Carolina background ( 1819 -- 1828 ) ( edit ) John C. Calhoun South Carolina had been adversely affected by the national economic decline of the 1820s . During this decade , the population decreased by 56,000 whites and 30,000 slaves , out of a total free and slave population of 580,000 . The whites left for better places ; they took slaves with them or sold them to traders moving slaves to the Deep South for sale . Historian Richard E. Ellis describes the situation : Throughout the colonial and early national periods , South Carolina had sustained substantial economic growth and prosperity . This had created an extremely wealthy and extravagant low country aristocracy whose fortunes were based first on the cultivation of rice and indigo , and then on cotton . Then the state was devastated by the Panic of 1819 . The depression that followed was more severe than in almost any other state of the Union . Moreover , competition from the newer cotton producing areas along the Gulf Coast , blessed with fertile lands that produced a higher crop - yield per acre , made recovery painfully slow . To make matters worse , in large areas of South Carolina slaves vastly outnumbered whites , and there existed both considerable fear of slave rebellion and a growing sensitivity to even the smallest criticism of `` the peculiar institution . '' George McDuffie State leaders , led by states ' rights advocates like William Smith and Thomas Cooper , blamed most of the state 's economic problems on the Tariff of 1816 and national internal improvement projects . Soil erosion and competition from the New Southwest were also very significant reasons for the state 's declining fortunes . George McDuffie was a particularly effective speaker for the anti-tariff forces , and he popularized the Forty Bale theory . McDuffie argued that the 40 % tariff on cotton finished goods meant that `` the manufacturer actually invades your barns , and plunders you of 40 out of every 100 bales that you produce . '' Mathematically incorrect , this argument still struck a nerve with his constituency . Nationalists such as Calhoun were forced by the increasing power of such leaders to retreat from their previous positions and adopt , in the words of Ellis , `` an even more extreme version of the states ' rights doctrine '' in order to maintain political significance within South Carolina . Thomas Bee 's House , Charleston , ca . 1730 . The Nullification Movement that split the Nation started here in 1832 . John C. Calhoun , S.C. Governor Robert Hayne , General James Hamilton and other leaders drafted the Nullification Papers in the 2nd floor drawing room South Carolina 's first effort at nullification occurred in 1822 . Its planters believed that free black sailors had assisted Denmark Vesey in his planned slave rebellion . South Carolina passed a Negro Seamen Act , which required that all black foreign seamen be imprisoned while their ships were docked in Charleston . The UK strongly objected , especially as it was recruiting more Africans as sailors . What was worse , if the captains did not pay the fees to cover the cost of jailing , South Carolina would sell the sailors into slavery . Other southern states also passed laws against free black sailors . Supreme Court Justice William Johnson , in his capacity as a circuit judge , declared the South Carolina law as unconstitutional since it violated the United States ' treaties with the UK . The South Carolina Senate announced that the judge 's ruling was invalid and that the Act would be enforced . The federal government did not attempt to carry out Johnson 's decision . Route to nullification in South Carolina ( 1828 -- 1832 ) ( edit ) Joel Roberts Poinsett , South Carolina Unionist leader Historian Avery Craven argues that , for the most part , the debate from 1828 - 1832 was a local South Carolina affair . The state 's leaders were not united and the sides were roughly equal . The western part of the state and a faction in Charleston , led by Joel Poinsett , would remain loyal to the Union . Only in small part was the conflict between `` a National North against a States ' - right South '' . After the final vote on the Tariff of 1828 , the South Carolina congressional delegation held two caucuses , the second at the home of Senator Robert Y . Hayne . They were rebuffed in their efforts to coordinate a united Southern response and focused on how their state representatives would react . While many agreed with George McDuffie that tariff policy could lead to secession at some future date , they all agreed that as much as possible , the issue should be kept out of the upcoming presidential election . Calhoun , while not at this meeting , served as a moderating influence . He felt that the first step in reducing the tariff was to defeat Adams and his supporters in the upcoming election . William C. Preston , on behalf of the South Carolina legislature , asked Calhoun to prepare a report on the tariff situation . Calhoun readily accepted this challenge and in a few weeks time had a 35,000 - word draft of what would become his `` Exposition and Protest '' . Calhoun 's `` Exposition '' was completed late in 1828 . He argued that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional because it favored manufacturing over commerce and agriculture . He thought that the tariff power could only be used to generate revenue , not to provide protection from foreign competition for American industries . He believed that the people of a state or several states , acting in a democratically elected convention , had the retained power to veto any act of the federal government which violated the Constitution . This veto , the core of the doctrine of nullification , was explained by Calhoun in the Exposition : If it be conceded , as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions , that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments , and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former , it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers , and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction . The right of judging , in such cases , is an essential attribute of sovereignty , of which the States can not be divested without losing their sovereignty itself , and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition . In fact , to divide power , and to give to one of the parties the exclusive right of judging of the portion allotted to each , is , in reality , not to divide it at all ; and to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government ( it matters not by what department to be exercised ) , is to convert it , in fact , into a great consolidated government , with unlimited powers , and to divest the States , in reality , of all their rights , It is impossible to understand the force of terms , and to deny so plain a conclusion . The report also detailed the specific southern grievances over the tariff that led to the current dissatisfaction . Fearful that `` hotheads '' such as McDuffie might force the legislature into taking some drastic action against the federal government , historian John Niven describes Calhoun 's political purpose in the document : All through that hot and humid summer , emotions among the vociferous planter population had been worked up to a near - frenzy of excitement . The whole tenor of the argument built up in the `` Exposition '' was aimed to present the case in a cool , considered manner that would dampen any drastic moves yet would set in motion the machinery for repeal of the tariff act . It would also warn other sections of the Union against any future legislation that an increasingly self - conscious South might consider punitive , especially on the subject of slavery . The report was submitted to the state legislature which had 5,000 copies printed and distributed . Calhoun , who still had designs on succeeding Jackson as president , was not identified as the author but word on this soon leaked out . The legislature took no action on the report at that time . In the summer of 1828 Robert Barnwell Rhett , soon to be considered the most radical of the South Carolinians , entered the fray over the tariff . As a state representative , Rhett called for the governor to convene a special session of the legislature . An outstanding orator , Rhett appealed to his constituents to resist the majority in Congress . Rhett addressed the danger of doing nothing : But if you are doubtful of yourselves -- if you are not prepared to follow up your principles wherever they may lead , to their very last consequence -- if you love life better than honor , -- prefer ease to perilous liberty and glory ; awake not ! Stir not ! -- Impotent resistance will add vengeance to your ruin . Live in smiling peace with your insatiable Oppressors , and die with the noble consolation that your submissive patience will survive triumphant your beggary and despair . Rhett 's rhetoric about revolution and war was too radical in the summer of 1828 but , with the election of Jackson assured , James Hamilton Jr. on October 28 in the Colleton County Courthouse in Walterborough `` launched the formal nullification campaign . '' Renouncing his former nationalism , Hamilton warned the people that , `` Your task - master must soon become a tyrant , from the very abuses and corruption of the system , without the bowels of compassion , or a jot of human sympathy . '' He called for implementation of Mr. Jefferson 's `` rightful remedy '' of nullification . Hamilton sent a copy of the speech directly to President - elect Jackson . But , despite a statewide campaign by Hamilton and McDuffie , a proposal to call a nullification convention in 1829 was defeated by the South Carolina legislature meeting at the end of 1828 . State leaders such as Calhoun , Hayne , Smith , and William Drayton were all able to remain publicly non-committal or opposed to nullification for the next couple of years . The division in the state between radicals and conservatives continued throughout 1829 and 1830 . After the failure of a state project to arrange financing of a railroad within the state to promote internal trade , the state petitioned Congress to invest $250,000 in the company trying to build the railroad . After Congress tabled the measure , the debate in South Carolina resumed between those who wanted state investment and those who wanted to work to get Congress ' support . The debate demonstrated that a significant minority of the state did have an interest in Clay 's American System . The effect of the Webster -- Hayne debate was to energize the radicals , and some moderates started to move in their direction . The state election campaign of 1830 focused on the tariff issue and the need for a state convention . On the defensive , radicals underplayed the intent of the convention as pro-nullification . When voters were presented with races where an unpledged convention was the issue , the radicals generally won . When conservatives effectively characterized the race as being about nullification , the radicals lost . The October election was narrowly carried by the radicals , although the blurring of the issues left them without any specific mandate . In South Carolina , the governor was selected by the legislature , which selected James Hamilton , the leader of the radical movement , as governor and fellow radical Henry L. Pinckney as speaker of the South Carolina House . For the open Senate seat , the legislature chose the more radical Stephen Miller over William Smith . With radicals in leading positions , in 1831 , they began to capture momentum . State politics became sharply divided along Nullifier and Unionist lines . Still , the margin in the legislature fell short of the two - thirds majority needed for a convention . Many of the radicals felt that convincing Calhoun of the futility of his plans for the presidency would lead him into their ranks . Calhoun meanwhile had concluded that Martin Van Buren was clearly establishing himself as Jackson 's heir apparent . At Hamilton 's prompting , George McDuffie made a three - hour speech in Charleston demanding nullification of the tariff at any cost . In the state , the success of McDuffie 's speech seemed to open up the possibilities of both military confrontation with the federal government and civil war within the state . With silence no longer an acceptable alternative , Calhoun looked for the opportunity to take control of the anti-tariff faction in the state ; by June he was preparing what would be known as his Fort Hill Address . Published on July 26 , 1831 , the address repeated and expanded the positions Calhoun had made in the `` Exposition '' . While the logic of much of the speech was consistent with the states ' rights position of most Jacksonians , and even Daniel Webster remarked that it `` was the ablest and most plausible , and therefore the most dangerous vindication of that particular form of Revolution '' , the speech still placed Calhoun clearly in the nullifier camp . Within South Carolina , his gestures at moderation in the speech were drowned out as planters received word of the Nat Turner insurrection in Virginia . Calhoun was not alone in finding a connection between the abolition movement and the sectional aspects of the tariff issue . It confirmed for Calhoun what he had written in a September 11 , 1830 letter : I consider the tariff act as the occasion , rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things . The truth can no longer be disguised , that the peculiar domestick ( sic ) institution of the Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry , has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union , against the danger of which , if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel , or , submit to have their paramount interests sacrificed , their domestic institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes , and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness . From this point , the nullifiers accelerated their organization and rhetoric . In July 1831 the States Rights and Free Trade Association was formed in Charleston and expanded throughout the state . Unlike state political organizations in the past , which were led by the South Carolina planter aristocracy , this group appealed to all segments of the population , including non-slaveholder farmers , small slaveholders , and the Charleston non-agricultural class . Governor Hamilton was instrumental in seeing that the association , which was both a political and a social organization , expanded throughout the state . In the winter of 1831 and spring of 1832 , the governor held conventions and rallies throughout the state to mobilize the nullification movement . The conservatives were unable to match the radicals in either organization or leadership . The state elections of 1832 were `` charged with tension and bespattered with violence , '' and `` polite debates often degenerated into frontier brawls . '' Unlike the previous year 's election , the choice was clear between nullifiers and unionists . The nullifiers won and on October 20 , 1832 , Governor Hamilton called the legislature into a special session to consider a convention . The legislative vote was 96 - 25 in the House and 31 - 13 in the Senate In November 1832 the Nullification Convention met . The convention declared that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state of South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . They said that attempts to use force to collect the taxes would lead to the state 's secession . Robert Hayne , who followed Hamilton as governor in 1833 , established a 2,000 - man group of mounted minutemen and 25,000 infantry who would march to Charleston in the event of a military conflict . These troops were to be armed with $100,000 in arms purchased in the North . The enabling legislation passed by the legislature was carefully constructed to avoid clashes if at all possible and to create an aura of legality in the process . To avoid conflicts with Unionists , it allowed importers to pay the tariff if they so desired . Other merchants could pay the tariff by obtaining a paper tariff bond from the customs officer . They would then refuse to pay the bond when due , and if the customs official seized the goods , the merchant would file for a writ of replevin to recover the goods in state court . Customs officials who refused to return the goods ( by placing them under the protection of federal troops ) would be civilly liable for twice the value of the goods . To insure that state officials and judges supported the law , a `` test oath '' would be required for all new state officials , binding them to support the ordinance of nullification . Governor Hayne in his inaugural address announced South Carolina 's position : If the sacred soil of Carolina should be polluted by the footsteps of an invader , or be stained with the blood of her citizens , shed in defense , I trust in Almighty God that no son of hers ... who has been nourished at her bosom ... will be found raising a parricidal arm against our common mother . And even should she stand ALONE in this great struggle for constitutional liberty ... that there will not be found , in the wider limits of the state , one recreant son who will not fly to the rescue , and be ready to lay down his life in her defense . Washington , D.C. ( 1828 -- 1832 ) ( edit ) Official White House portrait of Andrew Jackson When President Jackson took office in March 1829 he was well aware of the turmoil created by the `` Tariff of Abominations '' . While he may have abandoned some of his earlier beliefs that had allowed him to vote for the Tariff of 1824 , he still felt protectionism was justified for products essential to military preparedness and did not believe that the current tariff should be reduced until the national debt was fully paid off . He addressed the issue in his inaugural address and his first three messages to Congress , but offered no specific relief . In December 1831 , with the proponents of nullification in South Carolina gaining momentum , Jackson was recommending `` the exercise of that spirit of concession and conciliation which has distinguished the friends of our Union in all great emergencies . '' However on the constitutional issue of nullification , despite his strong beliefs in states ' rights , Jackson did not waver . Calhoun 's `` Exposition and Protest '' did start a national debate over the doctrine of nullification . The leading proponents of the nationalistic view included Daniel Webster , Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , Judge William Alexander Duer , John Quincy Adams , Nathaniel Chipman , and Nathan Dane . These people rejected the compact theory advanced by Calhoun , claiming that the Constitution was the product of the people , not the states . According to the nationalist position , the Supreme Court had the final say on the constitutionality of legislation , the national union was perpetual and had supreme authority over individual states . The nullifiers , on the other hand , asserted that the central government was not to be the ultimate arbiter of its own power , and that the states , as the contracting entities , could judge for themselves what was or was not constitutional . While Calhoun 's `` Exposition '' claimed that nullification was based on the reasoning behind the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , an aging James Madison in an August 28 , 1830 letter to Edward Everett , intended for publication , disagreed . Madison wrote , denying that any individual state could alter the compact : Can more be necessary to demonstrate the inadmissibility of such a doctrine than that it puts it in the power of the smallest fraction over 1 / 4 of the U.S. -- that is , of 7 States out of 24 -- to give the law and even the Constn. to 17 States , each of the 17 having as parties to the Constn . an equal right with each of the 7 to expound it & to insist on the exposition . That the 7 might , in particular instances be right and the 17 wrong , is more than possible . But to establish a positive & permanent rule giving such a power to such a minority over such a majority , would overturn the first principle of free Govt. and in practice necessarily overturn the Govt . itself . Webster Replying to Hayne by George P.A. Healy Part of the South 's strategy to force repeal of the tariff was to arrange an alliance with the West . Under the plan , the South would support the West 's demand for free lands in the public domain if the West would support repeal of the tariff . With this purpose Robert Hayne took the floor on the Senate in early 1830 , thus beginning `` the most celebrated debate , in the Senate 's history . '' Daniel Webster 's response shifted the debate , subsequently styled the Webster - Hayne debates , from the specific issue of western lands to a general debate on the very nature of the United States . Webster 's position differed from Madison 's : Webster asserted that the people of the United States acted as one aggregate body , Madison held that the people of the several states had acted collectively . John Rowan spoke against Webster on that issue , and Madison wrote , congratulating Webster , but explaining his own position . The debate presented the fullest articulation of the differences over nullification , and 40,000 copies of Webster 's response , which concluded with `` liberty and Union , now and forever , one and inseparable '' , were distributed nationwide . Many people expected the states ' rights Jackson to side with Hayne . However once the debate shifted to secession and nullification , Jackson sided with Webster . On April 13 , 1830 at the traditional Democratic Party celebration honoring Thomas Jefferson 's birthday , Jackson chose to make his position clear . In a battle of toasts , Hayne proposed , `` The Union of the States , and the Sovereignty of the States . '' Jackson 's response , when his turn came , was , `` Our Federal Union : It must be preserved . '' To those attending , the effect was dramatic . Calhoun would respond with his own toast , in a play on Webster 's closing remarks in the earlier debate , `` The Union . Next to our liberty , the most dear . '' Finally Martin Van Buren would offer , `` Mutual forbearance and reciprocal concession . Through their agency the Union was established . The patriotic spirit from which they emanated will forever sustain it . '' Van Buren wrote in his autobiography of Jackson 's toast , `` The veil was rent -- the incantations of the night were exposed to the light of day . '' Senator Thomas Hart Benton , in his memoirs , stated that the toast `` electrified the country . '' Jackson would have the final words a few days later when a visitor from South Carolina asked if Jackson had any message he wanted relayed to his friends back in the state . Jackson 's reply was : Yes I have ; please give my compliments to my friends in your State and say to them , that if a single drop of blood shall be shed there in opposition to the laws of the United States , I will hang the first man I can lay my hand on engaged in such treasonable conduct , upon the first tree I can reach . Other issues than the tariff were still being decided . In May 1830 Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road Bill an important internal improvements program ( especially to Kentucky and Henry Clay ) , and then followed this with additional vetoes of other such projects shortly before Congress adjourned at the end of May . Clay would use these vetoes to launch his presidential campaign . In 1831 the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States , with Clay and Jackson on opposite sides , reopened a long simmering problem . This issue was featured at the December 1831 National Republican convention in Baltimore which nominated Henry Clay for president , and the proposal to re-charter was formally introduced into Congress on January 6 , 1832 . The Calhoun - Jackson split entered the center stage when Calhoun , as vice-president presiding over the Senate , cast the tie - breaking vote to deny Martin Van Buren the post of minister to England . Van Buren was subsequently selected as Jackson 's running mate at the 1832 Democratic National Convention held in May . Portrait of Henry Clay In February 1832 Henry Clay , back in the Senate after a two decades absence , made a three - day - long speech calling for a new tariff schedule and an expansion of his American System . In an effort to reach out to John Calhoun and other southerners , Clay 's proposal provided for a ten million dollar revenue reduction based on the amount of budget surplus he anticipated for the coming year . Significant protection was still part of the plan as the reduction primarily came on those imports not in competition with domestic producers . Jackson proposed an alternative that reduced overall tariffs to 28 % . John Quincy Adams , now in the House of Representatives , used his Committee of Manufacturers to produce a compromise bill that , in its final form , reduced revenues by five million dollars , lowered duties on non-competitive products , and retained high tariffs on woolens , iron , and cotton products . In the course of the political maneuvering , George McDuffie 's Ways and Means Committee , the normal originator of such bills , prepared a bill with drastic reduction across the board . McDuffie 's bill went nowhere . Jackson signed the Tariff of 1832 on July 14 , 1832 , a few days after he vetoed the Bank of the United States re-charter bill . Congress adjourned after it failed to override Jackson 's veto . With Congress in adjournment , Jackson anxiously watched events in South Carolina . The nullifiers found no significant compromise in the Tariff of 1832 and acted accordingly ( see the above section ) . Jackson heard rumors of efforts to subvert members of the army and navy in Charleston and he ordered the secretaries of the army and navy to begin rotating troops and officers based on their loyalty . He ordered General Winfield Scott to prepare for military operations and ordered a naval squadron in Norfolk to prepare to go to Charleston . Jackson kept lines of communication open with unionists like Joel Poinsett , William Drayton , and James L. Petigru and sent George Breathitt , brother of the Kentucky governor , to independently obtain political and military intelligence . After their defeat at the polls in October , Petigru advised Jackson that he should `` Be prepared to hear very shortly of a State Convention and an act of Nullification . '' On October 19 , 1832 Jackson wrote to his Secretary of War : The attempt will be made to surprise the Forts and garrisons by the militia , and must be guarded against with vestal vigilance and any attempt by force repelled with prompt and exemplary punishment . By mid-November Jackson 's reelection was assured . On December 3 , 1832 Jackson sent his fourth annual message to Congress . The message `` was stridently states ' rights and agrarian in its tone and thrust '' and he disavowed protection as anything other than a temporary expedient . His intent regarding nullification , as communicated to Van Buren , was `` to pass it barely in review , as a mere buble ( sic ) , view the existing laws as competent to check and put it down . '' He hoped to create a `` moral force '' that would transcend political parties and sections . The paragraph in the message that addressed nullification was : It is my painful duty to state that in one quarter of the United States opposition to the revenue laws has arisen to a height which threatens to thwart their execution , if not to endanger the integrity of the Union . What ever obstructions may be thrown in the way of the judicial authorities of the General Government , it is hoped they will be able peaceably to overcome them by the prudence of their own officers and the patriotism of the people . But should this reasonable reliance on the moderation and good sense of all portions of our fellow citizens be disappointed , it is believed that the laws themselves are fully adequate to the suppression of such attempts as may be immediately made . Should the exigency arise rendering the execution of the existing laws impracticable from any cause what ever , prompt notice of it will be given to Congress , with a suggestion of such views and measures as may be deemed necessary to meet it . On December 10 Jackson issued the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina , in which he characterized the positions of the nullifiers as `` impractical absurdity '' and `` a metaphysical subtlety , in pursuit of an impractical theory . '' He provided this concise statement of his belief : I consider , then , the power to annul a law of the United States , assumed by one State , incompatible with the existence of the Union , contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution , unauthorized by its spirit , inconsistent with every principle on which It was founded , and destructive of the great object for which it was formed . The language used by Jackson , combined with the reports coming out of South Carolina , raised the spectre of military confrontation for many on both sides of the issue . A group of Democrats , led by Van Buren and Thomas Hart Benton among others , saw the only solution to the crisis in a substantial reduction of the tariff . Negotiation and confrontation ( 1833 ) ( edit ) In apparent contradiction of his previous claim that the tariff could be enforced with existing laws , on January 16 Jackson sent his Force Bill Message to Congress . Custom houses in Beaufort and Georgetown would be closed and replaced by ships located at each port . In Charleston the custom house would be moved to either Castle Pinckney or Fort Moultrie in Charleston harbor . Direct payment rather than bonds would be required , and federal jails would be established for violators that the state refused to arrest and all cases arising under the state 's nullification act could be removed to the United States Circuit Court . In the most controversial part , the militia acts of 1795 and 1807 would be revised to permit the enforcement of the custom laws by both the militia and the regular United States military . Attempts were made in South Carolina to shift the debate away from nullification by focusing instead on the proposed enforcement . The Force bill went to the Senate Judiciary Committee chaired by Pennsylvania protectionist William Wilkins and supported by members Daniel Webster and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey ; it gave Jackson everything he asked . On January 28 the Senate defeated a motion by a vote of 30 to 15 to postpone debate on the bill . All but two of the votes to delay were from the lower South and only three from this section voted against the motion . This did not signal any increased support for nullification but did signify doubts about enforcement . In order to draw more votes , proposals were made to limit the duration of the coercive powers and restrict the use of force to suppressing , rather than preventing , civil disorder . In the House the Judiciary Committee , in a 4 - 3 vote , rejected Jackson 's request to use force . By the time Calhoun made a major speech on February 15 strongly opposing it , the Force Bill was temporarily stalled . On the tariff issue , the drafting of a compromise tariff was assigned in December to the House Ways and Means Committee , now headed by Gulian C. Verplanck . Debate on the committee 's product on the House floor began in January 1833 . The Verplanck tariff proposed reductions back to the 1816 levels over the course of the next two years while maintaining the basic principle of protectionism . The anti-Jackson protectionists saw this as an economic disaster that did not allow the Tariff of 1832 to even be tested and `` an undignified truckling to the menaces and blustering of South Carolina . '' Northern Democrats did not oppose it in principle but still demanded protection for the varying interests of their own constituents . Those sympathetic to the nullifiers wanted a specific abandonment of the principle of protectionism and were willing to offer a longer transition period as a bargaining point . It was clear that the Verplanck tariff was not going to be implemented . In South Carolina , efforts were being made to avoid an unnecessary confrontation . Governor Hayne ordered the 25,000 troops he had created to train at home rather than gathering in Charleston . At a mass meeting in Charleston on January 21 , it was decided to postpone the February 1 deadline for implementing nullification while Congress worked on a compromise tariff . At the same time a commissioner from Virginia , Benjamin Watkins Leigh , arrived in Charleston bearing resolutions that criticized both Jackson and the nullifiers and offering his state as a mediator . Henry Clay had not taken his defeat in the presidential election well and was unsure on what position he could take in the tariff negotiations . His long term concern was that Jackson eventually was determined to kill protectionism along with the American Plan . In February , after consulting with manufacturers and sugar interests in Louisiana who favored protection for the sugar industry , Clay started to work on a specific compromise plan . As a starting point , he accepted the nullifiers ' offer of a transition period but extended it from seven and a half years to nine years with a final target of a 20 % ad valorem rate . After first securing the support of his protectionist base , Clay , through an intermediary , broached the subject with Calhoun . Calhoun was receptive and after a private meeting with Clay at Clay 's boardinghouse , negotiations preceded . Clay introduced the negotiated tariff bill on February 12 , and it was immediately referred to a select committee consisting of Clay as chairman , Felix Grundy of Tennessee , George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania , William Cabell Rives of Virginia , Webster , John M. Clayton of Delaware , and Calhoun . On February 21 the committee reported a bill to the floor of the Senate which was largely the original bill proposed by Clay . The Tariff of 1832 would continue except that reduction of all rates above 20 % would be reduced by one tenth every two years with the final reductions back to 20 % coming in 1842 . Protectionism as a principle was not abandoned and provisions were made for raising the tariff if national interests demanded it . Although not specifically linked by any negotiated agreement , it became clear that the Force Bill and Compromise Tariff of 1833 were inexorably linked . In his February 25 speech ending the debate on the tariff , Clay captured the spirit of the voices for compromise by condemning Jackson 's Proclamation to South Carolina as inflammatory , admitting the same problem with the Force Bill but indicating its necessity , and praising the Compromise Tariff as the final measure to restore balance , promote the rule of law , and avoid the `` sacked cities , '' `` desolated fields , '' and `` smoking ruins '' that he said would be the product of the failure to reach a final accord . The House passed the Compromise Tariff by 119 - 85 and the Force Bill by 149 - 48 . In the Senate the tariff passed 29 - 16 and the Force bill by 32 - 1 with many opponents of it walking out rather than voting for it . Calhoun rushed to Charleston with the news of the final compromises . The Nullification Convention met again on March 11 . It repealed the November Nullification Ordinance and also , `` in a purely symbolic gesture '' , nullified the Force Bill . While the nullifiers claimed victory on the tariff issue , even though they had made concessions , the verdict was very different on nullification . The majority had , in the end , ruled and this boded ill for the South and their minorities hold on slavery . Rhett summed this up at the convention on March 13 . Warning that , `` A people , owning slaves , are mad , or worse than mad , who do not hold their destinies in their own hands , '' he continued : Every stride of this Government , over your rights , brings it nearer and nearer to your peculiar policy . ... The whole world are in arms against your institutions ... Let Gentlemen not be deceived . It is not the Tariff -- not Internal Improvement -- nor yet the Force bill , which constitutes the great evil against which we are contending. ... These are but the forms in which the despotic nature of the government is evinced -- but it is the despotism which constitutes the evil : and until this Government is made a limited Government ... there is no liberty -- no security for the South . Aftermath ( edit ) People reflected on the meaning of the nullification crisis and its outcome for the country . On May 1 , 1833 Jackson wrote , `` the tariff was only a pretext , and disunion and southern confederacy the real object . The next pretext will be the negro , or slavery question . '' The final resolution of the crisis and Jackson 's leadership had appeal throughout the North and South . Robert Remini , the historian and Jackson biographer , described the opposition that nullification drew from traditionally states ' rights Southern states : The Alabama legislature , for example , pronounced the doctrine `` unsound in theory and dangerous in practice . '' Georgia said it was `` mischievous , '' `` rash and revolutionary . '' Mississippi lawmakers chided the South Carolinians for acting with `` reckless precipitancy . '' Forrest McDonald , describing the split over nullification among proponents of states rights , wrote , `` The doctrine of states ' rights , as embraced by most Americans , was not concerned exclusively , or even primarily with state resistance to federal authority . '' But , by the end of the nullification crisis , many southerners started to question whether the Jacksonian Democrats still represented Southern interests . The historian William J. Cooper notes that , `` Numerous southerners had begun to perceive it ( the Jacksonian Democratic Party ) as a spear aimed at the South rather than a shield defending the South . '' In the political vacuum created by this alienation , the southern wing of the Whig Party was formed . The party was a coalition of interests united by the common thread of opposition to Andrew Jackson and , more specifically , his `` definition of federal and executive power . '' The party included former National Republicans with an `` urban , commercial , and nationalist outlook '' as well as former nullifiers . Emphasizing that `` they were more southern than the Democrats , '' the party grew within the South by going `` after the abolition issue with unabashed vigor and glee . '' With both parties arguing who could best defend southern institutions , the nuances of the differences between free soil and abolitionism , which became an issue in the late 1840s with the Mexican War and territorial expansion , never became part of the political dialogue . This failure increased the volatility of the slavery issues . Richard Ellis argues that the end of the crisis signified the beginning of a new era . Within the states ' rights movement , the traditional desire for simply `` a weak , inactive , and frugal government '' was challenged . Ellis states that `` in the years leading up to the Civil War the nullifiers and their pro-slavery allies used the doctrine of states ' rights and state sovereignty in such a way as to try to expand the powers of the federal government so that it could more effectively protect the peculiar institution . '' By the 1850s , states ' rights had become a call for state equality under the Constitution . Madison reacted to this incipient tendency by writing two paragraphs of `` Advice to My Country , '' found among his papers . It said that the Union `` should be cherished and perpetuated . Let the open enemy to it be regarded as a Pandora with her box opened ; and the disguised one , as the Serpent creeping with his deadly wiles into paradise . '' Richard Rush published this `` Advice '' in 1850 , by which time Southern spirit was so high that it was denounced as a forgery . The first test for the South over the slavery issue began during the final congressional session of 1835 . In what became known as the Gag Rule Debates , abolitionists flooded the Congress with anti-slavery petitions to end slavery and the slave trade in Washington , D.C. The debate was reopened each session as Southerners , led by South Carolinians Henry Pinckney and John Hammond , prevented the petitions from even being officially received by Congress . Led by John Quincy Adams , the slavery debate remained on the national stage until late 1844 when Congress lifted all restrictions on processing the petitions . Describing the legacy of the crisis , Sean Wilentz writes : The battle between Jacksonian democratic nationalists , northern and southern , and nullifier sectionalists would resound through the politics of slavery and antislavery for decades to come . Jackson 's victory , ironically , would help accelerate the emergence of southern pro-slavery as a coherent and articulate political force , which would help solidify northern antislavery opinion , inside as well as outside Jackson 's party . Those developments would accelerate the emergence of two fundamentally incompatible democracies , one in the slave South , the other in the free North . For South Carolina , the legacy of the crisis involved both the divisions within the state during the crisis and the apparent isolation of the state as the crisis was resolved . By 1860 , when South Carolina became the first state to secede , the state was more internally united than any other southern state . Historian Charles Edward Cauthen writes : Probably to a greater extent than in any other Southern state South Carolina had been prepared by her leaders over a period of thirty years for the issues of 1860 . Indoctrination in the principles of state sovereignty , education in the necessity of maintaining Southern institutions , warnings of the dangers of control of the federal government by a section hostile to its interests -- in a word , the education of the masses in the principles and necessity of secession under certain circumstances -- had been carried on with a skill and success hardly inferior to the masterly propaganda of the abolitionists themselves . It was this education , this propaganda , by South Carolina leaders which made secession the almost spontaneous movement that it was . See also ( edit ) Origins of the American Civil War American System ( economic plan ) American School ( economics ) Alexander Hamilton Friedrich List References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freehling , The Road to Disunion , p. 255 . Craven p. 60 . Ellis p. 7 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v2 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Niven , pp. 135 -- 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Craven , p. 65 . Niven , pp. 135 -- 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Niven p. 192 . Calhoun replaced Robert Y . Hayne as senator so that Hayne could follow James Hamilton as governor . Niven writes , `` There is no doubt that these moves were part of a well - thought - out plan whereby Hayne would restrain the hotheads in the state legislature and Calhoun would defend his brainchild , nullification , in Washington against administration stalwarts and the likes of Daniel Webster , the new apostle of northern nationalism . '' Jump up ^ Howe p. 410 . In the Senate only Virginia and South Carolina voted against the 1832 tariff . Howe writes , `` Most southerners saw the measure as a significant amelioration of their grievance and were now content to back Jackson for reelection rather than pursue the more drastic remedy such as the one South Carolina was touting . '' Jump up ^ , Freehling , Prelude to Civil War pp. 1 -- 3 . Freehling writes , `` In Charleston Governor Robert Y . Hayne ... tried to form an army which could hope to challenge the forces of ' Old Hickory ' . Hayne recruited a brigade of mounted minutemen , 2,000 strong , which could swoop down on Charleston the moment fighting broke out , and a volunteer army of 25,000 men which could march on foot to save the beleaguered city . In the North Governor Hayne 's agents bought over $100,000 worth of arms ; in Charleston Hamilton readied his volunteers for an assault on the federal forts . '' ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Woods , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , California Digest 26 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Linn sheriff says he wo n't enforce federal gun orders '' . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 4 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg . vii . McDonald wrote , `` Of all the problems that beset the United States during the century from the Declaration of Independence to the end of Reconstruction , the most pervasive concerned disagreements about the nature of the Union and the line to be drawn between the authority of the general government and that of the several states . At times the issue bubbled silently and unseen between the surface of public consciousness ; at times it exploded : now and again the balance between general and local authority seemed to be settled in one direction or another , only to be upset anew and to move back toward the opposite position , but the contention never went away . '' Jump up ^ Ellis pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ For full text of the resolutions , see Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 . Jump up ^ James Madison , Virginia Resolutions of 1798 Jump up ^ Banning pg. 388 . Jump up ^ Brant , pg. 297 , 629 . Jump up ^ Brant , pp. 298 . Jump up ^ Brant , pg. 629 . Jump up ^ Ketcham pg. 396 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , pg. 80 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 5 . Madison called for the constitutional amendment because he believed much of the American System was unconstitutional . Historian Richard Buel Jr. notes that in preparing for the worst from the Hartford Convention , the Madison administration made preparation to intervene militarily in case of New England secession . Troops from the Canada -- US border were moved near Albany so that they could move into either Massachusetts or Connecticut if necessary . New England troops were also returned to their recruitment areas in order to serve as a focus for loyalists . Buel , pp. 220 - 221 . Jump up ^ McDonald , pp. 69 - 70 . Jump up ^ Wilentz pg. 166 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , pg. 181 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 6 . Wilentz , pg. 182 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 92 - 93 . Jump up ^ Wilentz pg. 243 . Economic historian Frank Taussig notes `` The act of 1816 , which is generally said to mark the beginning of a distinctly protective policy in this country , belongs rather to the earlier series of acts , beginning with that of 1789 , than to the group of acts of 1824 , 1828 , and 1832 . Its highest permanent rate of duty was twenty per cent. , an increase over the previous rates which is chiefly accounted for by the heavy interest charge on the debt incurred during the war . But after the crash of 1819 , a movement in favor of protection set in , which was backed by a strong popular feeling such as had been absent in the earlier years . '' The Tariff History of the United States ( Part I ) Teaching American History Jump up ^ Remini , Henry Clay , pg. 232 . Freehling , The Road to Disunion , pg. 257 . Jump up ^ McDonald , pg. 95 . Jump up ^ Brant , p. 622 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v2 , pp. 136 - 137 . McDonald presents a slightly different rationale . He stated that the bill would `` adversely affect New England woolen manufacturers , ship builders , and shipowners '' and Van Buren calculated that New England and the South would unite to defeat the bill , allowing Jacksonians to have it both ways -- in the North they could claim they tried but failed to pass a needed tariff and in the South they could claim that they had thwarted an effort to increase import duties . McDonald , pp. 94 - 95 . Jump up ^ Cooper , pp. 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Freehling , The Road to Disunion , pg. 255 . Historian Avery Craven wrote , `` Historians have generally ignored the fact that the South Carolina statesmen , in the so - called Nullification controversy , were struggling against a practical situation . They have conjured up a great struggle between nationalism and States '' rights and described these men as theorists reveling in constitutional refinements for the mere sake of logic . Yet here was a clear case of commercial and agricultural depression . Craven , pg. 60 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 7 . Freehling notes that divisions over nullification in the state generally corresponded to the extent that the section suffered economically . The exception was the `` Low country rice and luxury cotton planters '' who supported nullification despite their ability to survive the economic depression . This section had the highest percentage of slave population . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 25 . Jump up ^ Cauthen pg. 1 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 7 . Freehling , Road to Disunion , pg. 256 . Jump up ^ Gerald Horne , Negro Comrades of the Crown : African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation , New York University ( NYU ) Press , 2012 , pp. 97 - 98 Jump up ^ Freehling , Road to Disunion , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Craven , pg. 65 . Jump up ^ Niven , pp. 135 - 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 143 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Exposition and Protest Jump up ^ Niven , pp. 158 - 162 . Jump up ^ Niven , pg. 161 . Jump up ^ Niven , pp. 163 - 164 . Jump up ^ Walther , pg. 123 . Craven , pp. 63 - 64 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 149 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 152 - 155 , 173 - 175 . A two - thirds vote of each house of the legislature was required to convene a state convention . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 177 - 186 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 205 - 213 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 213 - 218 . Jump up ^ Peterson , pp. 189 - 192 . Niven , pp. 174 - 181 . Calhoun wrote of McDuffie 's speech , `` I think it every way imprudent and have so written Hamilton ... I see clearly it brings matters to a crisis , and that I must meet it promptly and manfully . '' Freehling in his works frequently refers to the radicals as `` Calhounites '' even before 1831 . This is because the radicals , rallying around Calhoun 's `` Exposition , '' were linked ideologically , if not yet practically , with Calhoun . Jump up ^ Niven , pp. 181 - 184 . Jump up ^ Ellis pg. 193 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 257 . Jump up ^ Freehling , pp. 224 - 239 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 252 - 260 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 97 - 98 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 3 , pg. 14 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 41 - 43 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 9 . Jump up ^ Ellis pg. 9 . Jump up ^ Brant , pg. 627 . Jump up ^ Ellis pg. 10 . Ellis wrote , `` But the nullifiers ' attempt to legitimize their controversial doctrine by claiming it was a logical extension of the principles embodied in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions upset him . In a private letter he deliberately wrote for publication , Madison denied many of the assertions of the nullifiers and lashed out in particular at South Carolina 's claim that if a state nullified an act of the federal government it could only be overruled by an amendment to the Constitution . '' Full text of the letter is available at http://www.constitution.org/jm/18300828_everett.htm . Jump up ^ Brant , pp. 626 - 7 . Webster never asserted the consolidating position again . Jump up ^ McDonald , pp. 105 - 106 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 , pp. 233 - 235 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson ' , ' v. 2 , pp. 233 - 237 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 , pp. 255 - 256 . Peterson , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 , pp. 343 - 348 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 pp. 347 - 355 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 pp. 358 - 373 . Peterson , pp. 203 - 212 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 , pp. 382 - 389 . Jump up ^ Ellis pg. 82 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 3 pp. 9 - 11 . Full text of his message available at http://www.thisnation.com/library/sotu/1832aj.html Jump up ^ Ellis pg 83 - 84 . Full document available at : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ellis , po. 93 - 95 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 160 - 165 . Peterson , pp. 222 - 224 . Peterson differs with Ellis in arguing that passage of the Force Bill `` was never in doubt . '' Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 99 - 100 . Peterson , pg. 217 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , pp. 384 - 385 . Jump up ^ Peterson , pp. 217 - 226 . Jump up ^ Peterson , pp. 226 - 228 . Jump up ^ Peterson pp. 229 - 232 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 295 - 297 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 297 . Willentz pg. 388 . Jump up ^ Jon Meacham ( 2009 ) , American Lion : Andrew Jackson in the White House , New York : Random House , p. 247 ; Correspondence of Andrew Jackson , Vol . V , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v3 . pg. 42 . Jump up ^ McDonald , pg. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , pp. 53 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 198 . Jump up ^ Brant p. 646 ; Rush produced a copy in Mrs. Madison 's hand ; the original also survives . The contemporary letter to Edward Coles ( Brant , p. 639 ) makes plain that the enemy in question is the nullifier . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 346 - 356 . McDonald ( pp. 121 -- 122 ) saw states ' rights in the period from 1833 -- 1847 as almost totally successful in creating a `` virtually nonfunctional '' federal government . This did not insure political harmony , as `` the national political arena became the center of heated controversy concerning the newly raised issue of slavery , a controversy that reached the flash point during the debates about the annexation of the Republic of Texas . '' Jump up ^ Cauthen , pg. 32 . Brant , Irving : The Fourth President : A Life of James Madison Bobbs Merrill , 1970 . Buel , Richard Jr . America on the Brink : How the Political Struggle Over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6238 - 3 Cauthen , Charles Edward . South Carolina Goes to War ( 1950 ) ISBN 1 - 57003 - 560 - 1 Cooper , William J. Jr . The South and the Politics of Slavery 1828 - 1856 ( 1978 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0385 - 3 Craven , Avery . The Coming of the Civil War ( 1942 ) ISBN 0 - 226 - 11894 - 0 Ellis , Richard E. The Union at Risk : Jacksonian Democracy , States ' Rights , and the Nullification Crisis ( 1987 ) Freehling , William W . The Road to Disunion : Secessionists at Bay , 1776 - 1854 ( 1991 ) , Vol. 1 Freehling , William W. Prelude to Civil War : The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816 - 1836 ( 1965 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 507681 - 8 Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 - 1848 . ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507894 - 7 McDonald , Forrest . States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio 1776 - 1876 ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1040 - 5 Niven , John . John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union ( 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1451 - 0 Peterson , Merrill D . The Great Triumvirate : Webster , Clay , and Calhoun ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 503877 - 0 Remini , Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom , 1822 - 1832 , v2 ( 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 014844 - 6 Remini , Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy , 1833 - 1845 , v3 ( 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 015279 - 6 Remini , Robert V. Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 31088 - 4 Tuttle , Charles A. ( Court Reporter ) California Digest : A Digest of the Reports of the Supreme Court of California , Volume 26 ( 1906 ) Walther , Eric C. The Fire - Eaters ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1731 - 5 Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 05820 - 4 Woods , Thomas E. Jr . Nullification ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 149 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) Barnwell , John ( 1982 ) . Love of Order : South Carolina 's First Secession Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1498 - 9 . Capers , Gerald M. ( 1960 ) . John C. Calhoun , Opportunist : A Reappraisal . Gainesville : University of Florida Press . Coit , Margaret L. ( 1950 ) . John C. Calhoun : American Portrait . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co . Houston , David Franklin ( 1896 ) . A Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina . Longmans , Green , and Co . Latner , Richard B. ( 1977 ) . `` The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion '' . Journal of Southern History . 43 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 38 . JSTOR 2207553 . McCurry , Stephanie ( 1995 ) . Masters of Small Worlds : Yeoman Households , Gender Relations and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507236 - 7 . Pease , Jane H. ; Pease , William H. ( 1981 ) . `` The Economics and Politics of Charleston 's Nullification Crisis '' . Journal of Southern History . 47 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 362 . JSTOR 2207798 . Ratcliffe , Donald ( 2000 ) . `` The Nullification Crisis , Southern Discontents , and the American Political Process '' . American Nineteenth Century History . 1 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 30 . doi : 10.1080 / 14664650008567014 . Wiltse , Charles ( 1949 ) . John C. Calhoun , Nullifier , 1829 -- 1839 . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill . External links ( edit ) South Carolina Exposition and Protest , by Calhoun , 1828 . The Fort Hill Address : On the Relations of the States and the Federal Government , by Calhoun , July 1831 . South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification , November 24 , 1832 . President Jackson 's Proclamation to South Carolina , December 10 , 1832 . An Exposition of the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 , by Abel P. Upshur , defending nullification and South Carolina . A Review of the Proclamation of President Jackson , by Littleton Waller Tazewell . Primary Documents in American History : Nullification Proclamation ( Library of Congress ) President Jackson 's Message to the Senate and House Regarding South Carolina 's Nullification Ordinance , January 16 , 1833 Nullification Revisited : An article examining the constitutionality of nullification ( from a favorable aspect , and with regard to both recent and historical events ) . Early Threat of Secession : Missouri Compromise of 1820 and Nullification Crisis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nullification_Crisis&oldid=854964414 '' Categories : 1832 in South Carolina 1833 in South Carolina Nullification Crisis Constitutional crises History of South Carolina Political history of the United States Politics of South Carolina Presidency of Andrew Jackson Separatism in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 00 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the nullification crisis came to an end in 1833 after president jackson | [
"On July 14, 1832, before Calhoun had resigned the Vice Presidency to run for the Senate where he could more effectively defend nullification,[4] Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832. This compromise tariff received the support of most northerners and half of the southerners in Congress.[5] The reductions were too little for South Carolina, and on November 24, 1832, a state convention adopted the Ordinance of Nullification, which declared that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina after February 1, 1833. The state initiated military preparations to resist anticipated federal enforcement.[6] On March 1, 1833, Congress passed both the Force Bill—authorizing the President to use military forces against South Carolina—and a new negotiated tariff, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which was satisfactory to South Carolina. The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 15, 1833, but three days later nullified the Force Bill as a symbolic gesture to maintain its principles.\n"
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"Congress passed both the Force Bill—authorizing the President to use military forces against South Carolina—and a new negotiated tariff, the Compromise Tariff of 1833"
] |
-1866141011208181937 | List of countries by barley production | List of countries by barley production - wikipedia List of countries by barley production Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of countries by barley production in 2013 based on Food and Agriculture Organization database . Production by country > 1,000,000 tonnes ( edit ) Rank Country / Region Barley production ( tonnes ) Russia 15,388,704 Germany 10,343,600 France 10,315,900 Canada 10,237,100 Spain 10,057,600 6 Turkey 7,900,000 7 Ukraine 7,561,650 8 Australia 7,471,592 9 United Kingdom 7,092,000 10 Argentina 4,705,160 11 United States 4,682,735 12 Denmark 3,949,900 13 Iran 3,200,000 14 Poland 2,920,400 15 Morocco 2,722,621 16 Kazakhstan 2,539,030 17 People 's Republic of China 2,300,000 18 Sweden 1,940,100 19 Ethiopia 1,932,818 20 Finland 1,904,200 21 Algeria 1,750,000 22 India 1,750,000 23 Belarus 1,673,695 24 Ireland 1,663,000 25 Czech Republic 1,593,760 26 Romania 1,542,247 27 Hungary 1,071,100 - World total 144,755,038 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ FAOSTAT Archived 2013 - 01 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings Cereals Barley Buckwheat Maize Millet Oats Rice Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Fruit Apples Apricots Bananas Citrus Oranges Plums Pear Grapes Mango Tomatoes Vegetables Artichoke Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Cucumber Other Cacao Cassava Coffee Cotton Fish Garlic Milk Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigation Land use List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_barley_production&oldid=781404389 '' Categories : Lists of countries by production Agriculture by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Polski Русский தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2017 , at 01 : 29 . About Wikipedia | country that has the highest in barley production | [
"\n\nRank\nCountry/Region\nBarley production\n(tonnes)[1]\n\n\n1\n Russia\n15,388,704\n\n\n2\n Germany\n10,343,600\n\n\n3\n France\n10,315,900\n\n\n4\n Canada\n10,237,100\n\n\n5\n Spain\n10,057,600\n\n\n6\n Turkey\n7,900,000\n\n\n7\n Ukraine\n7,561,650\n\n\n8\n Australia\n7,471,592\n\n\n9\n United Kingdom\n7,092,000\n\n\n10\n Argentina\n4,705,160\n\n\n11\n United States\n4,682,735\n\n\n12\n Denmark\n3,949,900\n\n\n13\n Iran\n3,200,000\n\n\n14\n Poland\n2,920,400\n\n\n15\n Morocco\n2,722,621\n\n\n16\n Kazakhstan\n2,539,030\n\n\n17\n People's Republic of China\n2,300,000\n\n\n18\n Sweden\n1,940,100\n\n\n19\n Ethiopia\n1,932,818\n\n\n20\n Finland\n1,904,200\n\n\n21\n Algeria\n1,750,000\n\n\n22\n India\n1,750,000\n\n\n23\n Belarus\n1,673,695\n\n\n24\n Ireland\n1,663,000\n\n\n25\n Czech Republic\n1,593,760\n\n\n26\n Romania\n1,542,247\n\n\n27\n Hungary\n1,071,100\n\n\n\n-\nWorld total\n144,755,038\n"
] | [
"Russia"
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-3604338158223366436 | Adaptation to extrauterine life | Adaptation to extrauterine life - wikipedia Adaptation to extrauterine life At the end of pregnancy , the fetus must take the journey of childbirth to leave the reproductive mother . Upon its entry to the air - breathing world , the newborn must begin to adjust to life outside the uterus . Contents 1 Breathing and circulation 2 Energy metabolism 3 Temperature regulation 4 See also 5 References Breathing and circulation ( edit ) Perfusing its body by breathing independently instead of utilizing placental oxygen delivered via the umbilical cord is the first challenge of a newborn . At birth , the baby 's lungs are filled with lung liquid , which is distinct from amniotic fluid . When the newborn is expelled from the birth canal , its central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment . This triggers it to take the first breath , within about 10 seconds after delivery . With the first breaths , there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance , and an increase in the surface area available for gas exchange . Over the next 30 seconds the pulmonary blood flow increases and is oxygenated as it flows through the alveoli of the lungs . Oxygenated blood now reaches the left atrium and ventricle , and through the descending aorta reaches the umbilical arteries . Oxygenated blood now stimulates constriction of the umbilical arteries resulting in a reduction in placental blood flow . As the pulmonary circulation increases there is an equivalent reduction in the placental blood flow which normally ceases completely after about three minutes . These two changes result in a rapid redirection of blood flow into the pulmonary vascular bed , from approximately 4 % to 100 % of cardiac output . The increase in pulmonary venous return results in left atrial pressure being slightly higher than right atrial pressure , which closes the foramen ovale . The flow pattern changes results in a drop in blood flow across the ductus arteriosus and the higher blood oxygen content of blood within the aorta stimulates the constriction and ultimately the closure of this fetal circulatory shunt . All of these cardiovascular system changes result in the adaptation from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern . During this transition , some types of congenital heart disease that were not symptomatic in utero during fetal circulation will present with cyanosis or respiratory signs . Changing the composition of hemoglobin before and after birth . Also identifies the types of cells and organs in which the gene expression ( data on Wood W.G. , ( 1976 ) . Br . Med . Bull . 32 , 282 . ) It is common obstetric practice to intervene in these changes by applying a clamp to the umbilical cord , often within 20 seconds of birth , before transition has taken place . However delayed clamping ( > 1min ) may have benefits in terms of iron status . Following birth , the expression and re-uptake of surfactant , which begins to be produced by the fetus at 20 weeks gestation , is accelerated . Expression of surfactant into the alveoli is necessary to prevent alveolar closure ( atelectasis ) . At this point , rhythmic breathing movements also commence . If there are any problems with breathing , management can include stimulation , bag and mask ventilation , intubation and ventilation . Cardiorespiratory monitoring is essential to keeping track of potential problems . Pharmacological therapy such as caffeine can also be given to treat apnea in premature newborns . A positive airway pressure should be maintained , and neonatal sepsis must be ruled out . Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea , transient tachypnea of the newborn ( TTNB ) , respiratory distress syndrome ( RDS ) , meconium aspiration syndrome ( MAS ) , airway obstruction , and pneumonia . Energy metabolism ( edit ) Energy metabolism in the fetus must be converted from a continuous placental supply of glucose to intermittent feeding . While the fetus is dependent on maternal glucose as the main source of energy , it can use lactate , free - fatty acids , and ketone bodies under some conditions . Plasma glucose is maintained by glycogenolysis . Glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle begins in the late second trimester of pregnancy , and storage is completed in the third trimester . Glycogen stores are maximal at term , but even then , the fetus only has enough glycogen available to meet energy needs for 8 -- 10 hours , which can be depleted even more quickly if demand is high . Newborns will then rely on gluconeogenesis for energy , which requires integration , and is normal at 2 -- 4 days of life . Fat stores are the largest storage source of energy . At 27 weeks gestation , only 1 % of a fetus ' body weight is fat . At 40 weeks , that number increases to 16 % . Inadequate available glucose substrate can lead to hypoglycemia , fetal growth restriction , preterm delivery , or other problems . Similarly , excess substrate can lead to problems , such as infant of a diabetic mother ( IDM ) , hypothermia or neonatal sepsis . Anticipating potential problems is the key to managing most neonatal problems of energy metabolism . For example , early feeding in the delivery room or as soon as possible may prevent hypoglycemia . If the blood glucose is still low , then an intravenous ( IV ) bolus of glucose may be delivered , with continuous infusion if necessary . Rarely , steroids or glucagon may have to be employed . Temperature regulation ( edit ) Newborns come from a warm environment to the cold and fluctuating temperatures of this world . They are naked , wet , and have a large surface - area - to - mass ratio , with variable amounts of insulation , limited metabolic reserves , and a decreased ability to shiver . Physiologic mechanisms for preserving core temperature include vasoconstriction ( decrease blood flow to the skin ) , maintaining the fetal position ( decrease the surface area exposed to the environment ) , jittery large muscle activity ( generate muscular heat ) , and `` non-shivering thermogenesis '' . The latter occurs in `` brown fat '' which is specialized adipose tissue with a high concentration of mitochondria designed to rapidly oxidize fatty acids in order to generate metabolic heat . The newborn capacity to maintain these mechanisms is limited , especially in premature infants . As such , it is not surprising that some newborns may have problems regulating their temperature . As early as the 1880s , infant incubators were used to help newborns maintain warmth , with humidified incubators being used as early as the 1930s . Basic techniques for keeping newborns warm include keeping them dry , wrapping them in blankets , giving them hats and clothing , or increasing the ambient temperature . More advanced techniques include incubators ( at 36.5 ° C ) , humidity , heat shields , thermal blankets , double - walled incubators , and radiant warmers while the use of skin - to - skin `` kangaroo care '' interventions for low - birth - weight infants have started to spread worldwide after its use as a solution in developing countries . See also ( edit ) Shock of birth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gardner , Sandra L. ; Hines , Mary Enzman ; Nyp , Michael ( 2016 ) , `` Chapter 23 : Respiratory Diseases '' , in Gardner , Sandra Lee ; Carter , Brian S. ; Enzman - Hines , Mary ; Hernandez , Jacinto A. , Merenstein & Gardner 's Handbook of Neonatal Intensive Care ( 8th ed . ) , Elsevier , p. 567 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 32083 - 2 , The fetal lung is filled with a volume of liquid ( 20 to 30 ml / kg ) equal to the functional residual capacity . This fluid is not amniotic fluid but , rather , a liquid that has been produced in the lung and discharged through the larynx and mouth into the amniotic fluid . Lung fluid is continuously produced at a rate of approximately 2 to 4 ml / kg / hr . ^ Jump up to : * `` About.com > Changes in the newborn at birth '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Review Date : 27 November 2007 . Reviewed By : Deirdre OReilly , MD Jump up ^ Anderson , O ( 15 November 2011 ) . `` Effect of delayed versus early umbilical cord clamping on neonatal outcomes and iron status at 4 months : a randomised controlled trial '' . BMJ. 343 : d7157 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. d7157 . Jump up ^ `` Kangaroo Mother Care '' . Transfusion Medicine . 18 : 77 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3148.2007. 00812. x . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Birth attendant Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Traditional birth attendant Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Maternal Postpartum confinement Sex after pregnancy Psychiatric disorders of childbirth Postpartum physiological changes Roles Doula Health visitor Lactation consultant Monthly nurse Confinement nanny Infant Adaptation to extrauterine life Child care Congenital disorders Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life&oldid=806707885 '' Categories : Obstetrics Neonatology Midwifery Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 17 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do babies start breathing on their own | [
"Perfusing its body by breathing independently instead of utilizing placental oxygen delivered via the umbilical cord is the first challenge of a newborn. At birth, the baby's lungs are filled with lung liquid, which is distinct from amniotic fluid.[1] When the newborn is expelled from the birth canal, its central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment.[2] This triggers it to take the first breath, within about 10 seconds after delivery.[2] With the first breaths, there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increase in the surface area available for gas exchange. Over the next 30 seconds the pulmonary blood flow increases and is oxygenated as it flows through the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygenated blood now reaches the left atrium and ventricle, and through the descending aorta reaches the umbilical arteries. Oxygenated blood now stimulates constriction of the umbilical arteries resulting in a reduction in placental blood flow. As the pulmonary circulation increases there is an equivalent reduction in the placental blood flow which normally ceases completely after about three minutes. These two changes result in a rapid redirection of blood flow into the pulmonary vascular bed, from approximately 4% to 100% of cardiac output. The increase in pulmonary venous return results in left atrial pressure being slightly higher than right atrial pressure, which closes the foramen ovale. The flow pattern changes results in a drop in blood flow across the ductus arteriosus and the higher blood oxygen content of blood within the aorta stimulates the constriction and ultimately the closure of this fetal circulatory shunt.\n"
] | [
"about 10 seconds after delivery"
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-2805871899785373526 | Pretty Little Liars | Pretty Little Liars - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the TV series . For the series of books by Sara Shepard , see Pretty Little Liars ( book series ) . Pretty Little Liars Genre Crime thriller Mystery Teen drama Based on Pretty Little Liars by Sara Shepard Developed by I. Marlene King Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Holly Marie Combs Lucy Hale Ian Harding Bianca Lawson Laura Leighton Chad Lowe Shay Mitchell Sasha Pieterse Tyler Blackburn Janel Parrish Andrea Parker Opening theme `` Secret '' by The Pierces Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 160 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) I. Marlene King Charlie Craig Oliver Goldstick Joseph Dougherty Leslie Morgenstein Bob Levy Producer ( s ) Lisa Cochran - Neilan Maya Goldsmith Carol Dunn Trussell Bryan M. Holdman Hynndie Wali Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Vancouver , British Columbia ( pilot ) Cinematography Dana Gonzales Larry Reibman Buzz Feitshans IV Geoffrey Haley Camera setup Red Two ; single - camera Running time 41 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Warner Horizon Television Alloy Entertainment Long Lake Productions Russian Hill Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Freeform Original release June 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Chronology Related shows Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists External links Website freeform.go.com/shows/pretty-little-liars Pretty Little Liars is an American teen drama mystery thriller television series developed by I. Marlene King , loosely based on the popular book series of the same name by Sara Shepard . The show premiered on June 8 , 2010 on ABC Family and ended on June 27 , 2017 , for a total of seven seasons and 160 episodes . The series spawned two spin - offs : Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) and the upcoming Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Casting 2.2 Promotion 2.3 Music 3 Cast and characters 4 Setting 4.1 Rosewood 4.2 Secondary locations 5 Broadcast 6 Critical reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes Set in the small suburban town of Rosewood , Pennsylvania ( not far from Philadelphia ) , the series follows the lives of five girls : Spencer Hastings , Alison DiLaurentis , Aria Montgomery , Hanna Marin and Emily Fields , whose clique falls apart after the leader of the group , Alison , goes missing . One year later , the remaining estranged friends are reunited as they begin receiving messages from a mysterious villain named `` A '' or `` A.D. '' , who threatens and tortures them for the mistakes they have made before and after Alison was alive . At first , they think it is Alison herself , but after her body is found , the girls realize that someone else is planning on ruining their lives . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 - 49 ) 22 June 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 2.87 1.0 25 June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 2.68 1.0 24 June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 2.59 1.1 24 June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 2.53 1.1 5 25 June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 2.01 0.9 6 20 June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 1.72 0.8 7 20 June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 1.11 0.6 Production ( edit ) Originally developed as a television series by book packaging company Alloy Entertainment , the idea was described as `` Desperate Housewives for teens . '' Alloy met with author Shepard , and gave her the property to develop into a book series . With Alloy and Warner Horizon Television interested in producing Pretty Little Liars as a television series for years , it was first planned for The WB in 2005 with a different writer until the network shut down in early 2006 and reestablished as The CW later that year . The first novel was published by HarperTeen in October 2006 . In June 2008 , Alloy noted that it was developing a Pretty Little Liars television pilot for ABC Family , with the novels adapted for television . After the pilot was shot in Vancouver , filming for the rest of the series moved to Los Angeles . The series was primarily filmed at the Warner Bros. studio and backlot in the city of Burbank , near Los Angeles . In June 2012 , the series was selected by lottery for a California film and TV tax credit . Casting ( edit ) ABC Family began casting for a Pretty Little Liars television pilot in October 2009 . Lucy Hale was cast as Aria Montgomery in the project , followed by Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz in November 2009 . In December 2009 , The Futon Critic confirmed the casting of Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin and Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields , as well as the addition of Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin , Nia Peeples as Pam Fields , Roark Critchlow as Tom Marin , and Bianca Lawson as Maya . Mitchell had initially auditioned for the role of Spencer and then tried for Emily . The Hollywood Reporter also noted that Torrey DeVitto and Sasha Pieterse landed recurring roles in the pilot . The Alloy website later confirmed that Pieterse would be playing Alison DiLaurentis and DeVitto would be Melissa Hastings , also mentioning the casting of Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal . On January 27 , 2010 , ABC Family picked up the series for 10 episodes , set to premiere in June 2010 . In April 2010 , the role of Aria 's father Byron was recast with Chad Lowe , and Holly Marie Combs was cast as Aria 's mother Ella . Jenna Marshall is played by Tammin Sursok . On January 7 , 2011 , Tilky Jones was cast as Logan Reed . On April 8 , 2011 , Annabeth Gish was cast for the role of Anne Sullivan , a therapist who tries to find out the characters ' secrets . On May 23 , 2011 , Andrea Parker signed up to appear as Jessica DiLaurentis , Alison 's mother . On June 29 , 2011 , it was announced that Natalie Hall would be replacing Natalie Floyd as Hanna 's soon - to - be stepsister , Kate . On January 30 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Tyler Blackburn had been promoted to series regular for the third season . In March 2012 , Janel Parrish was also promoted from recurring to series regular for the third season . On March 16 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Andrea Parker was added as a series regular for the seventh season . Promotion ( edit ) Pretty Little Liars was called one of the most spectacular new shows of summer 2010 thanks to heavy promotion by ABC Family , including `` spicy promos and hot posters '' . ABC Family encouraged fans to host a `` Pretty Little Premiere Party '' for the show by sending the first respondents a fan kit , and selected applicants to become part of an interactive `` Secret Keeper Game '' played with iPhones provided by the network . The show 's official Facebook and Twitter accounts also promoted special fan features , including a `` Pretty Little Lie Detector '' . Los Angeles department store Kitson showcased the show in their shop window . A tie - in edition featuring the Season 1 poster and logo of the 2006 first novel in the Pretty Little Liars series was released on the date of the show 's premiere , as was the final book of the original book series , `` Wanted '' . `` Wanted '' later decidedly became the eighth book of the series , as Shepard later confirmed she would extend the series . A TV tie in of the second book `` Flawless '' featuring an altered Season 3 poster was released on December 28 , 2010 . Music ( edit ) The theme song for Pretty Little Liars is `` Secret '' by The Pierces , which was suggested by one of the show 's stars , Ashley Benson . The pilot episode featured music from artists such as The Fray , Ben 's Brother , MoZella , Orelia , and Colbie Caillat . The show has also featured music from Passion Pit , Lady Gaga , Pink , Florence and the Machine , Lykke Li , Selena Gomez & the Scene , McFly and Rachel Platten . Music from Katie Herzig can be heard multiple times throughout the show . A few songs being `` Hey Na Na '' and `` Where the Road Meets the Sun '' . Madi Diaz has been heard on the show with her song `` Heavy Heart '' , as well as Joy Williams with `` Charmed Life '' and Foreign Slippers with `` What Are You Waiting For ? '' . The last episode of season one featured a song by Alexz Johnson that she originally recorded for the soundtrack of the Canadian hit TV show Instant Star . On June 14 , 2011 , `` Jar of Hearts '' by Christina Perri was featured in the first episode of the second season . The song `` Follow Suit '' by Trent Dabbs has also been featured on the show . In the episode `` The Perfect Storm '' , Lucy Hale sings a cover of the song `` Who Knows Where the Time Goes ? '' by British band Fairport Convention . The official soundtrack was released on February 15 , 2011 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters The core cast of `` Pretty Little Liars '' ( excluding Janel Parrish who portrays Mona Vanderwaal ) at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 Honoring `` Pretty Little Liars '' . From left : Troian Bellisario , Ashley Benson , Lucy Hale , Shay Mitchell , and Sasha Pieterse . Troian Bellisario portrays Spencer Hastings , one of the five Liars . Bellisario also portrays Alex Drake , Spencer 's identical twin sister . Spencer is an extreme perfectionist who likes to please her wealthy family and her friends . She is very competitive and an overachiever . Spencer is strong willed , smart , and kind towards everyone around her , but is n't afraid to take down someone who is a threat to something she cares about . She was in a relationship with Toby Cavanaugh ( Keegan Allen ) for most of the first six and a half seasons . Toby later joins the Rosewood Police Force to protect Spencer . Tired of being the victim , Spencer was a brief member of the `` A '' team after she thinks that she finds Toby in the woods killed by `` A '' , but finds out from Mona that he is still alive and the only way to get to him is to become part of the team . She then learns that the only reason Toby joined the `` A '' team was to protect her . After the five year jump , Spencer dates Caleb Rivers ( Tyler Blackburn ) and lives in Washington , D.C. She returns home after the death of Charlotte Drake but ends up staying due to her mother running for the state senate . In the season 7 mid-season finale , it is revealed that she is the biological child of Mary Drake . After the one year time jump , it is shown she has continued with politics and is a paralegal at her mothers law firm . It is revealed that she had a twin sister , Alex Drake , who grew up in London , that became A.D to avenge Charlotte 's death . Ashley Benson portrays Hanna Marin , one of the five Liars . Hanna used to have an eating disorder . She was overweight , with the nickname ' Hefty Hanna ' . After Alison DiLaurentis disappeared , Hanna lost weight and changed her style , which seemed similar to Ali 's , with the help of her new best friend Mona Vanderwaal . Over the course of the series , Hanna cares more about the people around her and tries to protect herself and her friends . She is loyal and strong . She has had few love affairs through the series and was in a relationship with Caleb Rivers . After the time jump , Hanna was engaged to Jordan and working in the fashion industry , but has moved back to Rosewood and is married to Caleb . In the series finale , it is revealed that she is pregnant . Holly Marie Combs portrays Ella Montgomery , the mother of Aria and Mike , as well as the wife of Byron . Lucy Hale portrays Aria Montgomery , one of the five Liars . Aria is the artsy chameleon who is very intelligent , caring , and has a good sense of style . She 's the one who keeps her family together . Aria spent some time as a `` goth '' . She wore black , punk - like clothing and had pink highlights in her hair . After Alison disappeared , Aria and her family moved to Iceland for a year ( because of Alison 's disappearance ) , before returning to Rosewood . When Aria and her family moved back to Rosewood , she was no longer a `` goth '' as she used to be , she was a girly - girl . Aria had a relationship with her English teacher , Ezra Fitz ( Ian Harding ) from the very first episode of the entire show , but they decided to end their relationship before Aria went to college . After the time jump , Aria dates her co-worker , Liam , and then breaks up with him after she and Ezra start dating again . Ezra then proposes to her and they get engaged . Later , Aria joins the A-Team , after being blackmailed by Uber A . In the season finale , it is revealed that she is infertile which leads her to believe that she would never be able to marry Ezra however at the end of the episode she and Ezra are married Ian Harding portrays Ezra Fitz , a former English teacher at Rosewood High who begins a relationship with Aria which causes a lot of tension due to her being his student . However they keep a steady relationship until season 4 when it is revealed that he is writing a book about the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis which causes Aria to break up with him . It is also revealed that he had a very brief relationship with Alison before she disappeared after she met him in bar near Hollis with Charlotte Drake . After the time jump , Ezra is in a very bad place due to his girlfriend Nicole being kidnapped and killed in Nicaragua while they were there doing charity work . He is writing a book about his experience which is being published through the company Aria is currently working at which causes them to rekindle their old friendship . In the season 6 finale , they have sex which causes them to talk about their relationship and Ezra proposes to Aria which after some hesitation and a confession about the death of Archer Dunhill , she accepts . They are married in the series finale . Bianca Lawson portrays Maya St. Germain , a new girl who moves into Rosewood and develops a relationship with Emily , becoming her first girlfriend . She moves into Alison 's old house which causes tension with the girls at first but they quickly begin to like her . She is killed in the season 2 finale by Lyndon James who was her stalker from a rehabilitation camp which she was sent to when Pam discovers weed in her bag . Lyndon disguises himself as her cousin who tries to get close to Emily so that he can kill her out of jealousy however , he is killed by Emily stabbing him in mid-season 3 . Laura Leighton portrays Ashley Marin , the mother of Hanna . In the first season she is working as a member of the bank until she is arrested as the suspected murderer of Darren Wilden . She is released when Mona takes the blame for murder and Pastor Ted posts her bail . She then begins working for Mrs DiLaurentis until her death when she chooses to leave as Jason takes over which causes tension due to their past relationship . After the 5 year time jump , she has now turned Radley into a fancy hotel and is working as the manager . Chad Lowe portrays Byron Montgomery , the father of Aria and Mike , as well as the husband of Ella . He is the center of one of the first story lines due to him having an affair with one of his students at Hollis causing all sorts of issues with his family . Due to this , him and Ella get a divorced but later remarry in season 6 with Aria as their officiator . Chad Lowe was the first cast member to direct an episode of Pretty Little Liars , followed by Troian Bellisario . Shay Mitchell portrays Emily Fields , one of the five Liars . Emily is the sporty one in the group . She is the best swimmer on the swim team , and she 's very sweet and loyal . Emily is a shy , kind , closeted lesbian , in love with Alison DiLaurentis . Over the course of the series , Emily came out to her parents that she was in a relationship with Maya St. Germain . After Maya 's murder , Emily develops a relationship with Paige McCullers in season 3 . They 're together for a while , until Paige betrays Emily 's trust . After the time jump , Emily has dropped out of the university she attended in California after the death of her father and she came back to Rosewood with a secret . She ends up donating her eggs in season 6 to help 2 start a family . As of The DArkest Knight she is now working at Rosewood High School as the swim coach . In Season 7 , it is revealed that Alison is pregnant with Emily 's baby after A.D stole Emily 's eggs after she donated them and impregnated Alison while she was in Welby . Emily confronts Ali about the baby and she agrees to have it for her . Soon after , Alison confesses her feelings for Emily and the 2 enter a relationship . In the series finale , Emily and Ali are raising twin girls , Lily and Grace . Alison proposes to Emily who accepts . Sasha Pieterse portrays Alison DiLaurentis , one of the five Liars and the former `` Queen Bee '' of her clique , and the most popular girl in school before her disappearance . She enjoys using people 's deepest secrets against them to keep them in line . Charming and manipulative , Alison managed to manipulate all four of her friends in one way or another and is skilled at finding ways to blackmail others . It was later revealed that Alison is alive and was on the run from `` A '' . After the five - year time jump , Alison marries a man posing as Dr. Elliott Rollins , who was her sister Charlotte 's psychiatrist . In the beginning of Season 7 , Alison finds out that he is not the `` good '' man that she thought she married and with the help of the other girls , they manage to kill him before he kills them . Alison is now an English teacher at Rosewood High . It is also revealed in season 7 that she is pregnant with Emily 's baby . Shortly after , she admits to being in love with Emily and enters a relationship with her and intends to raise the baby with her.In the series finale , she is raising twin girls , Lily and Grace , later on in the episode she proposes to Emily . Tyler Blackburn portrays Caleb Rivers , the high school boyfriend and later husband of Hanna Marin , and a professional hacker . It is revealed in season 1 that he was in the foster care system and slept in school or public places the majority of the time to avoid staying with his foster family . For a brief time he moves into Hanna 's basement before moving in with Lucas . He also reconnects with his biological parents . He departs the show mid-season 4 to go to Ravenswood , which was a sister spin - off show of Pretty Little Liars . He returns in the 100th episode with a haunting secret which causes tension between him and Hanna . They both begin drinking , him to forget Ravenswood , her coping with Alison 's return to Rosewood . After the time jump , it is revealed that he and Hanna broke up due to them working too much and he begins dating Spencer causing a love triangle between the three of them . In the mid-season 7 finale , he confesses his feeling for Hanna leading to them having sex prompting them to get back together . In `` Choose or Loose '' , they elope in the courthouse and in the finale , Hanna announces she 's pregnant . Janel Parrish portrays Mona Vanderwaal , the original and first `` A '' . She is the person who stalked Alison before her disappearance , and did this as revenge for Alison crowning her `` Rosewood 's biggest loser '' . After Alison disappeared she became best friends with Hanna Marin and they transformed themselves into the most popular girls at school , taking Alison 's place . In the season two finale she is exposed as `` A '' and sent to Radley Sanitarium , where she is visited by CeCe Drake ( Charlotte ) , who takes Mona 's place in the `` A '' game . In Season 3 , she continues working as `` A '' and by the end of the season is kicked off the `` A '' team and becomes a victim of `` A '' along with the other girls . In Season 4 she helps the girls out with their investigations of the new `` A '' . In season 5 she creates an army so as not to be intimidated by Alison 's return . Later in the season , she fakes her own death to ferret out `` A '' but is kidnapped by `` A '' and imprisoned in `` A '' 's dollhouse . After the time jump , Mona is working for Veronica Hastings ' rival for State Senator , and is revealed to be Charlotte Drake 's killer . Andrea Parker portrays Jessica DiLaurentis / Mary Drake , twin sisters . Jessica is the mother to Alison and Jason , while Mary is revealed to be the mother of Charlotte and Spencer . Mary was admitted to Radley Sanitarium for most of her life , but has now returned to Rosewood . During the fourth season , Mary kills Jessica and attempts to frame Peter Hastings for it . However , this is not revealed until season 7 . She comes back to Rosewood later , now allied with Archer Dunhill . In the nineteenth episode of season 7 , she takes the blame for the death of Archer Dunhill so the Liars wo n't have to go to prison . In the season finale , it revealed that she escaped prison with the help of Mona so that she could ally with Alex Drake , her other biological daughter , Spencer 's twin sister who is revealed as A.D Setting ( edit ) Rosewood ( edit ) Rosewood is a fictional town in the United States state of Pennsylvania . It is the principal setting of the series and the books . The Liars live in this town along with most of the other characters . It contains many principal locations : the police station , the Rosewood High School , the church , the Rosewood Shopping Center , Hollis College , the Rosewood Community Hospital , the Rosewood movie theater , the mausoleum , the dental office , the Ophthalmology Cabinet , and the Rosewood Court . Virtually all these locations are actually exteriors on the backlot of the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank . Interior scenes are filmed separately on nearby soundstages . For example , different sides of the same building on the backlot are used for the entrances of the Rosewood police station and high school . Secondary locations ( edit ) Real towns : New York City , Cape May , Philadelphia , London , Hilton Head Island and Brookhaven Broadcast ( edit ) The intertitle in the opening credits used since the show 's inception . Pretty Little Liars premiered on June 8 , 2010 in the United States , becoming ABC Family 's highest - rated series debut on record across the network 's target demographics . It ranked number one in key 12 -- 34 demos and teens , becoming the number - one scripted show in Women 18 -- 34 , and Women 18 -- 49 . The premiere was number two in the hour for total viewers , which generated 2.47 million unique viewers , and was ABC Family 's best delivery in the time slot since the premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager . The second episode retained 100 % of its premiere audience with 2.48 million viewers , despite the usual downward trend following a premiere of a show , and built on its premiere audience . It was the dominant number one of its time slot in Adults 18 -- 49 , and the number one show in female teens . Subsequent episodes fluctuated between 2.09 and 2.74 million viewers . The August 10 , 2010 `` Summer Finale '' episode drew an impressive 3.07 million viewers . On June 28 , 2010 , ABC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show , bringing its total first - season order to 22 . On January 10 , 2011 , ABC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14 , 2011 . During the summer of 2011 , Pretty Little Liars was basic cable 's top scripted series in women aged 18 -- 34 and viewers 12 -- 34 . The second half of season 2 aired on Mondays at 8 / 7c , beginning on January 2 , 2012 . On November 29 , 2011 , ABC Family renewed the show for a third season , which consisted of 24 episodes . On October 4 , 2012 , ABC Family announced that the show was renewed for a fourth season , again comprising 24 episodes . The second half of the third season began airing on January 8 , 2013 and finished March 19 , 2013 . Pretty Little Liars returned for Season 4 on June 11 , 2013 . On March 25 , 2013 , it was again announced that Pretty Little Liars had been renewed for a fifth season scheduled for a 2014 air date and a new spin off show entitled Ravenswood would begin airing after the season four annual Halloween special in October 2013 . The second half of season four premiered on January 7 , 2014 . It was announced on June 10 , 2014 that Pretty Little Liars was renewed for two seasons , making the show ABC Family 's longest running original hit series . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King announced that Pretty Little Liars would be ending after the seventh season had aired . The second half of the seventh season will begin airing later than previous season , in April instead of January . Critical reception ( edit ) Pretty Little Liars opened with mixed reviews . Metacritic gave the pilot episode 52 out of 100 , based upon 14 critical reviews . The New York Daily News gave the show a positive review , commenting that it `` makes most popular vampire romances look anemic '' , while concluding , `` Pretty Little Liars could go in several directions , including mundane teen clichés . It 's got an equally good shot at making us care about these imperfect pretty girls . '' A writer on Terror Hook has stated that `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' gets off to a very promising start . Great production all around , the writing keeps the viewer on their toes , and the acting just reinforces it . The overall mystery of the show in the end is dark and unpredictable , even stepping into the slasher film realm . '' The New York Post gave the show three out of five stars , stating , `` OK , so we 've established that there is no socially redeeming value in this series and that your kids should n't watch it if they are too young and impressionable . But if you can distract them enough to miss the first 15 minutes , the show is n't half - bad . Actually , it is half - good , if that makes sense . '' The Los Angeles Times wrote that the series is `` one of those shows that manages to mildly , and perhaps unintentionally , spoof its genre while fully participating in it , and that 's not a bad thing at all . '' Entertainment Weekly had a less favorable review , giving the show a letter grade of `` D − '' , saying , `` Imagine the pitch for Liars : It 's I Know What You Did Last Summer meets Gossip Girl , but like not so subtle . '' It went on to say that the plot `` hits every racy teen entertainment mark so hard ( everyone 's hair is so full -- of secrets ! ) that it feels like the only thing missing is a visit from the ghosts of Jennifer Love Hewitt and Freddie Prinze , Jr . '' The Hollywood Reporter compared the show to those on The CW and noted , `` Sure , there 's a lot here that sustains more eye - rolling than interested stares , but a little patience might be warranted . '' Ratings ( edit ) Since the series premiere , Pretty Little Liars has remained popular . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that the show 's `` popularity is tilted toward women more than any other show in the data -- over 94 percent of ' likes ' come from women '' . The series earned its highest rated episode with 4.20 million total viewers , ranking among ABC Family 's top 5 telecasts in adult viewers 18 -- 34 , total viewers and women viewers . The highest rated episodes include season one 's finale , with 3.64 million , and season two 's premiere and finale episodes , each yielding nearly 3.7 million viewers . The show stands as the most watched series on ABC Family , maintaining a steady viewership of over 2.5 million and currently standing as the only show to yield an average of over 2 million viewers . Ratings table Season Network Episodes Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Viewers ( in millions ) Most watched episode Premiere date Viewers ( million ) Finale date Viewers ( million ) Title Viewers ( millions ) Season 1 ABC Family 22 Tuesdays 8 : 00 pm ( first set ) Mondays 8 : 00 pm ( second set ) June 8 , 2010 2.47 March 21 , 2011 3.64 2010 -- 11 2.87 `` Moments Later '' 4.20 Season 2 25 June 14 , 2011 3.68 March 19 , 2012 3.69 2011 -- 12 2.68 `` unmAsked '' 3.69 Season 3 24 Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. June 5 , 2012 2.93 March 19 , 2013 2.87 2012 -- 13 2.59 `` She 's Better Now '' 3.21 Season 4 24 June 11 , 2013 2.97 March 18 , 2014 3.12 2013 -- 14 2.53 `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' 3.33 Season 5 25 June 10 , 2014 2.72 March 24 , 2015 2.65 2014 -- 15 2.01 `` EscApe From New York '' 2.72 Season 6 ABC Family ( 2015 ) Freeform ( 2016 ) 20 June 2 , 2015 2.38 March 15 , 2016 1.19 2015 -- 16 1.72 `` Game Over , Charles '' 3.09 Season 7 Freeform 20 June 21 , 2016 1.43 June 27 , 2017 1.41 2016 -- 17 1.11 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' 1.43 Pretty Little Liars : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Star : Male Ian Harding Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won 2011 NewNowNext Awards TV You Betta Watch Pretty Little Liars Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Obsession Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Cast To Watch Troian Bellisario , Ashley Benson , Lucy Hale and Shay Mitchell Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won Troian Bellisario Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Ian Harding Won Keegan Allen Nominated Banff Television Festival Best Continuing Series I. Marlene King , Lesli Linka Glatter and Lisa Cochran - Neilan Won Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated Best International Actress Lucy Hale Nominated Best International Actor Ian Harding Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated TV Guide Awards Favorite Guilty Pleasure Nominated Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Won Choice TV Actor Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress Lucy Hale Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Troian Bellisario Won 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite TV Fan Following Little Liars Nominated Gracie Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Rising Star Lucy Hale Won TV Guide Awards Favorite Ensemble Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite Villain Janel Parrish and Keegan Allen Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won Choice Summer TV Star : Male Keegan Allen Won Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated Best International Actress Ashley Benson Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite Cable TV Actress Lucy Hale Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated 40th Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Television Series Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Bingeworthy TV series Nominated Best Cast Chemistry -- TV Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Choice TV Actress : Drama Lucy Hale Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Female Ashley Benson Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Shay Mitchell Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Tyler Blackburn Won Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Sasha Pieterse Won Candie 's Choice Style Icon Ashley Benson Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated 41st Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Television Series Nominated MTV Fandom Awards Feels Freak Out Of The Year Won Ship Of The Year Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Lucy Hale Won Shay Mitchell Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Tyler Blackburn Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Won Choice TV Scene Stealer Sasha Pieterse Nominated Choice TV Villain `` A '' ( Vanessa Ray ) Won 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Shay Mitchell Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Tyler Blackburn Nominated Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice TV Scene Stealer Sasha Pieterse Won Choice TV Chemistry Ashley Benson and Tyler Blackburn Won Choice Summer TV Actress Lucy Hale Nominated Shay Mitchell Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Nominated Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Won Shay Mitchell Nominated Sasha Pieterse Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Nominated Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice TV Ship Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse Nominated DVD releases ( edit ) DVD release dates for Pretty Little Liars Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season June 7 , 2011 September 24 , 2012 November 2 , 2011 22 Pretty Little Liars : Two Truths and a Lie -- Discover some fun facts and fictional fallacies about the cast of Pretty Little Liars . It All Started with a Little Lie : Making Pretty Little Liars -- Discover how the pages and characters of Sara Shepard 's novel became this ca n't miss TV series Little Secrets from the Set -- Catch up with the cast and crew of summer 's hottest show as they bring us several juicy behind - the - scenes secrets from the Pretty Little Liars set Deleted Scenes and extras The Complete Second Season June 5 , 2012 November 11 , 2013 September 5 , 2012 25 Fashion 's Guilty Pleasure : Check out Aria 's edgy bohemian looks , Hanna 's rock ' n ' roll glamour , Emily 's laid back sporty style and Spencer 's prepster perfection Men of Mystery : Brooding brows , soulful smiles and mysterious minds ... get ready for the heart - melting guys of Rosewood Deleted scenes and extras The Complete Third Season June 4 , 2013 April 21 , 2014 June 19 , 2013 24 Featurette : `` The ' A ' Network '' The Lady Killer episode alternate endings Bonus Webisodes Deleted Scenes The Complete Fourth Season June 3 , 2014 September 29 , 2014 July 9 , 2014 24 Featurette : `` Unhooding Red Coat : Alison Is Alive ! '' Featurette : `` Confessions of ' A ' Liar '' Featurette : `` Pretty Little Scenes '' Bonus Recap Episode Deleted Scenes The Complete Fifth Season June 2 , 2015 July 15 , 2015 June 19 , 2015 25 Featurette : `` Good Girls , Bad Lies : The Stronger PLLs '' Featurette : `` Pretty Little Liars : The Guys Are Back ! '' Featurette : `` Celebrating a Pretty 100th '' Featurette : `` Christmas in Rosewood : Designing the Ice Ball '' We Love You to Death : Fan Appreciation Episode Deleted Scenes The Complete Sixth Season April 19 , 2016 April 18 , 2016 April 22 , 2016 20 Featurette : `` We Heart the PLL Ships '' Featurette : `` A PLL Prom '' Featurette : `` Inside the 5 Years '' Featurette : `` A Homecoming : The PLLs Return '' Pretty Little Liars : 5 Years Forward Deleted Scenes The Seventh and Final Season July 25 , 2017 TBA TBA 20 Featurette : `` Inside the PLL Sheets '' Featurette : `` That PLL Boy Is Mine '' Featurette : `` A PLL Proposal '' Featurette : `` A Surprising Mary Drake '' Featurette : `` Hot for Haleb '' Featurette : `` Say I Do '' Featurette : `` The Final Sendoff from Rosewood '' Featurette : `` A.D. : The Ultimate Suspect '' Featurette : `` Thank You to Fans '' Pretty Little Liars : A-List Wrap Party ( Special Episode ) Deleted Scenes The Complete Series July 25 , 2017 TBA TBA 160 All previously released special features on all seven seasons . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Spin - Off Show Announced '' . Freeform.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family Announces Pick - Up Of Dramas `` Huge '' '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maughan , Shannon ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Moving On Up : Pretty Little Liars '' . Publishers Weekly . Reed Elsevier . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family nears ' Little Liars ' pickup '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Reviews and Product Details '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0060887303 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Moorhouse , Drusilla ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Stars Share Secrets on the Set of Their New Show '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Victoria ( June 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' actress shows Canuck roots '' . MSN Canada . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garland , Chad ( 28 March 2015 ) . `` Library hosts fans of cult book and show ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . The Burbank Leader . Tribune Publishing Company . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Body Of Proof ' & ' Justified ' Among Productions That Won California 's $100 M Tax Credit Lottery '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family fills comedy , Liars roles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family announces additional casting for its upcoming pilots '' ( Press release ) . ABC Family . December 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` Laura Leighton joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ko , Nalea J. ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Actress Shay Mitchell on Coming to America '' . Pacific Citizen . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars on TV ! '' . Alloy Entertainment . January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chad Lowe joins ABC Family series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Holly Marie Combs joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longman , Haley ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About Pretty Little Liars Newbie Tilky Montgomery Jones '' . Teen.com . Alloy Media . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Annabeth Gish joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Andrea Parker joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Mehera ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Natalie Hall Replaces Natalie Floyd as Hanna 's Wicked Stepsister , Kate , on Pretty Little Liars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Tyler Blackburn Promoted to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Janel Parrish Upped to Series Regular for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kar , Meena ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Hits American TV Atlast ! '' . Thaindian News . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Host a Pretty Little Party ! '' . ABC Family . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gemma ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Insider the Pretty Little Liars Secret Keeper Game '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Secrets Revealed ! '' . ABC Family . June 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars @ Kitson '' . ABC Family . June 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : TV Tie - in Edition '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0062009540 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wanted : Reviews and Product Details '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0061566179 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taub , Melinda ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Ashley Benson Picked the Theme Song '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Music Guide '' . ABC Family . June 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` '' Pretty Little Liars '' Stands as ABC Family 's No. 1 Series Launch on Record Across Sophia / Target Demos `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family 's `` Pretty Little Liars '' Bucks the Trend , Retaining 100 % of its Premiere Audience `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Deadliest Catch , Pretty Little Liars , Law & Order : CI , The Hills , Memphis Beat , Criminal Minds & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 23 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Hits Series Highs in Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Orders 12 Additional Episodes Of ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Finale of ABC Family 's `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Sweeps Cable 's No. 1 Rank on Mondays at 8 O'Clock Across All Key Demos `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( August 14 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Family adds series , viewers '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SeidmKllll an , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Family Sers Premiere Dates for January 2012 Line Up Including Pretty Little Liars , Switched at Birth and Jane By Design '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' renewed for third season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Renewed for a Third Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Renewed for a Fourth Season '' . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Premiere Dates for ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Twisted ' , ' Switched at Birth ' and ' The Fosters ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - The Complete First Season : Release Year - 2010 '' . Terror Hook . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Time will tell if ' Pretty Little Liars ' are good at keeping secrets '' . Daily News . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Not just another ' Pretty ' face '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Television review : ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tonight 's Best TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars -- TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Return of 2010 's Breakout Hit Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Becomes ABC Family 's No. 2 Telecast Ever in Women 18 - 34 / Females 12 - 34 `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars Tops Night ; Plus ' RAW , ' ' Skins , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Rise ; ' Stargate SGU , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops ; Premieres Of ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Top Night + ' American Chopper , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Lost Girl ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Justified Finale & Law & Order : CI Flat , Plus Deadliest Catch , The Hills , WWE NXT & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Bowl Games , ' Jersey Shore , ' ' The Closer ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Celtics - Heat Lead +'Storage Wars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Game , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Top Gear ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Snooki & JWoww ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Haves & the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Game ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Your Family or Mine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Winners of ' Teen Choice 2010 ' Announced '' ( PDF ) . Teen Choice Awards . August 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NewNowNext Awards -- TV You Betta Watch '' . Logo . Viacom . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees '' . GLAAD Media Awards . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 2011 Announced '' . Young Hollywood Award. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Teen Choice Awards winners list : Taylor Swift gets the surfboards '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://capricho.abril.com.br/awards/2011/cinema-tv.shtml/ Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual GLAAD Media Award Nominees '' . GLAAD Media Awards . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Awards ( 2012 ) '' . TV Guide Awards . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Veja a lista completa dos indicados ao Capricho Awards 2012 ! '' . Febre Teen - De fã para fã ! . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Teen Choice Nominations : Vampire Diaries and Idol Lead Pack , Linda Hunt Eyes Repeat Win '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2013 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Gracies : 2013 Gracies Awards Winners '' . TheGracies.com. 2013 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Awards ( 2013 ) '' . TV Guide Awards . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : ' Twilight : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ' Leads First Wave of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://ohbensonbrasil.com/blog/ashley-e-pll-sao-indicados-ao-capricho-awards-2013/ Jump up ^ `` 40th People 's Choice Awards '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim . `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The Complete Winners List '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Noms Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Saturn Awards Nominations '' . SaturnAwards.org . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Winners List 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PEOPLE 'S CHOICE AWARDS 2017 : FULL LIST OF WINNERS '' . People 's Choice . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - The Complete 1st Season ( 5 Disc Set ) ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Second Season ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Second Season '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 3 ( Exclusive to Amazon.co.uk ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars S3 '' . Sanity . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 4 ( Exclusive to Amazon.co.uk ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS - COMPLETE SEASON 4 '' . DVDland.com.au . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars - Warner 's Press Release Announces ' The Complete 6th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AmazonUK ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars - AmazonUK confirms DVD Release Date : 18 April 2016'The Complete 6th Season ' '' . AmazonUK . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Seventh & Final Season '' . Target.com . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pretty Little Liars Official website Pretty Little Liars on IMDb Pretty Little Liars at TV.com Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Category Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. 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8693908463693956967 | World War II | World War II - wikipedia World War II Jump to : navigation , search `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa and Horn of Africa , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more ... ) Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss 1938 Munich crisis 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , the Balkan Campaign as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 per cent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement . From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords . In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 , on their way to fight the Second Italo - Abyssinian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during Second World War but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war . Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it . In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig , 1 September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east . The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war . Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it . View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war . They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner . The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences . Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals . Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes . Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Russian city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security . In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province . Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south . In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May . In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR . In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 . Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties , War crimes during World War II , War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II , German war crimes , War crimes of the Wehrmacht , Italian war crimes , Japanese war crimes , Allied war crimes during World War II , and Soviet war crimes World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs . Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 . Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Lebensraum , Untermensch , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate . Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably . Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat . This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were utilised . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Nazis in fiction Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Documentaries See also : List of World War II documentary films The World Wars ( miniseries ) The World Wars is a three - part , six - hour event miniseries by the History Channel that premiered on Monday , 26 May 2014 , ( Memorial Day ) airing for three consecutive nights . An extended version of the series with never before seen footage was subsequently broadcast on H2 and in more than 160 countries on 22 June 2014 Apocalypse : The Second World War ( 2009 ) , a six - part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about World War II Battlefield , a documentary television series initially issued in 1994 -- 5 , that explores many important World War II battles BBC History of World War II , a television series , initially issued from 1989 to 2005 . The World at War ( 1974 ) , a 26 - part Thames Television series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view . It includes interviews with many key figures including Karl Dönitz , Albert Speer , and Anthony Eden . Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 . Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp. 213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p. 9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 : `` On September 3 , as Allied forces landed in Italy , Badoglio agreed to a secret armistice in the hope the Allies would land a major force north of Rome and save his government and the king . But when this did n't happen he desperately attempted to call off his bargain with Eisenhower , who cut short the matter on 8 September by announcing news of its existence . The next day the hero of Abyssinia , his king , and a small retinue deserted Rome for the southeast tip of Italy , leaving most of Italy to the Nazis . '' Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ `` Infantry Weapons Of World War 2 '' . Grey Falcon ( Black Sun ) . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . These all - purpose guns were developed and used by the German army in the 2nd half of World War 2 as a result of studies which showed that the ordinary rifle 's long range is much longer than needed , since the soldiers almost always fired at enemies closer than half of its effective range . The assault rifle is a balanced compromise between the rifle and the sub-machine gun , having sufficient range and accuracy to be used as a rifle , combined with the rapid - rate automatic firepower of the sub machine gun . Thanks to these combined advantages , assault rifles such as the American M - 16 and the Russian AK - 47 are the basic weapon of the modern soldier Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Neil C. ; Rothstein , Hy . `` Deception for Defense of Information Systems : Analogies from Conventional Warfare '' . Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School . Air University . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . References Adamthwaite , Anthony P. ( 1992 ) . The Making of the Second World War . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90716 - 0 . Anderson , Irvine H. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan : A Bureaucratic Reflex '' . The Pacific Historical Review . 44 ( 2 ) . JSTOR 3638003 . Applebaum , Anne ( 2003 ) . Gulag : A History of the Soviet Camps . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9322 - 6 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944 -- 56 . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9868 - 9 . Bacon , Edwin ( 1992 ) . `` Glasnost ' and the Gulag : New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II '' . Soviet Studies . 44 ( 6 ) : 1069 -- 1086 . JSTOR 152330 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139208412066 . Badsey , Stephen ( 1990 ) . Normandy 1944 : Allied Landings and Breakout . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 921 - 0 . Balabkins , Nicholas ( 1964 ) . Germany Under Direct Controls : Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945 -- 1948 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 0449 - 0 . Barber , John ; Harrison , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` Patriotic War , 1941 -- 1945 '' . In Ronald Grigor Suny , ed. , ' The Cambridge History of Russia , Volume III : The Twentieth Century ( pp. 217 -- 242 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81144 - 6 . Barker , A.J. ( 1971 ) . The Rape of Ethiopia 1936 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 02462 - 6 . Barrett , David P. ; Shyu , Lawrence N. ( 2001 ) . China in the Anti-Japanese War , 1937 -- 1945 : Politics , Culture and Society . New York , NY : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4556 - 4 . Beevor , Antony ( 1998 ) . Stalingrad . New York , NY : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 87095 - 0 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . The Second World War . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84497 - 6 . Belco , Victoria ( 2010 ) . War , Massacre , and Recovery in Central Italy : 1943 -- 1948 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9314 - 1 . Bellamy , Chris T. ( 2007 ) . Absolute War : Soviet Russia in the Second World War . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41086 - 4 . Ben - Horin , Eliahu ( 1943 ) . The Middle East : Crossroads of History . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . Berend , Ivan T. ( 1996 ) . Central and Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1993 : Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55066 - 6 . Bernstein , Gail Lee ( 1991 ) . Recreating Japanese Women , 1600 -- 1945 . Berkeley & Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07017 - 2 . Bilhartz , Terry D. ; Elliott , Alan C. ( 2007 ) . Currents in American History : A Brief History of the United States . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1821 - 4 . Bilinsky , Yaroslav ( 1999 ) . Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96363 - 7 . Bix , Herbert P. ( 2000 ) . Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan . New York , NY : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019314 - 0 . Black , Jeremy ( 2003 ) . World War Two : A Military History . Abingdon and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30534 - 1 . Blinkhorn , Martin ( 2006 ) ( 1984 ) . Mussolini and Fascist Italy ( 3rd ed . ) . Abingdon and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26206 - 4 . Bonner , Kit ; Bonner , Carolyn ( 2001 ) . Warship Boneyards . Osceola , WI : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0870 - 7 . Borstelmann , Thomas ( 2005 ) . `` The United States , the Cold War , and the color line '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and David S. Painter , eds. , Origins of the Cold War : An International History ( pp. 317 -- 332 ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 34109 - 7 . Bosworth , Richard ; Maiolo , Joseph ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2 : Politics and Ideology . The Cambridge History of the Second World War ( 3 vol ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 313 -- 314 . Brayley , Martin J. ( 2002 ) . The British Army 1939 -- 45 , Volume 3 : The Far East . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 238 - 8 . British Bombing Survey Unit ( 1998 ) . The Strategic Air War Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 . London and Portland , OR : Frank Cass Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4722 - 7 . Brody , J. Kenneth ( 1999 ) . The Avoidable War : Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality , 1935 -- 1936 . 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JSTOR 260931 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200948702200202 . Stueck , William ( 2010 ) . `` The Korean War '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume I : Origins ( pp. 266 -- 287 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83719 - 4 . Sumner , Ian ; Baker , Alix ( 2001 ) . The Royal Navy 1939 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 195 - 4 . Swain , Bruce ( 2001 ) . A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939 -- 45 . Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86508 - 352 - 0 . Swain , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . `` The Cominform : Tito 's International ? '' . The Historical Journal . 35 ( 3 ) : 641 -- 663 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00026017 . Tanaka , Yuki ( 1996 ) . Hidden Horrors : Japanese War Crimes in World War II . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 2717 - 4 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1961 ) . The Origins of the Second World War . 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ISBN 1 - 57607 - 999 - 6 . Umbreit , Hans ( 1991 ) . `` The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe '' . In P. S. Falla , ed. , Germany and the Second World War , Volume 2 : Germany 's Initial Conquests in Europe ( pp. 227 -- 326 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822885 - 1 . United States Army ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . The German Campaigns in the Balkans ( Spring 1941 ) . Washington , DC : Department of the Army . Waltz , Susan ( 2002 ) . `` Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Third World Quarterly . 23 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 448 . JSTOR 3993535 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590220138378 . Ward , Thomas A. ( 2010 ) . Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82497 - 9 . Watson , William E. ( 2003 ) . Tricolor and Crescent : France and the Islamic World . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97470 - 7 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe : The Emergence and Development of East - West Conflict , 1939 -- 1953 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew ; Barbier , M.K. ( 2002 ) . Strategy and Tactics : Infantry Warfare . St Paul , MN : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1401 - 2 . Williams , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Liberalism and War : The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35980 - 1 . Wilt , Alan F. ( 1981 ) . `` Hitler 's Late Summer Pause in 1941 '' . Military Affairs . 45 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 91 . JSTOR 1987464 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987464 . Wohlstetter , Roberta ( 1962 ) . Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0597 - 4 . Wolf , Holger C. ( 1993 ) . `` The Lucky Miracle : Germany 1945 -- 1951 '' . In Rudiger Dornbusch , Wilhelm Nölling and Richard Layard , eds. , Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ( pp. 29 -- 56 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04136 - 2 . Wood , James B. ( 2007 ) . Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War : Was Defeat Inevitable ? . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5339 - 2 . Yoder , Amos ( 1997 ) . The Evolution of the United Nations System ( 3rd ed . ) . London & Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 546 - 1 . Zalampas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines , 1923 -- 1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 462 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 1996 ) . Bagration 1944 : The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 478 - 7 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Poland 1939 : The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 408 - 5 . Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2004 ) . Unconditional Defeat : Japan , America , and the End of World War II . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2991 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ; Tamelander , Michael ( 2009 ) . Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany 's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 04 - 0 . Further reading Aksar , Yusuf ( 2004 ) . Implementing Intnl Humanitaria : From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5584 - 0 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Budiansky , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Air Power : The Men , Machines , and Ideas that Revolutionized War , from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03285 - 3 . Chaney , Otto Preston ( 1996 ) . Zhukov ( Revised ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2807 - 8 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . JSTOR 20444365 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . 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Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 03 : 17 . 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"\n\nWorld War II\n\n\n\n(clockwise from top left)\n\n\nChinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing\nAustralian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein\nGerman Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943\nAmerican naval force in the Lingayen Gulf\nWilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender\nSoviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 (1939-09-01 – 1945-09-02) (7003219300000000000♠6 years and 1 day)[a]\n\n\nLocation\nEurope, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa and Horn of Africa, briefly North and South America\n\n\nResult\n\nAllied victory\n\nCollapse of Nazi Germany\nFall of Japanese and Italian Empires\nDissolution of the League of Nations\nCreation of the United Nations\nEmergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers\nBeginning of the Cold War (more...)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParticipants\n\n\nAllies\nAxis\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nMain Allied leaders\n\n\n Joseph Stalin\n Franklin D. Roosevelt\n Winston Churchill\n Chiang Kai-shek\n\n\n\nMain Axis leaders\n\n\n Adolf Hitler\n Hirohito[b]\n Benito Mussolini\n\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n\n\nMilitary dead:\nOver 16,000,000\nCivilian dead:\nOver 45,000,000\nTotal dead:\nOver 61,000,000 (1937–45)\n\n\n...further details\n\n\n\nMilitary dead:\nOver 8,000,000\nCivilian dead:\nOver 4,000,000\nTotal dead:\nOver 12,000,000 (1937–45)\n\n\n...further details\n\n"
] | [
"1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945"
] |
-3474354194537424 | Run (Foo Fighters song) | Run ( Foo Fighters song ) - wikipedia Run ( Foo Fighters song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Run '' Single by Foo Fighters from the album Concrete and Gold Released June 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) Format Digital download Genre Hard rock Length 5 : 23 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Pat Smear Chris Shiflett Producer ( s ) Greg Kurstin Foo Fighters singles chronology `` Saint Cecilia '' ( 2015 ) `` Run '' ( 2017 ) `` The Sky Is a Neighborhood '' ( 2017 ) `` Saint Cecilia '' ( 2015 ) `` Run '' ( 2017 ) `` The Sky Is a Neighborhood '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Run '' on YouTube `` Run '' is a song by American rock band Foo Fighters . It was released as a single on June 1 , 2017 , and is off their ninth studio album , Concrete and Gold . The song topped the US Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart in July 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Composition and themes 4 Reception 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 References 8 External Links Background ( edit ) The song had first been played live in February 2017 . The studio version of the song was released as a single on June 1 , 2017 , making it the band 's first single since `` Saint Cecilia '' in 2015 . Many music journalists noted the song was expected , but not confirmed , to be off of the band 's upcoming ninth studio album , Concrete and Gold . The single was a surprise release , without any prior indication being made of its existence , other than the band 's vague allusions to working on music over the course of 2017 . Seven weeks after its initial release , the song topped the US Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart , the seventh song from the band to do so . Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was released on the same day . The video features the band performing the song in a nursing home ( abandoned St Luke 's Hospital in Pasadena , CA ) , in make - up making them appear as elderly versions of themselves , and end up inciting a riot amongst other patients and orderlies . Multiple outlets , including Billboard and People magazines , felt the music video was an homage to One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , while Team Rock noted its additional similarity to the film Cocoon . The video ends with a brief choreographed dance routine , noted by Variety and ABC News as being similar to the routine done in Michael Jackson 's video for the song `` Thriller '' . The video was directed by band frontman Dave Grohl . The old age makeups were designed by Tony Gardner , and created by Alterian , Inc . The video was inspired by drummer Taylor Hawkins lamenting having to do promotional work for the song and album cycle while the band was beginning to look older ; when Grohl told him that `` it does n't really matter '' , Hawkins proposed taking it in the opposite direction , and purposefully making themselves look older , inspiring Grohl to write up a treatment for the video . Composition and themes ( edit ) The song is approximately five - and - a-half minutes long , and features a 40 - second intro with just soft guitar notes and mellow vocals by Grohl . After the intro , the song erupts into a hard rock sound , featuring heavy , distorted guitar riffs , thunderous drums , and alternating melodically sung and screamed vocals by Grohl . The song features breakdowns similar to that found in heavy metal and noise rock music . A number of outlets described the song as one of the heaviest rock songs the band has ever released . Lyrically , the line `` Wake up / run for your life with me '' is urgently repeated through the song by Grohl . Reception ( edit ) The song was generally well - received upon release , with many journalists praising the band for maintaining their high - energy rock sound with the song , while being over twenty years into their career . People praised the song for being `` a return to full - speed - ahead rock . Like the best of Foo Fighters , it 's hard and occasionally hilarious . '' Similarly , NPR praised the song for being `` an enjoyably ludicrous bit of viral silliness '' and concluded `` ' Run ' itself is no joke : Eight ( and perhaps soon to be nine ) albums into his Foo Fighters career , Grohl still wails with the infectiously unhinged force of a kid a third his age . '' Personnel ( edit ) Dave Grohl -- lead vocals , guitar Chris Shiflett -- guitar Pat Smear -- guitar Nate Mendel -- bass Taylor Hawkins -- drums Rami Jaffee -- keyboards Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 53 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 9 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 76 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 5 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) 11 Finnish Airplay ( Radiosoittolista ) 60 France ( SNEP ) 106 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 10 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) 28 Netherlands Single Tip ( MegaCharts ) 23 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Poland ( LP3 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) 85 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 41 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 79 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 64 UK Download ( Official Charts Company ) 33 UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 43 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 6 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Foo Fighters Release Heavy New Song ' Run ' with Funny Video radio.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watch now : Foo Fighters stage a literal `` Oldchella '' in new `` Run '' video abcnewsradioonline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Foo Fighters Crank Up the Heavy on New Song ' Run ' billboard.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Foo Fighters announce new album , Concrete and Gold , due out in September '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foo Fighters Prove You 're Never Too Old to Rock With ' Run ' Video Loudwire.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watch Foo Fighters Perform as Retirees in Crazy New `` Run '' Video pitchfork.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foo Fighters surprise fans with rowdy new song , ' Run ' ew.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Foo Fighters -- `` Run '' spin.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Foo Fighters Are Back ! Elderly Dave Grohl Leads a Nursing Home Revolt in Video for New Song , ' Run ' people.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Foo Fighters ' New Song , ' Run , ' Sparks A Nursing - Home Uprising npr.org . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foo Fighters Return with `` Run '' Video exclaim.ca . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foo Fighters ' New ' Run ' Single and Video Stages a Nursing Home Riot diffuser.fm . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/302285/foo-fighters/chart?f=376 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7873839/foo-fighters-mainstream-rock-songs-run Jump up ^ Watch the Foo Fighters mind - warping new video , Run teamrock.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watch Foo Fighters Rage With Retirees in Surprise ' Run ' Video rollingstone.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Foo Fighters Return With the Bruising ' Run ' Single and Video ( Watch ) variety.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/news/music/foo-fighters-dave-grohl-the-guy-who-did-our-make-up-in-run-was-in-the-thriller-video-2083021 ^ Jump up to : Foo Fighters return with glorious new single `` Run '' and video -- watch consequenceofsound.net . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foo Fighters Release New Song and Video , `` Run '' metalsucks.net . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Listen to `` Run , '' the first new Foo Fighters single since 2015 avclub.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 424 '' . auspOp . June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Foo Fighters -- Run '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Foo Fighters . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Rock for Foo Fighters . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foo Fighters : Run '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` dl_FIN_Foo_Fighters '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Foo Fighters -- Run '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters - Mexican Ingles Airplay search results '' . billboard.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands Single Tip Chart - June 17 , 2017 '' . Mega Charts . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RUN '' . Polskie Radio . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Foo Fighters -- Run '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 06 - 09 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Foo Fighters -- Run '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Foo Fighters -- Run '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 06 - 09 '' UK Singles Downloads Chart . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 06 - 09 '' UK Rock Chart . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters -- Chart history '' Billboard Digital Songs for Foo Fighters . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Foo Fighters . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rock Songs for Foo Fighters . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Foo Fighters . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters -- Chart history '' Billboard Rock Airplay for Foo Fighters . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Foo Fighters Dave Grohl Nate Mendel Pat Smear Taylor Hawkins Chris Shiflett Rami Jaffee William Goldsmith Franz Stahl Studio albums Foo Fighters The Colour and the Shape There Is Nothing Left to Lose One by One In Your Honor Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace Wasting Light Sonic Highways Concrete and Gold EPs Five Songs and a Cover Songs from the Laundry Room Saint Cecilia Live albums Skin and Bones Compilations Greatest Hits Medium Rare Media Everywhere but Home Skin and Bones Live at Wembley Stadium Foo Fighters : Back and Forth Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Singles `` This Is a Call '' `` I 'll Stick Around '' `` For All the Cows '' `` Big Me '' `` Exhausted '' `` Alone + Easy Target '' `` Monkey Wrench '' `` Everlong '' `` My Hero '' `` Walking After You '' `` Learn to Fly '' `` Stacked Actors '' `` Generator '' `` Breakout '' `` Next Year '' `` The One '' `` All My Life '' `` Times Like These '' `` Low '' `` Have It All '' `` Best of You '' `` DOA '' `` Resolve '' `` No Way Back '' / `` Cold Day in the Sun '' `` Miracle '' `` The Pretender '' `` Long Road to Ruin '' `` Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) '' `` Let It Die '' `` Wheels '' `` Rope '' `` White Limo '' `` Walk '' `` Arlandria '' `` These Days '' `` Bridge Burning '' `` Something from Nothing '' `` The Feast and the Famine '' `` Congregation '' `` What Did I Do ? / God As My Witness '' `` Outside '' `` Saint Cecilia '' `` Run '' `` The Sky Is a Neighborhood '' `` The Line '' Other songs `` Friend of a Friend '' `` Marigold '' Concert tours Foo Fighters live performances Sonic Highways World Tour Concrete and Gold Tour Associated acts Nirvana Late ! Tenacious D Sunny Day Real Estate The Germs Scream Probot Killing Joke Queens of the Stone Age Nine Inch Nails Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders The Fire Theft Jackson United Me First and the Gimme Gimmes No Use for a Name Them Crooked Vultures The Birds of Satan The Wallflowers Related Discography Songs Awards and nominations Members 24 Hours of Foo Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Run_(Foo_Fighters_song)&oldid=800077363 '' Categories : 2017 singles Foo Fighters songs Songs written by Dave Grohl Songs written by Taylor Hawkins Songs written by Nate Mendel Songs written by Chris Shiflett Songs written by Pat Smear Song recordings produced by Greg Kurstin Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Finnishairplay Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for UKdownload Singlechart usages for UKrock Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 11 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the old guy in foo fighters run video | [
"A music video for the song was released on the same day.[10] The video features the band performing the song in a nursing home (abandoned St Luke's Hospital in Pasadena, CA), in make-up making them appear as elderly versions of themselves, and end up inciting a riot amongst other patients and orderlies.[10][6] Multiple outlets, including Billboard and People magazines, felt the music video was an homage to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,[3][9] while Team Rock noted its additional similarity to the film Cocoon.[15] The video ends with a brief choreographed dance routine,[16] noted by Variety and ABC News as being similar to the routine done in Michael Jackson's video for the song \"Thriller\".[17][2] The video was directed by band frontman Dave Grohl.[8] The old age makeups were designed by Tony Gardner, and created by Alterian, Inc. The video was inspired by drummer Taylor Hawkins lamenting having to do promotional work for the song and album cycle while the band was beginning to look older; when Grohl told him that \"it doesn't really matter\", Hawkins proposed taking it in the opposite direction, and purposefully making themselves look older, inspiring Grohl to write up a treatment for the video.[18]",
"A music video for the song was released on the same day.[10] The video features the band performing the song in a nursing home (abandoned St Luke's Hospital in Pasadena, CA), in make-up making them appear as elderly versions of themselves, and end up inciting a riot amongst other patients and orderlies.[10][6] Multiple outlets, including Billboard and People magazines, felt the music video was an homage to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,[3][9] while Team Rock noted its additional similarity to the film Cocoon.[15] The video ends with a brief choreographed dance routine,[16] noted by Variety and ABC News as being similar to the routine done in Michael Jackson's video for the song \"Thriller\".[17][2] The video was directed by band frontman Dave Grohl.[8] The old age makeups were designed by Tony Gardner, and created by Alterian, Inc. The video was inspired by drummer Taylor Hawkins lamenting having to do promotional work for the song and album cycle while the band was beginning to look older; when Grohl told him that \"it doesn't really matter\", Hawkins proposed taking it in the opposite direction, and purposefully making themselves look older, inspiring Grohl to write up a treatment for the video.[18]"
] | [
"the band",
"in make-up making them appear as elderly"
] |
-2747466830279234971 | Adaptation to extrauterine life | Adaptation to extrauterine life - wikipedia Adaptation to extrauterine life Jump to : navigation , search At the end of pregnancy , the fetus must take the journey of childbirth to leave the reproductive mother . Upon its entry to the air - breathing world , the newborn must begin to adjust to life outside the uterus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Breathing and circulation 2 Energy metabolism 3 Temperature regulation 4 See also 5 References Breathing and circulation ( edit ) Perfusing its body by breathing independently instead of utilizing placental oxygen delivered via the umbilical cord is the first challenge of a newborn . At birth , the baby 's lungs are filled with lung liquid , which is distinct from amniotic fluid . When the newborn is expelled from the birth canal , its central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment . This triggers it to take the first breath , within about 10 seconds after delivery . With the first breaths , there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance , and an increase in the surface area available for gas exchange . Over the next 30 seconds the pulmonary blood flow increases and is oxygenated as it flows through the alveoli of the lungs . Oxygenated blood now reaches the left atrium and ventricle , and through the descending aorta reaches the umbilical arteries . Oxygenated blood now stimulates constriction of the umbilical arteries resulting in a reduction in placental blood flow . As the pulmonary circulation increases there is an equivalent reduction in the placental blood flow which normally ceases completely after about three minutes . These two changes result in a rapid redirection of blood flow into the pulmonary vascular bed , from approximately 4 % to 100 % of cardiac output . The increase in pulmonary venous return results in left atrial pressure being slightly higher than right atrial pressure , which closes the foramen ovale . The flow pattern changes results in a drop in blood flow across the ductus arteriosus and the higher blood oxygen content of blood within the aorta stimulates the constriction and ultimately the closure of this fetal circulatory shunt . All of these cardiovascular system changes result in the adaptation from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern . During this transition , some types of congenital heart disease that were not symptomatic in utero during fetal circulation will present with cyanosis or respiratory signs . Changing the composition of hemoglobin before and after birth . Also identifies the types of cells and organs in which the gene expression ( data on Wood W.G. , ( 1976 ) . Br . Med . Bull . 32 , 282 . ) It is common obstetric practice to intervene in these changes by applying a clamp to the umbilical cord , often within 20 seconds of birth , before transition has taken place . However delayed clamping ( > 1min ) may have benefits in terms of iron status . Following birth , the expression and re-uptake of surfactant , which begins to be produced by the fetus at 20 weeks gestation , is accelerated . Expression of surfactant into the alveoli is necessary to prevent alveolar closure ( atelectasis ) . At this point , rhythmic breathing movements also commence . If there are any problems with breathing , management can include stimulation , bag and mask ventilation , intubation and ventilation . Cardiorespiratory monitoring is essential to keeping track of potential problems . Pharmacological therapy such as caffeine can also be given to treat apnea in premature newborns . A positive airway pressure should be maintained , and neonatal sepsis must be ruled out . Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea , transient tachypnea of the newborn ( TTNB ) , respiratory distress syndrome ( RDS ) , meconium aspiration syndrome ( MAS ) , airway obstruction , and pneumonia . Energy metabolism ( edit ) Energy metabolism in the fetus must be converted from a continuous placental supply of glucose to intermittent feeding . While the fetus is dependent on maternal glucose as the main source of energy , it can use lactate , free - fatty acids , and ketone bodies under some conditions . Plasma glucose is maintained by glycogenolysis . Glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle begins in the late second trimester of pregnancy , and storage is completed in the third trimester . Glycogen stores are maximal at term , but even then , the fetus only has enough glycogen available to meet energy needs for 8 -- 10 hours , which can be depleted even more quickly if demand is high . Newborns will then rely on gluconeogenesis for energy , which requires integration , and is normal at 2 -- 4 days of life . Fat stores are the largest storage source of energy . At 27 weeks gestation , only 1 % of a fetus ' body weight is fat . At 40 weeks , that number increases to 16 % . Inadequate available glucose substrate can lead to hypoglycemia , fetal growth restriction , preterm delivery , or other problems . Similarly , excess substrate can lead to problems , such as infant of a diabetic mother ( IDM ) , hypothermia or neonatal sepsis . Anticipating potential problems is the key to managing most neonatal problems of energy metabolism . For example , early feeding in the delivery room or as soon as possible may prevent hypoglycemia . If the blood glucose is still low , then an intravenous ( IV ) bolus of glucose may be delivered , with continuous infusion if necessary . Rarely , steroids or glucagon may have to be employed . Temperature regulation ( edit ) Newborns come from a warm environment to the cold and fluctuating temperatures of this world . They are naked , wet , and have a large surface - area - to - mass ratio , with variable amounts of insulation , limited metabolic reserves , and a decreased ability to shiver . Physiologic mechanisms for preserving core temperature include vasoconstriction ( decrease blood flow to the skin ) , maintaining the fetal position ( decrease the surface area exposed to the environment ) , jittery large muscle activity ( generate muscular heat ) , and `` non-shivering thermogenesis '' . The latter occurs in `` brown fat '' which is specialized adipose tissue with a high concentration of mitochondria designed to rapidly oxidize fatty acids in order to generate metabolic heat . The newborn capacity to maintain these mechanisms is limited , especially in premature infants . As such , it is not surprising that some newborns may have problems regulating their temperature . As early as the 1880s , infant incubators were used to help newborns maintain warmth , with humidified incubators being used as early as the 1930s . Basic techniques for keeping newborns warm include keeping them dry , wrapping them in blankets , giving them hats and clothing , or increasing the ambient temperature . More advanced techniques include incubators ( at 36.5 ° C ) , humidity , heat shields , thermal blankets , double - walled incubators , and radiant warmers while the use of skin - to - skin `` kangaroo care '' interventions for low - birth - weight infants have started to spread worldwide after its use as a solution in developing countries . See also ( edit ) Shock of birth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gardner , Sandra L. ; Hines , Mary Enzman ; Nyp , Michael ( 2016 ) , `` Chapter 23 : Respiratory Diseases '' , in Gardner , Sandra Lee ; Carter , Brian S. ; Enzman - Hines , Mary ; Hernandez , Jacinto A. , Merenstein & Gardner 's Handbook of Neonatal Intensive Care ( 8th ed . ) , Elsevier , p. 567 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 32083 - 2 , The fetal lung is filled with a volume of liquid ( 20 to 30 ml / kg ) equal to the functional residual capacity . This fluid is not amniotic fluid but , rather , a liquid that has been produced in the lung and discharged through the larynx and mouth into the amniotic fluid . Lung fluid is continuously produced at a rate of approximately 2 to 4 ml / kg / hr . ^ Jump up to : * `` About.com > Changes in the newborn at birth '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Review Date : 27 November 2007 . Reviewed By : Deirdre OReilly , MD Jump up ^ Anderson , O ( 15 November 2011 ) . `` Effect of delayed versus early umbilical cord clamping on neonatal outcomes and iron status at 4 months : a randomised controlled trial '' . BMJ. 343 : d7157 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. d7157 . Jump up ^ `` Kangaroo Mother Care '' . Transfusion Medicine . 18 : 77 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3148.2007. 00812. x . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Adaptation to extrauterine life Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Child care Congenital disorders Sex after pregnancy Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life&oldid=806707885 '' Categories : Obstetrics Neonatology Midwifery Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 17 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does a baby's lungs start functioning | [
"Perfusing its body by breathing independently instead of utilizing placental oxygen delivered via the umbilical cord is the first challenge of a newborn. At birth, the baby's lungs are filled with lung liquid, which is distinct from amniotic fluid.[1] When the newborn is expelled from the birth canal, its central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment.[2] This triggers it to take the first breath, within about 10 seconds after delivery.[2] With the first breaths, there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increase in the surface area available for gas exchange. Over the next 30 seconds the pulmonary blood flow increases and is oxygenated as it flows through the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygenated blood now reaches the left atrium and ventricle, and through the descending aorta reaches the umbilical arteries. Oxygenated blood now stimulates constriction of the umbilical arteries resulting in a reduction in placental blood flow. As the pulmonary circulation increases there is an equivalent reduction in the placental blood flow which normally ceases completely after about three minutes. These two changes result in a rapid redirection of blood flow into the pulmonary vascular bed, from approximately 4% to 100% of cardiac output. The increase in pulmonary venous return results in left atrial pressure being slightly higher than right atrial pressure, which closes the foramen ovale. The flow pattern changes results in a drop in blood flow across the ductus arteriosus and the higher blood oxygen content of blood within the aorta stimulates the constriction and ultimately the closure of this fetal circulatory shunt."
] | [
"within about 10 seconds after delivery"
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-369272049135142287 | Battle of Long Island | Battle of Long Island - wikipedia Battle of Long Island Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Brooklyn '' redirects here . For the college basketball rivalry , see Battle of Brooklyn ( college rivalry ) . Battle of Long Island Part of the American Revolutionary War The Delaware Regiment at the Battle of Long Island Date August 27 , 1776 Location Kings County , Long Island , New York 40 ° 39 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 58 '' W / 40.666 ° N 73.966 ° W / 40.666 ; - 73.966 Coordinates : 40 ° 39 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 58 '' W / 40.666 ° N 73.966 ° W / 40.666 ; - 73.966 Result British victory Belligerents United States Great Britain Hesse - Kassel Commanders and leaders George Washington Israel Putnam William Alexander Thomas Mifflin Henry Knox John Sullivan ( POW ) William Howe Charles Cornwallis Henry Clinton William Erskine James Grant Charles Mawhood Strength 10,000 20,000 Casualties and losses Total : 2,000 300 killed 800 wounded 1,079 captured Total : 388 64 killed 293 wounded 31 missing Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey 1776 -- 1777 Long Island The Turtle Staten Island Peace Conference Kip 's Bay Harlem Heights Pell 's Point White Plains Fort Washington Fort Lee Geary Ambush Iron Works Hill Delaware crossing Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Forage War Millstone The Battle of Long Island is also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights . It was fought on August 27 , 1776 and was the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4 , 1776 . It was a victory for the British Army and the beginning of a successful campaign that gave them control of the strategically important city of New York . In terms of troop deployment and fighting , it was the largest battle of the entire war . After defeating the British in the Siege of Boston on March 17 , 1776 , commander - in - chief General George Washington brought the Continental Army to defend the port city of New York , then limited to the southern end of Manhattan Island . Washington understood that the city 's harbor would provide an excellent base for the British navy during the campaign , so he established defenses there and waited for the British to attack . In July , the British under the command of General William Howe landed a few miles across the harbor from Manhattan on the sparsely - populated Staten Island , where they were slowly reinforced by ships in Lower New York Bay during the next month and a half , bringing their total force to 32,000 troops . Washington knew the difficulty in holding the city with the British fleet in control of the entrance to the harbor at the Narrows , and he moved the bulk of his forces to Manhattan , believing that it would be the first target . On August 22 , the British landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County , across the Narrows from Staten Island and more than a dozen miles south from the established East River crossings to Manhattan . After five days of waiting , the British attacked American defenses on the Guan Heights . Unknown to the Americans , however , Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after . The Americans panicked , resulting in twenty percent losses through casualties and captures , although a stand by 400 Maryland troops prevented a larger portion of the army from being lost . The remainder of the army retreated to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights . The British dug in for a siege but , on the night of August 29 -- 30 , Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of supplies or a single life . Washington and the Continental Army were driven out of New York entirely after several more defeats and forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Boston to New York 1.2 Strategy 1.3 Opposing forces 1.4 British arrival 1.5 Invasion of Long Island 2 Battle 2.1 Night march 2.2 Grant 's diversionary attack 2.3 Battle Pass 2.4 Vechte - Cortelyou House 2.4. 1 Maryland 400 2.5 Disengagement 3 Aftermath 3.1 Retreat to Manhattan 3.2 Conclusion of the campaign 3.3 Casualties 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Boston to New York ( edit ) In the first stage of the war , the British Army was trapped in the peninsular city of Boston and they abandoned it on March 17 , sailing to Halifax , Nova Scotia to await reinforcements . Washington then began to transfer regiments to New York City which he believed the British would next attack because of its strategic importance . Washington left Boston on April 4 , arrived at New York on April 13 , and established headquarters at the former home of Archibald Kennedy on Broadway facing Bowling Green . Washington had sent his second in command Charles Lee ahead to New York the previous February to establish the city 's defenses . Lee remained in New York City until March , when the Continental Congress sent him to South Carolina ; the defenses ' construction was left to General William Alexander ( Lord Stirling ) . Troops were in limited supply , so Washington found the defenses incomplete , but Lee had concluded that it would be impossible to hold the city with the British commanding the sea . He reasoned that the defenses should be located with the ability to inflict heavy casualties upon the British if any move was made to take and hold ground . Barricades and redoubts were established in and around the city , and the bastion of Fort Stirling across the East River in Brooklyn Heights , facing the city . Lee also saw that the immediate area was cleared of Loyalists . Strategy ( edit ) American strategy called for the first line of defense to be based on the Heights of Guan , a series of hills which stretched northeast across King 's County . The main defensive works were a series of forts and entrenchments located in the northwest of the county , in and around Brooklyn . The `` Road to Narrows '' is the Gowanus Road . No. 5 is the `` Old Stone House '' . Map by Bernard Ratzer based on his 1766 - 1767 survey . Washington began moving troops to Brooklyn in early May , and there were several thousand of them there in a short time . Three more forts were under construction on the eastern side of the East River to support Fort Stirling , which stood to the west of the hamlet of Brooklyn Heights . These new fortifications were Fort Putnam ( named for Rufus Putnam and not to be confused with the later Fort Putnam at West Point ) , Fort Greene ( named for Nathanael Greene ) , and Fort Box ( named for Major Daniel Box ) . They lay from north to south , with Fort Putnam farthest to the north , Greene slightly to the southwest , and Box slightly farther southwest . Each of these defensive structures was surrounded by a large ditch , all connected by a line of entrenchments and a total of 36 cannons ( mostly 18 - pounders ) . Fort Defiance was also being constructed at this time , located farther southwest , past Fort Box , near present - day Red Hook . In addition to these new forts , a mounted battery was established on Governors Island , cannons were placed at Fort George facing Bowling Green , and more cannons placed at the Whitehall Dock , which sat on the East River . Hulks were sunk at strategic locations to deter the British from entering the East River and other waterways . Washington had been authorized by Congress to recruit an army of up to 28,501 troops , but he had only 19,000 when he reached New York . Military discipline was inadequate ; routine orders were not carried out , muskets were fired in camp , flints were ruined , bayonets were used as knives to cut food , and firearm readiness was lax . Petty internal conflict was common under the strain of a large number of people from different environments and temperaments in relative closeness . Commander of the artillery Henry Knox persuaded Washington to transfer 400 to 500 soldiers , who lacked muskets or guns , to crew the artillery . In early June , Knox and Greene inspected the land at the north end of Manhattan and decided to establish Fort Washington . Fort Constitution , later renamed Fort Lee , was planned opposite Fort Washington on the Hudson River . The forts were hoped to discourage the British ships from sailing up the Hudson River . Opposing forces ( edit ) Opposing commanders Gen . William Howe Gen . George Washington Further information : Order of battle of the Battle of Long Island British arrival ( edit ) The British fleet in the lower bay ( Harpers Magazine , 1876 ) depicts the British fleet amassing off the shores of Staten Island in the summer of 1776 On June 28 , Washington learned that the British fleet had set sail from Halifax on June 9 and were heading toward New York . On June 29 , signals were sent from men stationed on Staten Island , indicating that the British fleet had appeared . Within a few hours , 45 British ships dropped anchor in Lower New York Bay . Less than a week later , there were 130 ships off Staten Island under the command of Richard Howe , the brother of the general . The population of New York went into panic at the sight of the British ships ; alarms went off and troops immediately rushed to their posts . On July 2 , British troops began to land on Staten Island . The continental regulars on the island took a few shots at them before fleeing , and the citizens ' militia switched over to the British side . On July 6 , news reached New York that Congress had voted for independence four days earlier . On Tuesday , July 9 , at 18 : 00 , Washington had several brigades march onto the commons of the city to hear the Declaration of Independence read . After the end of the reading , a mob ran down to Bowling Green with ropes and bars , where they tore down the gilded lead equestrian statue of George III of Great Britain . In their fury , the crowd cut off the statue 's head , severed the nose , and mounted what remained of the head on a spike outside a tavern , and the rest of the statue was dragged to Connecticut and melted down into musket balls . On July 12 , the British ships Phoenix and Rose sailed up the harbor toward the mouth of the Hudson . The American batteries opened fire at Fort George , Red Hook , and Governors Island , and the British returned fire into the city . The ships sailed along the New Jersey shore and continued up the Hudson , sailing past Fort Washington and arriving by nightfall at Tarrytown , the widest part of the Hudson . The goals of the British ships were to cut off American supplies and to encourage Loyalist support . The only casualties of the day were six Americans who were killed when their own cannon blew up . British troops in the type of flat - bottomed boat used for the invasion of Long Island . Hessians in their blue uniforms are in the two boats that are only partly visible . The next day , July 13 , Howe attempted to open negotiations with the Americans . He sent a letter to Washington delivered by Lieutenant Philip Brown , who arrived under a flag of truce . The letter was addressed `` George Washington , Esq . '' Brown was met by Joseph Reed , who had hurried to the waterfront on Washington 's orders , accompanied by Henry Knox and Samuel Webb . Washington asked his officers whether it should be received or not , as it did not recognize his rank as general , and they unanimously said no . Reed told Brown that there was no one in the army with that address . On July 16 , Howe tried again , this time with the address `` George Washington , Esq. , etc. , etc . '' , but it was again declined . The next day , Howe sent Captain Nisbet Balfour to ask if Washington would meet with Howe 's adjutant face to face , and a meeting was scheduled for July 20 . Howe 's adjutant was Colonel James Patterson . Patterson told Washington that Howe had come with powers to grant pardons , but Washington said , `` Those who have committed no fault want no pardon . '' Patterson departed soon after . Washington 's performance during the meeting was praised in parts of the colonies . Meanwhile , British ships continued to arrive . On August 1 , 45 ships arrived with generals Henry Clinton and Charles Cornwallis , along with 3,000 troops . By August 12 , 3,000 more British troops and another 8,000 Hessians had arrived . At this point , the British fleet numbered over 400 ships , including 73 war ships , and 32,000 troops were camped on Staten Island . Faced with this large force , Washington was unsure as to where the British would attack . Both Greene and Reed thought that the British would attack Long Island , but Washington felt that a British attack on Long Island might be a diversion for the main attack on Manhattan . He broke his army in half , stationing half of it on Manhattan , and the other half on Long Island ; the army on Long Island was commanded by Greene . On August 20 , Greene became ill and was forced to move to a house in Manhattan where he rested to recover . John Sullivan was placed in command until Greene was well enough to resume command . Denyse 's Ferry , the first place at which the Hessians and British landed on Long Island August 22 , 1776 by A. Brown . This high point overlooking the Narrows was an American artillery position and was bombarded by the British before the invasion , but the actual landing took place farther east at Gravesend Bay ( around to the left from the perspective of this illustration ) where the conditions were more favorable for the small British boats carrying the troops . Invasion of Long Island ( edit ) At 05 : 10 on August 22 , an advance guard of 4,000 British troops left Staten Island under the command of Clinton and Cornwallis to land on Long Island . At 08 : 00 , all 4,000 troops landed unopposed on the shore of Gravesend Bay . Colonel Edward Hand 's Pennsylvanian riflemen had been stationed on the shore , but they did not oppose the landings and fell back , killing cattle and burning farmhouses on the way . By noon , 15,000 troops had landed on shore along with 40 pieces of artillery , as hundreds of Loyalists came to greet the British troops . Cornwallis pushed on with the advance guard , advancing six miles onto the island and establishing a camp at the village of Flatbush . He was given orders to advance no further . Washington received word of the landings the same day , but was informed that the number was 8,000 to 9,000 troops . This convinced him that it was the feint which he had predicted and therefore he only sent 1,500 more troops to Brooklyn , bringing the total number of troops on Long Island to 6,000 . On August 24 , Washington replaced Sullivan with Israel Putnam who commanded the troops on Long Island . Putnam arrived on Long Island the next day along with six battalions . Also that day , the British troops on Long Island received 5,000 Hessian reinforcements , bringing their total to 20,000 . There was little fighting on the days immediately after the landing , although some small skirmishes did take place with American marksmen armed with rifles picking off British troops from time to time . British military map from 1776 showing the marching routes and battle sites during the Battle of Long Island The American plan was that Putnam would direct the defenses from Brooklyn Heights , while Sullivan and Stirling and their troops would be stationed on the Guan Heights . The Guan ( hills ) were up to 150 feet high and blocked the most direct route to Brooklyn Heights . Washington believed that , by stationing men on the heights , heavy casualties could be inflicted on the British before the troops fell back to the main defenses at Brooklyn Heights . There were three main passes through the heights ; the Gowanus Road farthest to the west , the Flatbush Road slightly farther to the east , in the center of the American line where it was expected that the British would attack , and the Bedford Road farthest to the east . Stirling was responsible for defending the Gowanus Road with 500 men , and Sullivan was to defend the Flatbush and Bedford roads where there were 1,000 and 800 men respectively . Six - thousand troops were to remain behind at Brooklyn Heights . There was one lesser - known pass through the heights farther to the east called the Jamaica Pass , which was defended by just five militia officers on horses . On the British side , General Clinton learned of the almost undefended Jamaica Pass from local Loyalists . He drew up a plan and gave it to William Erskine to propose to Howe . Clinton 's plan had the main army making a night march and going through the Jamaica Pass to turn the American flank , while other troops would keep the Americans busy in front . On August 26 , Clinton received word from Howe that the plan would be used , and that Clinton was to command the advance guard of the main army of 10,000 men on the march through the Jamaica Pass . While they made the night march , General James Grant 's British troops along with some Hessians , a total of 4,000 men , were to attack the Americans in front to distract them from the main army coming on their flank . Howe told Clinton to be ready to move out that night , August 26 . Battle ( edit ) Night March ( edit ) At 21 : 00 , the British moved out . No one except the commanders knew of the plan . Clinton led a crack brigade of light infantry with fixed bayonets in front , followed by Cornwallis who had eight battalions and 14 artillery pieces . Cornwallis was followed by Howe and Hugh Percy with six battalions , more artillery , and baggage . The column consisted of 10,000 men who stretched out over two miles . Three Loyalist farmers led the column toward the Jamaica Pass . The British had left their campfires burning to deceive the Americans into thinking that nothing was happening . The column headed northeast until it reached what later became the village of New Lots , when it headed directly north toward the heights . The column had yet to run into any American troops when they reached Howard 's Tavern ( also known as Howard 's Half - Way House ) , just a few hundred yards from the Jamaica Pass . Tavern keeper William Howard and his son William Jr. were forced to act as guides to show the British the way to the Rockaway Foot Path , an old Indian trail that skirted the Jamaica Pass to the west ( located today in the Cemetery of the Evergreens ) . Five minutes after leaving the tavern , the five American militia officers stationed at the pass were captured without a shot fired , as they thought that the British were Americans . Clinton interrogated the men and they informed him that they were the only troops guarding the pass . By dawn , the British were through the pass and stopped so that the troops could rest . At 09 : 00 , they fired two heavy cannons to signal the Hessian troops below Battle Pass to begin their frontal assault against Sullivan 's men deployed on the two hills flanking the pass , while Clinton 's troops simultaneously flanked the American positions from the east . Sir William Howe Howard 's Tavern as it appeared in 1776 ; it was demolished in 1880 . The tavern was located near the present - day intersection of Fulton Street and Jamaica Avenue . William Howard Jr. describes meeting Howe : It was about two in the morning of August 27 that I was awakened by seeing a soldier at the side of my bed . I got up and dressed and went down to the barroom , where I saw my father standing in one corner with three British soldiers before him with muskets and bayonets fixed . The army was then lying in the field in front of the house ... General Howe and another officer were in the barroom . General Howe wore a camlet cloak over his regimentals . After asking for a glass of liquor from the bar , which was given him , he entered into familiar conversation with my father , and among other things said , `` I must have some one of you to show me over the Rockaway Path around the pass . '' My father replied , `` We belong to the other side , General , and ca n't serve you against our duty . '' General Howe replied , `` That is alright ; stick to your country , or stick to your principles , but Howard , you are my prisoner and must guide my men over the hill . '' My father made some further objection , but was silenced by the general , who said , `` You have no alternative . If you refuse I shall shoot you through the head . A view from Battle Hill - the highest point in King 's County - looking west toward Upper New York Harbor and New Jersey beyond ... Here on Lord Stirling 's left flank about 300 Americans under Colonel Atlee and General Parsons repulsed successive attacks by the British after taking the hill , and inflicted the highest casualties against the British during the Battle of Long Island . Grant 's diversionary attack ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At about 23 : 00 on August 26 , the first shots were fired in the Battle of Long Island , near the Red Lion Inn ( near present - day 39th Street and 4th Avenue ) . American pickets from Samuel John Atlee 's Pennsylvania regiment fired upon two British soldiers who were foraging in a watermelon patch near the inn . Around 01 : 00 on August 27 , the British approached the vicinity of the Red Lion with 200 -- 300 troops . The American troops fired upon the British ; after approximately two fusillades , they fled up the Gowanus Road toward the Vechte - Cortelyou House . Major Edward Burd had been in command , but he was captured along with a lieutenant and 15 privates . This first engagement was fought in the vicinity of 38th and 39th streets between 2nd and 3rd avenues near a swamp located adjacent to the Gowanus Road . Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons and Colonel Atlee were stationed farther north on the Gowanus Road . Parsons was a lawyer from Connecticut who had recently secured a commission in the Continental Army ; Atlee was a veteran of the French and Indian War in command of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania Musketry . Putnam had been awakened by a guard at 03 : 00 and told that the British were attacking through the Gowanus Pass . He lit signals to Washington , who was on Manhattan , and then rode south to warn Stirling of the attack . Stirling led two units of Colonel John Haslet 's 1st Delaware Regiment under the immediate command of Major Thomas Macdonough , and Colonel William Smallwood 's 1st Maryland Infantry under the immediate command of Major Mordecai Gist ; both Haslet and Smallwood were on courts - martial duty in Manhattan . Following close behind was Parson 's Connecticut regiment with 251 men . Stirling led this combined force to reinforce Parsons and Atlee and stop the British advance . Stirling had a total of 1,600 troops at his command . Stirling placed Atlee 's men in an apple orchard owned by Wynant Bennett on the south side of the Gowanus Road near present - day 3rd Avenue and 18th Street . Upon the approach of the British , the Americans : took possession of a hill about two miles from camp , and detached Colonel Atlee to meet them further on the road ; in about sixty rods he drew up and received the enemy 's fire and gave them a well - directed fire from his regiment , which did great execution , and then retreated to the hill . - General Parsons Stirling took up positions with the Delaware and Maryland regiments just to the north of Atlee 's men on the slopes of a rise of land between 18th and 20th streets . Some of the Maryland troops were positioned on a small hill near 23rd Street , which the local Dutch called `` Blokje Berg '' ( Dutch for cube or block hill ) . At the base of this hill , the Gowanus Road crossed a small bridge over a ditch which drained a marshy area . When the British advanced up the Gowanus Road , the American troops fired upon them from positions on the north side of the ditch . To the left was Colonel Peter Kachline 's Pennsylvania regiment . Just to the southeast of Blokje Berg were a few hills ; amongst them was a hill which is the highest point in King 's County at 220 feet which came to be known as `` Battle Hill , '' in what is today Greenwood Cemetery by the cemetery 's boundary of 23rd Street and 7th Avenue . The British attempted to outflank the American positions by taking this hill . The Americans tried to prevent the British move , sending troops under Parsons and Atlee to take the hill . The British got there first but the Americans were able to dislodge them in fierce fighting . Battle Hill was the site of especially brutal fighting , with the Americans inflicting the highest number of casualties against the British troops during the entire Battle of Long Island . Among those killed was British Colonel James Grant , which led the Americans to believe that they had killed General James Grant . He was alleged to have been shot by a Pennsylvanian rifleman who had been sniping at the British from up in a tree . Among the American dead was Pennsylvania Colonel Caleb Parry , who was killed while rallying his troops . The Americans were still unaware that this was not the main British attack , in part due to the ferocity of the fighting and the number of British troops engaged . Battle Pass ( edit ) Battle Pass - also known as `` Flatbush Pass '' - is located in modern - day Prospect Park . Here General Sullivan and his troops were outflanked by the British who attacked from the rear while the Hessians attacked up Battle Pass . ( Lithograph c. 1866 The Hessians , in the center under the command of General von Heister , began to bombard the American lines stationed at Battle Pass under the command of General John Sullivan . The Hessian brigades did not attack , as they were waiting for the pre-arranged signal from the British , who were in the process of outflanking the American lines at that time . The Americans were still under the assumption that Grant 's attack up the Gowanus Road was the main thrust , and Sullivan sent four - hundred of his men to reinforce Stirling . Howe fired his signal guns at 09 : 00 and the Hessians began to attack up Battle Pass , while the main army came at Sullivan from the rear . Sullivan left his advance guard to hold off the Hessians while he turned the rest of his force around to fight the British . Heavy casualties mounted between the Americans and the British , and men on both sides fled out of fear . Sullivan attempted to calm his men and tried to lead a retreat . By this point , the Hessians had overrun the advance guard on the heights and the American left had completely collapsed . Hand - to - hand fighting followed , with the Americans swinging their muskets and rifles like clubs to save their own lives . Many of the Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the Hessians . Sullivan , despite the chaos , managed to evacuate most of his men to Brooklyn Heights though he himself was captured . Vechte - Cortelyou House ( edit ) The front of the original Vechte - Cortelyou House , where the Maryland troops commanded by Lord Stirling and Mordecai Gist made two attacks against over two thousand British troops in a rear - guard action that allowed a majority of Stirling 's 1,600 - strong command to escape . Gunpowder smoke from cannons and muskets mark where Stirling and the Maryland troops attack the British , while the rest of the American troops in the foreground escape across Brouwer 's mill pond . The building pictured is the mill . ( Battle of Long Island , 1858 Alonzo Chappel ) At 09 : 00 , Washington arrived from Manhattan . He realized that he had been wrong about a feint on Long Island and he ordered more troops to Brooklyn from Manhattan . His location on the battlefield is not known because accounts differ , but most likely he was at Brooklyn Heights where he could view the battle . Stirling still held the line against Grant on the American right , to the west . He held on for four hours , still unaware of the British flanking maneuver , and some of his own troops thought that they were winning the day because the British had been unable to take their position . However , Grant was reinforced by 2,000 marines , and he hit Stirling 's center by 11 : 00 , and Stirling was attacked on his left by the Hessians . Stirling pulled back , but British troops were coming at him from the rear , south down the Gowanus Road . The only escape route left was across a Brouwer 's millpond on the Gowanus Creek which was 80 yards wide , on the other side of Brooklyn Heights . Maryland 400 ( edit ) Stirling ordered all of his troops to cross the creek , except a contingent of Maryland troops under the command of Gist . This group became known to history as the `` Maryland 400 '' , although they numbered about 260 -- 270 men . Stirling and Gist led the troops in a rear - guard action against the overwhelming numbers of British troops , which surpassed 2,000 supported by two cannons . Stirling and Gist led the Marylanders in two attacks against the British , who were in fixed positions in and in front of the Vechte - Cortelyou House ( known today as the Old Stone House ) . After the last assault , the remaining troops retreated across the Gowanus Creek . Some of the men who tried to cross the marsh were bogged down in the mud and under musket fire , and others who could not swim were captured . Stirling was surrounded and , unwilling to surrender , broke through the British lines to von Heister 's Hessians and surrendered to them . Two hundred fifty six Maryland troops were killed in the assaults in front of the Old Stone House , and fewer than a dozen made it back to the American lines . Washington watched from a redoubt on nearby Cobble Hill ( intersection of today 's Court Street and Atlantic Avenue ) and reportedly said , `` Good God , what brave fellows I must this day lose . '' Disengagement ( edit ) The American troops who were not killed or captured escaped behind the fortified American positions centered on Brooklyn Heights . Howe then ordered all of his troops to halt the attack , in a move considered controversial to this day , despite the protests of many officers in his command who believed that they should push on to Brooklyn Heights . Howe had decided against a direct frontal assault against the entrenched American positions , choosing instead to begin a siege and setting up lines of circumvallation around the American positions . He believed the Americans to be essentially trapped , with his troops blocking escape by land and the Royal Navy in control of the East River , which they would have to cross to reach Manhattan Island . Howe 's failure to press the attack and the reasons for it have been disputed . He may have wished to avoid the casualties that his army suffered when attacking the continentals under similar circumstances at the Battle of Bunker Hill . He may also have been giving Washington an opportunity to conclude that his position was hopeless and surrender , in the European gentleman - officer tradition . Howe told Parliament in 1779 that his essential duty was to avoid excessive British casualties for insufficient purpose , and capturing Brooklyn Heights would likely not have meant capturing the entire American army . `` The loss of 1,000 , or perhaps 1,500 British troops , in carrying those lines , would have been but ill repaid by double that number of the enemy , could it have been supposed they would have suffered in that proportion . '' Aftermath ( edit ) U.S. Army - Artillery Retreat from Long Island 1776 ( 1899 ) Retreat to Manhattan ( edit ) The Foot of Wall Street And Ferry House - 1746 . The Manhattan side of the East River crossing , known then as the Brooklyn Ferry , as it looked in the mid-1700s . Washington and the army were surrounded on Brooklyn Heights with the East River to their backs . As the day went on , the British began to dig trenches , slowly coming closer to the American defenses . By doing this , the British would not have to cross over open ground to assault the American defenses as they did in Boston the year before . Despite this perilous situation , Washington ordered 1,200 more men from Manhattan to Brooklyn on August 28 . The men that came over were two Pennsylvania regiments and Colonel John Glover 's regiment from Marblehead , Massachusetts . In command of the Pennsylvanian troops was Thomas Mifflin who , after arriving , volunteered to inspect the outer defenses and report back to Washington . In these outer defenses , small skirmishes were still taking place . On the afternoon of August 28 , it began to rain and Washington had his cannons bombard the British well into the night . As the rain continued , George Washington sent a letter instructing General William Heath , who was at Kings Bridge between Manhattan and what is now the Bronx , to send every flat - bottomed boat and sloop without delay , in case battalions of infantry from New Jersey came to reinforce their position . At 16 : 00 , on August 29 , Washington held a meeting with his generals . Mifflin advised Washington to retreat to Manhattan while Mifflin and his Pennsylvania regiments made up the rear guard , holding the line until the rest of the army had withdrawn . The generals agreed unanimously with Mifflin that retreat was the best option and Washington had orders go out by the evening . The troops were told that they were to gather up all their ammunition and baggage and prepare for a night attack . By 21 : 00 , the sick and wounded began to move to the Brooklyn Ferry in preparation for evacuation . At 23 : 00 , Glover and his Massachusetts men , who were sailors and fishermen , began to evacuate the troops . Washington evacuating Army 175th Anniversary Issue of 1951 . Accurate depiction of Fulton Ferry House at right . Flat - bottomed ferry boats in the East River are depicted in the background . As more troops were evacuated , more were ordered to withdraw from the lines and march to the ferry landing . Wagon wheels were muffled , and men were forbidden to talk . Mifflin 's rear guard was tending campfires to deceive the British and convince them that nothing was going on . At 04 : 00 , on August 30 , Mifflin was informed that it was his unit 's turn to evacuate . Mifflin told the man who had been sent to order him to leave , Major Alexander Scammell , that he must be mistaken , but Scammell insisted that he was not and Mifflin ordered his troops to move out . When Mifflin 's troops were within a half mile of the ferry landing , Washington rode up and demanded to know why they were not at their defenses . Edward Hand , who was leading the troops , tried to explain what had happened , but Mifflin arrived shortly . Washington exclaimed `` Good God . General Mifflin , I am afraid you have ruined us . '' Mifflin explained that he had been told that it was his turn to evacuate by Scammell ; Washington told him it had been a mistake . Mifflin then led his troops back to the outer defenses . Artillery , supplies , and troops were all being evacuated across the river at this time but it was not going as fast as Washington had anticipated and daybreak soon came . A fog settled in and concealed the evacuation from the British . British patrols noticed that there did not seem to be any American pickets and thus began to search the area . While they were doing this , Washington , the last man left , stepped onto the last boat . At 07 : 00 , the last American troops landed in Manhattan . All 9,000 troops had been evacuated with no loss of life . Conclusion of the campaign ( edit ) The British fleet in New York Harbor just after the battle The British were stunned to find that Washington and the army had escaped . Later in the day , August 30 , the British troops occupied the American fortifications . When news of the battle reached London , it caused many festivities to take place . Bells were rung across the city , candles were lit in windows and King George III gave Howe the Order of the Bath . Washington 's defeat revealed his deficiencies as a strategist who split his forces , his inexperienced generals who misunderstood the situation , and his raw troops that fled in disorder at the first shots . However , his daring nighttime retreat has been seen by some historians as one of his greatest military feats . Other historians concentrate on the failure of British naval forces to prevent the withdrawal . Howe remained inactive for the next half month , not attacking until September 15 when he landed a force at Kip 's Bay . The British quickly occupied the city . On September 21 , a fire of uncertain origin destroyed a quarter of New York City . In the immediate aftermath of the fire Nathan Hale was executed for spying . Although American troops delivered an unexpected check to the British at Harlem Heights in mid-September , Howe defeated Washington in battle again at White Plains and then again at Fort Washington . Because of these defeats , Washington and the army retreated across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania . Casualties ( edit ) The Middle Dutch Church is where some of the enlisted men captured at the Battle of Long Island were imprisoned . The Sugar House also became a prison as the British captured more of Washington 's soldiers during the retreat from New York . The site today is the location of the Chase Manhattan Bank . At the time , it was by far the largest battle ever fought in North America . If the Royal Navy is included , over 40,000 men took part in the battle . Howe reported his losses as 59 killed , 268 wounded and 31 missing . The Hessian casualties were 5 killed and 26 wounded . The Americans suffered much heavier losses . About 300 had been killed and over 1,000 captured . As few as half of the prisoners survived . Kept on prison ships , then transferred to locations such as the Middle Dutch Church , they were starved and denied medical attention . In their weakened condition , many succumbed to smallpox . Historians believe that as many as 256 soldiers of the First Maryland Regiment under Colonel William Smallwood fell in the battle , about two - thirds of the regiment . It is known that they were buried in a mass - grave , but the grave 's exact location has been a mystery for 240 years . In 2012 Brooklyn historian and president of the Brooklyn Preservation Council , Robert Furman , stated that he had a strong suspicion of the location of the gravesite , believing it to be in an empty lot in the Gowanus section of Brooklyn . In 2017 , in advance of the construction of a school on the Gowanus empty lot where Furman believes the mass grave is located , Furman and American Legion Michael A. Rawley Post 1636 urged archeologist to dig up the lot in search of the mass grave . Legacy ( edit ) Dongan Oak memorial in Prospect Park The most significant legacy of the Battle of Long Island was that it showed there would be no easy victory , and that the war would be long and bloody . Commemorations of the battle include : The Altar to Liberty : Minerva monument : The battle is commemorated with a monument , which includes a bronze statue of Minerva near the top of Battle Hill , the highest point of Brooklyn , in Green - Wood Cemetery . The statue was sculpted by Frederick Ruckstull and unveiled in 1920 . The statue stands in the northwest corner of the cemetery and gazes directly at the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor . In 2006 , the Minerva statue was invoked in a successful defense to prevent a building from blocking the line of sight from the cemetery to the Statue of Liberty in the harbor . The annual Battle of Long Island commemoration begins inside the main Gothic arch entrance to Green - Wood Cemetery and marches up Battle Hill to ceremonies at the monument . The Prison Ship Martyrs ' Monument : A freestanding Doric column in Fort Greene memorializing all those who died while kept prisoner on the British ships just off the shore of Brooklyn , in Wallabout Bay . Soldiers ' Monument - Milford , Connecticut . Memorializes the 200 seriously ill prisoners of the Battle of Long Island who were dumped on the beach at Milford the night of January 3 , 1777 . The Old Stone House : A re-constructed farmhouse ( c. 1699 ) that was at the center of the Marylanders ' delaying actions serves as a museum of the battle . It is located in J.J. Byrne Park , at Third Street and Fifth Avenue , Brooklyn , and features models and maps . Prospect Park , Brooklyn , Battle Pass : along the eastern side of Center Drive in Prospect Park , Brooklyn , is a large granite boulder with a brass plaque affixed , and another marker lies near the road for the Dongan Oak , a very large and old tree felled to block the pass from the British advance . In addition , in the park resides the Line of Defense marker erected by the Sons of the American Revolution and , near the eastern edge of Long Meadow , the Maryland Monument& Maryland Memorial corinthian column . There are only thirty currently existing units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial and revolutionary eras . Five Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 125th MP Co , 175th Inf , 181st Inf and 198th Sig Bn ) and one Regular Army Field Artillery battalion ( 1 - 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Long Island . See also ( edit ) Book : New York and New Jersey campaign American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Dr. John Hart , Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott 's Regiment who was stationed at Governor 's Island Long Island order of battle New York and New Jersey campaign References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The 256 dead troops of the Maryland 400 were buried by the British in a mass grave on a hillock on farmer Adrian Van Brunt 's land on the outskirts of the marsh . It was from this battle that Maryland gained its nickname the `` Old Line State '' . This mass grave is believed to be around the southwest corner of what is today Third Avenue , between Seventh and Eighth streets . Citations Jump up ^ David Syrett ( June 15 , 2005 ) . Admiral Lord Howe . Naval Institute Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 006 - 1 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 140 - Figure indicates how many troops were on Long Island total . Only 3,000 troops were on the Guana Heights , where the British attacked . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 179 Jump up ^ according to Lord Howe report 31 ( 1 officer and 30 Grenadiers of the Marines ) were captured Diary of the Revolution . p. 304 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Field 1869 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Putnam '' . Jump up ^ `` Fort Greene '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Fort - The New York State Military Museum '' . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Field 1869 , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 152 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn '' . Long island historical society . January 1 , 1878 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stiles , Henry ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` A History of the City of Brooklyn '' . Applewood Books -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ John J. Gallagher : Battle Of Brooklyn 1776 p. 33 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Henry P. Johnston : Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn ( 1878 ) Long Island Historical Society - Reprint Di Capo Press ( 1971 ) LCCN 74 -- 15782 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Fischer 2006 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ `` The narrative of Lieutenant General William Howe '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . p 5 . Jump up ^ `` Foot Of Wall Street And Ferry - House , 1746 '' . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams , `` The Battle of Long Island , '' American Historical Review Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ) , pp. 650 - 670 in JSTOR Jump up ^ David McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 4 Jump up ^ William L. Calderhead , `` British Naval Failure at Long Island : A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution , '' New York History , July 1976 , Vol. 57 Issue 3 , pp 321 - 338 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 244 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Charles H. ( 2009 ) . Cut Off : Colonel Jedediah Huntington 's 17th Continental ( Conn . ) Regiment at the Battle of Long Island August 27 , 1776 . Westminster , MD : Heritage Books . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 4924 - 6 . Jump up ^ Burke , Justin ( 25 August 2012 ) . `` Seeking Brooklyn 's Lost Mass Grave '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vacant Brooklyn lot could be site of mass grave for Revolutionary War soldiers , historian says '' . New York 's PIX11 / WPIX - TV . 2017 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hays ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Developer says plan respects Minerva statue 's point of view '' . New York : NY Daily News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fort Greene Park Conservancy . `` Prison Ship Martyrs ' Monument '' . Fort Greene Park Conservancy . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . `` Old Stone House '' . NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Find A Grave : Maryland Monument '' . Jump up ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . `` Prospect Park '' . NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ `` Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 175th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1982 , pp. 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 198th Signal Battalion . Jump up ^ `` 1st Battalion , 5th Field Artillery Regiment '' . Bibliography Adams , Charles Francis . `` The Battle of Long Island , '' American Historical Review Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ) , pp. 650 -- 670 in JSTOR Calderhead , William L. `` British Naval Failure at Long Island : A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution , '' New York History , July 1976 , Vol. 57 Issue 3 , pp 321 -- 338 Field , Thomas Warren ( 1869 ) , The Battle of Long Island , Brooklyn : The Long Island Historical Society , p. 600 Fischer , David Hackett ( 2006 ) , Washington 's Crossing , New York : Oxford University Press US , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518159 - 3 Gallagher , John J. ; Gallagher , John J ( 1995 ) , The Battle of Brooklyn 1776 , Brooklyn : Castle Books , p. 226 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 1663 - 8 Johnston , Henry Phelps ( 1878 ) , The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn , Long Island Historical Society , p. 556 , ISBN 0 - 548 - 34227 - X Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) , General George Washington , New York : Random House Paperbacks , p. 522 , ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2 McCullough , David ( 2006 ) , 1776 , New York : Simon and Schuster Paperback , p. 12 , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2672 - 0 Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) , Infantry Regiments of the US Army , Virginia : Wyvern Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Long Island . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battle of Long Island . Whittimore , Henry `` The Heroes of the American Revolution and their Descendants ; The Battle of Long Island '' 1897 The Battle of Long Island The Wild Geese Today Honoring Those who saved Washington 's Army Website on Battle of Long Island `` The Old Stone House '' museum Animated History Map of the Battle of Long Island Howe 's defense of his actions to Parliament in spring 1779 New York Guard 1 / 9th Battalion New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Long_Island&oldid=833372927 '' Categories : 1776 in the United States Conflicts in 1776 Battles of the New York Campaign Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles involving Hesse - Kassel Military history of New York City New York ( state ) in the American Revolution History of Brooklyn 1776 in New York ( state ) South Brooklyn Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2013 Use mdy dates from March 2014 Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 04 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the goal of the battle of long island | [
"The Battle of Long Island is also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights. It was fought on August 27, 1776 and was the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4, 1776. It was a victory for the British Army and the beginning of a successful campaign that gave them control of the strategically important city of New York. In terms of troop deployment and fighting, it was the largest battle of the entire war."
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"control of the strategically important city of New York"
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3801302257195265570 | United States declaration of war on Japan | United States declaration of war on Japan - wikipedia United States declaration of war on Japan Jump to : navigation , search President Roosevelt , wearing a black armband , signs the Declaration of War on Japan on December 8 , 1941 On December 8 , 1941 , the United States Congress declared war ( Public Law 77 - 328 , 55 STAT 795 ) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country 's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day . It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier , but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high - security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it , which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack . Following the U.S. declaration , Japan 's allies , Germany and Italy , declared war on the United States , bringing the United States fully into World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Vote and Presidential signature 3 Text of the declaration 4 See also 5 References Background ( edit ) The attack on Pearl Harbor took place before a declaration of war by Japan had been delivered to the United States . It was originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the US that it was withdrawing from further peace negotiations , but the attack began before the notice could be delivered . Tokyo transmitted the 5,000 - word notification -- known as the `` 14 - Part Message '' -- in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington . However , because of the very secret nature of the message , it had to be decoded , translated and typed up by high embassy officials , who were unable to do these tasks in the available time . Hence , the ambassador did not deliver it until after the attack had begun . But even if it had been , the notification was worded so that it actually neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations , so it was not a proper declaration of war as required by diplomatic traditions . The United Kingdom declared war on Japan nine hours before the US did , partially due to Japanese attacks on the British colonies of Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong ; and partially due to Winston Churchill 's promise to declare war `` within the hour '' of a Japanese attack on the United States . Vote and presidential signature ( edit ) President Roosevelt formally requested the declaration in his Infamy Speech , addressed to a joint session of Congress and the nation at 12 : 30 p.m. on December 8 . The declaration was quickly brought to a vote ; it passed the Senate , and then passed the House at 1 : 10 p.m. The vote was 82 -- 0 in the Senate and 388 -- 1 in the House . Jeannette Rankin , a pacifist and the first woman elected to Congress ( in 1916 ) , cast the only vote against the declaration , eliciting hisses from some of her peers . Several colleagues requested she change her vote to make the resolution unanimous -- or at least to abstain -- but she refused . `` As a woman , I ca n't go to war , '' she said , `` and I refuse to send anyone else . '' Nine other women held Congressional seats at the time . After the vote , an angry mob followed her from the Capitol building , forcing her to take refuge in a telephone booth until United States Capitol Police could rescue her . Two days later a similar war declaration against Germany and Italy came to vote ; Rankin abstained . Nine other women voted in favor of the declaration of war . Roosevelt signed the declaration at 4 : 10 p.m the same day . The power to declare war is assigned exclusively to Congress in the United States Constitution , making it an open question whether his signature was technically necessary . However , his signature was symbolically powerful and resolved any doubts . Text of the declaration ( edit ) JOINT RESOLUTION Declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial Government of Japan and the Government and the people of the United States and making provisions to prosecute the same . Whereas the Imperial Government of Japan has committed unprovoked acts of war against the Government and the people of the United States of America : Therefore be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That the state of war between the United States and the Imperial Government of Japan which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared ; and the President is hereby authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Imperial Government of Japan ; and , to bring the conflict to a successful termination , all the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire United States declaration of war upon Germany ( 1941 ) United States declaration of war upon Italy Declaration of war by the United States Kellogg -- Briand Pact References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hixson , Walter L. ( 2003 ) , The American Experience in World War II : The United States and the road to war in Europe , Taylor & Francis , p. 73 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94029 - 0 Jump up ^ Calvocoressi , Peter ; Wint , Guy & Pritchard , John ( 1999 ) The Penguin History of the Second World War , London : Penguin . p. 952 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ( 1982 ) At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor , Dillon . pp. 424 , 475 , 493 - 94 Jump up ^ Staff ( December 15 , 1941 ) `` The U.S. At War , The Last Stage '' Time ^ Jump up to : Kluckhorn , Frank L. ( December 9 , 1941 ) `` U.S. Declares War , Pacific Battle Widens '' The New York Times p. A1 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 1 , 2014 ) `` Jeannette Rankin : Suffragist , Congresswoman , Pacifist '' Women 's History Matters Jump up ^ Luckowski , Jean and Lopach , James ( ndg ) `` A Chronology and Primary Sources for Teaching about Jeannette Rankin '' Montana.gov Jump up ^ `` Declaration of War with Japan '' Retrieved 2010 - 15 - 7 ( hide ) Pearl Harbor attack Attack Events leading to the attack Order of battle Present US ships Battleship Row Niihau incident Japanese carriers involved Akagi Kaga Sōryū Hiryū Shōkaku Zuikaku United States ships sunk Arizona salvaged artifacts California Oglala Oklahoma Shaw Utah West Virginia Aftermath Consequences Sleeping giant quote Infamy Speech U.S. declaration of war Roberts Commissions Remembrance Remembrance Day USS Arizona Memorial Survivors Association Commemorative Medal Books Crisis : The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia ( 1992 ) Day of Deceit ( 2001 ) Days of Infamy series ( 2004 -- 05 ) Pacific War series ( 2007 -- 08 ) Films Secret Agent of Japan ( 1942 ) This Is the Army ( 1943 ) December 7th : The Movie ( 1943 ) Task Force ( 1949 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) The Revolt of Mamie Stover ( 1956 ) In Harm 's Way ( 1965 ) Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! ( 1970 ) 1941 ( 1979 ) The Final Countdown ( 1980 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Other Advance - knowledge conspiracy theory In popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan&oldid=826621107 '' Categories : 1941 in international relations 1941 in Japan 1941 in military history 1941 in the United States World War II documents Japan -- United States military relations Declarations of war by the United States December 1941 events 1941 documents Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 03 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the united states declared war on japan | [
"On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77-328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message – the high-security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process – it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II."
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"December 8, 1941"
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-8724439910253163971 | Dark Night of the Soul | Dark night of the soul - wikipedia Dark night of the soul Jump to : navigation , search For the album by Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse , see Dark Night of the Soul ( album ) . Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology Philosophy ( show ) Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices ( show ) Monasticism Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Meditation Lectio Divina Active ascetism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Passive ascetism Abstinence People ( by era or century ) ( show ) Antiquity ( show ) Ancient African Origen Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers ( show ) Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th 12th ( show ) Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Hadewijch Symeon the New Theologian 13th 14th ( show ) Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Beatrice of Nazareth John of Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Beatrice of Nazareth Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena 15th 16th ( show ) Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th 18th ( show ) French Pierre de Bérulle Jean - Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St. Samson Others María de Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th ( show ) Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th ( show ) Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Adrienne von Speyr Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Berthe Petit Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Contemporary papal views ( show ) Aspects of meditation ( Orationis Formas , 1989 ) Reflection on the New Age ( 2003 ) Literature Media ( show ) Lingua Ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation Diary : Divine Mercy in My Soul From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love Spiritual Canticle The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing The Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso Dark Night of the Soul ( Spanish : La noche oscura del alma ) is the title given to a poem of the 16th - century , Spanish poet and Roman Catholic , Discalced Carmelite mystic , priest , and Doctor of the Church St. John of the Cross , OCD . The author did not entitle his poem , on which he wrote two book - length commentaries : The Ascent of Mount Carmel ( Subida del Monte Carmelo ) and The Dark Night ( Noche Oscura ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Poem and treatise of St. John of the Cross 2 In Roman Catholic spirituality 3 In culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Poem and treatise of St. John of the Cross ( edit ) St. John of the Cross , OCD The poem of St. John of the Cross , OCD , in 8 stanzas of 5 lines each , narrates the journey of the soul to mystical union with God . The journey is called `` The Dark Night '' in part because darkness represents the fact that the destination , God , is unknowable , as in the 14th century , mystical classic The Cloud of Unknowing , which derives , as does St. John 's poem , from the works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in the 6th century . Further , the path per se is unknowable . Salí sin ser notada , estando ya mi casa sosegada , St. John writes in the first verse of the poem , which verse in its entirety is translated : In an obscure night Fevered with love 's anxiety ( O hapless , happy plight ! ) I went , none seeing me Forth from my house , where all things quiet be -- that is , the body and the mind , with their natural cares , being stilled . At the beginning of the treatise Dark Night ( the Declaración ) , St. John wrote : `` In this first verse , the soul tells the mode and manner in which it departs , as to its affection , from itself and from all things , dying through a true mortification to all of them and to itself , to arrive at a sweet and delicious life with God . '' The `` dark night of the soul '' does not refer to the difficulties of life in general , although the phrase has understandably been taken to refer to such trials . The nights which the soul experiences are the necessary purgations on the path to Divine union , of which there are two : the first is of the sensory or sensitive part of the soul , the second of the spiritual part ( Ascent of Mount Carmel , Ch. 1 , 2 ) . Such purgations comprise the first of the three stages of the mystical journey , followed by those of illumination and then union . St. John does not actually use the term `` dark night of the soul '' , but only `` dark night '' ( `` noche oscura '' ) . There are several steps in this night , which are related in successive stanzas of the poem . The thesis of the poem is the joyful experience of being guided to God . The only light in this dark night is that which burns in the soul . And that is a guide more certain than the mid-day sun : Aquésta me guiaba , más cierto que la luz del mediodía . This light leads the soul engaged in the mystical journey to Divine union . The Ascent of Mount Carmel is divided into three books that reflect the two phases of the dark night . The first is a purification of the senses ( It is titled `` The Active Night of the Senses '' ) . The second and third books describe the more intense purification of the spirit ( Titled `` The Active Night of the Spirit '' ) . Dark Night of the Soul further describes the ten steps on the ladder of mystical love , previously described by Saint Thomas Aquinas and in part by Aristotle . The time or place of composition are not certain . It is likely the poem was written between 1577 -- 79 , and has been held that it was composed while John was imprisoned in Toledo , although the few explicit statements in this regard are not very convincing nor first hand . The treatises , written some time between 1578 -- 85 , are commentaries on the poem , explaining its meaning line by line . Padre Lucinio del SS . Sacramento , who edited the critical edition ( edition 5 ) , with extremely thorough notes , of John of the Cross 's Complete Works in the Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos series , writes that `` The idea of the ' night ' to analyse the complex psychology of the soul under the purifying influence of grace is the most original and fruitful symbolic creation of the Mystic Doctor 's doctrine . '' The Ascent and the Dark Night should be considered as forming a single body as P. Lucinio states , quoting Andrés de la Incarnación and P. Silverio de Santa Teresa . Both works were left uncompleted . In Roman Catholic spirituality ( edit ) Main article : Spiritual dryness The term `` dark night ( of the soul ) '' in Roman Catholic spirituality describes a spiritual crisis in the journey toward union with God , like that described by St. John of the Cross , OCD . St. Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face , OCD , a 19th - century , French , Discalced Carmelite nun and Doctor of the Church , wrote of her own experience of the dark night . Her dark night derived from doubt of the existence of eternity , to which doubt she nonetheless did not give intellectual or volitional assent , but rather prevailed by a deepening of her Catholic faith . However , she painfully suffered through this prolonged period of spiritual darkness , even declaring to her fellow nuns : `` If you only knew what darkness I am plunged into . '' While this spiritual crisis is usually temporary , it may endure for a long time . The `` dark night '' of St. Paul of the Cross in the 18th century endured 45 years , from which he ultimately recovered . The dark night of St. Teresa of Calcutta , whose own name in religion she selected in honor of St. Thérèse , `` may be the most extensive such case on record '' , having endured from 1948 almost until her death in 1997 , with only brief interludes of relief , according to her letters . Franciscan Friar Father Benedict Groeschel , a friend of St. Teresa of Calcutta for a long part of her life , claims that `` the darkness left '' toward the end of her life . In culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ernest Dowson alludes to the ' obscure night of the soul ' in his absinthe poem , Absinthia Taetra . In The Crack - Up , F. Scott Fitzgerald penned his famous line , `` In a real dark night of the soul it is always three o'clock in the morning '' . As a comment on the shallowness of modern spirituality , author and humorist Douglas Adams parodied the phrase with the title of his 1988 science fiction novel , The Long Dark Tea - Time of the Soul . English electronic band Depeche Mode make a clear reference in their song `` I Feel Loved '' , the second single released from the album Exciter , in which Dave Gahan sings , `` It 's the dark night of my soul and temptation 's taking hold , but through the pain and the suffering , through the heartache and trembling I feel loved ... '' . Alternative rock band Sparklehorse , along with producer Danger Mouse and director and visual artist David Lynch , collaborated with a number of other artists -- including Vic Chesnutt , Jason Lytle , and Wayne Coyne -- on an audio - visual project entitled Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse Present : Dark Night of the Soul . The phrase has also been used as a song title by several other bands and music artists , including Steve Bell , The Get Up Kids , Ulver , Mayhem , and Shai Linne in The Solus Christus Project . Canadian singer Loreena McKennitt set the poem to music on her album The Mask and Mirror . Composer Ola Gjeilo has written a choral setting with piano and string quartet , fourteen minutes long , influenced by the phrase . Northern Irish singer - songwriter Van Morrison writes about the `` dark night of the soul '' in two of his songs , `` Tore Down a la Rimbaud '' on A Sense of Wonder , and `` Give Me My Rapture '' on Poetic Champions Compose . In his novel , `` Insomnia , '' Stephen King makes a reference to the F. Scott Fitzgerald usage when his protagonist first begins experiencing the signs of insomnia following the death of his ( the character 's ) wife . See also ( edit ) Ascent of Mount Carmel Ego death Existential crisis Loevinger Stages of ego development Dabrowski Theory of positive disintegration Kenosis Lawrence Kohlberg Stages of moral development Nigredo Psychology of religion Theosis Chicken Soup for the Soul References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Underhill , Evelyn. ( 1974 ) . Mysticism . 12th ed. , New York : New American Library . ( 1930 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Underhill , Mysticism , Ch. 4 . Jump up ^ Lucinio del SS . Sacramento , Nota Introductoria a la ' Subida ' y la ' Noche ' in Vida y Obras completas de San Juan de la Cruz , 5th ed. , Madrid : Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos , 1954 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Vida y Obras de San Juan de la Cruz , 5th ed . Lucinio del Ss . Sacramento , Ed . Madrid : Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos , 1964 . Jump up ^ Lucinio del SS . Sacramento , Nota Introductoria , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Nota Introductoria , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Martin , James ( 29 August 2007 ) . `` A Saint 's Dark Night '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ David van Biema ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` Mother Teresa 's Crisis of Faith '' . Time Magazine . Jump up ^ Groeschel , Father Benedict ( 9 September 2007 ) . `` The Mother Teresa I Knew '' ( RM ) . EWTN Sunday Night Live . The chapter titled `` The Dark Night of the Soul '' from Evelyn Underhill 's Mysticism at Gnostic.org . Underhill , Evelyn . ( re-issue 1999 ) . Mysticism Oneworld Publications . ISBN 1 - 85168 - 196 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) May , Gerald G. ( 2004 ) . The Dark Night of the Soul . A Psychiatrist Explores the Connection Between Darkness and Spiritual Growth . New York City : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 060 - 55423 - 1 ; ISBN 978 - 00 - 6055 - 423 - 1 . McKee , Kaye P. ( 2006 ) . When God Walks Away . A Companion to the Dark Night of the Soul . New York City : Crossroad Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 824 - 52380 - 6 ; ISBN 978 - 08 - 2452 - 380 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Dark Night of the Soul Dark Night of the Soul verse translation of the poem . Text of Dark Night of the Soul from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Original and Translation of Dark Night of the Soul From The Collected Works of St. John of the Cross This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` `` . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Online version of Dark Night of the Soul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Night_of_the_Soul&oldid=786816200 '' Categories : Christian mysticism 16th - century Christian texts Books by John of the Cross Christian devotional literature Christian literature 1578 works 1585 works Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with no article parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 19 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the dark night of the soul | [
"Dark Night of the Soul (Spanish: La noche oscura del alma) is the title given to a poem of the 16th-century, Spanish poet and Roman Catholic, Discalced Carmelite mystic, priest, and Doctor of the Church St. John of the Cross, OCD. The author did not entitle his poem, on which he wrote two book-length commentaries: The Ascent of Mount Carmel (Subida del Monte Carmelo) and The Dark Night (Noche Oscura)."
] | [
"St. John of the Cross"
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-658617909621961449 | Hank Voight | Hank Voight - wikipedia Hank Voight Jump to : navigation , search Henry `` Hank '' Voight Chicago P.D. character First appearance CF : `` Professional Courtesy '' ( episode 1.03 ) CPD : `` Stepping Stone '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Jason Beghe Information Full name Henry Voight Gender Male Occupation Police officer Police detective Police sergeant Family Richard Voight ( father ; deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Camille Voight ( wife ; deceased ) Children Justin Voight ( son ; deceased ) Erin Lindsay ( foster daughter ) Unnamed stillborn daughter Relatives Olive Voight ( daughter - in - law ) Daniel Justin Voight ( grandson ) Nationality American Police career Department Chicago Police Department Years of service 1990s -- Present Rank Sergeant Badge No . 32419 Henry `` Hank '' Voight is a fictional character in the television series Chicago P.D. . He appeared in a recurring capacity in Chicago Fire and as a main character in Chicago P.D. , as the Squad Commander of the Chicago Police Department 's Intelligence Unit , which operates out of the 21st District . Despite Voight 's reputation as a suspected dirty cop and for using underhand methods , he commands his unit 's loyalty and respect . The character was initially introduced in Chicago Fire as a dirty cop who tries to cover up for his son and uses all means necessary to do so , including threatening Lieutenant Matthew Casey , one of the protagonists of Chicago Fire . Voight 's circumstances were eventually clarified with the creation of the spin - off Chicago P.D. However , he has a well - documented feud with Casey as a result of what happened between them and his interactions with the firefighters of 51 is marked by tension and suspicion , despite the fact that he manages to earn their grudging respect for his dedication to seeking justice for victims . Contents ( hide ) 1 Relationships 2 In Chicago Fire 3 In Chicago P.D. 3.1 List of assignments 3.2 Ranks 3.3 Partners 3.4 Awards and decorations 4 Appearances and crossovers 5 References Relationships ( edit ) Hank has a son named Justin whom he bails out in `` Professional Courtesy '' after he crashes into a van while under the influence of alcohol . As the result of Justin 's recklessness , the boy ( Mike Duffy ) , who was in the van , is paralyzed from the waist down stopping him from playing hockey ever again . This incident marks the beginning of the tension between Hank and Lieutenant Matthew Casey ( Jesse Spencer ) . Hank is widowed ; his wife Camille died six years prior to `` Now I 'm God '' of ovarian cancer . Hank 's father , Richard , was also a Chicago Police Officer . While working a joint case with the NYPD Special Victims Unit , Voight and Sgt. / Lt. Olivia Benson ( Mariska Hargitay ) establish a bond of trust and friendship despite their differing methods . In Chicago Fire ( edit ) This character was first seen in Chicago Fire as an antagonist . Voight 's ruthless methods cause friction with Lieutenant Matthew Casey , a firefighter at the nearby Firehouse 51 . Casey had arrived on the scene of a serious car crash where the driver , Voight 's son Justin , had been drinking . The resulting arrest would have been a DUI with possible repercussions as the passenger in the other car had been paralyzed from the waist down . Voight had tried various methods to stop Casey from filing the report against Justin . First beginning with bribery ( a new television set for the CFD ) and escalating to physical threats towards Casey and his then - fiance , Dr. Hallie Thomas . Voight attempted to have Casey injured or killed , but was arrested by Detective Antonio Dawson ( Jon Seda ) in a sting . While in prison he offers Gabriela Dawson ( Monica Raymund ) information on who shot Antonio , who was working undercover at the time . This was in exchange for a future favour , which Dawson reluctantly accepted . Internal Affairs ( I.A. ) later released Voight from prison and promoted him to Sergeant of the Intelligence Unit at CPD . Voight began working with Dawson and Detective Juiliet `` Jules '' Willhite ( Melissa Sagemiller ) to investigate a series of murders relating to pharmacy nurses . The case was related to a drug dealer named Thomas Cobb , whom Voight killed to protect Casey . Unfortunately , Hallie was murdered after accidentally discovering a drug operation at the hospital she worked at . Later in the series , he investigates a gang drive - by shooting which claimed the life of a young girl . Working alongside Dawson and Detective Erin Lindsay ( Sophia Bush ) , Voight uses firefighter Joe Cruz 's brother , Leon , who had former ties to the gang , as part of a sting . The operation ended with the successful capture of the intended gang lord , but also the deaths of two gang members . In `` Category 5 '' , when he wants Casey 's help with an investigation into Jack Nesbitt , he knowingly turns his offer down , hinting there is still tensions between the two from the first season . Casey eventually agrees to get some intel after he himself notices something was not right . In the season 3 finale , Gabriela discovers that Antonio has gone missing . In Chicago P.D. ( edit ) It is common knowledge in the Chicago police department that Voight is a suspected dirty cop for being associated with shady , unsavory characters in Chicago 's underworld , breaking police protocol and taking bribes . It 's revealed Voight has now and then outright committed and covered up crimes . However , despite his ruthlessness , his morally ambiguous and underhanded approach to police work , Voight is a veteran who is determined in getting the job done , is extremely dedicated to the victims of his cases , goes out of his way to protect and help vulnerable young people , and does have his fellow cops ' and Chicago 's best interests at heart . It is revealed that he is working with Internal Affairs using his dirty cop reputation as part of an operation to bring down high hitters in Chicago 's crime world . Prior to his arrest in 2012 , Voight served in the Chicago PD 's Gang Unit for almost 15 years . He has worked with Detective Alvin Olinsky ( Elias Koteas ) , who later transferred to Intelligence , and Detective Jimmy Shi ( Mark Dacascos ) , who now heads up a deep undercover vice squad in Chinatown . It is revealed that a number of years ago , after the death of Olinsky 's partner , Eddie Penland , Voight , Shi and Olinsky took the murderer , Browning , out to the docks and killed him by taking him `` for a boat ride . '' Voight has a strained relationship with his son , Justin Voight . This may be due to the fact that his job in CPD was demanding and occupied most of his time . Justin acts out ( usually by drinking and driving or fighting in bars ) and hangs out with the wrong crowd . More recently , Justin was involved as an accessory to the murder of a rival gang member by his corrupt friend Joe Catalano . Voight learns from Antonio Justin 's involvement was that of an innocent pawn and allows the case to be buried . Voight then takes Justin out and forces him to enlist in the United States Army to keep him out of trouble . Voight then kills Catalano by drowning him in the river . While Voight struggles with his relationship with his own son , he has a tendency to help vulnerable young people . He took Erin Lindsay under his wing ( and became her legal guardian ) when she was a teenager and got her to stay away from drugs . She , in return , became his C.I. and later joined the CPD . More recently , he helped a 13 - year - old boy named D'Anthony get out of the gang culture his older cousin forced him into . He later gives D'Anthony's aunt $4,000 to look after his basic needs . In Season 2 , Voight learns that he is going to be a grandfather when he meets Olive , who got pregnant by Justin before he enlisted . In `` An Honest Woman '' , Voight was beaten and kidnapped , along with Olive , by two criminals , and was threatened by them to open the safe he has in his basement by killing Olive . It was revealed that earlier , she had run her mouth to an old friend of hers and confessed that Justin had told her about his father 's secret stash . Then later , her friend went behind her back and betrayed her . The friend ended up telling other people about Voight 's money , and one of these guys approached Olive with a knife . He cut her , but not deep enough to actually hurt the baby . Just so she knew he was prepared to cut her child out of her if she did n't help them set up Voight . Hank is friends with the 21st District 's Desk Sergeant Trudy Platt ( Amy Morton ) , and has a decent working relationship with District Commander Ron Perry ( Robert Ray Wisdom ) , who had `` six hundred reasons why he did n't want ( Voight ) to run Intelligence , but one reason why '' -- because he got results . However , his relationship with Cmdr . Perry 's successor , Cmdr Fischer ( Kevin J. O'Connor ) , is not nearly as amicable . In `` Chicago Crossover '' , an episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , he interrupts an interrogation handled by SVU detectives Nick Amaro ( Danny Pino ) and Amanda Rollins ( Kelli Giddish ) , to do his own way of interrogation ( beating the suspect to tell what that person knows ) . Benson stops him and threatens to arrest him , but along the way she allows him to . During the course of the case , the two of them are able to strike up a friendship . In `` The Three Gs '' , after working on the human trafficking case , he threatens the officer that filed an official complaint against Sean Roman . He offers him to go to a dentist under his financial help or threatens to beat him up . In `` Daydream Believer '' , he threatens to beat serial killer Greg Yates ( Dallas Roberts ) to death after he kidnaps and murders Nadia Decotis ( Stella Maeve ) , Intelligence 's civilian administrator , and when he saw the crime scene of his two victims in the apartment building . At the end , when Yates was in holding , he relieves the corrections officer of his duty and roughs Yates up , insists he must feel what his victims went through and to never let his guard down . At the end of `` There 's My Girl '' , he demotes Kevin Atwater following an IAB investigation after he leaves a soda can with the suspect that led up to his suicide , and promotes Officer Kim Burgess to replace him . In `` Born Into Bad News '' , he shows his concern for Erin Lindsay when she going back to the same person that she once was , and when her mother , Bunny , starts to show up back in her Lindsay 's life ( hinting the rivalry between the two ) . At the end , when he is pleading for Lindsay to not quit the department , she still sticks with her decision and for her mother to step in . In `` Start Digging '' , Hank is offered a meritorious promotion to Lieutenant by Commander Emma Crowley ( Barbara Eve Harris ) and the CPD brass as part of the new Chicago Police Superintendent 's reorganization of the department that includes getting officers like him off the streets . However , before Hank could either accept or decline the promotion , his son Justin was assaulted and later died of his injuries , causing Hank to go on a revenge mission using whatever means necessary to find Justin 's murderer . He takes the murderer to the silos , he makes him dig a hole and then kills him . In `` The Silos '' , he was brought back to the silos by Commander Emma Crowley and Internal Affairs detectives , to see if they can find they can recover the body and get him to confess . When the body was gone , he was quickly released and went back to duty . It was revealed that Lindsay had moved the body prior to them getting there . In `` Grasping for Salvation '' ; when a gun that was used in a murder of a boy , was connected to a 17 year old case that he and his old partner ( Detective ) now Lieutenant Denny Woods had solved . When he found out that Voight was investigating the case , he brings him up to the review board for disobeying direct order . And when the suspect that Voight and Woods arrested was innocent , Voight tried to have him released . It was later revealed that Woods had altered evidence to get him in prison . At the season 5 premiere `` Reform '' ; he sees a psychiatrist after Lindsay leaves CPD to join the FBI . He has a difficulty working with Lieutenant Denny Woods after he became the new independent auditor . In `` Promise '' ; he sends a gang leader , where his niece became one of the victims of a serial rapist and killer , information about the killer 's identity and where he lives to exact revenge . In `` Snitch '' ; he became suspicious of Dawson when he was seen with Assistant State 's Attorney Steve Kot in the parking lot . He told Olinsky to keep an eye on him and that he does n't trust him . In `` Fallen '' , he manages to get Woods ' suspicions on him . In `` Monster '' , he suspects that Ruzek was being a mole when Halstead gets investigated by Internal Affairs and when he asks Platt about the missing money . Olinsky gets Ruzek with him to take him to meet his `` CI '' but instead meets Voight , discovering that he was the mole . In `` Rabbit Hole '' , Voight while angry about him getting evidence against him . While he ca n't do nothing about the charges against him , Voight manages to conspires with Ruzek to take down Woods . With the meeting between Ruzek and Woods was over , it was revealed Voight was there watching . In `` Chasing Monsters '' , Voight is seen standing over the bridge overlooking a crime scene where the police are busy dealing with a crime scene when Olinsky arrives to meet Voight , who says `` It 's what we thought '' and suggests they wait it out and get in touch with Lindsay to give her a heads up , as to what is going on . Olinsky assures him that he did the right thing . Denny Woods reveals that a supermarket was breaking ground on the old railroad property by a bridge but it was halted when builders found some human remains ; they just identified the remains as Kevin Bingham , the man who murdered his son , Justin . Woods says the crime lab is working overtime to clear Voight 's name in any wrongdoing ; he has also brought in the FBI and all hands on deck after everything Hank has been through . At the end of the episode , Voight sits at the bar where Woods finds him and orders him a drink . Denny tells him they found a slug with Bingham 's body , but it turns out the slug matches the one that was shot at police during a robbery a few years back and it turns out , Voight was the one who made the arrest , but the gun was never recovered . Woods , says they are getting closer and the way he sees it ; it 's only a matter of time . In `` Ghosts '' , it was revealed that Voight has connections to the Ivory Tower . In `` Payback '' , he gets the name of the witness , Ruben , from the Bingham investigation . In his own car , he sees the witness and an unknown man in what appears to be an transaction happening , he waits for the witness to leave then to get the second person involved . It turns out that Ruben was paying off his debt . In `` Payback '' , he goes to find dirt on him but soon finds that he was a recovering addict trying to turn his life around and he was unable to go after him . In `` Saved '' , he witnesses a girl , Hannah Cates , from his past getting into an unknown SUV with a man she met in the alley . He gives chase but he had to turn the car around when he hears gunshots coming from a local credit union building . He and Ruzek have just walked into a robbery in progress . But during the investigation , surveillance photos surfaces with Hannah holding the gun . He assumes that she was forced into doing these crimes when almost everybody starts to doubt her . Like Lindsay , Hannah had a hard life but apparently she was on the wrong road and it was Voight 's wife Camille , not Voight himself , who passed his card to Hannah . While barricading in a car dealership building , Voight decides to go into the car dealership to handle Mike and Hannah himself . He 's realized that she turned to Mike when he ( and her aunt and everyone else ) was n't there for her . But before he can say more , Mike drags Hannah outside and both of them are shot dead . Voight holding Hannah 's body and apologizing , before over a drink he tells Olinsky about how Camille was one of Hannah 's teachers . After Camille 's illness , Voight had been checking in on Hannah until his own son Justin died , and then he forgot -- so he blames himself for her death . In `` Homecoming '' , Voight goes to Wood 's home to broker a deal by confessing to the Bingham 's murder in order to get Olinsky , with ASA James Osha being there in person . But before he does so , Voight gets a message that Olinsky had been stabbed and rushes to Chicago Med where Olinsky had went . Upon going there , he sees Olinsky being rushed by doctors for surgery and while bleeding out Olinsky tells him that he will take care of it himself . While waiting to see how Olinsky was doing , a surgeon tells him that he had died . Voight broke the news to the rest of his team in the Chicago Med waiting room . Voight found a confused James Osha , who just wanted to know why Voight had blown out and got an earful blaming him for what had happened . Voight accused him of screwing Olinsky by prosecuting his case , before storming into the jail director 's office the next morning and giving him an even angrier tirade . Upon of finding out who the killer by a corrupt corrections officer , Voight beat him up in a storage closet and left him bleeding , claiming the man had tried to attack him . Antonio did not buy the story , but Voight told him that if he did n't he could recuse himself from the investigation . The money that was left in the guard 's bank account traces back to an Alberto Flores , from the beatings from Voight , he gives up a man from the Cali Cartel named Carlos DeLeon . In the warehouse , Voight orders Antonio to go a different way from him so that he can track down Carlos himself , and confronts the other man on the roof . The unarmed Carlos begs for his life , but Voight shoots him twice anyway and says Carlos was reaching for a gun . But the two witnesses immediately exclaim that Voight shot the man `` in cold blood . '' Voight gets a phone call from Osha just before he offers his own story to his department superiors when the accusations went public . Meanwhile , Woods calls Voight wanting another private conversation . It was revealed to be a vendetta that was motivated by Voight leaving him out to dry in `` Grasping for Salvation '' . When Woods mention that another `` witness '' was there when the murder had occurred , it was later revealed that Voight knows all about Woods ' new witness and how Woods just paid her off . It was all a setup and Internal Affairs will be visiting Woods very soon . Voight is letting them in now so he can be arrested . Woods is hauled off in handcuffs , and Voight meets both the faux witness and Osha outside to thank them for their help . With the outcome , Voight disappears into a bottle apologizing to a photo of Olinsky before breaking down on the roof . The episode ends with him screaming in pain . List of assignments ( edit ) Detective , Chicago PD Gang Unit ( c. 1995 ) -- November 14 , 2012 Jailed for harassment and attempted murder ( November 14 , 2012 -- May 1 , 2013 ) Squad Commander , Chicago PD 21st District ( Intelligence Section ) ( May 15 , 2013 -- present ) Ranks ( edit ) Officer Detective Sergeant Partners ( edit ) Detective Jimmy Shi , Chicago PD Gang Unit ( Mark Dacascos ) Detective Denny Woods ( now Lieutenant ) Detective Alvin Olinsky , Chicago PD Gang & Intelligence Unit ( Elias Koteas ) Detective Antonio Dawson , Chicago PD Intelligence Unit ( Jon Seda ) Awards and decorations ( edit ) Appearances and crossovers ( edit ) He has appeared on Chicago Fire before Chicago PD even started , some after to get more information on investigations , and on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit to assist . He also appears on Chicago Justice to testify . Chicago Fire : `` Professional Courtesy '' ( October 24 , 2012 ) Chicago Fire : `` One Minute '' ( October 31 , 2012 ) Chicago Fire : `` Hanging On '' ( November 7 , 2012 ) Chicago Fire : `` Rear View Mirror '' ( November 14 , 2012 ) Chicago Fire : `` Nazdarovya ! '' ( February 13 , 2013 ) Chicago Fire : `` Retaliation Hit '' ( May 1 , 2013 ) Chicago Fire : `` Let Her Go '' ( May 15 , 2013 ) Chicago Fire : `` Rhymes With Shout '' ( November 26 , 2013 ) Chicago Fire : `` You Will Hurt Him '' ( December 3 , 2013 ) Chicago Fire : `` A Rocket Blasting Off '' ( March 11 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire : `` A Dark Day ( 1 ) '' ( April 29 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire : `` Nobody Touches Anything '' ( November 11 , 2014 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : `` Chicago Crossover '' ( November 12 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire : `` We Called Her Jellybean '' ( April 28 , 2015 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : `` Daydream Believer '' ( April 29 , 2015 ) Chicago Fire : `` Category 5 '' ( May 5 , 2015 ) Chicago Fire : `` Spartacus '' ( May 12 , 2015 ) Chicago Fire : `` A Taste of Panama City '' ( October 20 , 2015 ) Chicago Fire : `` Sharp Elbows '' ( November 24 , 2015 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : `` Nationwide Manhunt '' ( February 10 , 2016 ) Chicago Med : `` Guilty '' ( March 29 , 2016 ) Chicago Fire : `` Some Make It , Some Do n't '' ( January 3 , 2017 ) Chicago Fire : `` Deathtrap '' ( March 1 , 2017 ) Chicago Justice : `` Fake '' ( March 1 , 2017 ) Chicago Justice : `` Uncertainty Principle '' ( March 5 , 2017 ) Chicago Justice : `` See Something '' ( March 7 , 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In a Duffel Bag '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 20 . May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debts of the Past '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 4 . October 21 , 2015 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicago PD ' Star Jason Beghe on Voight : ' He 's Not a Bad Man ' '' . BuddyTV . January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Racki , Lori ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' , ' P.D. ' showrunner tackles fans ' burning questions '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Now I 'm God '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 10 . January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Crossover '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 16 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` They 'll Have to Go Through Me '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Courtesy '' . Chicago Fire . Season 1 . Episode 3 . October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rear View Mirror '' . Chicago Fire . Season 1 . Episode 6 . November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nazdarovya ! '' . Chicago Fire . Season 1 . Episode 15 . February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Let Her Go '' . Chicago Fire . Season 1 . Episode 23 . May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Different Mistakes '' . Chicago P.D. Season 1 . Episode 8 . March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Docks '' . Chicago P.D. Season 1 . Episode 14 . May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 8 : 30 PM ( 2 ) '' . Chicago P.D. Season 1 . Episode 12 . April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Gs '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 19 . April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daydream Believer '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 16 . Episode 20 . April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There 's My Girl '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 21 . May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Get Back to Even '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 18 . April 1 , 2015 . ( hide ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire Characters Matthew Casey Kelly Severide Episodes Season 1 5 6 Chicago P.D. Characters Kim Burgess Antonio Dawson Erin Lindsay Hank Voight Episodes Season 1 5 Chicago Med Characters Episodes Season 1 Other Chicago Justice See also Law & Order franchise Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Crossovers `` Comic Perversion '' `` Chicago Crossover '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hank_Voight&oldid=840857228 '' Categories : Chicago characters Fictional characters from Chicago Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Fictional Chicago Police Department detectives Fictional police sergeants Fictional murderers Fictional vigilantes Fictional victims of kidnapping Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 16 : 48 . About Wikipedia | what episode does justin die in chicago pd | [
"In \"Start Digging\", Hank is offered a meritorious promotion to Lieutenant by Commander Emma Crowley (Barbara Eve Harris) and the CPD brass as part of the new Chicago Police Superintendent's reorganization of the department that includes getting officers like him off the streets. However, before Hank could either accept or decline the promotion, his son Justin was assaulted and later died of his injuries, causing Hank to go on a revenge mission using whatever means necessary to find Justin's murderer. He takes the murderer to the silos, he makes him dig a hole and then kills him."
] | [
"\"Start Digging\""
] |
298390099052662511 | No Matter What (Ryan Stevenson song) | No Matter What ( Ryan Stevenson song ) - wikipedia No Matter What ( Ryan Stevenson song ) `` No Matter What '' Single by Ryan Stevenson from the album No Matter What Released January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2017 - 18 Genre Worship contemporary Christian music Length 3 : 36 Label Gotee BEC Songwriter ( s ) Ryan Stevenson Bryan Fowler Jonathan Smith Producer ( s ) Bryan Fowler Ryan Stevenson singles chronology `` Faithful '' ( 2018 ) `` No Matter What '' ( 2018 ) `` Child In Your Arms '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` No Matter What '' on YouTube `` No Matter What '' is a song performed by American Christian musician Ryan Stevenson. The song was released as the third single from his 2018 album No Matter What on January 26 , 2018 . It features guest vocals from MercyMe frontman Bart Millard . It was released to Christian radio on March 2 , 2018 . The song peaked at No. 8 on the US Hot Christian Songs chart , becoming his third Top 10 single from that chart . It lasted 26 weeks on the overall chart . The song is played in a A major key , and 79 beats per minute . Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Release history 6 References Background ( edit ) `` No Matter What '' was released as the third single from his second studio album No Matter What , on January 26 , 2018 . It is the follow - up to Christian radio hit `` The Gospel . '' Stevenson explained his inspiration for writing the song in an interview , `` Over the course of the last several years , I 've continued to ask the Lord to give me songs that exist for a reason , '' shares Ryan Stevenson about his new single . `` As we were working on this new record , a reoccurring theme I felt the Lord continually whisper to my heart was ' beloved identity . ' I , like many of us , grew up in the church - a religious environment , where we were n't necessarily nurtured and taught about Gods grace , patience and compassion . As I continue to grow and experience life , the truth I continue to encounter is ' I am His son , no matter what . ' It is easy to fall into the trap of performance based relationship with God when we 've been taught in religious environments that He 's mostly disappointed with us . This song hopefully will encourage all of us that even though we struggle , Jesus is overseeing the process . '' Music video ( edit ) A music video for the single `` No Matter What '' was released on July 27 , 2018 . The visual features Stevenson performing the track in a dark room Track listing ( edit ) CD release `` No Matter What '' -- 3 : 36 `` No Matter What ( Lead Sheet ( Medium Key ) '' -- 3 : 36 `` No Matter What ( Vocal Demonstration ) '' -- 3 : 27 `` No Matter What ( High Key With Background Vocals ) '' -- 3 : 27 `` No Matter What ( High Key Without Background Vocals ) '' -- 3 : 27 `` No Matter What ( Medium Key With Background Vocals ) '' -- 3 : 27 `` No Matter What ( Medium Key Without Background Vocals ) '' -- 3 : 27 `` No Matter What ( Low Key With Background Vocals ) '' -- 3 : 27 `` No Matter What ( Low Key Without Background Vocals ) '' -- 3 : 27 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position US Christian AC ( Billboard ) US Christian Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Christian AC Indicator ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various March 2 , 2018 Christian radio BEC United States January 26 , 2018 Digital download ( EP ) streaming ( EP ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` No Matter What ( feat . Bart Millard ) - Single '' . iTunes . iTunes . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No Matter What on Spotify '' . Spotify . Spotify . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No Matter What Ryan Stevenson ( No Matter What ) '' . PraiseCharts . PraiseCharts . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No Matter What by Ryan Stevenson on Apple Music '' . Apple Music ( iTunes ) . U.S. Apple Inc. 6 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan Stevenson -- No Matter What ( Radio Version ) Daily Play MPE ® '' . Daily Play MPE . Destiny Media Technologies . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No Matter What by Ryan Stevenson Billboard Chart History '' . Billboard . August 18 , 2018 . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Key & BPM for No Matter What by Ryan Stevenson '' . TuneBat. April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Stevenson Kicks Off 2018 With New Song `` No Matter What '' `` . TheChristianBeat . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Stevenson No Matter What ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RYAN STEVENSON DEBUTS NEW MUSIC VIDEO ON K - LOVE ONLINE '' . JFH News . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Stevenson -- No Matter What ( Official Music Video ) '' . WCSG . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No Matter What Ryan Stevenson feat . Bart Millard , Daywind '' . DayWind.com . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Stevenson - Christian AC History '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Stevenson Chart History ( Christian Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Stevenson Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christian AC Indicator '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Matter_What_(Ryan_Stevenson_song)&oldid=863632627 '' Categories : 2018 songs 2018 singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardchristianairplay Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 00 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote no matter what by ryan stevenson | [
"\"No Matter What\"Single by Ryan Stevensonfrom the album No Matter WhatReleased\nJanuary 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)[1]Format\nDigital downloadRecorded\n2017-18Genre\nWorship\ncontemporary Christian music\nLength\n3:36[2]Label\nGotee\nBEC\nSongwriter(s)\nRyan Stevenson\nBryan Fowler\nJonathan Smith[3]\nProducer(s)\nBryan FowlerRyan Stevenson singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Faithful\" (2018)\n\n\"No Matter What\" (2018)\n\n\"Child In Your Arms\" (2018)\n\nMusic video\n\"No Matter What\" on YouTube\n",
"\"No Matter What\"Single by Ryan Stevensonfrom the album No Matter WhatReleased\nJanuary 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)[1]Format\nDigital downloadRecorded\n2017-18Genre\nWorship\ncontemporary Christian music\nLength\n3:36[2]Label\nGotee\nBEC\nSongwriter(s)\nRyan Stevenson\nBryan Fowler\nJonathan Smith[3]\nProducer(s)\nBryan FowlerRyan Stevenson singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Faithful\" (2018)\n\n\"No Matter What\" (2018)\n\n\"Child In Your Arms\" (2018)\n\nMusic video\n\"No Matter What\" on YouTube\n",
"\"No Matter What\"Single by Ryan Stevensonfrom the album No Matter WhatReleased\nJanuary 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)[1]Format\nDigital downloadRecorded\n2017-18Genre\nWorship\ncontemporary Christian music\nLength\n3:36[2]Label\nGotee\nBEC\nSongwriter(s)\nRyan Stevenson\nBryan Fowler\nJonathan Smith[3]\nProducer(s)\nBryan FowlerRyan Stevenson singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Faithful\" (2018)\n\n\"No Matter What\" (2018)\n\n\"Child In Your Arms\" (2018)\n\nMusic video\n\"No Matter What\" on YouTube\n"
] | [
"Ryan Stevenson",
"Bryan Fowler",
"Jonathan Smith"
] |
-6260615619363138925 | Grey's Anatomy (season 14) | Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , and once they break up , Carina starts seeing a newly single Owen . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs ( Until Episode 5 ) Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here , Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed , it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home . '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head . '' On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode , `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head , '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season by ABC on February 10 , 2017 . It will premiere on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she will be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she will return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift , '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex , after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is ... a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age . '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` Four Seasons in One Day '' TBA TBA January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.4 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Scandal & How to Get Away With Murder - ABC Announces TGIT Return Dates '' . SpoilerTV . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=815935381 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Articles using Template : Episode table with invalid colour combination Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | greys anatomy season 14 episode 5 air dates | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n294\n1\n\"Break Down the House\"\nDebbie Allen\nKrista Vernoff\nSeptember 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)\n8.07[17]\n\n\nIn a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan \"major uplift,\" Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan, Owen’s sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas. With Megan’s reappearance, Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom, which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia. With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit, Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person. After being “ghosted” by Eliza, Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her. When DeLuca comes home, he finds his sister half-naked on his couch with Arizona.\n\n\n295\n2\n\"Get Off on the Pain\"\nKevin McKidd\nKrista Vernoff\nSeptember 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)\n8.07[17]\n\n\nCarina, DeLuca’s sister, asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital; Bailey obliges due to society's double standard. Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan’s wounds; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith’s intentions of being Megan’s surgeon. Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex, after it’s revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns. Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia, who seems to be avoiding him and his family. Even without the support of Jackson, Amelia fights to remove a patient’s mastoid tumor. She later takes part in Carina's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain.\n\n\n296\n3\n\"Go Big or Go Home\"\nChandra Wilson\nMeg Marinis\nOctober 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)\n8.06[18]\n\n\nAmelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor. Much to her chagrin, Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment hasn’t been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she’s closest. Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation; when Bailey stands up to him, Avery fires her. In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief. Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor. Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist, who winds up as a patient, to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan. Jo asks Alex to move back home.\n\n\n297\n4\n\"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?\"\nGeary McLeod\nMarlana Hope\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\n8.08[19]\n\n\nAmelia has her brain tumor removed, but in the days following, she experiences some complications, such as speaking only French, and memory loss. Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine, which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper’s passing, a quarter billion dollars. Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate. Using her research to justify his entry into the country, Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan’s adopted son to America. Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness. Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home. Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her.\n\n\n298\n5\n\"Danger Zone\"\nCecilie Mosli\nJalysa Conway\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\n7.67[20]\n\n\nAs Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she’ll start her new life with Nathan and her son, Farouk, they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah, Iraq. During their time overseas, Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that wasn’t initially intended for her. Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean. Despite the good news of the engagement, Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat, which is later revealed to her as Owen’s own doing. Distraught over her brother's betrayal, she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops, leading to her disappearance. While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen, he bonds with Farouk, who is having trouble acclimating to the free world. He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith, as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy.\n\n\n299\n6\n\"Come On Down to My Boat, Baby\"\nLisa Leone\nKiley Donovan\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\n7.38[21]\n\n\nAs the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal, JSA, Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure, made possible by Jo’s persuasion, to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis. The men of Grey Sloan take a “sick day” and hang out on a Jackson’s newly purchased boat, whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder. Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home. Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence, recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard. While Arizona and April repair a woman’s injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina, Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting. At the surgeon-intern mixer, Meredith learns that she's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award; however, the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient. Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition. Jo learns she's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge. DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past, while Owen and Carina are caught kissing.\n\n\n300\n7\n\"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story\"\nDebbie Allen\nKrista Vernoff\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\n8.13[22]\n\n\nWhen a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith’s plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital: Drs. Cristina Yang, George O’Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair. As Arizona performs surgery on Liza, Izzie’s look-a-like, she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia’s return to Seattle. Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is, to which Alex says he knows how she is…a happily married surgeon with three children. As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston, Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek. Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department, due to Bailey’s fear that he has commitment issues. Unable to fly out to Boston, in an OR—in front of her friends and colleagues—Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award.\n\n\n301\n8\n\"Out of Nowhere\"\nKevin McKidd\nWilliam Harper\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\n7.52[23]\n\n\nAs the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons, Jo begins her reign as chief resident. Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial, as all of the patients’ records get held hostage for $20 million. Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented, Bailey realizes it’s due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson’s inheritance. Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed, they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the “Stone Age.” One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence, causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere. Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her husband, Paul, on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient.\n\n\n302\n9\n\"Four Seasons in One Day\"\nTBA\nTBA\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)[24]\nTBD\n\n"
] | [
"October 26, 2017"
] |
-4022015592537197268 | Coinage Act of 1965 | Coinage Act of 1965 - wikipedia Coinage Act of 1965 Coinage Act of 1965 Long title An Act to provide for the coinage of the United States Enacted by the 89th United States Congress Citations Public law 89 -- 81 Statutes at Large 79 Stat. 254 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 2080 by A. Willis Robertson on June 3 , 1965 Committee consideration by Senate Committee on Banking and Currency Passed the Senate on June 24 , 1965 ( 74 -- 9 ) Passed the House on July 14 , 1965 ( 255 -- 151 ) with amendment Senate agreed to House amendment on July 15 , 1965 ( passed ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 23 , 1965 The Coinage Act of 1965 , Pub. L. 89 -- 81 , 79 Stat. 254 , enacted July 23 , 1965 , eliminated silver from the circulating United States dime ( ten - cent piece ) and quarter dollar coins . It also reduced the silver content of the half dollar from 90 percent to 40 percent ; silver in the half dollar was subsequently eliminated by a 1970 law . There had been coin shortages beginning in 1959 , and the United States Bureau of the Mint expanded production to try to meet demand . The early 1960s was a time of increased use of silver both in the coinage and in industry , putting pressure on the price of silver , which was capped at just over $1.29 per ounce by government sales at that price . The silver in a dollar 's worth of quarters would be worth more as bullion than as money if the price of the metal rose past $1.38 per ounce , and there was widespread hoarding of silver coins . Demand for the Kennedy half dollar as a collectable drove it from circulation after its debut in 1964 . The Bureau of the Mint increased production , helping reduce the coin shortages by May 1965 , but government stocks of silver were being rapidly reduced , and threatened to run out by 1968 . After extensive study by the Treasury Department , President Lyndon B. Johnson in June 1965 recommended that Congress pass legislation to allow for silverless dimes and quarters , and debased silver half dollars . Although there was some opposition , mainly from legislators representing Western mining states , the bill progressed rapidly through Congress , and was enacted with Johnson 's signature on July 23 , 1965 . The new coins began to enter circulation in late 1965 , and alleviated the shortages . They passed side by side with their silver counterparts for a time , but the precious metal coins were hoarded beginning in 1967 as the Treasury ended its efforts to keep silver prices low . The act also banned the production of silver dollars until at least 1970 . Contents 1 Background 2 Coin shortage 3 Legislation 4 Provisions 4.1 Title I -- Authorization of additional coinage ( sections 101 to 108 ) 4.2 Title II -- Amendments of existing law ( sections 201 to 212 ) 4.3 Title III -- Joint Commission on the Coinage ( sections 301 to 304 ) 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Coinage Act of 1792 established the Mint of the United States , and made both gold and silver legal tender . This meant that anyone could present bullion at the Philadelphia Mint and receive it back , struck into coins . The 1792 act authorized six silver coins , in value from five cents to a dollar , and prescribed their weights and fineness . Making a dollar equal to given quantities of both gold and silver made the currency vulnerable to variations in the price of precious metals , and U.S. coins flowed overseas for melting until adjustments were made to their size and weight in 1834 and again with the Coinage Act of 1853 , when the amount of bullion in the silver coins worth less than a dollar was reduced . The fact that the dime ( ten - cent piece ) , quarter dollar , and other smaller silver coins contained less silver in proportion to the dollar helped keep them in circulation . With the Coinage Act of 1873 , the dollar was no longer equivalent to a set amount of silver , a statutory change made so that as the price of silver dropped with increased U.S. production , mining companies could not present their bullion at the mints and receive it back , struck into silver dollars worth more as money than they were as metal . By the post-World War II era , the Bureau of the Mint was striking the three remaining precious metal coins , the dime , quarter and half dollar in 90 percent silver -- the dollar had not been coined since 1935 and circulated little outside some Western states like Nevada and Montana . The metal in a silver dollar was worth more as bullion than as money above $1.2929 per troy ounce ; the smaller coins would be attractive for the melting pot above $1.38 per ounce . Beginning in 1934 , the price of silver in the United States was effectively set by the government as it would support that price through purchases and sales of the metal ; in 1934 it was $. 45 per troy ounce . In 1958 , with the return of lend - lease bullion , the Treasury 's stock of silver reached 2.1 billion troy ounces ; it began to vend the metal at $. 91 per ounce to the public , despite the warnings of the Conference of Western Governors that there was not enough silver to make these sales and maintain coinage operations . Worldwide consumption of silver more than doubled between 1958 and 1965 , but production increased by only about 15 percent . Industrial uses for silver included photographic film , batteries , and electronic components . At the same time , the Mint 's production of silver coin increased as it attempted to meet demand ; it used 111.5 million troy ounces of silver in coinage in 1963 , up from just over 38 million in 1958 . In spite of the increased demand , silver prices were checked by the fact that the Treasury would redeem silver certificates : paper money exchangeable for silver dollars ( or the bullion equivalent , . 7734 troy ounces ) , thus placing a ceiling of $1.29 per ounce on the market . Without government as the supplier of last resort , silver would rise in price , likely making it profitable to melt not only silver dollars , but the subsidiary silver coins as well . In 1963 , the gap between production and consumption by the non-communist world amounted to 209 million ounces . Just lower than world production ( 210 million ounces ) , this gap was filled by the sale of Treasury silver at $1.29 per ounce . Even a rise in the price of silver likely would not have led to a major jump in production , as silver was for the most part obtained as a by - product in the mining of other metals , such as copper and lead . The Bureau of the Mint in 1955 ended coinage operations at the San Francisco Mint , deeming it cheaper to supply the West Coast with coins from Denver . The Denver Mint ( opened in 1906 ) had been modernized twice , in contrast to the aging Philadelphia Mint , constructed in 1901 and with much of its coinage equipment dating from then . Plans for a replacement facility had been scuttled multiple times by political infighting , as a new mint was sought not only by different cities , but by various neighborhoods of the city of Philadelphia . Coin shortage ( edit ) In the postwar era , occasional coin shortages had been known , often local and seasonal , and generally brief in duration . The shortage might affect one of the five denominations ( cent , nickel , dime , quarter and half dollar ) being minted for circulation . The Federal Reserve Banks ( `` the Fed '' ) , responsible for obtaining coins from the Mint and distributing them on request to member banks , also performed the function of receiving from these banks coins they did not need , a process known as `` flowback '' . Coins were returned from commercial banks to the Fed , were processed and cleaned , and were then sent to banks needing them . These recycled pieces represented the bulk of what the Fed shipped , and perhaps only a fifth were new coins . The banks accustomed themselves to seasonal need for coins , as for quarters and half dollars in Michigan to pay cherry pickers the traditional 75 - cent rate , and to local preferences ; for example , half dollars were not popular in New York , two quarters being preferred instead . Beginning in late 1959 , the Mint failed to provide enough coins to satisfy demand , and the Fed , through its district banks and branches , imposed rationing . By 1963 , there was often rationing of all denominations , commercial banks ( and their retail customers ) receiving less than they needed . There were widespread shortages of some denominations during the 1962 holiday shopping season . Traditionally , the heavy demand for coinage late in the year resulted in a large amount of flowback in the winter , but in early 1963 , few coins returned to the banks , or to the Fed . Officials suggested responsibility might lie with coin collectors and investors , as well as uncollected coins remaining in the nation 's millions of vending machines . The Mint increased production to around - the - clock shifts at Philadelphia and Denver . A new Philadelphia Mint was authorized in 1963 , though the hoped - for opening date of 1966 was soon pushed back to 1967 ( it eventually opened in 1969 ) . The coin shortage did not ease during 1963 . In spite of heavy production by the two mints , early 1964 saw but a trickle of flowback , alarming the Fed . Investigation showed that banks and their business customers were retaining coins , fearing shortages . Many of the silver ones were being taken out of circulation by people believing the price of that metal would rise . The Treasury began removing silver certificates from circulation , replacing them with Federal Reserve Notes . This helped free up silver that did not have to be held as backing for the certificates , which the Treasury redeemed with silver bullion instead of dollar coins after March 1964 , when it stopped paying out silver dollars . It had almost depleted a stock that had been at just under 273 million in 1954 . There had been a run on the Treasury for them ; citizens could obtain up to 50,000 in a day , and payment in silver certificates was not required . In much - photographed scenes at the Treasury Building in Washington , citizens had shown up with wheelbarrows , armed guards , and even armored cars to haul away the silver . The remaining silver dollars held in the Treasury ( 2,970,928 as of May 20 , 1965 ) had high numismatic value ; Congress in 1970 authorized their sale at a premium to collectors . President Kennedy 's assassination in November 1963 led to calls to honor him with a place on one of the circulating coins , and the Kennedy half dollar was authorized by Congress on December 30 . When 26 million of the new coins were issued on March 24 , 1964 , they were immediately hoarded , both by investors and by those wanting a memento of Kennedy , and the situation did not ease as more coins were produced . One - third of the record - breaking 202.5 million ounces of silver used in coinage in 1964 thus became coins that did not circulate . Congress allowed the Mint to continue to strike 1964 - dated pieces into 1965 , hoping to make them not worth putting aside . Congress in August 1964 passed an appropriation intended to be used for striking 45 million silver dollars . The Senate Majority Leader , Mike Mansfield , was from hard - money Montana and insisted on the Mint proceeding . The Mint struck over 300,000 of them , bearing the Peace dollar design and the date 1964 , in May 1965 but due to a public outcry that the coins would only be hoarded , they were melted . The minting had been at the direction of President Lyndon Johnson ; the subsequent flip - flop on the question left Nevada Senator Alan Bible , a prominent supporter of the mining industry , unimpressed with the administration 's leadership on coin matters , feeling officials were leaving the mess for Congress to straighten out . He introduced legislation to outlaw hoarding , export , and melting of U.S. coins , but the bill went nowhere . In the interim , the coin shortage continued , putting supermarkets , drugstores , and other large retail establishments under great pressure . Two chains in the Midwest commissioned their own paper scrip , but this was never issued as the Treasury warned it trespassed on the federal prerogative to coin money . Stores urged customers to break open piggy banks and bring in the contents . Coins obtained by newsboys , vending - machine operators , and churches on collection plates were ardently sought after by stores and banks . They had competition in this regard , as investors also wanted the coins , and withdrew them from circulation . In addition to the circulated coinage , investors wanted the new 1964 pieces ( especially the half dollar ) and a lively market in rolls and large canvas bags of coins developed in the pages of Coin World , with the advertisements examined at congressional hearings . Some banks were offered ample quantities of coin at a premium , or the exchange of bags of old coinage for the new ; most refused , and bank employees who cooperated with would - be accumulators were fired . Numismatic writer David Lange pointed out that the collecting of recent coins in rolls peaked in 1964 , and believed the coin collecting hobby 's blame for the shortage unfair . The Mint arranged to outsource part of the coin - making process , and pledged to flood the nation with coins by 1965 . Despite an increased need for coins in an improving economy , merchants made it past the 1964 holiday season without severe shortages , though the half dollar had stopped circulating . Most Fed facilities reported sufficient supplies of cents and nickels , with some still short on dimes and quarters , and shortages of half dollars everywhere -- one Fed official wrote that his branch had not seen a half dollar deposited by a bank in eight months . The Treasury conducted extensive research , and in May 1965 concluded that the nation could not go on using so much silver in its coinage . It decided on clad coinage , with copper - nickel faces and a pure copper core , as the most desirable replacement material . Such a composition would work in place of silver in vending machines , which would not require wholesale adjustment . Copper and nickel were readily available , and the melt value of the new coins would be much under face value . The material was hard , allowing the designs to remain recognizable for long periods , and other nations , such as the United Kingdom , had transitioned from silver to copper - nickel coins . The Mint conducted lengthy test runs , and did not experience production problems . Legislation ( edit ) On June 3 , 1965 , President Johnson sent a special message to Congress , asking it to pass legislation allowing the dime and quarter to be made from base metal , and to reduce the silver content of the half dollar to 40 percent . The silver dollar would be unaffected if any were struck , but there were no plans to do so . He noted that the metal for the silver coinage was being struck from dwindling Treasury stocks , rather than from newly mined silver , and that the government bullion would be entirely used up by 1968 . Johnson argued that the metal necessary for industry must not be wasted as a means of exchange . He urged the passage of draft legislation , attached to the message , and said the bill would `` ensure a stable and dignified coinage , fully adequate in quantity and in its specially designed technical characteristics to the needs of our Twentieth Century life . It can be maintained indefinitely , however much the demand for coin may grow . '' Under Johnson 's proposal , there would be no change in the cent or nickel , but the dime and quarter would be made with a clad composition , that is copper - nickel bonded to a core of pure copper ; the half dollar would have 80 percent silver faces and the core would contain 21 percent silver . The clad alloy had similar electrical properties to silver , and so would work in existing vending machines . He also sent the Treasury Staff Report on which his recommendations were based . This report had been expected in February , but had been repeatedly delayed , in part because outgoing Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon felt that his successor should approve the plan , as he would have to live with the consequences . The new secretary , Henry H. Fowler , had needed time to study the problem , further delaying the report 's issuance . If adopted , the bill would reduce the need for silver in U.S. coinage by 90 percent . Hearings on the president 's proposal , introduced as H.R. 8926 , began before the House Banking and Currency Committee on June 4 . Chairman Wright Patman , the bill 's sponsor , deemed it to have something for everyone , including price supports for silver , though industrial users would benefit most , as the silver formerly used in coinage would be freed up for commercial use . Most business stakeholders , including the banks , the vending machine operators , and corporate leaders , wanted to see the bill pass , it being better than the current situation . On June 11 , the committee issued a report recommending the bill pass , with amendments requiring the half dollar to be made of base metal , requiring the silver coins that would be struck during the transition period to be dated 1964 , and banning the striking of silver dollars for five years . One day of hearings on S. 2080 , the version introduced into the Senate , was held before that body 's Committee on Banking and Currency on June 9 , with Virginia Senator A. Willis Robertson , the chairman , presiding . Senator Bible and others from mining states sought to retain silver in the currency or include provisions from Bible 's earlier bill banning hoarding of coins , but they were not successful . On June 11 , the Senate committee issued a report recommending the bill 's passage , with several amendments , mostly technical in nature . The bill required the Treasury to buy newly mined U.S. silver at $1.25 per ounce when presented by mining companies ; a five - year limit was placed on this . The Senate considered the bill between June 22 and 24 , 1965 . An amendment by Rhode Island Senator John Pastore to remove silver entirely from the half dollar failed , 32 -- 60 . A number of senators wished to retain silver in the dime and quarter , and called for them to be made from 40 percent silver , but an amendment to that effect was defeated . There were other failed amendments , including one by Bible to prohibit melting of silver coins by the public . Robertson was determined to prevent any changes to the bill , which had been unanimously approved by his committee , and each attempt failed . The bill passed the Senate , 74 -- 9 , the opponents being Bible and other Western senators . The House of Representatives debated the bill on July 13 and 14 , 1965 . The discussion was wide - ranging . Idaho Congressman Compton I. White opposed the bill , having prepared a chart showing the debasement of the Roman denarius between the years 1 and 300 , though stating that he did not expect that coinage debasement would cause a government to fall . Nevada 's Walter S. Baring noted that the Treasury was selling silver to the makers of cutlery and stated , `` I would rather eat with chopsticks than take the silver out of our coinage '' . Massachusetts ' Silvio Conte denigrated Sir Thomas Gresham for illicit profits when the Royal Exchange in London was established , but conceded that Gresham 's Law would nevertheless cause base metal coins to drive the silver ones from circulation . Iowa 's Harold Gross asked Conte that if the U.S. was going to debase its coinage , why not go back to wampum . Minor amendments , including removing the mint mark from coinage for up to five years , were agreed to . There was objection to the committee amendment removing silver entirely from the half dollar ; it was defeated 48 -- 94 , leaving the half dollar at 40 percent silver . Congressman James F. Battin of Montana offered an amendment to make the dime and quarter out of 40 percent silver ; although Patman objected that the committee had rejected the idea , it initially passed 122 -- 112 . However , this was at the Committee of the Whole stage , and Patman got the House to reject the Battin amendment , 197 -- 218 . After other attempts were made in vain to derail the bill , the House Minority Leader , Michigan 's Gerald R. Ford , asked that there be a recorded vote on H.R. 8926 , and the bill passed , 255 -- 151 , Ford voting in favor . Patman then had the House amend the Senate bill , S. 2080 , to reflect the House - passed language , and pass it . The House notified the Senate that it had passed S. 2080 . The Senate , considering the bill on July 15 , could either agree to the House amendments or go to a conference committee , and after disgruntlement at some of the House amendments -- the House had greatly expanded the membership of the Joint Commission on the Coinage , which was to make recommendations on useful changes -- the Senate passed the House 's version without a recorded vote , though Washington 's Warren Magnuson requested that the record show him as voting against the bill . President Johnson enacted S. 2080 as the Coinage Act of 1965 with his signature on July 23 , 1965 . Provisions ( edit ) Title I -- authorization of additional coinage ( sections 101 to 108 ) ( edit ) A clad 1965 quarter , worn by years of circulation Section 101 authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to issue dimes , quarters , and half dollars of clad composition , with the half dollar to be made of 40 percent silver . So long as there was a shortage of coins , the Mint could strike dimes , quarters , and half dollars from . 900 silver , but this authority was to end once the secretary certified there was an adequate supply of the new coins in circulation , and in any event five years after the law was enacted ( thus , ending July 23 , 1970 ) . During that five - year period , no standard silver dollars could be minted . Section 102 made all coins and currency of the United States legal tender without limit , reiterating language found in the Act of May 12 , 1933 . That part of the 1933 act was repealed in section 210 to avoid possible legal arguments that section 102 did other than restate existing law . Section 103 gave the secretary broad discretion to acquire equipment , supplies , and patent rights to expedite the production of coins during the emergency , with the provision again to expire after five years . Section 104 required the secretary to purchase at $1.25 per troy ounce silver bullion of U.S. origin within a year of the month in which it was mined . According to the Senate committee report on the bill , section 104 was intended `` as a precautionary measure to protect our mining industry from any undue downward fluctuations in the market during the period of transition '' . This provision , which was limited to five years by the House committee , was deemed to be `` continuing government interference in the market for silver '' by the American Institute for Economic Research in its report on Johnson 's message to Congress . Section 105 authorized the secretary to prohibit the melting , export , or treating of any coin , if necessary to protect the nation 's coinage , and prescribed a penalty of up to five years in prison for violation of such an order -- section 106 declared that coins seized under section 105 would be forfeited to the United States , with the secretary given powers paralleling those under the Internal Revenue Code to enforce such forfeitures . Section 107 allowed the secretary to issue regulations to put into force the Coinage Act of 1965 , while section 108 contained definitions and similar technical matters . Title II -- amendments of existing law ( sections 201 to 212 ) ( edit ) Section 201 amended legislation regarding the San Francisco Assay Office to allow coins to be minted there ( as they previously were when it was the San Francisco Mint ) until such time as the secretary certified that the mints of the United States were able to strike sufficient coins to meet the needs of the nation . It also repealed a provision of law not allowing gold or silver to be refined at the San Francisco facility . Section 202 increased the amount appropriated to expand Mint facilities ( including the construction of the new Philadelphia Mint ) from $30 million to $45 million . Section 9 of the Gold Standard Act of 1900 had required the Treasury Secretary to melt silver coins that were worn or no longer current , and restrike them into new ones ; this was repealed by section 203 and the secretary was given authority to withdraw and melt all worn or uncurrent coins without needing to reuse the metal in coinage . Section 204 amended the Coinage Act of 1873 , which required the year of striking to appear on coins . During the 1965 or subsequent coinage emergency , the secretary could continue to strike coins dated with a year that has passed , with the silver ones in the present crisis to be dated 1964 , and the clad ones 1965 or after . The House Banking Committee added language to Johnson 's proposal , eliminating mint marks on coins for up to five years , excepting the mint mark `` D '' for Denver on 1964 - dated coins struck there . A bullion fund was authorized under previous law within the Mint ; section 205 allowed purchases of silver made under section 104 to be paid for from this fund . Another Mint account , the minor coinage metal fund , used to purchase copper and other metals for cents and nickels , was redesignated the coinage metal fund by section 206 , usable for all denominations , and that section eliminated statutory limits on how much money can be in that fund . Section 207 repealed obsolete limitations on wastage in the Mint 's operations , but directed that administrative regulations be developed on the subject , which could be more easily changed . Section 208 repealed a provision of the 1873 act requiring coinage dies for the obverse , which are dated , to be destroyed at the end of each year . Section 209 rephrased statutory provisions allowing the Treasury to sell silver at a price not less than $1.292929 per ounce , and allowed it to sell silver to other government departments for less . Section 210 repealed the 1933 provision regarding the legal tender status of coins . The law prior to 1965 made it a felony to forge silver coins ; this was amended by section 211 to forbid the counterfeiting of coins with denomination greater than five cents . Section 212 made using coins as security for loans a misdemeanor if the secretary has made a proclamation in the Federal Register proscribing their use as collateral . Title iii -- Joint Commission on the coinage ( sections 301 to 304 ) ( edit ) Sections 301 to 303 establish a Joint Commission on the Coinage in the Executive Branch , chaired by the Treasury Secretary . Its membership was to include the Commerce Secretary , Budget Director , Mint Director , six members of the House , six of the Senate , and eight members of the public , appointed by the president . If a member of the commission left the position that qualified him for membership , he would leave the commission as well . The members of the public were not to have any financial conflicts of interest . The Joint Commission was tasked to report on the implementation of the Coinage Act of 1965 , and make recommendations from time to time to the president , the Treasury Secretary , and Congress . The matters within its remit were to include technological advances , the need of the economy for coins , whether the U.S. should continue to maintain the price of silver , and whether the silver dollar should again be minted . Section 304 appropriated such money as may be needed to carry out the Coinage Act . Aftermath ( edit ) A $5 silver certificate , no longer redeemable at the Treasury The Mint began to strike the first of the 1965 - dated clad coins , quarters , on August 23 of that year , making them the first U.S. coins to bear that date . By November 1965 , with the Christmas shopping season beginning , the Fed had only 15 million of the old silver quarters in reserve . That month , though , the Mint released over 230 million of the new clad quarters , and stated that an equal number would be issued every month . This figure quadrupled the previous record monthly production . The new dime and half dollar were released in early 1966 , a time when flowback to the Fed increased for all denominations being struck except the half dollar . That denomination failed to return to circulation , as they continued to be withdrawn . The Mint continued to strike 1964 - dated silver pieces under the authority of the Coinage Act until 1966 , when Secretary Fowler announced , `` the coin shortage is over '' . In July 1966 , the Treasury announced that coins struck after August 1 , 1966 , would bear the date of minting . Silver inventories at the Treasury continued to drop through 1966 as the government attempted to maintain the $1.2929 price of silver . The Joint Commission on the Coinage , authorized by the Coinage Act , held its first meeting in May 1967 to recommend how to deal with the situation . At its recommendation , the Treasury discontinued sales it deemed speculative , and to foreign buyers , attempting to supply only U.S. industry at that price , and resulting in a two - tier price system for silver . It also invoked its authority under the Coinage Act to prohibit the melting or export of silver coins . In June 1967 , it obtained legislation making silver certificates no longer exchangeable for bullion effective after a year . After the Joint Commission 's second meeting , in July 1967 , the Treasury announced that it would no longer attempt to maintain the $1.2929 price as it could keep the nation supplied even if all the remaining silver coins vanished from circulation , as they soon did . By the time silver certificate redemptions ended on June 24 , 1968 , the price of silver had risen to $2.56 per ounce . Although the Joint Commission in December 1968 voted to recommend making the prohibitions on melting or exporting silver coin permanent , it reconsidered and in March 1969 , the bans were lifted . In November 1969 , the government left the silver market , making its final sales of bullion to the Franklin Mint . Mint marks returned to the coinage in 1968 . With the end of the Coinage Act 's five - year prohibition on the striking of silver dollars approaching in 1969 and 1970 , many in Congress wanted a new silver dollar , bearing the image of the recently deceased president , Dwight D. Eisenhower . The melt value of the new part - silver half dollars had approached their face value , and in 1969 , the Joint Commission recommended the elimination of that metal from the halves . The battle over whether to have silver in the proposed dollar proved contentious , and it was not until December 31 , 1970 , that President Richard Nixon signed legislation for a circulating half dollar and Eisenhower dollar , both silverless , with part - silver collector 's versions of the dollar also authorized . The same bill authorized the sale of the remaining old silver dollars in government inventories , many from the Carson City Mint . The base metal dollar and half dollar were struck beginning in 1971 . Both failed to circulate : the `` Ike dollar '' because of its size , and the half dollar because its place in commerce had been lost during its long absence . See also ( edit ) Coinage Act of 1834 Coinage Act of 1849 Coinage Act of 1853 Coinage Act of 1857 Coinage Act of 1864 Coinage Act of 1873 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 31 U.S.C. 462 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 2011 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Lange 2006 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 217 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 2011 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 1166 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , pp. 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 73 , 214 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 2 , pp. 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Scheibla , Shirley ( November 15 , 1965 ) . `` State of the Coinage : The Treasury Is Betting Heavily Against Gresham 's Law '' . Barron 's National Business and Financial Weekly . pp. 5 , 18 , 24 . ^ Jump up to : June 1965 House report , p. 4 . Jump up ^ New York Fed , p. 151 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 14 . Jump up ^ New York Fed , p. 151 n. 1 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 165 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 98 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 38 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 59 -- 73 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Gives Coin Shortage Alarm , Urges Public To Remain Calm '' ( PDF ) . Associated Press via The New York Times . August 15 , 1963 . pp. 1 , 40 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Lange 2006 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , pp. 9 -- 10 , 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ 1965 House silver dollar hearings , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Taxay , p. 380 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 1 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ March 1965 House report part 2 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Burdette , pp. 78 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Elliott , p. 125 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 27 , 110 -- 112 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , p. 116 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 9 , 145 , 150 . Jump up ^ Lange 2015 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 1964 House hearings , pp. 156 -- 158 . ^ Jump up to : Coin World Almanac 1975 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ 1965 House silver dollar hearings , pp. 35 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , pp. 196 -- 197 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Lyndon ( June 3 , 1965 ) . `` Special Message to the Congress Proposing Changes in the Coinage System '' . American Presidency Project . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frost , Robert ( March 14 , 1965 ) . `` Drain on Silver : A Headache for Mr. X at the Treasury '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . pp. 1 , 14 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Frost , Robert ( April 6 , 1965 ) . `` Senate May Back Silver in Coinage '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . pp. 49 , 55 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ 1965 House silver dollar hearings , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Elliott , pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ June 1965 House report , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ June 1965 Senate hearings , pp. I , 1 . Jump up ^ Elliott , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ June 1965 Senate report , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coinage Act of 1965 '' . Congressional ProQuest . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 14645 -- 14649 ( June 24 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 14649 - 14665 ( June 24 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 14645 -- 14675 ( June 24 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16805 ( July 14 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16810 ( July 14 , 1965 ) ^ Jump up to : 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16813 ( July 14 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16828 -- 16833 ( July 14 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16833 -- 16844 ( July 14 , 1965 ) Jump up ^ 1965 Congressional Record , Vol. 111 , Page 16915 -- 16919 ( July 15 , 1965 ) ^ Jump up to : Coinage Act of 1965 Jump up ^ June 1965 House report , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : June 1965 Senate report , p. 6 . Jump up ^ AIER , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : June 1965 House report , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : June 1965 House report , pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Coin World Almanac 1975 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Lange 2006 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , pp. 199 , 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Coin World Almanac 1975 , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Lange 2006 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` New silverless dollar ; half dollar to return '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Fredericksburg , Virginia . December 15 , 1971 . p. 4 . Sources ( edit ) American Institute for Economic Research ( June 14 , 1965 ) . `` The President 's Coinage Message '' ( PDF ) . Burdette , Roger W. ( 2008 ) . A Guide Book of Peace Dollars . Atlanta GA : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2669 - 7 . Coin World Almanac ( 1st ed . ) . Sidney OH : Amos Press . 1975 . Coin World Almanac ( 8th ed . ) . Sidney OH : Amos Press . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944945 - 60 - 5 . Elliott , Gary ( 1994 ) . Senator Alan Bible and the Politics of the New West . Reno NV : University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 240 - 9 . Federal Reserve Bank of New York ( August 1967 ) . `` Recent Changes in United States Silver Policy '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Review . Federal Reserve Bank of New York : 151 -- 156 . Friedman , Milton ( December 1990 ) . `` The Crime of 1873 '' . Journal of Political Economy . The University of Chicago Press . 98 ( 6 ) : 1159 -- 1194 . doi : 10.1086 / 261730 . JSTOR 2937754 . Lange , David W. ( 2006 ) . History of the United States Mint and its Coinage . Atlanta GA : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 1972 - 9 . Lange , David W. ( September 2015 ) . `` U.S. Coinage Dated 1965 , Part I '' . The Numismatist . American Numismatic Association : 17 -- 18 . Taxay , Don ( 1983 ) . The U.S. Mint and Coinage ( reprint of 1966 ed . ) . New York NY : Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915262 - 68 - 7 . United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations ( May 24 , 1965 ) . Special Hearing on Silver Dollars ( subcommittee hearing ) . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States House of Representatives Committee on Banking and Currency ( June 11 , 1965 ) . Coinage Act of 1965 ( report ) . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations ( July 2 , 1964 ) . Coin Shortage . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations ( March 22 , 1965 ) . Coin Shortage , Part 1 . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations ( March 22 , 1965 ) . Coin Shortage , Part 2 . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency ( June 9 , 1965 ) . Coinage Act of 1965 ( hearings ) . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency ( June 11 , 1965 ) . Coinage Act of 1965 ( report ) . Washington DC : United States Government Printing Office . External links ( edit ) Text of the Coinage Act of 1965 Treasury Staff Report on Coinage and Silver ( June 1965 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coinage_Act_of_1965&oldid=854334031 '' Categories : 1965 in economics 1965 in United States law Coins of the United States United States federal currency legislation Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 15 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did they stop using silver in us coins | [
"The Coinage Act of 1965, Pub.L. 89–81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted July 23, 1965, eliminated silver from the circulating United States dime (ten-cent piece) and quarter dollar coins. It also reduced the silver content of the half dollar from 90 percent to 40 percent; silver in the half dollar was subsequently eliminated by a 1970 law.\n",
"The Coinage Act of 1965, Pub.L. 89–81, 79 Stat. 254, enacted July 23, 1965, eliminated silver from the circulating United States dime (ten-cent piece) and quarter dollar coins. It also reduced the silver content of the half dollar from 90 percent to 40 percent; silver in the half dollar was subsequently eliminated by a 1970 law.\n"
] | [
"July 23, 1965",
"1970"
] |
-1964959492129197290 | Mr. Darcy | Mr. Darcy - Wikipedia Mr. Darcy For other uses , see Darcy ( disambiguation ) . Fitzwilliam Darcy Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet by C.E. Brock ( 1895 ) She is tolerable , but not handsome enough to tempt me . Full name Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy Gender Male Age 28 Income £ 10,000 + / year ( equivalent to £ 600,000 in 2016 ) Primary residence Pemberley , near Lambton , Derbyshire Family Spouse ( s ) Elizabeth Bennet Romantic interest ( s ) Elizabeth Bennet Parents Mr. Darcy and Lady Anne Darcy ( née Fitzwilliam ) Sibling ( s ) Georgiana Darcy Fitzwilliam Darcy , generally referred to as Mr. Darcy , is one of the two central characters in Jane Austen 's novel Pride and Prejudice . He is an archetype of the aloof romantic hero , and a romantic interest of Elizabeth Bennet , the novel 's protagonist . The story 's narration is almost exclusively from Elizabeth 's perspective ; the reader is given a one - sided view of Darcy for much of the novel , but hints are given throughout that there is much more to his good character than meets the eye . The reader gets a healthy dose of dramatic irony as Elizabeth continually censures ( with some prejudice ) Mr. Darcy 's character despite the aforementioned hints ( via the narrative voice and other characters ' observations ) that Mr. Darcy is really a noble character at heart , albeit somewhat prideful . Usually referred to only as `` Mr. Darcy '' or `` Darcy '' by characters and the narrator , his first name is mentioned twice in the novel . Contents 1 Character 2 Depictions in film and television 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Analysis 4 Cultural influence and legacy 5 See also 6 Footnotes Character ( edit ) Mr. Darcy by C.E. Brock , 1895 In the novel , Mr. Darcy is a wealthy gentleman with an income exceeding £ 10,000 a year ( equivalent to £ 600,000 in 2016 ) and the proprietor of Pemberley , a large estate in Derbyshire , England . Darcy first meets Elizabeth Bennet at a ball , where he slights her by refusing to dance with her , and by making rather demeaning remarks about her while she is within earshot . Gradually he becomes attracted to her and later attempts to court her while simultaneously struggling against his continued feelings of superiority . Darcy disapproves when his friend Bingley develops a serious attachment to Elizabeth 's elder sister Jane , and subtly persuades Bingley that Jane does not return his feelings ( which Darcy honestly believes ) . He later explains this seeming hypocrisy by asserting `` I was kinder to ( Mr. Bingley ) than to myself '' . Although he does n't realize it , Elizabeth 's discovery of Darcy 's interference in Bingley and Jane 's budding relationship , and Mr. Wickham 's tale of how Darcy mistreated him , has caused her to dislike him intensely . Eventually , Mr. Darcy declares his love for Elizabeth and offers her a proposal of marriage . He reminds her of the large gap in their social status . Elizabeth is offended and vehemently refuses him , expressing her reasons for disliking him , including her knowledge of his interference with Jane and Bingley and the account she received from Mr. Wickham of Darcy 's alleged unfair treatment toward him . Insulted by Darcy 's arrogant retorts , Elizabeth claims that the way by which he proposed to her prevented her from feeling concerns for him she `` might have felt had you behaved in a more gentlemanlike manner '' . Darcy departs in anger and mortification and that night writes a letter to Elizabeth in which he defends his wounded honour , reveals the motives for his interference in Jane and Bingley 's relationship , and gives a full account of his lifelong dealings with Wickham , who had attempted to seduce and elope with Darcy 's younger sister , Georgiana , the previous summer . Although initially angered by Elizabeth 's vehement refusal and harsh criticism , Darcy is shocked to discover the reality of how his behaviour is perceived by others , particularly Elizabeth , and commits himself to re-evaluate his actions . A few months later , Darcy unexpectedly encounters Elizabeth when she is visiting his estate in Derbyshire with her aunt and uncle Gardiner . Elizabeth is first embarrassed to be discovered at Pemberley , having only visited on the belief that Darcy was absent ; however , she is surprised to discover a marked change in Darcy 's manner . Having responded to Elizabeth 's criticism , Darcy is now determined to display the `` gentlemanlike manner '' she accused him of lacking and astonishes her with his kindness towards both her and her relations . On discovering that Elizabeth 's youngest sister Lydia , has fallen prey to and run off with Mr. Wickham , Darcy tracks them down and induces Wickham to marry Lydia , thus saving both Lydia and her family from social disgrace . Darcy 's intervention was done not to win Elizabeth -- he attempted to keep her from knowing of his involvement -- but rather to ease her distress ( the narrator hints through Mr. Bennet that Darcy 's intervention to help Elizabeth may have cost him as much as a year 's income : `` Wickham 's a fool if he takes ( Lydia ) with a farthing less than ten thousand pounds '' ) . Darcy also felt partially responsible for failing to warn Elizabeth 's family and the public of Wickham 's true character . Darcy then releases Mr. Bingley to return to Longbourn and woo Jane , accepting his misjudgement of her character . Accompanying his friend to Longbourn , Darcy proposes to Elizabeth again , who accepts his proposal . Depictions in film and television ( edit ) Further information : Jane Austen in popular culture § Pride and Prejudice Film ( edit ) Year Actor Role Film Notes 1940 Laurence Olivier Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice Colin Firth Mark Darcy Bridget Jones 's Diary An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones 's Diary by Helen Fielding . Fielding 's novel is loosely based on the novel Pride and Prejudice , the 1995 BBC TV series , and Colin Firth 's portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy . 2003 Orlando Seale Will Darcy Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy A Modern adaptation of Pride and Prejudice . Martin Henderson William `` Will '' Darcy Bride and Prejudice A Bollywood adaptation of Pride and Prejudice . Colin Firth Mark Darcy Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason by Helen Fielding and a sequel to Bridget Jones 's Diary . 2005 Matthew Macfadyen Mr. Darcy Pride & Prejudice 2016 Sam Riley Colonel Darcy Pride and Prejudice and Zombies Based on the parody novel by Seth Grahame - Smith . 2016 Colin Firth Mark Darcy Bridget Jones 's Baby a sequel to 2004 's Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , based on An adaptation of the novel Bridget Jones 's Diary by Helen Fielding . Television ( edit ) Year Actor Role Television program Notes 1949 John Baragrey Fitzwilliam Darcy The Philco Television Playhouse Season 1 , Episode 17 - `` Pride and Prejudice '' 1952 Peter Cushing Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice 1958 Alan Badel Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice Patrick Macnee Mr. Darcy General Motors Theatre Episode - `` Pride and Prejudice '' ( Originally aired on December 21 ) . 1967 Lewis Fiander Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice 1980 David Rintoul Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice 1995 Colin Firth Fitzwilliam Darcy Pride and Prejudice The adaptation and Colin Firth 's portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy inspired Helen Fielding to write Bridget Jones 's Diary and Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason . Colin Firth portrayed the character of Mark Darcy in all three film adaptations of Fielding 's novels . 2008 Elliot Cowan Fitzwilliam Darcy Lost in Austen A fantasy adaptation of Pride and Prejudice in which a modern woman trades places with Elizabeth Bennet . 2012 - 2013 Daniel Vincent Gordh William Darcy The Lizzie Bennet Diaries A modern adaptation where the main character Lizzie tells the story of Pride and Prejudice through video blog format . 2013 Matthew Rhys Fitzwilliam Darcy Death Comes to Pemberley A continuation based on P.D. James ' book with the same name . 2013 Dallas Sauer Mr. Darcy Once Upon a Time in Wonderland 2018 Thiago Lacerda Darcy Williamson Orgulho e Paixão A telenovela based Jane Austen 's works . Analysis ( edit ) Mr. Darcy is a proud and arrogant man , particularly to those that he considers of less social status . He apparently thinks he is better than the lower classes in both rank and connections and so he does not wish to interact with them ; we see evidence of this in Meryton - at all of the parties , he seems to distance himself from the rest of the crowd because he does not think them as worthy acquaintances . At the dance , he does not wish to dance with any girl because they were all beneath him in class and beauty . He is honourable , friendly , and caring to those that are the same class as him . For example , his behaviour with Bingley is more than brotherly as he rescues him from a bad marriage and is constant companion at his side . Through Elizabeth , he learns to be less boastful and arrogant because he realizes that his actions have deeply affected others . This arrogance is seen in his first proposal to Elizabeth whereby he acts with more pride rather than in a loving manner . Despite the way in which Elizabeth often mocks him , she is surprised by his `` gallantry '' as he persists in pursuing her . Vivien Jones notes that Darcy 's handsome appearance , wealth and original arrogance signify to the reader that he is the hero of a romance novel . Wickham 's irresponsible elopement with Lydia allows Darcy to demonstrate that he now feels responsible for Wickham 's continued bad behaviour by his silence - if he had made Wickham 's bad character known , Lydia would have been safe . Darcy chooses to involve himself in arranging Lydia 's marriage , despite the risk to his own reputation . Elizabeth dismisses him at first as `` intricate '' , though she adds that `` intricate '' men are at least `` amusing '' . Though Darcy treats Elizabeth with contempt , he always finds her to be `` uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eyes '' and is `` caught by the easy playfulness of her manner '' . At one point , Elizabeth notes that `` Mr. Darcy is all politeness '' and speaks of his `` grave propriety '' . The term `` grave propriety '' is meant ironically , noting that Darcy is polite , but only in the sense that he possesses the mere civility of `` the proudest , most disagreeable man in the world '' . However , despite his barely tactful behavior , it is implied he has deeper feelings of affection for Elizabeth , which he has difficulty in expressing and which she often does not notice ... The 18th century had been a time of `` Cult of Courtesy '' , a time that prized delicacy , refinement and exaggerated politeness above all , leading in the words of the British writer Adam Nicolson that `` ... wide swathes of English 18th century life become fragile and dainty , in a way that no age in England , before or since , has managed ... In some ways , natural human dignity had been sacrificed on the altar of a kind of rococo politeness ... Acceptable behavior had become toy - like and it was not long before the anti-heroic fashion for a delicate sensibility ran out of control . Manliness , or even the ability to survive had in fact almost entirely deserted those ( who ) were suffering from the cult of sensibility '' . In the 18th century idea , a man was expected above all to be pleasant and pleasing , and so it was better for a man to lie rather say anything which might offend . By the early 19th century , a tougher , more brooding version of masculinity was starting to come into the vogue and the character of Mr. Darcy exemplifies the trend . Nicolson described the differences between Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy as follows : `` Mr. Bingley is a ( n ) 18th century man : handsome , young , agreeable , delightful , fond of dancing , gentlemanlike , pleasant , easy , unaffected and not entirely in control of his own destiny . Darcy is fine , tall , handsome , noble , proud , forbidding , disagreeable and subject to no control but his own ... Darcy is a 19th century man , manliness itself , uncompromising , dark and sexy . And it is Darcy , of course , whom the novel ends up loving '' . The character of Mr. Darcy very much reflects the changing standards of English masculinity as unlike the heroes of the 18th century with their excessive politeness and unwillingness to offend , Mr. Darcy says whatever he likes , which showed his authenticity and honesty , which were the most important attributes for a man in the new Romantic age . Even after Mr. Darcy apologizes to Miss Bennet for his brusque rudeness , his honesty meant that change of heart was sincere , and not the polished words of a follower of the cult of sensibility . More broadly , the character of Mr. Darcy showed the emergence of a new type of rawer masculinity that could not tolerate the foppish , superficial values of the previous century . Nicolson called Darcy `` the template on which the severe and unbending model of Victorian manliness is founded '' . Nicolson concluded that : `` The implication of the novel is that there is something better than politeness and that the merely civil is inadequate ... Darcy is ' silent , grave and indifferent ' , words in this new moral universe which signal pure approval '' . At one point , Darcy states `` disguise of every sort is my abhorrence '' reflecting the fact he never pretends to be anything other than what he is . When the lightweight and pretentious Miss Bingley lists all the attributes of `` an accomplished woman '' , Darcy says `` To all this she must yet add something more substantial , in the improvement of her mind by extensive reading '' , indicating he wants more from a woman than what Miss Bingley thinks is necessary . Nicolson further argued that a character like Mr. Darcy reflects changes in British life as the Romantic age was a time when `` What mattered was authentic , self - generated worth '' . In this regard , the novel says `` Of this she was perfectly unaware ; to her he was only the man who made himself agreeable nowhere , and who had not thought her handsome enough to dance with '' . Darcy is attracted to Elizabeth early on , but he sees her as unfit socially as a wife ; however his feelings for her are such that he decides to forgo convention to marry the woman he loves , fitting him into the mold of a Romantic hero . After Darcy gets over his prejudices against marrying the middle - class Elizabeth , the scholar Bernard Paris wrote that Darcy `` becomes the most romantic figure in the book '' while at the same time upholding traditional British values as `` he uses his great power in the service of both order and desire '' . Darcy is equally opposed to the `` anarchistic tendencies '' of Wickham and the `` tyranny '' of Lady Catherine on the other . The scholar Alison Sulloway noted that Darcy has little patience for polite society with its false courtesies and superficial talk , and much prefers to be running Pemberley or to be outdoors . Darcy 's heroic stance is shown by the way he pursues Elizabeth despite her repeated rejections of his offers of marriage , showing the depth of his feelings that he often has trouble expressing properly . Even though Darcy is sometimes clumsy at expressing his love for Elizabeth , his tendency to speak only what he really feels stands in marked contrast to the polished words of Wickham who never means what he says . The scholar Josephine Ross wrote that the picture today of Darcy as asexual says more about the standards of our time rather than of the Romantic era , noting when Elizabeth tells him that Wickham has seduced her sister Lydia , he can only `` observe her in compassionate silence '' despite clearly wanting to touch Elizabeth he does not as that would not be proper for a gentleman . Ross wrote : `` Had he taken her in his arms and covered her with kisses , the atmosphere of that critical scene could not have been more thrillingly charged '' . In the Romantic age , those who prefer the `` authentic '' world of the outdoors are usually seen as the more sincere and passionate in their emotions , and in this sense , Darcy 's preference for being in his garden at Pemberley or otherwise on the grounds of the estate shows him as a Romantic hero . The very fact that Elizabeth is impressed by the beauty of Pemberley 's gardens , hills , forests , fields , valleys , streams and pastures , which show Darcy 's commitment to appreciating the beauty of nature , further underlines the point . Like all of Jane Austen heroes , Darcy wore the standard dress of a Regency gentleman , described as a darkly colored , double - collared coat over a waistcoat together with breeches and riding boats in the day and a darkly colored tailcoat , light breeches or dark trousers in the evening . Beau Brummell had been very influential in settling the style for upper class men in Britain in the early 19th century , and most gentlemen tended to imitate his way of dressing . In the 18th century , it was normal for spouses to address each other by their surnames , and Elizabeth Bennet 's parents for example address each other as Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet despite having been married for 20 years ; by contrast after his engagement , Darcy for the first time calls his fiancee Elizabeth , which shows the depth of his love . A sign that this is marriage based on love can be seen in Darcy is described as having an annual income of £ 10 , 000 pounds , and Elizabeth turns down his marriage proposals until she finally decides she loves him . The British cultural critic Robert Irvine described the appeal of Mr. Darcy to women as that of an `` absolute and unconditioned male need for a woman '' . Irvine argued that this was a female `` fantasy '' that was only possible in a context of general powerlessness on the part of women . At the time of the French Revolution when elites all over Europe felt threatened , there was a tendency in British literature to glorify the aristocratic and gentry classes as the personification of British values in contrast to the French who guillotined their old elite to create the grasping , vulgar new elite of Napoleonic France . For the British middle class or `` middling sort '' as Austen called them to emulate the landed elite , however retained its social superiority . The character of Mr. Darcy reflects this trend . When Mr. Bingley suggests that he might like to one day build an estate like Pemberley , he is informed by Mr. Darcy that it is not the estate itself , but rather what it contains , its cultural heritage like the family library that makes Pemberley special as Mr. Bingley can not be the heir to a family library built up over generations like the one Mr. Darcy is the heir to . In this way , Austen suggests that there is more to Mr. Darcy than the proud and sneering man at the Meryton assembly , that there is a deepness to him as people like him are custodians of the national culture . The scholar C.C. Barfoot described Pemberley as the `` marvelous accretion of all the choices made by his predecessors '' , providing as the novel calls it `` a kind of model '' for how to live properly . Barfoot argued that for Austen `` civilization is not a gift , but is a possession that needs to be earned and sustained by practice '' ; in this regard , the fact that Darcy takes good care of his estate shows his basically civilized nature which he hides under his veneer of snobbery and coldness . A sign of the depth of Darcy 's love for Elizabeth can be seen in that he tracks down Lydia and Wickham despite all of the costs . The scholar James Brown observed at the time transport via the mud roads of Britain was hugely expensive , citing the remark by the novelist Sir Walter Scott that it had cost him £ 50 pounds to travel from Edinburgh to London in 1828 ; in today 's money the sum was equal to £ 2 , 500 pounds . Brown wrote the readers in Austen 's time would had known it had been an expensive burden for Darcy to go off searching for Wickham and Lydia , and readers today almost missed the significance of Darcy 's financial sacrifice caused by his love for Elizabeth . However , Brown wrote that Scott himself had admitted that he insisted on travelling in style on his trip , staying at the most expensive hotels and eating at the most expensive restaurants as befitting a gentleman of means , and that not all travelers at the time would stayed and eaten at the same sort of establishments patronised by Scott . Irvine argued that for someone like Darcy who lives about half of the year in London , which is a glittering and far - away place for people of Meryton , this proves his social superiority as his `` London manners '' are described variously in the novel as `` fashionable '' and `` elegant '' . Irvine argued that the union of Elizabeth and Darcy at the end of the novel was meant by Austen as a symbol of the union of the national and regional elites in England , forging together a united nation . One scholar Rachel Brownstein noted of all the Austen romances that of Darcy and Elizabeth is the only one where the couple began as complete strangers at the beginning of the book , making Pride and Prejudice the most romantic of the Austen novels . Irvine argued that Elizabeth appears to be unworthy of Darcy not because of their differences in income level , but because of the class divide as she contemplates the glories of Pemberley . Against the interpretation that Pride and Prejudice is primarily a novel about class , the American scholar Susan Morgan argued the novel is about character , stating Mr. Wickham may not be as wealthy as Darcy , but his commission in the militia would have made an eminently respectable man to marry in Regency England . Morgan wrote though Darcy is rich , he does not represent `` society '' as some would have done , because he is reserved , vain , and quasi-isolated from society . Morgan argued that Austen 's message in Pride and Prejudice is that one should marry for love rather than money as Wickham disqualifies himself as a potential groom owing to his bad character , not his income . Morgan observed that for most of the novel Darcy loves Elizabeth even when she loathes him and also when she comes to return his feelings . Austen writes it was because of `` a motive within her of goodwill which could not be overlooked . It was gratitude - Gratitude , not merely for having loved her once , but for loving her still well enough , to forgive all the petulance and acrimony of her manner in rejecting him , and all the unjust accusations accompanying her rejection '' . Morgan argued that the growth of Elizabeth 's feelings for Darcy is a sign of her intellectual growth , as she comes to understand that freedom means the freedom to appreciate and understand the value of love . In this sense , Darcy by seeking to improve himself , by ignoring repeated slights and insults , and by paying off Wickham 's debts to rescue Lydia from her ill - conceived marriage just to impress her , proves himself worthy of Elizabeth 's love . Morgan wrote that the gratitude that Austen meant for Elizabeth to feel for Darcy `` ... is a gratitude that , despite all the obstacles which realism can provide , despite time , conventions , and misunderstanding , despite her wrongs and his own limitations , Mr. Darcy can see Elizabeth honestly and can love her as well . '' One critic , Wilbur Cross , wrote at first Darcy displays outrageous arrogance to Elizabeth , but the novel ends with an `` almost pitiable humiliation of Darcy '' , which was a testament to the power of women to tame men . Cultural influence and legacy ( edit ) The character of Fitzwilliam Darcy has appeared in and inspired numerous works . Both Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet feature as part of science fiction author Philip Jose Farmer 's fictional ' Wold Newton family ' , which links numerous literary characters ( such as Tarzan and Sherlock Holmes ) via an interconnected family tree of people and events . According to Farmer 's works , both were exposed to radiation from a meteorite that struck Wold Newton in Yorkshire in the 1790s ( a documented event ) . This allowed them to be the ancestors of many other famous literary characters , some of whom possessed unusual or even superhuman gifts and abilities . Numerous re-imaginings of the original work written from the perspective of Mr. Darcy have also been published , among them American writer Pamela Aidan 's Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman trilogy , and English author Janet Aylmer 's successful novel Darcy 's Story published in the UK ( ISBN 9780952821021 ) and later in the United States ( ISBN 9780061148705 ) . Helen Fielding has admitted she `` pillaged her plot '' for Bridget Jones 's Diary from Pride and Prejudice . In Bridget Jones 's Diary and its sequel Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , Bridget Jones is constantly mentioning the 1995 BBC adaptation and repeatedly watches the scene in the fourth episode where Darcy ( Colin Firth ) emerges from a pond wearing a wet white shirt , and refers to the Darcy and Elizabeth of the TV series as `` my chosen representatives in the field of shagging , or , rather , courtship '' . When in The Edge of Reason Bridget becomes a journalist , she is flown to Italy where she is to interview Firth about his ( then upcoming ) film Fever Pitch , but finds herself only asking him questions about Mr. Darcy and the filming of the `` pond scene '' . This scene was shot but not included in the film adaptation of Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason . This scene can be seen in the DVD 's extra features . Colin Firth 's `` pond scene '' made it into Channel 4 's Top 100 TV Moments . Colin Firth has found it hard to shake off the Darcy image , and he thought that playing Bridget Jones 's Mark Darcy , a character inspired by the other Darcy , would both ridicule and liberate him once and for all from the iconic character . Darcy 's status as a romantic hero transcends literature . In 2010 a protein sex pheromone in male mouse urine , that is sexually attractive to female mice , was named Darcin in honour of the character . On 9 July 2013 , a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) fibreglass statue of the figure of Mr. Darcy emerging from the water was installed in the Serpentine Lake of London 's Hyde Park for a promotion of British television 's UKTV channel . Modelled on actor Colin Firth who played the role in the 1995 BBC miniseries , the statue will make the rounds of several English lakes before its final installation in Lyme Park , a location where the programme was partly filmed and already a pilgrimage site for Pride and Prejudice fans . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French . ( March 2011 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the French article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated fr Fitzwilliam Darcy ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pride and Prejudice . Jane Austen portal Fictional characters portal Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice . Chapters 25 and 35 . Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice . Chapter 59 . Jump up ^ Brower , Reuben Arthur `` Irony Reveals Character and Advances the Drama '' page 144 - 152 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 149 . Jump up ^ Jones , Vivien ; Austen , Jane ; Tanner , Tony ( 2003 ) . Pride and prejudice ( 2003 Penguin ed . ) . New York : Penguin Books . pp. xi -- xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 143951 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sherry , James ( 1979 ) . `` Pride and Prejudice : The Limits of Society '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 - 1900 . 19 ( 4 ) : 609 . doi : 10.2307 / 450251 . JSTOR 450251 . Jump up ^ Brownstein , Rachel `` Northanger Abbey , Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice '' pages 32 - 57 from The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997 page 52 . Jump up ^ Hardy , John `` '' Elizabeth 's Teasing Charms Darcy '' pages 61 - 67 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 pages 61 - 62 Jump up ^ Brower , Reuben Arthur `` Irony Reveals Character and Advances the Drama '' page 144 - 152 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 148 . Jump up ^ Brower , Reuben Arthur `` Irony Reveals Character and Advances the Drama '' page 144 - 152 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 148 . Jump up ^ Brower , Reuben Arthur `` Irony Reveals Character and Advances the Drama '' page 144 - 152 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 148 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , Adam ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 5 . Boldness '' . Seize the Fire : Heroism , Duty , and the Battle of Trafalgar . HarperCollins . pp. 157 -- 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 075361 - 0 . Jump up ^ Paris , Bernard `` Marriage and Manners in Civilized Society '' pages 33 - 42 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 40 . Jump up ^ Ross , Josephine Jane Austen A Companion , London : John Murray , 2002 page 106 . Jump up ^ Brownstein , Rachel `` Northanger Abbey , Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice '' pages 32 - 57 from The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997 page 54 . Jump up ^ Paris , Bernard `` Marriage and Manners in Civilized Society '' pages 33 - 42 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 35 . Jump up ^ Paris , Bernard `` Marriage and Manners in Civilized Society '' pages 33 - 42 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 35 . Jump up ^ Paris , Bernard `` Marriage and Manners in Civilized Society '' pages 33 - 42 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 pages 35 - 36 Jump up ^ Sulloway , Alison `` The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes '' pages 119 - 127 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 122 . Jump up ^ Wright , Andrew `` The Hero and Villain '' pages 79 - 84 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 pages 80 - 81 . Jump up ^ Wright , Andrew `` The Hero and Villain '' pages 79 - 84 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 pages 81 - 82 . Jump up ^ Ross , Josephine Jane Austen A Companion , New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press , 2002 page 137 . Jump up ^ Ross , Josephine Jane Austen A Companion , New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press , 2002 page 137 . Jump up ^ Sulloway , Alison `` The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes '' pages 119 - 127 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 124 . Jump up ^ Sulloway , Alison `` The Significance of Gardens and Pastoral Scenes '' pages 119 - 127 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 124 . Jump up ^ Ross , Josephine Jane Austen A Companion , London : John Murray , 2002 page 91 . Jump up ^ Ross , Josephine Jane Austen A Companion , London : John Murray , 2002 page 91 . Jump up ^ Ross , Josephine Jane Austen A Companion , London : John Murray , 2002 pages 192 - 193 . Jump up ^ Ross , Josephine Jane Austen A Companion , London : John Murray , 2002 pages 199 - 200 . ^ Jump up to : Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 152 . ^ Jump up to : Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 61 . Jump up ^ Barefoot , C.C `` Fate and Choice in Pride and Perjudice pages 52 - 59 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 54 . Jump up ^ Barefoot , C.C `` Fate and Choice in Pride and Perjudice pages 52 - 59 from Readings on Pride and Prejudice edited by Clarice Swisher , San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 1999 page 54 . Jump up ^ Brown , James `` Jane Austen 's Mental Maps '' pages 20 - 41 from Critical Survey , Volume 26 , No. 1 page 25 . Jump up ^ Brown , James `` Jane Austen 's Mental Maps '' pages 20 - 41 from Critical Survey , Volume 26 , No. 1 page 25 . Jump up ^ Brown , James `` Jane Austen 's Mental Maps '' pages 20 - 41 from Critical Survey , Volume 26 , No. 1 page 25 . Jump up ^ Brown , James `` Jane Austen 's Mental Maps '' pages 20 - 41 from Critical Survey , Volume 26 , No. 1 page 25 . ^ Jump up to : Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 60 . Jump up ^ Brownstein , Rachel `` Northanger Abbey , Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice '' pages 32 - 57 from The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997 page 51 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 59 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Susan ( 1975 ) . `` Intelligence in ' Pride and Prejudice ' '' . Modern Philology. 73 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 68 . doi : 10.1086 / 390617 . ISSN 0026 - 8232 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , , New York : Chelsea House Publishing , 1996 page 28 - 29 . Jump up ^ Penguin Reading Guides - Bridget Jones 's Diary Retrieved on January 4 - 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason '' Helen Fielding . Penguin Books , 1999 . ( ISBN 014303443X ) Jump up ^ MTV.com - ' Pride & Prejudice ' : The Way They Were ( Nov 23 2005 ) Retrieved on January 4 - 2008 . Jump up ^ The Independent - There 's no escaping Mr. Darcy ( 9 June 2000 ) Retrieved on January 4 - 2008 . Jump up ^ BBC News - Star takes pride in new Prejudice Retrieved on January 4 - 2008 . Jump up ^ Vanity Fair ( Italy ) - Me Sexy ? only to that crazy Bridget Jones ( Oct 16 , 2003 ) Retrieved on January 4 - 2008 . Jump up ^ Brennan PA ( May 2010 ) . `` On the scent of sexual attraction '' . BMC Biol. 8 ( 1 ) : 71 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 8 - 71 . PMC 2880966 . PMID 20504292 . Jump up ^ Roberts SA , Simpson DM , Armstrong SD , et al. ( June 2010 ) . `` Darcin : a male pheromone that stimulates female memory and sexual attraction to an individual male 's odour '' . BMC Biol. 8 ( 1 ) : 75 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 8 - 75 . PMC 2890510 . PMID 20525243 . Jump up ^ Moskowitz , C ( 3 June 2010 ) . `` Biologists Learn Why Mice Go Gaga for Urine '' . FoxNews.com . FOX News Network . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Pride , Prejudice , Promotion ? Mr. Darcy Rising '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Will be Somewhere ( 2004 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love , Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Longbourn ( 2013 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) Beyond a Joke ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Jane Austen Timeline Works Major Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) Emma ( 1815 ) Northanger Abbey ( 1817 ) Persuasion ( 1817 ) Minor Lady Susan Sanditon ( unfinished ) The Watsons ( unfinished ) Plan of a Novel Juvenilia Love and Freindship The Beautifull Cassandra The History of England Catherine , or The Bower Places Jane Austen Centre Jane Austen 's House Museum Chawton House Chawton House Library People Cassandra Austen Charles Austen Francis Austen Henry Thomas Austen Edward Austen Knight Edward Knight George Thomas Knight Henry Knight Eliza Hancock Catherine Hubback Thomas Langlois Lefroy Martha Lloyd Anna Austen Lefroy Analysis Janeite Jane Austen in popular culture Styles and themes of Jane Austen Georgian society in Jane Austen 's novels Reception history of Jane Austen A Memoir of Jane Austen Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Darcy&oldid=846586315 '' Categories : Fictional gentry Pride and Prejudice characters Fictional characters introduced in 1813 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles to be expanded from March 2011 All articles to be expanded Featured articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | age of mr. darcy in pride and prejudice | [
"Fitzwilliam Darcy\nMr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet by C. E. Brock (1895) She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me.Full name\nMr. Fitzwilliam DarcyGender\nMaleAge\n28Income\n£10,000+/year(equivalent to £600,000 in 2016)Primary residence\nPemberley, near Lambton, DerbyshireFamilySpouse(s)\nElizabeth BennetRomantic interest(s)\nElizabeth BennetParents\nMr. Darcy and Lady Anne Darcy (née Fitzwilliam)Sibling(s)\nGeorgiana Darcy"
] | [
"28"
] |
3205734707352355852 | Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center | Wisconsin entertainment and sports Center - wikipedia Wisconsin entertainment and sports Center Jump to : navigation , search Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center Arena rendering from March 2016 Location Milwaukee , Wisconsin Coordinates 43 ° 2 ′ 42.1 '' N 87 ° 55 ′ 5.4 '' W / 43.045028 ° N 87.918167 ° W / 43.045028 ; - 87.918167 Coordinates : 43 ° 2 ′ 42.1 '' N 87 ° 55 ′ 5.4 '' W / 43.045028 ° N 87.918167 ° W / 43.045028 ; - 87.918167 Owner Wisconsin Center District Operator Milwaukee Bucks Type Arena Capacity 17,500 Construction Broke ground June 18 , 2016 Construction cost $524 million ( $534 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect Populous HNTB Eppstein Uhen Architects Project manager ICON Venue Group Structural engineer HNTB ZS , LLC Services engineer M -- E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Mortenson Construction Tenants Milwaukee Bucks ( NBA ) ( 2018 -- ) planned Marquette Golden Eagles ( NCAA ) ( 2018 -- ) planned Website wisconsinesc.com The Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center is the tentative name of a $524 million multi-purpose arena in downtown Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Groundbreaking and construction began in June 2016 , and completion is expected in 2018 . It will serve as the home of the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Marquette Golden Eagles men 's basketball team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Naming rights 2 Planning and design 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Despite being one of the premier NBA facilities when completed in 1988 , the BMO Harris Bradley Center is currently one of the oldest active NBA arenas . The BMO Harris Bradley Center was donated by the family of longtime broadcaster Lloyd Pettit without any provision for the building 's long - term capital needs or annual operating expenses . Although the facility is self - sufficient , the BMO Harris Bradley Center tenants , such as the Bucks , are at a disadvantage compared with other NBA teams because of the arrangement . Building a new downtown arena was proposed by former Bucks owner and former U.S. Senator Herb Kohl . There was considerable discussion in the region about the idea of a publicly funded arena and ultimately no resolution was reached . In 2009 , Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle included a provision in the state 's capital budget seeking $5 million in state bonding support to renovate the Bradley Center . The Bradley Center 's board of directors told state officials that the building needed $23 million in renovations , so they reportedly agreed to raise the remaining $18 million on their own . On September 18 , 2013 , then - deputy NBA commissioner Adam Silver toured the arena and said it was a few thousand square feet short of NBA standards , and also lacked numerous amenities . On April 16 , 2014 , Kohl announced an agreement to sell the franchise to New York City hedge - fund investors Marc Lasry and Wesley Edens . The deal included provisions for $100 million each from Kohl and the new ownership group , for a total of $200 million , toward the construction of a new downtown arena . Soon afterward , the NBA gave the Bucks an ultimatum -- get a new arena , or be close to completing a new arena , by the start of the 2017 - 18 season . If not , the league would buy the franchise from Lasry and Edens and sell the Bucks to one of two prospecting ownership groups ; one in Las Vegas and the other in Seattle , which would 've meant the certain departure of the Bucks from Milwaukee . On July 15 , 2015 , the Wisconsin Senate approved funding for the new arena by a 21 - 10 margin , and on July 28 , 2015 , the Wisconsin State Assembly approved funding by a 52 - 34 margin . On August 12 , 2015 , Governor Scott Walker signed the arena spending plan at Wisconsin State Fair Park in West Allis , Wisconsin . The Milwaukee city council voted 12 - 3 on September 22 , 2015 , to approve the plan . The city 's Plan Commission gave unanimous conditional approval to the Bucks ' general development plans for land in the Park East Corridor on November 23 , while acknowledging possible parking problems in the area . On April 13 , 2016 , the Bucks signed a 30 - year lease to play in the new arena . In addition Marquette University has agreed to lease the arena for its home games . The official groundbreaking was during the 2nd annual Bucks Block Party on June 18 , 2016 . On May 2 , 2017 , Milwaukee Bucks President Peter Feigin stated that construction of the arena remains on schedule and on budget . Feigin 's announcement was from the site of the new arena , after the first roof truss was installed and bolted into place . The roof was officially topped off on August 24 , 2017 . The arena is expected to be ready for the start of the 2018 - 19 NBA season . Construction progress as of May 13 , 2017 Naming rights ( edit ) The Milwaukee Bucks are in talks with Foxconn to have naming rights of the arena . Local companies including Johnson Controls , Miller Brewing , Harley - Davidson , and BMO Harris Bank have agreed to be partners with the Bucks , but not as the naming rights partner for the new arena . Planning and design ( edit ) The Milwaukee Bucks released the first images and details of their vision for the development of a new multi-purpose arena and sports and entertainment district to revitalize downtown Milwaukee on April 8 , 2015 . The images depict early conceptual drawings of a new multi-purpose venue and entertainment district that anchor an ambitious new development vision activated by sports , entertainment , residential and office uses . The proposed site , which primarily sits between 4th Street and 6th Street from State Street to McKinley Avenue , will seamlessly link with active development on all sides , including Old World Third Street , Schlitz Park , The Brewery , the Milwaukee riverfront , Water Street and the Wisconsin Center . Populous and HNTB , two firms from Kansas City , are leading the arena design team with participation from Milwaukee firm Eppstein Uhen . The arena is intended to be the focal point of a `` live block '' zone that includes public space surrounded by both commercial and residential development . Initial renderings of the arena show a transparent facade and a curved roof and side meant to evoke the water forms of nearby Lake Michigan and the Milwaukee River . The WESC is planned to hold 17,500 people and will have fewer luxury suites , but more club seating than the BMO Harris Bradley Center . It will also feature a layout and equipment for an NHL / NCAA - regulation ice hockey rink and ice shows such as Disney on Ice , thus it still will be able to host the NCAA Frozen Four as the BMO Harris Bradley Center did in the past in 1993 , 1997 and 2006 . However , the American Hockey League 's Milwaukee Admirals returned to the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena in the 2016 - 17 season as they were not approached to play games in the arena . The Bucks are also contractually bound not to recruit current tenants of the Panther Arena to move their events to the WESC . The WESC also will have the largest symmetric scoreboard in the NBA . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Bucks Arena '' . ICON Venue Group . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Bucks -- Basketball Arena '' . ZS , LLC . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas '' . M -- E Engineers , Inc . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Mortenson Construction to Build Milwaukee Bucks ' New Arena '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Engine for future growth : '' Milwaukee Bucks , Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena `` . WITI . Milwaukee . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bucks Announce $1 Billion Arena Package '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Don ( December 13 , 2008 ) . `` Bradley Center a Home - Court Disadvantage '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Don ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Doyle Budget Includes Help for Bradley Center '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Incoming NBA Commissioner Silver Says Bradley Center Unfit for League '' . Milwaukee Business Journal . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , Don ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Kohl Sells Bucks for $550 Million ; $200 Million Pledged for New Arena '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Assembly approves Milwaukee Bucks arena funding deal ; Gov. Walker says he 'll sign it '' . FOX6Now.com. 2015 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ By Brendan O'Brien ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Wisconsin 's Walker signs NBA arena spending plan for Milwaukee '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Posted 5 : 13 pm , November 23 , 2015 , by Theo Keith ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Plan Commission approves general Bucks arena development plans ; but new parking problems arise '' . Fox6now.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Terry Sater ( 2016 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Done deal : Milwaukee Bucks sign 30 - year lease for arena '' . Wisn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Romell , Rick ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arena groundbreaking brings enthusiasm for Bucks '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pete Zervakis ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Roof installation begins on new Bucks arena - Story '' . Wtmj.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ; Gallagher , Shaun ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks pitching arena naming rights to Foxconn '' . TMJ 4 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Feigin puts international spin on pitch for Milwaukee Bucks arena naming rights '' . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren . `` Milwaukee Bucks Want Naming Rights Sponsor At $7 - 10 Million Per Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Park East and designs for arena '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2015/02/25/milwaukeebucks-name-eppstein-uhen-populous-hntb-as.html Jump up ^ About Mary Louise Schumacher ( 2015 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Design for new Bucks arena aims to ' embrace idea of modern architecture ' '' . Jsonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Early design of new Milwaukee Bucks arena '' . Wisn.com. 2015 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2016/04/23/club-seats-will-outweigh-suites-at-new.html Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks arena will include ice rink to host NHL , NCAA games '' . Milwaukee Business Journal . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carlton , Jimmy ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Bucks introduce NBA 's largest center - hung scoreboard for new arena '' . OnMilwaukee . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Official Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center Website Milwaukee Bucks Construction cam ( hide ) Milwaukee Bucks Founded in 1968 Based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise 1968 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Head coaches Current season Arenas MECCA Arena BMO Harris Bradley Center Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center ( planned for 2018 ) General managers Erickson Embry Nelson D. Harris Dunleavy Weinhauer Grunfeld L. Harris Hammond Horst G League affiliate Wisconsin Herd Administration Owner Wesley Edens & Marc Lasry General Manager Jon Horst Head Coach Joe Prunty ( interm ) Retired numbers 10 14 16 32 33 Hall of Famers Lew Alcindor Nate Archibald Dave Cowens Wayne Embry Alex English Bob Lanier Moses Malone Oscar Robertson NBA Championships ( 1 ) 1971 Conference Championships ( 2 ) 1971 Division titles ( 13 ) 1971 1972 1973 1976 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 Culture & lore The Big O Bango The Fastest Expansion Champion MECCA Court Fear the Deer The Greek Freak Media TV Fox Sports Wisconsin Jim Paschke ( play - by - play ) Gus Johnson ( part - time play - by - play ) Jon McGlocklin ( color ) Marques Johnson ( part - time color ) Radio WTMJ Ted Davis Dennis Krause Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin_Entertainment_and_Sports_Center&oldid=824550717 '' Categories : Indoor arenas under construction in the United States Basketball venues in Wisconsin Milwaukee Bucks venues Sports venues in Milwaukee Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 01 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the new bucks arena be located | [
"The Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center is the tentative name of a $524 million multi-purpose arena in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Groundbreaking and construction began in June 2016, and completion is expected in 2018.[6] It will serve as the home of the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team.[7]"
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"in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin"
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4247794436453202280 | Degrassi (franchise) | Degrassi ( franchise ) - wikipedia Degrassi ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Degrassi ( disambiguation ) . Degrassi is a Canadian drama franchise with over 621 episodes across all incarnations . It follows the lives of a group of teenagers who lived on or near De Grassi Street in Toronto , Ontario . The five main series are The Kids of Degrassi Street , Degrassi Junior High , Degrassi High , Degrassi : The Next Generation and Degrassi : Next Class . The early Degrassi series were produced by the small production company owned by Kit Hood and Linda Schuyler , Playing With Time Inc . The recent version of Degrassi , produced by Epitome Pictures , aired on MTV Canada and on VRAK.TV ( dubbed in French ) in Canada and was simultaneously broadcast on TeenNick ( and in syndication ) in the United States . Degrassi : The Next Generations 's eighth season aired on BBC Switch in the United Kingdom . The second incarnation of The Next Generation , Degrassi : Next Class , is jointly produced by Netflix and Epitome ( a subsidiary of DHX Media ) . The show began airing in January 2016 on Netflix internationally and on Family ( F2N ) in Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Kids of Degrassi Street 2 Junior High and High 3 The Next Generation 4 Next Class 5 References 6 External links The Kids of Degrassi Street ( edit ) Main article : The Kids of Degrassi Street The Kids of Degrassi Street , created by Linda Schuyler , was the first in the Degrassi franchise . It originally spawned from four short films : Ida Makes a Movie , Cookie Goes to the Hospital , Irene Moves In , and Noel Buys a Suit , which aired as after - school specials on CBC Television in 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , and 1982 , respectively . The series continued from 1982 to 1986 . Many actors from The Kids of Degrassi Street , including Neil Hope , Stacie Mistysyn , Anais Granofsky , and Sarah Charlesworth , would go on to appear in Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High ; however , their names and families were changed . The show dealt with age - appropriate issues such as bad luck chain letters , honesty , divorce , and even death . Junior High and High ( edit ) Main articles : Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High Degrassi Junior High aired for 42 episodes from 1987 to 1989 . Later , much of the cast continued over into the spin - off series , Degrassi High , with some extra cast members and a new high school . Degrassi High aired on CBC and PBS for two years from 1989 until 1991 . These series are often compared to Saved by the Bell and Beverly Hills , 90210 , the latter of which began airing in the United States at the same time , except 90210 used actors who were in their twenties to play teenagers , whereas Degrassi used people who were the same age they were playing . As with Saved by the Bell , Degrassi High follows teenagers going through everyday normal teen social issues , but problems are not solved within the episode ; some plot - lines often continue through multiple episodes . A few months after the end of Degrassi High , a 90 - minute made - for - TV film entitled School 's Out was produced , which concluded the series . It sparked controversy and anger amongst fans and critics for the unusual characterization of familiar characters and infamous scenes of sexuality and coarse language . U.S. viewers saw a toned - down version in 1993 , which did not feature the profanity Canadian viewers heard ( WGBH released the uncensored version of the film onto video ) . A six - part documentary series entitled Degrassi Talks aired soon after . Hood and Schuyler subsequently worked on a similar series , Liberty Street , which applied the Degrassi format to a series about people in their twenties living on their own for the first time . Pat Mastroianni , one of the most famous actors from the Degrassi series , appeared in Liberty Street as well , although playing a different character . The Next Generation ( edit ) Main article : Degrassi : The Next Generation In 2001 , the Degrassi series was revived by Stephen Stohn as Degrassi : The Next Generation . During the series Degrassi Junior High Christine Nelson gave birth to a baby girl named Emma , who became the lead character of the fourth show . This Degrassi series deals with issues that many teenagers must face in high school . It has had a successful run thus far and has grown its own distinct cult following amongst teenagers and adults alike . This series was broadcast on CTV , MuchMusic , MTV , and currently Family Channel . Outside Canada , it was rebroadcast to the United States on the cable channel TeenNick ( The N prior to 2010 ) from 2002 to 2015 , and also on MTV , BET and SOAPnet ( until 2014 ) , and to the Netherlands on Z@PP , to Brazil on the cable channel Multishow , to Australia on ABC3 and Nickelodeon , to Mexico , Peru , Venezuela and Chile on the cable channel MTV Latin America , and to Poland on the Canal+ 's channel ZigZap . This newer version of Degrassi has thus far dealt with more topics including online predators , suicide , censorship , gangs , self - harm , school shootings , imprisonment , rape , abuse , drugs , drinking , and murder , displaying the many challenges teenagers face in high school and the early years of college . On 15 January 2009 , Program Partners , a subsidiary of Sony Pictures Television , announced that they have acquired the syndication rights to the show , which will start showing daily on local stations in the US during the early evening fringe hours ( between 5 and 7 pm ) beginning in September . One of the reasons of the program 's sale in syndication is that its programming content complies with federal E / I programming requirements . The broadcast company put together the first Degrassi : The Next Generation film , titled Degrassi Goes Hollywood in 2009 , to end the eighth season . Season 9 finished 16 July 2010 with another two - hour film , titled Degrassi Takes Manhattan . Season 10 premiered 19 July 2010 , and marked a change in production style to a telenovela / soap opera format , and for the first time , episodes airing in Canada and the United States on the same day . `` The Next Generation '' was also dropped from the title , which became simply Degrassi . Next Class ( edit ) Main article : Degrassi : Next Class Degrassi : Next Class is the second incarnation of The Next Generation but is also considered its own show . After TeenNick and MTV Canada dropped the series , the show was picked up by Netflix and Family Channel . This `` reboot '' of the series was initially set to be the fifteenth season of `` The Next Generation '' ( as casting calls were made for the fifteenth season ) but ultimately Netflix and Epitome decided to start it off as a new show , to not confuse new viewers that would watch it on Netflix . Season one was released on Netflix January 15 , 2016 , and started airing January 4 , 2016 on Family 's new teen programming block , F2N . Fourteen cast members from season 14 of Degrassi will also reprise their roles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Popsmacked ! : The sad , sweet legacy of Degrassi 's ' Wheels ' '' . The Record . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Kids of Degrassi Street ' '' . The Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` The Kids of Degrassi Street ' '' . tv.com . Jump up ^ Landau , Emily ( September 2012 ) . `` Teenage Dreams '' . The Walrus . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting & Cable Breakinga News articleFlat CA6374579 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2015/07/31/degrassi-series-finale-recap-eli-leaves-clare/ Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/664529/degrassi-lives-and-is-headed-to-netflix-get-the-scoop ^ Jump up to : http://www.tvinsider.com/article/32249/6-things-we-know-about-degrassi-next-class-netflix/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/stephenstohn/status/608999700600135680 Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2015/digital/news/degrassi-netflix-teen-sexting-cyberbulling-1201543113/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/stephenstohn/status/630388361287499777 External links ( edit ) Degrassi.tv CTV - Degrassi : The Next Generation Australian Broadcasting Corporation - Degrassi : The Next Generation ( hide ) Degrassi franchise The Kids of Degrassi Street Ida Makes a Movie Degrassi Junior High Degrassi High Characters Joey Jeremiah Caitlin Ryan Episodes Degrassi Talks School 's Out Degrassi : The Next Generation Degrassi Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Episodes `` Mother and Child Reunion '' `` Accidents Will Happen '' `` Time Stands Still '' `` High Fidelity '' `` Paradise City '' `` The Rest of My Life '' `` My Body Is a Cage '' Films Degrassi Goes Hollywood Degrassi Takes Manhattan See also Characters J.T. Yorke Soundtracks Degrassi : Next Class Episodes Season Characters See also Awards and nominations Locations De Grassi Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degrassi_(franchise)&oldid=806405226 '' Categories : Canadian children 's television series Degrassi ( franchise ) Canadian teen dramas Canadian television soap operas Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 20 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the order of the degrassi series | [
"Degrassi is a Canadian drama franchise with over 621 episodes across all incarnations. It follows the lives of a group of teenagers who lived on or near De Grassi Street in Toronto, Ontario. The five main series are The Kids of Degrassi Street, Degrassi Junior High, Degrassi High, Degrassi: The Next Generation and Degrassi: Next Class."
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"The Kids of Degrassi Street, Degrassi Junior High, Degrassi High, Degrassi: The Next Generation and Degrassi: Next Class"
] |
8302750256406919661 | Mark Lester | Mark Lester - wikipedia Mark Lester Jump to : navigation , search For the film director , see Mark L. Lester . Mark Lester Lester in 1977 Mark A. Letzer ( 1958 - 07 - 11 ) 11 July 1958 ( age 59 ) Oxford , England Occupation Actor Years active 1964 -- 1977 , 2011 - present Spouse ( s ) Jane ( 1993 -- 2005 , divorced ) Lisa ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Children Mark Lester ( born Mark A. Letzer ; 11 July 1958 ) is an English former child actor known for playing the title role in the 1968 musical film version of Oliver ! and starring in a number of other British and European films of the 1960s and 1970s and in a number of television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career as child actor 3 Adult life 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Lester was born in the city of Oxford , Oxfordshire , in southern England , to actress Rita Keene Lester and actor and producer Michael Lester ( originally Michael Boris Letzer ) . His father was Jewish and his mother Anglican . Lester was educated at three independent schools : at Corona Theatre School in Ravenscourt Park in West London , followed by Tower House School , a boys ' preparatory school near Richmond Park ( also in West London ) , and at Halliford School in Shepperton in Surrey . Career as child actor ( edit ) Lester initially had supporting roles in several British television series , including The Human Jungle and Danger Man . In 1964 , at the age of six , Lester was cast in Robert Dhéry 's film Allez France ! ( English title The Counterfeit Constable ) with Diana Dors ( who appeared in the 1948 film version of Oliver Twist ) . He played a small part as the second schoolboy in Fahrenheit 451 . In 1967 , at the age of eight , Lester was cast in the title role in the film version of Lionel Bart 's musical Oliver ! . The multiple Academy Award - winning adaptation of Charles Dickens ' novel co-starred Jack Wild , Ron Moody , Harry Secombe , Shani Wallis and Oliver Reed and was directed by Carol Reed . Since Lester could not sing , his singing was dubbed by Kathe Green , daughter of the film 's music arranger Johnny Green . Lester became good friends with Wild during production of the film and their friendship continued after production , with Lester describing Wild as a `` long lost brother '' . These two child actors later reunited for Melody ( 1971 ) , which depicted schoolchildren in love . Tracy Hyde played the role of Melody in the film , which used music from the Bee Gees and Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . In 1969 , Lester received critical acclaim for his portrayal of a dysfunctional and withdrawn only child in Run Wild , Run Free , starring opposite John Mills , and then as a disturbed child in the first regular episode of Then Came Bronson . Lester 's acting roles peaked as he starred in Eyewitness ( 1970 ) , with Susan George , Night Hair Child with Britt Ekland , Whoever Slew Auntie Roo ? , with Shelley Winters , Melody and a film version of Black Beauty ( all 1971 ) . After this period , his acting roles in the UK would begin to wane . He extended his range with roles in a series of films in Italy including Redneck ( 1972 ) with Telly Savalas and the Western Scalawag ( 1973 ) with Kirk Douglas . The final film of his Italian - based career was in the costume drama La Prima volta sull'erba ( English title The First Time on the Grass , 1974 ) , which was nominated for the Golden Bear prize at the 25th Berlin International Film Festival . Lester wrapped up his film career playing the dual role as Edward VI of England and Tom Canty in the all - star film Crossed Swords a.k.a. The Prince and the Pauper ( 1977 ) , starring Raquel Welch , Charlton Heston , Rex Harrison , George C. Scott , and Oliver Reed , who had played Bill Sikes in Oliver ! . Adult life ( edit ) At the age of 18 Lester had access to some of his earnings from his films . He bought a Ferrari and a house in Belgravia and went to parties , nightclubs and restaurants , often paying for friends . He dabbled with drugs . After the poor reception of The Prince and the Pauper , Lester gave up acting at the age of 19 and took his A Levels . In his twenties he became a karate black belt , through this grew interested in sports injuries , and from there osteopathy . At the age of 28 became an osteopath , studying at the British School of Osteopathy and in 1993 , Lester opened the Carlton Clinic , an acupuncture clinic in Cheltenham . Lester was a close friend of Michael Jackson and is godfather to Jackson 's three children . In August 2009 , after Jackson 's death , Lester gave an interview to the British tabloid newspaper News of the World in which he claimed that he could be the biological father of Paris Katherine Jackson , the late singer 's daughter . Lester claimed to have been a sperm donor for Jackson in 1996 , and announced that he was willing to take a paternity test to determine whether he was the father . Brian Oxman , former lawyer for the Jackson family , rejected the claim in a television interview , stating , `` The thing I always heard from Michael was that Michael was the father of these children , and I believe Michael . '' Personal life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lester has four children with his first wife , whom he married in January 1993 and divorced in 2005 . In 2006 , he married Lisa , a psychiatric nurse . He is a patron of the theatre charity The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Counterfeit Constable Gérald a.k.a. Allez France 1965 Spaceflight IC - 1 : An Adventure in Space Don Saunders 1966 Fahrenheit 451 schoolboy ( uncredited ) 1967 Our Mother 's House Jiminee 1968 Oliver ! Oliver Twist 1969 Run Wild , Run Free Philip Ransome 1970 The Boy Who Stole the Elephant Davey TV movie 1970 Eyewitness Ziggy 1971 Melody ( released as S.W.A.L.K. ) Daniel Latimer 1971 Black Beauty Joe Evans 1971 Whoever Slew Auntie Roo ? Christopher Coombs 1972 Night Hair Child Marcus 1973 Redneck Lennox Duncan 1973 Little Adventurer Mike Richard 1973 Scalawag Jamie The First Time on the Grass Franz Schmidt a.k.a. La prima volta sull'erba 1977 The Prince and the Pauper Prince Edward / Tom Canty a.k.a. Crossed Swords Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Human Jungle Small boy TV series ( 1 episode The Twenty - Four Hour Man ) 1966 Danger Man A boy TV series ( 1 episode Someone is Liable to Get Hurt ) 1966 Court Martial Paolo Stevens TV series ( 1 episode Retreat from Life ) 1969 Then Came Bronson John Beaman TV series ( 1 episode The Runner ) 1969 The Ghost & Mrs. Muir Mark Helmore TV series ( 2 episodes Puppy Love and Spirit of the Law ) 1970 Disneyland Davey ( film in two parts ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mark Lester '' . bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Ruby Simonson ( 1982 ) . `` Cain Connections '' . Spokane , Washington . ISSN 0899 - 1375 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver ! ( 1968 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Twist 's voice dubbed by girl : report '' . ABC News . 19 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long after the stardom , another twist : Mark Lester was the child star '' . independent.co.uk. 30 August 1993 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton Clinic '' . Carlton Clinic . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Report : Beatles fans swarm Abbey Road on album anniversary '' . 8 August 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson friend claims paternity '' . BBC News . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson lawyer rejects Mark Lester claims he is Paris ' father '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , pp. 323 -- 324 . Dye , David . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914 - 1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , 1988 , pp. 130 -- 131 . External links ( edit ) Mark Lester on IMDb VIAF : 61435716 LCCN : nr95021020 ISNI : 0000 0000 7823 7041 SUDOC : 152704469 BNF : cb139879646 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8fdd23a5 - c12b - 481b - a186 - 00d36f4a0646 BNE : XX1196675 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Lester&oldid=835853990 '' Categories : 1958 births English male child actors English male film actors Living people Osteopaths People from Oxford People educated at Tower House School English male television actors 20th - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2014 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 05 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played oliver twist in the 1968 film | [
"Mark Lester (born Mark A. Letzer;[1] 11 July 1958) is an English former child actor known for playing the title role in the 1968 musical film version of Oliver! and starring in a number of other British and European films of the 1960s and 1970s and in a number of television series."
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"Mark Lester"
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-7804627903964340881 | Radio in the United States | Radio in the United States - wikipedia Radio in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium . Unlike radio in most other countries , American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations . The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public . Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms : radio evangelism , community radio , and government - subsidized public radio , all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations . Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs , as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts , for overseas audiences . Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s , alongside the new film industry . The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role , as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television . In the 21st century , radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pioneers 1.2 1920s 1.3 1930 - 1945 1.3. 1 Battle with the newspapers 1.3. 2 Advertising as the basis of profitability 1.3. 3 Growing importance of news 1.3. 4 Local radio in the Golden Age 1.4 Education 1.5 Television era 1.6 FM broadcasting 1.7 Talk radio 1.8 Satellite broadcasting 2 Broadcast call signs 3 Modern era 4 Public radio 5 Recent developments 6 See also 6.1 Public Radio Networks 6.2 Programs 6.3 Organizations 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links History ( edit ) Pioneers ( edit ) In 1912 , most amateur - radio transmissions were restricted to wavelengths below 200 meters ( i.e. , frequencies above 1500 kHz ) to prevent interference to future commercial broadcasters . The beginning of regular , commercially licensed radio broadcasting in the United States in 1920 , along with the concurrent development of sound and color film in that decade , ended the print monopoly of mass media and opened the doors to the immediate ( and pervasive ) electronic media . By 1928 , the United States had three national radio networks : two owned by NBC ( the National Broadcasting Company ) , and one by CBS ( the Columbia Broadcasting System ) . Until 1943 , there were four major national radio networks : two owned by NBC , one owned by CBS and one owned by Mutual Broadcasting System . Stations were connected by broadcast - quality , leased telephone lines . NBC 's second network became ABC , the American Broadcasting Company . 1920s ( edit ) By 1919 , after the war , radio pioneers across the country resumed transmissions . The early stations gained new call signs . Some early stations were started by newspapers : the first to do this was 8MK ( today WWJ ) in Detroit , which was owned by the Detroit News . While many sources cite KDKA in Pittsburgh as the first station , and give its first broadcast as November 2 , 1920 , the question of who came first is still in dispute among historians . For example , there is evidence 8MK was on the air with Michigan state election returns on August 31 , 1920 Many other early stations were owned by small companies , such as AMRAD ( the American Radio and Research Company , Medford Hillside MA ) ; by some accounts , it broadcast voice and music as early as March 1916 , and was on the air sporadically till it began a daily schedule in May 1921 , using call letters 1XE and later , WGI . Perhaps the best - known early station began as experimental station 8XK , which became KDKA in 1920 . AM radio signals traveled long distances , and KDKA 's signal covered much of the country . The existence of early experimental radio stations encouraged young men ( and a small number of young women ) to build crystal sets ( with ear phones ) to listen to the new technical marvel . Entrepreneurs set up stations primarily with the goal of selling expensive console radio sets that the whole family could listen to , or which restaurants and shops would buy to attract customers . Until early 1922 , there were fewer than forty commercial stations broadcasting . But in mid-1922 , the so - called `` radio craze '' began , when several hundred new stations took to the airwaves , and thousands of people wanted to buy their own radio set . Even President Warren G. Harding had a radio installed in the White House . While `` direct advertising '' was not allowed in radio 's formative years , per the order of then - head of the Department of Commerce Herbert Hoover , station owners wanted this policy changed , since it was very expensive to operate a radio station . By 1926 , when the National Broadcasting Company went on the air , advertising was gradually allowed . Madison Avenue recognized the importance of radio as a new advertising medium . Advertising provided the major funding for most stations . The United States never had a license fee for set users . The National Broadcasting Company began regular broadcasting in 1926 , with telephone links between New York and other Eastern cities . NBC became the dominant radio network , splitting into Red and Blue Networks . The Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) began in 1927 owned and directed by William S. Paley . 1930 - 1945 ( edit ) Prior to 1927 , U.S. radio was supervised by the Department of Commerce . Then , the Radio Act of 1927 created the Federal Radio Commission ( FRC ) ; in 1934 , this agency was renamed the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) and is still in operation . Battle with the newspapers ( edit ) In the early 1930s , a furious battle broke out as the newspaper industry tried to block the transmission of news by radio . Advertising revenues were plunging during the Great Depression , and newspapers were desperate to protect their main flow of income from the upstart 's threat to the status quo . In one particular incident , the newspapers attempted to claim that a broadcast of the H.G. Wells story The War of the Worlds caused a mass hysteria among listeners who thought the broadcast was real news , a myth that continues to the present day . Hollywood briefly became involved , by preventing its stars from appearing on the radio ; it soon realized , however , that radio was not a direct competition and the greater visibility for their stars met even larger audiences . The newspaper attack failed , and the networks set up their own newsgathering and reporting system , which played a major role during World War II . A Federal Communications Commission decision in 1939 required NBC to divest itself of its Blue Network . That decision was sustained by the Supreme Court in a 1943 decision , National Broadcasting Co. v. United States , which established the framework that the `` scarcity '' of radio - frequency meant that broadcasting was subject to greater regulation than other media . This Blue Network network became the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . Around 1946 , ABC , NBC , and CBS began regular television broadcasts . The small DuMont Television Network , was founded earlier ; it disbanded in 1956 . In 1934 , several independent stations formed the Mutual Broadcasting System to exchange syndicated programming , including The Lone Ranger and Amos ' n ' Andy . Advertising as the basis of profitability ( edit ) Paley at CBS was the first to fully realize that profitability depended primarily on maximizing the sales of commercials , which in turn meant reaching as large an upscale audience as possible . Surveys and polls could be used to determine not only the size of the audience , but their affluence . Frank Stanton , the president of CBS , worked with Columbia University sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld to develop techniques for measuring audiences . Before Paley , owners typically viewed their stations as stand - alone outlets or as the broadcast equivalent of local newspapers . It was their job to sell ads to local business . Individual stations bought programming from the network and , thus , were considered the network 's clients . Paley changed the business model by looking at national advertisers as the critical element . CBS therefore provided network programming to affiliate stations at a nominal cost , thereby ensuring the widest possible distribution for both the programming and the advertising . The advertisers then became the network 's primary clients and , because of the wider distribution brought by the growing network , Paley was able to charge more for the ad time . Affiliates were required to carry programming offered by the network for part of the broadcast day , receiving a portion of the network 's fees from advertising revenue . At other times in the broadcast day , affiliates were free to offer local programming and sell advertising time locally . Growing importance of news ( edit ) By 1940 , the greatest audience attention was on the networks ' evening programs of variety shows , music , and comedy and drama . In the morning and afternoon , smaller audiences ( chiefly housewives ) listened to 61 soap operas . Phone - in talk shows were rare , but disk jockeys attracted a following through their chatter between records . The most popular radio shows during the Golden Age of Radio . The Jack Benny Program , Fibber McGee and Molly , The Goldbergs and other top - rated American radio shows were heard by 30 -- 35 percent of the radio audience . Fireside chat on government and capitalism ( September 30 , 1934 ) President Franklin Roosevelt 's opponents had control of most newspapers in the 1930s ; press reports were under their control and involved hostile editorial commentary . Roosevelt 's solution was a series of 30 evening broadcasts in an informal , almost casual setting , dubbed `` Fireside chats . '' Historian Douglas B. Craig says that he , `` offered voters a chance to receive information unadulterated by newspaper proprietors ' bias '' through the new medium of radio . '' Roosevelt 's radio audiences averaged 18 percent during peacetime , and 58 percent during the war . His address of May 27 , 1941 , was heard by 70 percent of the radio audience . Radio 's instant , on - the - spot reports of dramatic events drew large audiences starting in 1938 in the run - up to World War II . Local radio in the Golden Age ( edit ) All broadcast stations are licensed locally , in the past with mandated obligations to their `` city of service , '' fulfillment of which for license renewal is today largely passé . For many a `` 250 - watt station in my hometown , '' expensive facilities emulated the networks ' in the form of multiple , acoustically fine studios in art deco style for local origination of music and variety programs , featuring local , mostly volunteer , talented teens and energetic young adults motivated by the possibility of being discovered . Local programs were `` sustaining '' ( covered by general ad revenue ) , or the talent found their own sponsors and bought station time . Often paid just over minimum wage , `` combo operator - announcers , '' later called DJs , nevertheless came to consider themselves entertainers , often in fact becoming local celebrities , who cultivated `` on - air personalities , '' sometimes pairing one who was straight - laced with one playing the clown . Practical jokes by full - time staff were common , the unseeing audience none the wiser unless someone broke up laughing . Continuous station operations were manual ( until automation debuted in the 1970s ) , and could originate programming only three ways : live ; live via remote telephone line ( including network feeds as well as store openings and church services around town ) ; or played from `` electrical transcription '' ( ET ) phonograph discs . ETs up to 16in diameter played 15 minute syndicated programs , mailed to stations by the thousands , many for government sales of savings bonds and military recruiting . Magnetic tape arrived after 1947 and the Bing Crosby / Ampex alliance . All sound was monophonic until introduction of the stereo LP in 1958 , when sister stations `` simulcast '' the left signal on AM , the right on FM , requiring audiofans to set up two receivers . For both practitioners and attentive listeners , local radio during the Golden Age was fun . Education ( edit ) Radio in education began as early as April 1922 , when Medford Hillside 's WGI Radio broadcast the first of an ongoing series of educational lectures from Tufts College professors . These lectures were described by the press as a sort of `` wireless college . '' Soon , other colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula ; some , like the University of Iowa , even provided what today would be known as distance - learning credits . Curry College in Massachusetts introduced one of the nation 's first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs . In the 1950s , television courses became popular . After 2000 , Internet - based transmission of college courses came on line . 2012 was the `` year of the MOOC '' ( massive open online course ) . Television era ( edit ) After 1955 television 's visual images replaced the audio - only limitation of radio as the predominant entertainment and news vehicle . Radio adapted by replacing entertainment programs with schedules of music interspersed with news and features , a free - form format adopted by NBC when it launched its popular weekend - long Monitor in 1955 . During the 1950s automobile manufacturers began offering car radios as standard accessories , and radio received a boost as Americans listened to their car radios as they drove to and from work . Although this period saw the overall decline of the AM radio , some new stations , like the WGIV station in Charlotte dedicated to African American Music , were still coming up . In the 1950s , as a result of television 's increased popularity coupled with dramatically loosened restrictions on playing recorded music on air , the network model of radio dramatically declined . In its place was the first music radio format : top 40 , the forerunner to modern contemporary hit radio . Top 40 stations could be operated locally and gave rise to the disc jockeys , who became prominent local celebrities in their own right . Top 40 became the outlet for the relatively new style of music known as rock and roll . FM Broadcasting ( edit ) FM radio , which was the successor to the failed Apex band ( also known as ultra-shortwave ) experiments of the 1930s , arrived in the United States after 1945 , but it was not until the 1960s that it became widely popular . In 1945 the Federal Communication Commission shifted FM 's allocation of frequencies from 42 - 50 MHZ to 88 - 108 MHZ . This allowed FM much more room for growth when listeners arrived after 1960 . The FCC later decided to reduce program duplication on AM and FM sister stations , giving the younger medium space to grow . The better sound fidelity of FM , the less static , dated a natural for musical programming . The first FM stations were primarily instrumental , featuring formats that would come to be known as easy listening and beautiful music , and were targeted at shopping centers . Other , later FM sign - ons became known for experimentation ; the early freeform stations eventually evolved into progressive rock , the first radio format designed specifically to showcase rock music . From progressive rock came album - oriented rock , which in turn spawned the modern formats of classic rock , active rock and adult album alternative . Top 40 radio would begin arriving on the FM band in the 1970s as FM reached critical mass . As the amount of archival music from the rock and roll era began to expand , oldies radio stations began to appear , later evolving into the modern classic hits and later adult hits formats . FM radio made a major expansion in the late 1980s with the FCC 's Docket 80 - 90 , which expanded the number of available FM licenses in the suburban areas of the United States . Country music in particular , previously only heard on rural AM stations particularly in the Southern and Western United States , benefited from this docket , moving en masse to FM ; the beautiful music and easy listening formats mostly died out , with adult contemporary music taking its place . Talk radio ( edit ) Main article : Conservative talk radio Meanwhile , the AM band began declining . All - news radio became popular in the major cities in the late 1960s . As each successive radio format moved to FM , AM radio stations were left with fewer and fewer options . One of the last `` AM only '' formats was MOR , or `` middle - of - the - road '' , the direct forerunner of adult contemporary music and adult standards . Talk radio , although it had a small following in the cities , did not achieve mainstream popularity until the 1980s , when a combination of factors led to the rise of conservative talk radio . The politically charged format swept the country , bringing stardom to one of its pioneers , Rush Limbaugh . Also rising to popularity in the late 1980s was sports radio , which was dedicated to talk about sports as well as the broadcasting of sports events . What few country stations remained on AM typically shifted to classic country and focused primarily on older music . While shock jocks had been in existence since at least the 1970s ( see , for example , Don Imus ) and the morning zoo radio format was popular among local stations beginning in the 1980s , the first shock jock to make a major national impact was Howard Stern , whose New York - based show was syndicated nationwide beginning in the early 1990s . Stern built a multimedia empire that incorporated television , books and feature films , which led to him bestowing upon himself the title of `` King of All Media . '' Stern left terrestrial radio in 2005 . Satellite Broadcasting ( edit ) Satellite networks began replacing landline - based models in the 1980s , making possible wider and quicker national distribution of both talk and music radio . At the same time , the traditional networks started collapsing : NBC Radio and Mutual both were acquired by syndication company Westwood One , while ABC ( both radio and television ) was acquired by Capital Cities Communications . CBS would later acquire Westwood One , only to spin it off in 2007 ; as of 2015 , Westwood One is now in the hands of Cumulus Media . ABC would end up in the hands of The Walt Disney Company , who broke the radio network up in 2007 ; Disney owns portions of the old network , while the rest of it is in the hands of Cumulus . Mutual was dissolved in 1999 , replaced by CNN Radio , which itself was dissolved in 2012 . CBS still owns much of its original network , the last of the four major networks of the Golden Age to do so ; its programming is mostly funneled through Cumulus . Two other major commercial networks have appeared since the 1990s : Premiere Networks , the division of iHeartMedia , and the Salem Radio Network . Premiere owns the radio distribution rights to the current `` fourth major network '' , Fox ( which owns no radio stations ) , and distributes that company 's news and sports radio broadcasts . iHeart 's immediate predecessor , Clear Channel Communications , benefited from the Telecommunications Act of 1996 , which allowed for greater media consolidation , and built a large empire of both large and small market radio stations ; Clear Channel , having overextended itself , jettisoned most of its small - market stations ( as well as its now - dissolved television division ) in the late 2000s . The Salem Radio Network , a division of Salem Communications ( which outside of radio also has a large Internet operation ) , primarily has a Christian / conservative focus and specializes in Christian music , preaching stations and conservative talk radio , both owning stations and producing original content . Oaktree Capital Management briefly attempted a foray into building a radio network when it purchased the assets of several struggling radio networks in the late 2000s ; while it still owns stations through its Townsquare Media holding company , it has since spun off its network holdings ( which operated under the Dial Global brand ) to Cumulus . Direct - to - consumer subscription satellite radio began appearing in the United States in the early 2000s , but despite heavy investment in programming has continually lost money and has less than a tenth of the reach of terrestrial radio . The two competing satellite radio services , Sirius and XM , merged to form Sirius XM Radio in 2009 and now has a government - regulated monopoly on the format . Broadcast call signs ( edit ) Further information : List of radio stations in North America by media market While broadcast radio stations will often brand themselves with plain - text names , identities such as `` cool FM '' , `` rock 105 '' or `` the ABC network '' are not unique . Another station , in another city or country , may ( and often will ) have a similar brand ; the name of a broadcast station for legal purposes is , therefore , normally its ITU call sign . Broadcast stations in North America generally use call letters in the international series , with common conventions followed in each country . In the United States , the first letter generally is K for stations west of the Mississippi River and W for those east of the Mississippi ; all new call signs have had four characters since 1930 , although there are historical three - character calls still in use ( such as WOR in New York City , WBZ in Boston , WOL in Washington DC , WSB in Atlanta , WMC in Memphis , WGN in Chicago , KOA in Denver , KSL in Salt Lake City , KEX in Portland , Oregon , KUT in Austin , and KFI in Los Angeles ) . A 1940 QSL card for WWV , indicating its early location in the U.S. state of Maryland ( now in Colorado ) Modern era ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The expansion and dominance of FM radio , which has better audio quality but a more - limited broadcast range than AM , represented the major technical change in radio during the 1970s and 1980s . FM radio ( aided by the development of smaller portable radios and `` Walkman '' headsets ) dominates music programming , while AM has largely shifted to talk and news formats . Talk radio became more popular during the 1980s as a result of improved satellite communications , the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine and ( by the mid-1990s ) extensive concentration of media ownership stemming from the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . While before the 1980s talk radio was primarily a local phenomenon , the development of national spoken - word programming contributed to the renewed popularity of AM radio . However , this popularity is fading as previously AM - only stations begin moving their operations to FM simulcasts or translators , and as the audience of talk radio ages . Both FM and AM radio have become increasingly specialized . Music formats ( for instance ) comprise a variety of specializations , the top five in 1991 being `` country and western '' , `` adult contemporary '' , `` Top 40 '' , `` religion '' and `` oldies '' . Radio has been shaped by demographics , although to a lesser degree than television ; modern radio formats target groups of people by age , gender , urban ( or rural ) setting and race . As such , freeform stations with broad - spanning playlists have become uncommon on commercial radio . In an era in which TV is the predominant medium , the reach of radio is still extensive . Ninety - nine percent of American households in 1999 had at least one radio ; the average is five per household . Every day , radio reaches 80 percent of the U.S. population . Revenue more than doubled in a decade , from $8.4 billion in 1990 to more than $17 billion in 2000 . Radio continues to prevail in automobiles and offices , where attention can be kept on the road ( or the task at hand ) while radio is an audio background . The popularity of car radios has led to drive time being the most listened - to dayparts on most radio stations , followed by midday ( or the `` at work '' shift ) . Transistor radios , a technology that has been available since the 1950s , were the method of choice for listening to music on the go for most of the late 20th century , before digital media players and later smartphones ( many of which have FM radios as part of their hardware ) took those roles in the 20th century . The majority of programming in the United States is in English , with Spanish the second-most popular broadcast language ; these are the only two languages with domestically produced , national radio networks . In the largest urban areas of the United States , `` world ethnic '' stations may be found with a wide variety of languages ( including Russian , Chinese , Korean and the languages of India ) ; relatively widespread languages French and German have comparatively few radio outlets ( in the case of German , due to the fact that most of its speakers are Amish or from similar sects and thus shun radio technology ) . French speakers can generally receive programming direct from Canadian broadcasters , which are receivable across the Canada -- US border and a handful of local stations serving the Haitian diaspora and Creole populations also serve areas in the southeast . Until the 1980s , most commercial radio stations were affiliated with large networks such as ABC , CBS , the Mutual Broadcasting System , NBC , and others ( e.g. , RKO in the 1980s ) . The traditional major networks that had dominated the history of American radio up to that point began to be dissolved in the 1980s ; RKO was forced to break up in a billing scandal , while NBC Radio and Mutual sold their assets to up - and - coming syndicator Westwood One , which itself would be bought by rival CBS in the 1990s . ABC maintained most of its radio network until 2007 , when it sold off most of its stations to Citadel Broadcasting and later Cumulus Media ( it maintains two specialty networks , sports - oriented ESPN Radio and youth top 40 Radio Disney , the latter of which has largely shifted to Internet radio ; ABC still produces radio programming in addition to its terrestrial networks ) . CBS sold off Westwood One to private equity interests in the late 2000s as well , but unlike its rivals maintained ownership of its flagship stations . As of 2012 , most commercial radio stations are controlled by media conglomerates and private equity firms such as Bain Capital ( Clear Channel Communications ) , Oaktree Capital Management ( Townsquare Media ) and Cumulus Media . Public radio ( edit ) Main article : NPR Unlike most countries , the national and state governments in the U.S. do not operate any stations or networks directed at its own domestic citizens . It does operate networks overseas through the Broadcasting Board of Governors ; the most widely known of these networks is Voice of America , which serves a general worldwide audience ; other networks target specific geographic regions . Broadcasting Board of Governors networks were , until 2013 , expressly forbidden from being marketed to American citizens ; they still neither own nor affiliate with any AM or FM station . The U.S. also provides the American Forces Network , a service for American armed servicemen stationed overseas that mostly relays commercial programming ; AFN broadcasts are restricted to listeners in Japan , Korea and parts of Europe . In lieu of a national broadcaster , the United States government instead subsidizes nonprofit radio programming through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by private foundations , universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by donations , foundations , subscriptions and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) The BBC World Service has been distributed in the United States since 1986 ; until July 2012 by PRI , and since then by APM . Recent developments ( edit ) A new form of radio which is gaining popularity is satellite radio . Sirius XM Radio has a monopoly on the technology after the merger of Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio . Unlike terrestrial - radio broadcasting , most channels feature few ( or no ) commercials . Satellite - radio content is not regulated by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Cable radio , a slightly older technology , has also become widespread ; Music Choice is the market leader in this field , with its primary competitors being Sirius XM , Muzak , DMX , Sonic Tap and Canada - based Galaxie . CRN Digital Talk Radio Networks specialize in talk radio . Cable radio has the disadvantage that it requires a cable TV hookup , limiting its use outside the home . Unlike the mandated digital television transition , the U.S. government has not mandated a transition to digital radio , although it allows digital radio to be broadcast . The national standard is HD Radio , a proprietary in - band on - channel format that allows digital and analog signals to be broadcast simultaneously . Radio companies aggressively marketed HD Radio throughout the 2000s , touting its clearer signal and capacity for digital subchannels , but the technology never caught on with the general public . The negatives were cost , signal reception problems , a general lack of quality programming on the subchannels , and ( especially on AM HD stations ) adjacent - channel interference . HD Radio 's primary use has been to exploit an FCC loophole to allow low - power broadcast translators to carry HD subchannels in analog , thus giving radio station groups the ability to program more program services in a market than the federally mandated maximum number of stations allowed . FMeXtra is another subchannel service authorized for use in the United States , although that service is generally limited to voice transmissions due to lower bandwidth . Internet radio , digital music players and streaming - capable smartphones are a challenge to terrestrial radio . Unlike satellite radio , most Internet stations do not require a subscription ; several of the more popular ones use algorithms which allow listeners to customize the music they want to hear and select new music which may interest them . The proliferation of internet - based stations ( which are more numerous and easier to set up than their television counterparts ) creates a threat of audience fracturing beyond that experienced by television due to cable and satellite providers . Although not nearly to the extent that AM radio has declined in neighboring Canada , AM radio has also begun to decline in the United States . To partially combat this , radio ownership groups have increasingly moved their signals to FM , either through low - power broadcast translators ( primarily on small , independent and / or rural stations ) or through simulcast on full - market FM stations . The AM - to - FM phenomenon began primarily in mid-sized markets , where there is more bandwidth and less competition , but has since progressed even to New York City , where as of 2012 sports - talk AM stations WEPN and WFAN have both acquired FM stations with the intent to either move or simulcast their AM programming . By 2013 most of the AM / FM simulcasts had been discontinued , in part due to redundancy and the fact that most listeners to AM stations stayed with AM while very few new listeners were picked up on the FM side . See also ( edit ) Call signs in North America List of 50 kW AM radio stations in the United States List of United States radio networks Amateur radio Crossley ratings , polling to rate size & composition Internet radio , online streaming Radio News Magazine for Amateur radio fans War Emergency Radio Service , WWII List of AM - band radio station lists issued by the United States government Public Radio Networks ( edit ) National Public Radio Public broadcasting Public Radio International Programs ( edit ) Grand Ole Opry Radio drama Organizations ( edit ) Academy of Radio Arts & Sciences References ( edit ) Abridged from U.S. State Department IIP publications and other U.S. government materials . Jump up ^ Thomas H. White , `` United States Early Radio History '' , p. 4 . Archived from the original 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jim Cox , American Radio Networks : A History ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Erik Barnouw . A Tower in Babel : A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933 . Oxford University Press , 1968 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Zack Stiegler . `` Radio Revisionism : Media Historiography and the KDKA Myth . '' Journal of Radio & Audio Media ( Vol. 15 , # 8 ) , 2008 , pp. 90 - 101 . Jump up ^ `` The News Radiophone to Give Vote Results . '' Detroit News , August 31 , 1920 , pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Music Sent by Wireless . '' Boston Globe , March 27 , 1916 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Willard DeLue . `` Those Amazing Years . '' Boston Globe , March 15 , 1950 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lynn Boyd Hinds , Broadcasting the local news : The early years of Pittsburgh 's KDKA - TV ( Penn State Press , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Michael B. Schiffer ( 1991 ) . The Portable Radio in American Life . University of Arizona Press . p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` 35 Radio Broadcasting Stations Now Active , '' Charlotte Observer , March 3 , 1922 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Radiophone for the White House . '' ( Jersey City NJ ) Jersey Journal , February 9 , 1922 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Congress . '' Time , October 20 , 1924 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Susan Smulyan , Selling radio : The commercialization of American broadcasting , 1920 - 1934 ( Smithsonian Inst Press , 1994 ) Jump up ^ Sally Bedell Smith , In All His Glory : the Life and Times of William S. Paley and the Birth of Modern Broadcasting ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ William B. Ray , FCC : The ups and downs of radio - TV regulation ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Gwenyth Jackaway , `` America 's press - radio war of the 1930s : A case study in battles between old and new media , '' Historical Journal of Film , Radio & Television ( 1994 ) 14 # 3 pp 299 - 314 Jump up ^ Mark R. Levy , `` The Lazarsfeld ‐ Stanton Program Analyzer : An Historical Note . '' Journal of Communication ( 1982 ) 32 # 4 pp : 30 - 38 . Jump up ^ Lewis J. Paper , Empire : William S. Paley and the Making of CBS ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Billboard. 21 April 1945 . p. 6 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Alice Goldfarb Marquis , `` Radio grows up , '' American Heritage ( Aug / Sep1983 ) 34 # 5 pp 64 - 80 . Jump up ^ Douglas B. Craig ( 2005 ) . Fireside Politics : Radio and Political Culture in the United States , 1920 - 1940 . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Craig , Fireside Politics p 156 Jump up ^ Erik Barnouw ( 1968 ) . A History of Broadcasting in the United States : Volume 2 : The Golden Web . 1933 to 1953 . Oxford UP . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Gerd Horten ( 2002 ) . Radio Goes to War : The Cultural Politics of Propaganda During World War II . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Robin Miller `` American Radio Then & Now : Stories of local Radio from the Golden Age '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Tufts College to Give Radio Lecture Course . '' Olympia ( WA ) Daily Recorder , March 25 , 1922 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` U of I Offers Full Credits in Air School . '' Rockford ( IL ) Daily Register , October 5 , 1925 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Blakely , To serve the public interest : Educational broadcasting in the United States ( Syracuse Univ Press , 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Laura Pappano , Laura . `` The Year of the MOOC . '' The New York Times Feb. 12 , 2012 , online Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling , and Michael C. Keith , eds . Sounds of change : A history of FM broadcasting in America ( U. of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Frank Hoffmann and Jack M. Dempsey , and Martin J. Manning , Sports - Talk radio in America : Its context and culture ( Routledge , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ White , Thomas H. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Mystique of the Three - Letter Callsigns '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Thomas H. White . `` Mystique of the Three - Letter Callsigns '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ George H. Gibson Public Broadcasting ; The Role of the Federal Government , 1919 - 1976 ( Praeger Publishers , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Michael P. McCauley , NPR : The trials and triumphs of National Public Radio ( Columbia University Press , 2005 ) Jump up ^ http://americanpublicmedia.publicradio.org/press/archive/pr_0323.12.html Jump up ^ Chad Navis and Mary Ann Glynn , `` How new market categories emerge : Temporal dynamics of legitimacy , identity , and entrepreneurship in satellite radio , 1990 -- 2005 . '' Administrative Science Quarterly ( 2010 ) 55 # 3 pp : 439 - 471 . Jump up ^ John Allen Hendricks , and Bruce Mims , The Radio Station : Broadcast , Satellite , and Internet ( CRC Press , 2014 ) Jump up ^ John Nathan Anderson , `` Radio broadcasting 's digital dilemma . '' Convergence : The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies ( 2012 ) : 1354856512451015 . Further reading ( edit ) Aitkin Hugh G.J. The Continuous Wave : Technology and the American Radio , 1900 - 1932 ( Princeton University Press , 1985 ) . Barnouw Erik . The Golden Web ( 1968 ) ; The Sponsor ( 1978 ) ; A Tower in Babel ( 1966 ) . ( all Oxford University Press ) ; Comprehensive history of American broadcasting Covert Cathy , and Stevens John L. Mass Media Between the Wars ( Syracuse University Press , 1984 ) Cox , Jim . Radio Journalism in America : Telling the News in the Golden Age and Beyond ( McFarland , 2013 ) Cox , Jim . American Radio Networks : A History ( McFarland , 2009 ) Cox , Jim . Radio After the Golden Age : The Evolution of American Broadcasting Since 1960 ( McFarland , 2013 ) Craig , Douglas B. Fireside Politics : Radio and Political Culture in the United States , 1920 - 1940 ( 2005 ) Dimmick , John , and Daniel G. McDonald . `` Network radio oligopoly , 1926 - 1956 : Rivalrous imitation and program diversity . '' Journal of Media Economics ( 2001 ) 14 # 4 pp : 197 - 212 . Douglas , Susan . Inventing American Broadcasting , 1899 - 1922 ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1989 ) Dunning , John . On The Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio ( Oxford University Press , 1998 ) Gibson George H. Public Broadcasting ; The Role of the Federal Government , 1919 - 1976 ( Praeger , 1977 ) Hilmes , Michele . Only Connect : A cultural history of broadcasting the United States ( Wadsworth , 2007 , 2nd ed . ) Jackaway ; Gwenyth L. Media at War : Radio 's Challenge to the Newspapers , 1924 - 1939 ( Praeger , 1995 ) Lackmann , Ron . Encyclopedia of American Radio ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) , Over 1000 short articles ; not much changed from first edition which was entitled Same Time ... Same Station ( 1995 ) . Lazarsfeld Paul F. The People Look at Radio ( University of North Carolina Press , 1946 ) Leblebici , Huseyin , et al. `` Institutional change and the transformation of interorganizational fields : An organizational history of the US radio broadcasting industry . '' Administrative science quarterly ( 1991 ) : 333 - 363 , Highly influential article . in JSTOR McCauley , Michael P. NPR : The trials and triumphs of National Public Radio ( Columbia University Press , 2005 ) McChesney ; Robert W. Telecommunications , Mass Media , and Democracy : The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting , 1928 - 1935 ( Oxford University Press , 1994 ) Maclaurin W. Rupert . Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry ( Macmillan , 1949 ; reprinted by Arno Press , 1971 ) McCourt ; Tom . Conflicting Communication Interests in America : The Case of National Public Radio ( Praeger , 1999 ) online Ray William B. FCC : The Ups and Downs of Radio - TV Regulation ( Iowa State University Press , 1990 ) Rosen Philip T . The Modern Stentors ; Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government 1920 - 1934 ( Greenwood , 1980 ) Slater Robert . This ... is CBS : A Chronicle of 60 Years ( Prentice - Hall , 1988 ) Smith , F. Leslie , John W. Wright II , David H. Ostroff ; Perspectives on Radio and Television : Telecommunication in the United States ( Lawrence Erlbaum , 1998 ) Sies , Luther F. Encyclopedia of American Radio : 1920 - 1960 ( McFarland , 2d ed. 2 vols. , 2014 ) Sterling , Christopher H. , and Kittross John M. Stay Tuned : A History of American Broadcasting ( LEA / Routledge , 2002 , 3rd ed . ) . Sterling , Christopher H. , and Michael C. Keith . Sounds of change : A history of FM broadcasting in America ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) Terrace , Vincent . Radio 's golden years : The encyclopedia of radio programs , 1930 - 1960 ( 1981 ) White Llewellyn . The American Radio ( University of Chicago Press , 1947 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Kahn , Frank J. ed . 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_in_the_United_States&oldid=826602084 '' Categories : Radio in the United States History of radio Entertainment in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Монгол Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 01 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did radio become popular in the us | [
"Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium. Unlike radio in most other countries, American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for-profit stations. The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public. Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms: radio evangelism, community radio, and government-subsidized public radio, all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations. Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs, as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts, for overseas audiences. Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s, alongside the new film industry. The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role, as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television. In the 21st century, radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio."
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"in the 1920s"
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1565584236521621922 | Sisters of Charity of Australia | Sisters of Charity of Australia - wikipedia Sisters of Charity of Australia Jump to : navigation , search Mother Mary Aikenhead , Founder of the Sisters of Charity The Sisters of Charity of Australia ( formally the Religious Sisters of Charity , who use the postnominal initials of R.S.C. ) is a congregation of Religious Sisters in the Catholic Church who have served the people of Australia since 1838 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Services 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Mother Mary Aikenhead , who had founded the Religious Sisters of Charity in 1815 in Dublin , Ireland , then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , was requested by John Bede Polding , O.S.B. , the first Catholic bishop in Australia , to send some Sisters to help the many female convicts who had been transported to Australia as penalty for their crimes . Arriving in New South Wales , then still a colony of the British Empire , on the Francis Spaight on 31 December 1838 the Sisters who had volunteered to go to Australia from Ireland were the first Religious Sisters to set foot on the Australian continent . The Sisters of Charity of Australia have operated independently of the congregation in Ireland since 1842 . The spirituality of the Sisters of Charity derives from the life of St. Vincent de Paul and the vision of Mary Aikenhead , their foundress . In addition to the three vows of poverty , chastity and obedience , the Sisters of Charity take a fourth vow , of service to the poor . For the Sisters of Charity , `` Service of the Poor '' denotes not only the alleviation of a present affliction by immediate action , but also includes having a `` preferential option for the poor '' . Services ( edit ) The ministries of the Sisters of Charity have been quite varied in nature from the beginning of their founding . From ministering in prisons to managing hospitals and acting to conserve environments , they have been quick to move to where they have been most needed , and to where they have been of the greatest service to the poor . One of their most prominent ministries has been the establishment of St Vincent 's Hospital , Sydney in 1857 , which they have administered ever since . In 1957 , the Sisters opened Mt Olivet Hospital as a hospice in Brisbane . It now provides a wider range of hospital services and has been renamed St Vincent 's Private Hospital . See also ( edit ) Religious Sisters of Charity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Our History : Origins '' . Sisters of Charity of Australia . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St Vincent 's Hospital , history and tradition , sesquicentenary - sth.stvincents.com.au '' . Exwwwsvh.stvincents.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sisters of Charity Australia -- The Love Of Christ Impels Us '' . Sistersofcharity.org.au. 2002 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Our Story '' . St Vincent 's Hospital ( Brisbane ) . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Cullen , John H. , 1938 ' The Australian daughters of Mary Aikenhead : a century of charity , 1838 - 1938 ' , Pellegrini , Sydney Donovan , Margaret . M. ( 1979bc ) . Apostolate of Love : Mary Aikenhead , 1787 -- 1858 , Foundress of the Irish Sisters of Charity . Melbourne : Polding Press External links ( edit ) Religious Sisters of Charity of Australia Website Religious Sisters of Charity Website St. Vincent 's Hospital , Sydney Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters_of_Charity_of_Australia&oldid=806585611 '' Categories : Religious organizations established in 1842 Religious institutes in the Vincentian tradition Roman Catholic female orders and societies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 23 : 39 . About Wikipedia | when did the sisters of charity arrived in australia | [
"The Sisters of Charity of Australia (formally the Religious Sisters of Charity, who use the postnominal initials of R.S.C.) is a congregation of Religious Sisters in the Catholic Church who have served the people of Australia since 1838."
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-6481444033659328440 | Jim Varney | Jim Varney - wikipedia Jim Varney Jim Varney Varney in the film The Expert ( 1995 ) James Albert Varney Jr . ( 1949 - 06 - 15 ) June 15 , 1949 Lexington , Kentucky , U.S. February 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 10 ) ( aged 50 ) White House , Tennessee , U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Occupation Actor , comedian , writer Years active 1976 -- 2000 Known for Ernest P. Worrell in the Ernest film series Slinky Dog from the Toy Story franchise Spouse ( s ) Jacqueline Drew ( m . 1977 ; div. 1983 ) Jane Varney ( m . 1988 ; div. 1991 ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James Albert Varney Jr . ( June 15 , 1949 -- February 10 , 2000 ) was an American actor , comedian , and writer . He is best known for his role as Ernest P. Worrell , who was used in numerous television commercial advertising campaigns and films and a Daytime Emmy Award . He gained further notability for playing Jed Clampett in the film version of The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1993 ) and providing the voice of Slinky Dog in Toy Story ( 1995 ) and Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television commercials 2.2 Ernest 's popularity 2.3 Other roles 3 Personal life 4 Illness and death 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Varney was born in Lexington , Kentucky . As a child , he displayed the ability to memorize long poems and significant portions of the material from books , which he used to entertain family and friends . When Varney was a boy , his mother would turn on cartoons for him to watch . His mother discovered that Varney quickly began to imitate the cartoon characters , so she started him in children 's theater when he was eight years old . Varney began his interest in theater as a teenager , winning state titles in drama competitions while a student at Lafayette High School ( class of 1968 ) in Lexington . At the age of fifteen , he portrayed Ebenezer Scrooge in a local theater production , and by 17 , he was performing professionally in nightclubs and coffee houses . Varney studied Shakespeare at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon , Virginia , and performed in an Opryland folk show in its first year of operation , in the 1970s . He listed a former teacher , Thelma Beeler , as being a mentor in his becoming an actor . When he was 24 , Varney was an actor at the Pioneer Playhouse in Danville , Kentucky . The theater was adjacent to an Old West - themed village , and before the show , the audience would tour the village where apprentices would play townsfolk . Varney and the company usually played in the outdoor theater to audiences of only a few dozen people . He would regale the young apprentices by throwing knives into trees . He performed in Blithe Spirit , Boeing 707 and an original musical , Fire on the Mountain . He once jokingly threatened a long - haired apprentice , John Lino Ponzini , that he would take him up to Hazard , Kentucky , where he ( Ponzini ) would n't make it down Main Street without the townsfolk giving him a crewcut . Career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Television commercials ( edit ) In 1980 , the first commercial featuring Varney as `` Ernest '' advertised an appearance by the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders at Beech Bend Park , an amusement park located near Bowling Green , Kentucky . The character was franchised for use in markets all over the country and was often used by dairies to advertise milk products . For example , the dairy bar and hamburger chain Braum 's ran several advertisements using Ernest 's catchphrase ( as it was spelled in his registered trademark ) , `` KnoWhutImean , Vern ? '' Purity Dairies , based in Nashville , Pine State Dairy in Raleigh , NC , and Oakhurst Dairy in Maine ran commercials that were nearly identical , but with the dairy name changed . For the same agency , Varney created a different character , Sgt . Glory , a humorless drill instructor who harangued cows of the client dairy into producing better milk . In another spot , Sgt . Glory 's home was shown as he had a date , which was so heavily decorated with the products of the sponsor and advertising specialty items that it was essentially devoid of any other decor . The Sgt . Glory character also appeared in an advertisement for a southern grocery chain , Pruitt 's Food Town , in which he drilled the checkout clerks on proper behavior : `` Bread on top . Repeat : Bread on top . '' He approaches one of them at the end of the commercial with a look of menace and says , `` You 're not smilin ' . '' The checkout bagger gives a very nervous and forced smile . Varney also starred as Ernest in a series of commercials that ran in the New Orleans area ( and throughout the Gulf South ) as a spokesman for natural gas utilities . In one , he is seen kneeling down in front of Vern 's desk under a lamp hanging from the ceiling , stating , `` Natural Gas , Vern ; it 's hot , fast , and cheap . Hot , fast , cheap ; kinda like your first wife , Vern , you know , the pretty one ! ? '' Vern then knocks the lamp into Ernest 's head , knocking him down . Those same television advertisements also were featured on channels in the St. Louis area for Laclede Gas Company during the mid-1980s and in the Metro Detroit area for Michigan Consolidated Gas Company . Another TV ad for Laclede Gas featured Ernest saying , `` Heat pump , schmeat pump . '' Varney also appeared in several Braum 's Ice Cream and Dairy Stores commercials throughout the 1980s . These aired on Oklahoma television . He made commercials for car dealerships across the country , most notably Cerritos Auto Square in Cerritos , California , Tysons Toyota in Tysons Corner , Virginia , and Audubon Chrysler in Henderson , Kentucky . Varney portrayed Ernest in a series of commercials for Convenient Food Mart during the 1980s . In 1982 , Varney co-hosted the syndicated Pop ! Goes the Country with singer Tom T. Hall . The show had just had a major overhaul and ended shortly afterward . He also portrayed `` Auntie Nelda '' , in numerous commercials long before he resurrected the character for the movies . Dressed in drag and appears to be a senior citizen , the commercials gave off the tone of a motherly lady encouraging one to do what was right ( in this case , buy whatever product was being promoted ) . This character , along with the `` Ernest '' character , ran for a couple of years in Mississippi and Louisiana in commercials for Leadco Aluminum Siding . During the 1990s , Varney reprised his role as Ernest for Blake 's Lotaburger , a fast food chain in New Mexico . In these commercials , Ernest typically would be trying to get into Vern 's house to see what food Vern was eating . After a lengthy description of whatever tasty morsel Vern had , Ernest would get locked out but would continue to shout from outside . Ernest 's popularity ( edit ) Jim Varney 's handprints , displayed at Disney Varney 's character Ernest proved so popular that it was spun off into a TV series , Hey Vern , It 's Ernest ! ( 1988 ) and a series of movies in the 1980s and 1990s . Ernest Goes to Camp ( 1987 ) was a huge hit , grossing $23.5 million at the U.S. box office , on a $3 million production budget , and staying in the Box Office Top 5 for its first three weeks of release . Though the film saw Varney nominated for the now - defunct Razzie Award for Worst New Star , only one year later Varney earned the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series for Hey Vern , It 's Ernest ! The canon of theatrically released Ernest films also includes Ernest Saves Christmas ( 1988 ) , Ernest Goes to Jail ( 1990 ) , Ernest Scared Stupid ( 1991 ) and Ernest Rides Again ( 1993 ) . After the financial failure of Ernest Rides Again , all further films were released direct - to - video : Ernest Goes to School ( 1994 ) , Slam Dunk Ernest ( 1995 ) , Ernest Goes to Africa ( 1997 ) and Ernest in the Army ( 1998 ) . The Walt Disney World Resort 's Epcot theme park featured Ernest . Epcot 's Cranium Command attraction used the Ernest character in its pre-show as an example of a `` lovable , but not the brightest person on the planet '' type of person . And in addition to his Ernest Goes to ... series , he starred as Ernest in several smaller movies for John R. Cherry III , such as Knowhutimean ? Hey Vern , It 's My Family Album ; Dr. Otto and the Riddle of the Gloom Beam ; and the direct - to - video feature Your World as I See It , all of which showcased his great facility with assuming a wide variety of characters and accents . The Ernest Film Festival ( a.k.a. Greatest Hits Volume 1 ) was released on V.H.S. in 1986 . Greatest Hits Volume 2 was released in 1992 . Mill Creek Entertainment released these classic television commercials on DVD box sets October 31 , 2006 . Image Entertainment re-released them on June 5 , 2012 , as part of the DVD set Ernest 's Wacky Adventures : Volume 1 . Other roles ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Varney had an established acting career before his fame as Ernest . In 1976 , Varney was a regular cast member of the television show Johnny Cash and Friends . He also played a recurring guest on the faux late - night talk show Fernwood 2 Night . From 1977 to 1979 , Varney was cast as Seaman `` Doom & Gloom '' Broom in the television version of Operation Petticoat . Just prior to his stint as Ernest , he was a cast member on the notorious television flop Pink Lady and Jeff . From 1983 to 1984 , Varney played heartthrob Chad Everett 's younger brother Evan Earp in the comedy - drama , high - action television series , The Rousters , created by Stephen J. Cannell , about the descendants of Wyatt Earp , a family of bounty hunters / carnival bouncers . As Evan Earp , Varney played a con man / mechanical - inventor `` genius , '' constantly getting himself into comedic trouble , with those around him ready to lynch him . Although the series was promising , the show failed after its first season because it was poorly slotted ( four episodes every few months ) against the number - one prime - time television series for the past six years , The Love Boat . Varney can be seen in Hank Williams Jr. 's video for `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight '' , where he is briefly shown casually riding a bull being pulled on a rope by a young lady , and later in a swimming pool with two young ladies . In 1985 , Varney co-hosted HBO 's New Year 's Eve special , along with Johnny Cash and Kris Kristofferson . Varney also starred as Jed Clampett in the 1993 production of The Beverly Hillbillies and played Rex , a carnival worker / associate of Dennis Quaid in Wilder Napalm . The latter story is about two pyrokinetic brothers , played by Quaid and Arliss Howard , and as the accident - prone entertainer / watch guard ( aka `` safety guy / human torch '' ) Rudy James in the movie Snowboard Academy . He later played a small role in the 1995 action film The Expert as a weapons dealer named Snake . Varney also lent his voice to Slinky Dog in Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story and Toy Story 2 in the Toy Story series ( Varney was replaced by Blake Clark in Toy Story 3 due to his death in 2000 ) . Varney played numerous other characters , including `` Cookie '' Farnsworth , from Atlantis : The Lost Empire , released the year after his death ( Steve Barr replaced Varney for the sequel Atlantis : Milo 's Return ) , the carny character Cooter in the `` Bart Carny '' episode of The Simpsons , the character Walt Evergreen in the Duckman episode `` You 've Come a Wrong Way , Baby '' , Prince Carlos Charmaine ( a royal suitor Jackie dates ) for a few episodes of the final season of the 1990s television series Roseanne , and Lothar Zogg in the 1998 film 3 Ninjas : High Noon at Mega Mountain , also starring Hulk Hogan and Loni Anderson . Varney had a brief role as an incestuous , abusive father in an independent film , 100 Proof , for which he received good reviews from critics . He also played a rebel in the midnight movie Existo , as well as an old mariner in a low - budget horror film , Blood , Friends , and Money . During the filming of Treehouse Hostage , he played an escaped convict held hostage and tormented by some 5th graders in a treehouse . One of Varney 's final films was Billy Bob Thornton 's Daddy and Them , where he played Uncle Hazel , who had been arrested for murder . Co-stars included Kelly Preston and Andy Griffith . Another final guest appearance was the Bibleman Genesis Series Bibleman Jr . Volume 1 & 2 as himself . Varney starred in three videos , The Misadventures of Bubba , The Misadventures of Bubba II , and Bubba Goes Hunting , in which he played himself and taught young kids important safety rules about hunting and guns . He illustrated the rules with the help of his bumbling and accident - prone cousin Bubba ( also played by Varney ) and Bubba 's imaginary hunting pal , Billy Bob . The videos were distributed as part of a membership pack from Buckmasters ' Young Bucks Club . According to an interview , one of his final projects was writing a screenplay about the legendary feud between the Hatfields and the McCoys , stating that his grandfather hunted squirrel with the McCoys . Personal Life ( edit ) Varney was married twice , first to Jacqueline Drew ( 1977 -- 1983 ) and then to Jane Varney ( 1988 -- 1991 ) . Both marriages ended in divorce , although he remained friends with his ex-wife Jane until his death ; she became Varney 's spokeswoman and accompanied him in Pixar 's 1999 film Toy Story 2 . Both unions were childless . On December 6 , 2013 , Varney 's nephew Justin Lloyd published a comprehensive biography about his uncle titled The Importance of Being Ernest : The Life of Actor Jim Varney ( Stuff that Vern does n't even know ) . Illness and death ( edit ) During the filming of Treehouse Hostage in August 1998 , Varney started developing a bad cough , and was diagnosed with lung cancer . The disease slowly became worse , yet Varney continued to film movies . Varney finally returned to Tennessee , where he went through chemotherapy in the hope he could beat the disease . However , it failed , and he died on February 10 , 2000 , at his home in White House , Tennessee , a city north of Nashville , at the age of 50 . He was buried in Lexington Cemetery in Lexington , Kentucky . Disney 's Atlantis : The Lost Empire , which was released a year after his death , was his final role . The film was dedicated to his memory . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Spittin ' Image Sheriff Knowhutimean ? Hey Vern , It 's My Family Album Ernest P. Worrell / Davy Worrell & Company / Ace Worrell / Lloyd Worrell / Billy Boogie Worrell / Rhetch Worrell / Pop Worrell 1986 Ernest 's Greatest Hits Volume 1 ( The Ernest Film Festival ) Ernest P. Worrell Dr. Otto and the Riddle of the Gloom Beam Dr. Otto / Ernest P. Worrell / Rudd Hardtact / Laughin ' Jack / Guy Dandy / Auntie Nelda Ernest Goes to Camp Ernest P. Worrell Hey Vern , Win $10,000 ... Or Just Count on Having Fun ! Ernest P. Worrell 1988 Ernest Saves Christmas Ernest P. Worrell / Aster Clement / The Governor 's Student / Auntie Nelda / Mrs. Brock / Marty 's Mother / The Snake Guy 1989 Fast Food Wrangler Bob Bundy 1990 Ernest Goes to Jail Ernest P. Worrell / Felix Nash / Auntie Nelda 1991 Ernest Scared Stupid Ernest P. Worrell / Phineas Worrell / Auntie Nelda / Various Relatives Ernest 's Greatest Hits Volume 2 Ernest P. Worrell Wilder Napalm Rex The Beverly Hillbillies Jed Clampett Ernest Rides Again Ernest P. Worrell 1994 Ernest Goes to School 1995 The Expert Snake Slam Dunk Ernest Ernest P. Worrell Toy Story Slinky Dog Voice Bubba Goes Hunting Bubba Snowboard Academy Rudy James 1997 Ernest Goes to Africa Ernest P. Worrell / Hey You , the Hindu / Auntie Nelda / African Woman Dancer 100 Proof Rae 's Father Blood , Friends and Money The Old Mariner Annabelle 's Wish Mr. Gus Holder Voice 1998 Ernest in the Army Pvt. / Capt . Ernest P. Worrell / Operation Sandtrap Arab 3 Ninjas : High Noon at Mega Mountain Lothar Zogg 1999 Existo Marcel Horowitz Treehouse Hostage Carl Banks Toy Story 2 Slinky Dog Voice Atlantis : The Lost Empire Jebidiah ' Cookie ' Farnsworth Voice Daddy and Them Hazel Montgomery ( final film role ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1976 Dinah ! Himself 1 episode 1977 Operation Petticoat Doom & Gloom Broom Fernwood 2 Night Virgil Simms Episode : `` Ethnic Myths '' Episode : `` Getting the Most from Your Warranty '' Episode : `` # 1.46 '' Episode : `` Battery Powered Car '' 1978 America 2 - Night Virgil Simms Episode : `` Daredevil Virgil Simms '' Episode : `` Falafel - on - a-Stick '' Episode : `` The UBS Story '' Operation Petticoat Seaman ' Doom & Gloom ' Broom 32 episodes Alice Milo Skinner Episode : `` Better Never Than Later '' 1979 Alan King 's Third Annual Final Warning ! Various 1980 Pink Lady Various All 6 episodes 1982 -- 83 Pop ! Goes the Country Bobby Burbank / ' Shotglass ' The Bartender / Bunny The Barmaid Unknown episodes The Rousters Evan Earp TV series pilot film The Rousters Evan Earp All 13 episodes 1988 Hey Vern , It 's Ernest ! Ernest P. Worrell / Various 1988 -- 89 Happy New Year , America Ernest P. Worrell / Correspondent Live New Year 's Eve special 1989 Ernest Goes to Splash Mountain Ernest P. Worrell 1990 Disneyland Ernest P. Worrell / Ernest 's Father Episode : `` Disneyland 's 35th Anniversary Celebration '' Disneyland 's 35th Anniversary Celebration Ernest P. Worrell 1994 XXX 's & OOO 's Cameo Roseanne Prince Carlos Episode : `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' Episode : `` Home Is Where the Afghan Is '' 1997 Duckman : Private Dick / Family Man Walt Evergreen Voice only Episode : `` You 've Come a Wrong Way , Baby '' 1998 Hercules : The Animated Series King Ephialtes Voice only Episode `` Hercules and the Dance Muse '' 1998 The Simpsons Cooder Voice only Episode : `` Bart Carny '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Toy Story : Activity Center Slinky Dog Voice only Animated Storybook : Toy Story 1999 Toy Story 2 : Activity Center 1999 Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue 2000 Atlantis : The Lost Empire Cookie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ernest P. Gets Rich With Vern '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Varney ; Comedic Actor Played Rube Ernest P. Worrell in Commercials , Movies '' . Los Angeles Times . February 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Varney , 50 , Who Turned ' Ernest ' Character into a Career '' . New York Times . February 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Varney Biography ; Film Actor , Television Actor , Comedian ( 1949 -- 2000 ) '' . biography.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 Lafayette High Yearbook '' . classmates.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kalafut , Kathy ( April 13 , 1990 ) . `` Hey , Vern , I 'm a Star ! ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Auntie Nelda on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Guess Who 's Coming to Breakfast , Lunch and Dinner -- Hey , Vern ! It 's Your Old Pal Jim Varney ! '' . People . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Character Curse : Actor , Role Seen As One '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Stephanie ( July 8 , 1989 ) . `` Jim Varney Hopes Cards And Letters Keep Pouring in to Save Poor Ernest '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Justin . The Importance of Being Ernest : The Life of Actor Jim Varney . CreateSpace . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4927 - 4631 - 7 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keel , Beverly ( November 15 , 1999 ) . `` The Importance of Being Ernest '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Jim `` Ernest '' Varney dies at 50 `` . Salon . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Jim Varney at Find a Grave Jim Varney on IMDb Jim Varney at the TCM Movie Database Jim Varney at AllMovie BNE : XX4579943 ISNI : 0000 0001 1556 2872 LCCN : no97049463 SNAC : w64z358h VIAF : 11912640 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Varney&oldid=854639769 '' Categories : 1949 births 2000 deaths 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American writers Actors from Lexington , Kentucky American male comedians American comedians American male film actors American male television actors American stand - up comedians American male video game actors American male voice actors American male writers Burials in Kentucky Deaths from cancer in Tennessee Deaths from lung cancer Male actors from Kentucky Murray State University alumni People from White House , Tennessee Writers from Lexington , Kentucky 20th - century male writers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Ilokano Íslenska Italiano Kernowek Kirundi Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lumbaart Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the voice of slinky in toy story | [
"Jim Varney\nVarney in the film The Expert (1995)Born\nJames Albert Varney Jr.(1949-06-15)June 15, 1949Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.Died\nFebruary 10, 2000(2000-02-10) (aged 50)White House, Tennessee, U.S.Resting place\nLexington CemeteryOccupation\nActor, comedian, writerYears active\n1976–2000Known for\n\nErnest P. Worrell in the Ernest film series\nSlinky Dog from the Toy Story franchise\nSpouse(s)\nJacqueline Drew (m. 1977; div. 1983)Jane Varney (m. 1988; div. 1991)"
] | [
"Jim Varney"
] |
-8692165819053256217 | 2017 World Series | 2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , and the first team from Texas to do so . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Dodgers ' 2017 World Series representative Chase Utley in 2009 when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage alternated between the AL and NL , and from 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . With 104 regular season wins , the Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros , who had 101 regular season wins . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 5.2. 1 National 5.2. 2 Local 6 Sponsorship 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship ( the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988 , and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation ) , this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series , following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years . Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . This was also the third consecutive World Series to extend into November , although the 2015 World Series did not go up to Game 7 . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . However , a late season slump , in which the team lost 20 of 25 games ( highlighted by 11 straight losses ) , led to questions about whether the Dodgers would succeed in the postseason . Despite the slump , the team recovered to win eight of its final ten regular season games , securing their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 000000002017 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched only 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . This was his shortest home start of the season . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , Jansen hit McCann with a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . Bregman became the third youngest player to have a walk - off hit in the World Series ever . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time , trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series in the same ballpark , as well as the third World Series game ever to go beyond five hours of game time . This game is considered one of the greatest World Series games of all time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . Game 7 ( edit ) November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , series , baseball season , and their 56 - year drought . The Astros became the third consecutive road team to win a World Series Game 7 as well as the fourth consecutive team to end a World Series on the road ( after the 2014 Giants , 2015 Royals and 2016 Cubs ) . They also became just the second team to win a seven game League Championship Series and a seven game World Series in the same year , following the 1985 Kansas City Royals . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . With the Astros winning this is the third consecutive year that the team with the longer World Series drought won the series . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . After Game 7 , Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings This series turned out to be the 3rd highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , Game 5 beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) National ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Local ( edit ) Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Best team ever ? ' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Real or not ? Best Dodgers team ever , Yankees in trouble '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra , J.P. ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers in the World Series : a brief history '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 World Series at Baseball Reference 2017 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Houston Astros Minnesota Twins New York Yankees National League teams Arizona Diamondbacks Chicago Cubs Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers Washington Nationals World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. 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Pierzynski Harold Reynolds Frank Robinson Ken Singleton John Smoltz Jeff Torborg Tom Verducci Guest commentators Bret Boone David Cone Terry Francona Luis Gonzalez Ozzie Guillén Al Leiter David Ortiz A.J. Pierzynski Lou Piniella Jimmy Rollins Nick Swisher Field reporters Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Chris Myers Ken Rosenthal Studio hosts Greg Amsinger Kevin Burkhardt Chip Caray Brian Kenny Keith Olbermann Patrick O'Neal Chris Rose Rob Stone Jeanne Zelasko Studio analysts Eric Byrnes Keith Hernandez Raúl Ibañez Gabe Kapler Kevin Kennedy Kevin Millar C.J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | texas team that won the 2017 world series | [
"The Astros defeated the Dodgers, four games to three, to win their first World Series in franchise history, and the first team from Texas to do so. Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series, including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros, and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark.[4] Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Dodgers' 2017 World Series representative Chase Utley in 2009 when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies.[5][6]"
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8125263577526776838 | William Katt | William Katt - wikipedia William Katt Jump to : navigation , search This article is about William Theodore Katt , born 1951 . For his father William Herman Katt , see Bill Williams ( actor ) . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William Katt Katt at the 2014 Florida Supercon William Theodore Katt ( 1951 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1951 ( age 67 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Other names Billy Katt Occupation Actor , musician Years active 1970 -- present Spouse ( s ) Deborah Kahane ( m . 1979 -- 1992 ) ( divorced ) Danielle Hirsch ( m . 1993 ) Parent ( s ) Barbara Hale Bill Williams William Theodore Katt ( born February 16 , 1951 ) is an American film and television actor , voice artist and musician best known as the star of the television series The Greatest American Hero . He first became known for playing Tommy Ross , the ill - fated prom date of Carrie White in the film version of Carrie ( 1976 ) and subsequently starred in films such as First Love ( 1977 ) , Big Wednesday ( 1978 ) and Butch and Sundance : The Early Days ( 1979 ) . Between 1985 and 1988 , he starred in nine Perry Mason television films alongside his mother Barbara Hale , who reprised her role as Della Street from the television series Perry Mason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Katt was born in Los Angeles to actors Bill Williams ( birth name Herman August Wilhelm Katt ) and Barbara Hale . He grew up in the San Fernando Valley and began acting as a teenager , sometimes appearing with his parents . Graduated from Army & Navy Academy , Carlsbad , California ( school records ) Career ( edit ) William Katt , 2008 , at San Diego Comic - Con Katt attended Orange Coast College before pursuing a career as a musician . Inspired by his father , he then started an acting career , appearing in summer stock theatre and in small television roles . His earliest film credits include the role of a jock , Tommy Ross in Brian De Palma 's 1976 horror film adaptation Carrie , which allowed Katt to make a name for himself . In 1978 , he appeared as Barlow , a young surfer , in the John Milius drama film Big Wednesday opposite Jan - Michael Vincent and Gary Busey . His mother in that film was his real - life mother , Barbara Hale . The following year he took the role of Sundance Kid in the 1979 film Butch and Sundance : The Early Days . The role in Big Wednesday made him so well known in the surfing community that in 2004 he presented one of the Association of Surfing Professionals awards at their annual World Championship Tour ceremony to wild applause from the crowd of professional surfers . Katt explained in a 1979 interview with critic Roger Ebert that he was holding out only for parts that were personally interesting to him . In December 1975 , Katt auditioned for the part of Luke Skywalker in 1977 's science fiction blockbuster Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , and footage of his audition has been featured in many Star Wars documentaries . He was seriously considered for the role , which went to Mark Hamill , and Katt instead starred that year in First Love , playing a college student who experiences his first romantic relationship . In 1981 , Katt was cast as the title role in a filmed version of the Broadway musical comedy Pippin , which received mixed reviews . He won his best remembered role that year , however , as Ralph Hinkley , a mild - mannered schoolteacher given a superpowered suit by aliens on the popular television series The Greatest American Hero , a role he played until the show was canceled in 1983 . Also starring veteran actor Robert Culp , the show retains a cult fanbase . Its theme song , `` Believe It or Not '' , penned by Mike Post , also became a hit in the music charts . In 1982 , due to the success of the first season of The Greatest American Hero , Katt signed to MCA and released a soft rock album , Secret Smiles under the name Billy Katt . After The Greatest American Hero , Katt starred in Baby : Secret of the Lost Legend ( 1985 ) , about explorers searching for apatosaurs in Africa , and the cult horror / comedy film House ( 1986 ) ; he later reprised his role for the third sequel , House IV , in 1992 . Between 1985 and 1988 , Katt starred in nine Perry Mason television films , playing the role of private detective Paul Drake Jr. , son of Paul Drake , a fictional private detective in the Perry Mason television series and the Perry Mason series of detective stories written by Erle Stanley Gardner ; Katt co-starred with his mother Barbara Hale , who reprised her role of Della Street from the Perry Mason television series . Katt starred in the 1989 TV series Top of the Hill and made a guest appearance on the first episode of the short - lived 1991 series Good Sports . Katt continues to appear on television and in supporting film roles , and does voice acting as well . He appeared in an episode of House in 2006 . In recent years , he has returned to genre work , with appearances in Andromeda and Justice League and roles in the award - winning film Gamers ( 2006 ) , The Man from Earth ( 2007 ) , and Alien vs Hunter ( 2007 ) . Katt briefly appeared in Heroes season 3 in `` The Butterfly Effect '' as a nosy reporter investigating Ali Larter 's character . He portrayed Jack Matheson in the thriller film , Mirrors 2 . In 2010 during season 6 , Katt guest starred as C.J. Payne 's musician birth - father in the episode `` Who 's Your Daddy Now ? '' in the Tyler Perry comedy House of Payne . Katt also has written a Greatest American Hero comic book and contributed to that series ' Facebook page . In 2013 , Katt played himself in the spoof film Paranormal Movie directed by Kevin Farley . Personal life ( edit ) Katt married Deborah Kahane in 1979 and they had two sons , Clayton and Emerson . They divorced in 1992 . He married Danielle Hirsch in 1993 and has a daughter with her , Dakota , as well as a stepson , Andrew . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` William Katt '' . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Comic - Con 2010 : Exclusive Trailer Debut -- Mirrors 2 '' . DreadCentral . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Danny . `` Hero Worship '' TV Guide ; June 21 , 2010 ; Page 77 Jump up ^ `` William Katt '' . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ William Katt Interview Archived April 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . from LittleRedWagonFilms.com ( 3 - 21 - 2011 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Katt . Audio interview with William Katt at comic book site comiXology William Katt on IMDb William Katt at AllMovie BNF : cb14039647t ( data ) GND : 141566752 ISNI : 0000 0001 1468 6814 LCCN : no97003349 MusicBrainz : f7f4760e - 4622 - 4ca4 - bb96 - 4e8560b295d6 SNAC : w6rz15z9 SUDOC : 059673427 VIAF : 19881296 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Katt&oldid=843542191 '' Categories : 1951 births Male actors from Los Angeles American male film actors American male voice actors American male television actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Living people Orange Coast College alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Alemannisch Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bikol Central Bislama Brezhoneg Català Corsu Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Íslenska Italiano Lumbaart Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Picard Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 20 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the star of the greatest american hero | [
"William Theodore Katt (born February 16, 1951) is an American film and television actor, voice artist and musician best known as the star of the television series The Greatest American Hero. He first became known for playing Tommy Ross, the ill-fated prom date of Carrie White in the film version of Carrie (1976) and subsequently starred in films such as First Love (1977), Big Wednesday (1978) and Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979). Between 1985 and 1988, he starred in nine Perry Mason television films alongside his mother Barbara Hale, who reprised her role as Della Street from the television series Perry Mason."
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"William Theodore Katt"
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4556020102776445890 | Real interest rate | Real interest rate - wikipedia Real interest rate Yields on inflation - indexed government bonds of selected countries and maturities . The real interest rate is the rate of interest an investor , saver or lender receives ( or expects to receive ) after allowing for inflation . It can be described more formally by the Fisher equation , which states that the real interest rate is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate . If , for example , an investor were able to lock in a 5 % interest rate for the coming year and anticipated a 2 % rise in prices , they would expect to earn a real interest rate of 3 % . The expected real interest rate is not a single number , as different investors have different expectations of future inflation . Since the inflation rate over the course of a loan is not known initially , volatility in inflation represents a risk to both the lender and the borrower . In the case of contracts stated in terms of the nominal interest rate , the real interest rate is known only at the end of the period of the loan , based on the realized inflation rate ; this is called the ex-post real interest rate . Since the introduction of inflation - indexed bonds , ex-ante real interest rates have become observable . Contents 1 Risks 1.1 Fisher equation 1.2 Variations in inflation 2 Importance in economic theory 2.1 Real federal funds rate 3 Negative real interest rates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Risks ( edit ) In economics and finance , an individual who lends money for repayment at a later point in time expects to be compensated for the time value of money , or not having the use of that money while it is lent . In addition , they will want to be compensated for the risks of having less purchasing power when the loan is repaid . These risks are systematic risks , regulatory risks and inflation risks . The first includes the possibility that the borrower will default or be unable to pay on the originally agreed upon terms , or that collateral backing the loan will prove to be less valuable than estimated . The second includes taxation and changes in the law which would prevent the lender from collecting on a loan or having to pay more in taxes on the amount repaid than originally estimated . The third takes into account that the money repaid may not have as much buying power from the perspective of the lender as the money originally lent , that is inflation , and may include fluctuations in the value of the currencies involved . Nominal interest rates include all three risk factors , plus the time value of the money itself . Real interest rates include only the systematic and regulatory risks and are meant to measure the time value of money . The `` real interest rate '' in an economy is often considered to be the rate of return on a risk free investment , such as US Treasury notes , minus an index of inflation , such as the rate of change of the CPI or GDP deflator . Fisher equation ( edit ) The relation between real and nominal interest rates and the expected inflation rate is given by the Fisher equation 1 + i = ( 1 + r ) ( 1 + π e ) ( \ displaystyle 1 + i = ( 1 + r ) ( 1 + \ pi _ ( e ) ) ) where i = nominal interest rate ; r = real interest rate ; π e ( \ displaystyle \ pi _ ( e ) ) = expected inflation rate . For example , if somebody lends $1000 for a year at 10 % , and receives $1100 back at the end of the year , this represents a 10 % increase in her purchasing power if prices for the average goods and services that she buys are unchanged from what they were at the beginning of the year . However , if the prices of the food , clothing , housing , and other things that she wishes to purchase have increased 25 % over this period , she has in fact suffered a real loss of about 15 % in her purchasing power . ( Notice that the approximation here is a bit rough ; since 1.1 / 1.25 = 0.88 = 1 - 0.12 , the actual loss of purchasing power is exactly 12 % . Variations in inflation ( edit ) The inflation rate will not be known in advance . People often base their expectation of future inflation on an average of inflation rates in the past , but this gives rise to errors . The real interest rate ex-post may turn out to be quite different from the real interest rate ( ex-ante real interest rate ) that was expected in advance . Borrowers hope to repay in cheaper money in the future , while lenders hope to collect on more expensive money . When inflation and currency risks are underestimated by lenders , then they will suffer a net reduction in buying power . The complexity increases for bonds issued for a long term , where the average inflation rate over the term of the loan may be subject to a great deal of uncertainty . In response to this , many governments have issued real return bonds , also known as inflation - indexed bonds , in which the principal value and coupon rises each year with the rate of inflation , with the result that the interest rate on the bond approximates a real interest rate . ( E.g. , the three - month indexation lag of TIPS can result in a divergence of as much as 0.042 % from the real interest rate , according to research by Grishchenko and Huang . ) In the US , Treasury Inflation Protected Securities ( TIPS ) are issued by the US Treasury . The expected real interest rate can vary considerably from year to year . The real interest rate on short term loans is strongly influenced by the monetary policy of central banks . The real interest rate on longer term bonds tends to be more market driven , and in recent decades , with globalized financial markets , the real interest rates in the industrialized countries have become increasingly correlated . Real interest rates have been low by historical standards since 2000 , due to a combination of factors , including relatively weak demand for loans by corporations , plus strong savings in newly industrializing countries in Asia . The latter has offset the large borrowing demands by the US Federal Government , which might otherwise have put more upward pressure on real interest rates . Related is the concept of `` risk return '' , which is the rate of return minus the risks as measured against the safest ( least - risky ) investment available . Thus if a loan is made at 15 % with an inflation rate of 5 % and 10 % in risks associated with default or problems repaying , then the `` risk adjusted '' rate of return on the investment is 0 % . Importance in economic theory ( edit ) Effective federal funds rate and prescriptions from alternate versions of the Taylor Rule The amount of physical investment -- in particular the purchasing of new machines and other productive capacity -- that firms engage in depends on the level of real interest rates , because such purchases typically must be financed by issuing new bonds . If real interest rates are high , the cost of borrowing may exceed the real physical return of some potentially purchased machines ( in the form of output produced ) ; in that case those machines will not be purchased . Lower real interest rates would make it profitable to borrow to finance the purchasing of a greater number of machines . The real interest rate is used in various economic theories to explain such phenomena as the capital flight , business cycle and economic bubbles . When the real rate of interest is high , that is , demand for credit is high , then money will , all other things being equal , move from consumption to savings . Conversely , when the real rate of interest is low , demand will move from savings to investment and consumption . Different economic theories , beginning with the work of Knut Wicksell have had different explanations of the effect of rising and falling real interest rates . Thus , international capital moves to markets that offer higher real rates of interest from markets that offer low or negative real rates of interest triggering speculation in equities , estates and exchange rates . Real Federal funds rate ( edit ) In setting monetary policy , the U.S. Federal Reserve ( and other central banks ) establish an interest rate at which they lend to banks . This is the federal funds rate . By setting this rate low , they can encourage borrowing and thus economic activity ; or the reverse by raising the rate . Like any interest rate , there are a nominal and a real value defined as described above . Further , there is a concept called the `` equilibrium real federal funds rate '' ( r * , or `` r - star '' ) , alternatively called the `` natural rate of interest '' or the `` neutral real rate '' , which is the `` level of the real federal funds rate , if allowed to prevail for several years , ( that ) would place economic activity at its potential and keep inflation low and stable . '' There are various methods used to estimate this amount , using tools such as the Taylor Rule . It is possible for this rate to be negative . Negative real interest rates ( edit ) The real interest rate solved from the Fisher equation is 1 + i 1 + π − 1 = r ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 + i ) ( 1 + \ pi ) ) - 1 = r ) If there is a negative real interest rate , it means that the inflation rate is greater than the nominal interest rate . If the Federal funds rate is 2 % and the inflation rate is 10 % , then the borrower would gain 7.27 % of every dollar borrowed per year . 1 + 0.02 1 + 0.1 − 1 = − 0.0727 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 + 0.02 ) ( 1 + 0.1 ) ) - 1 = - 0.0727 ) Negative real interest rates are an important factor in government fiscal policy . Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt , meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Lawrence Summers stated that at such low rates , government debt borrowing saves taxpayer money , and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay so low . Between 1946 and 1974 , the US debt - to - GDP ratio fell from 121 % to 32 % even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits . See also ( edit ) Real versus nominal value ( economics ) Inflation Deflation IS -- LM model Macroeconomics Financial repression Natural rate of interest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marc Levinson , 2006 , `` Guide to Financial Markets '' , The Economist , page 24 Jump up ^ `` FRB : Speech with Slideshow -- Bernanke , Long - Term Interest Rates -- March 1 , 2013 '' . www.federalreserve.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Grishchenko , Olesya V. ; Jing - zhi Huang ( June 2012 ) . `` Inflation Risk Premium : Evidence from the TIPS Market '' ( PDF ) . Finance and Economics Discussion Series . Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board , Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Federal Reserve - Remarks by Vice Chairman Roger W. Ferguson Jr . October 29 , 2004 Jump up ^ Saint Louis Federal Reserve ( 2012 ) `` 5 - Year Treasury Inflation - Indexed Security , Constant Maturity '' FRED Economic Data chart from government debt auctions ( the x-axis at y = 0 represents the inflation rate over the life of the security ) ^ Jump up to : Carmen M. Reinhart and M. Belen Sbrancia ( March 2011 ) `` The Liquidation of Government Debt '' National Bureau of Economic Research working paper No. 16893 Jump up ^ David Wessel ( August 8 , 2012 ) `` When Interest Rates Turn Upside Down '' Wall Street Journal ( full text Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Lawrence Summers ( June 3 , 2012 ) `` Breaking the negative feedback loop '' Reuters Jump up ^ Matthew Yglesias ( May 30 , 2012 ) `` Why Are We Collecting Taxes ? '' Slate Jump up ^ William H. Gross ( May 2 , 2011 ) `` The Caine Mutiny ( Part 2 ) '' PIMCO Investment Outlook Jump up ^ `` Why the U.S. Government Never , Ever Has to Pay Back All Its Debt '' The Atlantic , February 1 , 2013 External links ( edit ) `` Equilibrium Real Interest Rate , '' by Roger Ferguson , 2004 . On the distinction between real return and nominal bonds , by Peter Spiro , 2004 . Real interest rates by country via Quandl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_interest_rate&oldid=844998752 '' Categories : Inflation Interest rates Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 16 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation equals | [
"The real interest rate is the rate of interest an investor, saver or lender receives (or expects to receive) after allowing for inflation. It can be described more formally by the Fisher equation, which states that the real interest rate is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate. \n"
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"real interest rate"
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4241706743995529284 | Clothing sizes | Clothing sizes - wikipedia Clothing sizes Jump to : navigation , search This article is missing information about US - Asian conversions , mappings to physical measurements . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( July 2017 ) In clothing , clothing size refers to the label sizes used for garments sold off - the - shelf . There are a large number of standard sizing systems around the world for various garments , such as dresses , tops , skirts , and trousers . Made - to - order garments require measurements to be taken , but these do not need to be converted into national standard form . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of standard clothing sizes 2 Standards 2.1 International 2.1. 1 ISO 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 China 2.2. 2 Japan 2.2. 3 South Korea 2.2. 4 Russian Federation 2.2. 5 Thailand 2.3 Australia 2.4 Europe 2.4. 1 CEN 2.4. 2 Germany 2.4. 3 France 2.4. 4 United Kingdom 2.4. 5 Former Yugoslavia 2.5 North America 2.5. 1 United States 3 Women 3.1 Comparison tables 3.2 Italian sizes ( ITA ) 3.3 French sizes ( FRA / BEL ) 3.4 Germanic sizes ( DE / AT / NL / SE / DK ) 4 Men 4.1 Comparison tables 4.2 French sizes ( FRA / BEL ) 4.3 Germanic sizes ( AT / DE / NL / DK / SE / FI ) 5 See also 6 References History of standard clothing sizes ( edit ) Before the invention of clothing sizes in the early 1800s , all clothing was made to fit individuals by either tailors or makers of clothing in their homes . Then garment makers noticed that the range of human body dimensions was relatively small . Therefore sizes were invented to Horizontal torso measurements include the neck circumference , the shoulder width , the bustline measurements -- over-bust circumference , the full bust circumference , the bust - point separation , and the under - bust ( rib - cage ) circumference -- the natural waist circumference , the upper hip circumference and the lower hip circumference . Vertical torso measurements include the back ( neck - waist ) length , the shoulder - waist length ( not the same as the back length , due to the slope of the shoulder ) , the bust - shoulder length , the bust - waist length , and the two hip - waist lengths . Sleeve measurements include the under - arm and over-arm lengths , the fore - arm length , the wrist circumference and the biceps circumference . However , because of the drape and ease of the fabric , not all measurements are required to obtain a well - fitting dress in most styles . Standards ( edit ) International ( edit ) ISO ( edit ) There are several ISO standards for size designation of clothes : ISO 3635 : 1981 , Size designation of clothes -- Definitions and body measurement procedure ISO 3636 : 1977 , Size designation of clothes - Men 's and boys outerwear garments . ISO 3637 : 1977 , Size designation of clothes - Women 's and girls outerwear garments . ISO 3638 : 1977 , Size designation of clothes - Infants garments . ISO 4415 : 1981 , Size designation of clothes - Mens and boys underwear , nightwear and shirts . ISO 4416 : 1981 , Size designation of clothes - Women 's and girls ' underwear , nightwear , foundation garments and shirts . ISO 4417 : 1977 , Size designation of clothes - Headwear . ISO 4418 : 1978 , Size designation of clothes - Gloves . ISO 5971 : 1981 , Size designation of clothes - Pantyhose . ISO 7070 : 1982 , Size designation of clothes - Hosiery . ISO 8559 : 1989 , Garment construction and anthropometric surveys -- Body dimensions ISO / TR 10652 : 1991 , Standard sizing systems for clothes Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) GB 1335 - 81 GB / T 1335.1 - 2008 Size designation of clothes - Men GB / T 1335.2 - 2008 Size designation of clothes - Women GB / T 1335.3 - 2008 Size designation of clothes - Children GB / T 2668 - 2002 Sizes for coats , jackets and trousers GB / T 14304 - 2002 Sizes for woolen garments Japan ( edit ) JIS L 4001 ( 1997 ) Sizing systems for infants ' garments JIS L 4002 ( 1997 ) Sizing systems for boys ' garments JIS L 4003 ( 1997 ) Sizing systems for girls ' garments JIS L 4004 ( 1997 ) Sizing systems for men 's garments JIS L 4005 ( 1997 ) Sizing systems for women 's garments JIS L 4006 ( 1997 ) Sizing systems for foundation garments JIS L 4007 ( 1997 ) Sizing systems for Hosiery and Pantyhose South Korea ( edit ) KS K 0050 ( 2009 ) Men 's wear KS K 0051 ( 2004 ) Women 's wear KS K 0052 Infants KS K 0059 Headgear KS K 0070 Brassiere KS K 0037 Dress Shirts KS K 0088 Socks Russian Federation ( edit ) GOST R 53230 - 2008 ( ISO 4415 - 1981 ) Size designation of clothes . Men 's and boy 's underwear , nightwear and shirts Thailand ( edit ) Wacoal ( 1981 , 1987 ) Australia ( edit ) L9 - Women 's clothing - Apparel Manufacturers Association of NSW - 1959 - 1970 AS1344 - 1972 , 1975 , 1997 Size coding scheme for women 's clothing AS1182 - 1980 - Size coding scheme for infants and children 's clothing Europe ( edit ) CEN ( edit ) The European Standards Organisation ( CEN ) produced a series of standards , prefixed with EN 13402 : EN 13402 - 1 : Terms , definitions and body measurement procedure EN 13402 - 2 : Primary and secondary dimensions EN 13402 - 3 : Size designation of clothes . Body measurements and intervals ( 2004 ) EN 13402 - 4 : Coding system ( 2006 ) intended to replace the existing national standards of the 33 member states . It is currently in common use for children 's clothing , but not yet for adults . The third standard EN 13402 - 3 seeks to address the problem of irregular or Vanity sizing through offering a SI unit based labelling system , which will ALSO pictographically describe the dimensions a garment is designed to fit , per the ISO 3635 standard . Germany ( edit ) DOB - Verband ( 1983 ) France ( edit ) AFNOR NF G 03 - 001 ( 1977 ) - Human body - Vocabulary - Pictogram ; AFNOR EXP G 03 - 002 ( 1977 ) - Women Measures AFNOR EXP G 03 - 003 ( 1977 ) - Men Measures AFNOR EXP G 03 - 006 ( 1978 ) - Measures of babies and young children AFNOR EXP G 03 - 007 ( 1977 ) - Size designation of clothes for men , women and children AFNOR NF G 03 - 008 ( 1984 ) - Tights - Sizes - Designation - Marking United Kingdom ( edit ) Clothes - size label with EN 13402 - 3 pictogram and body dimensions in centimetres ( found on a high - visibility jacket sold in the United Kingdom ) . BS 3666 : 1982 Specification for size designation of women 's wear BS 6185 : 1982 Specification for size designation of men 's wear BS 3666 : 1982 , the standard for women 's clothing , is rarely followed by manufacturers as it defines sizes in terms of hip and bust measurements only within a limited range . This has resulted in variations between manufacturers and a tendency towards vanity sizing . Former Yugoslavia ( edit ) Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Macedonia and Serbia still use the JUS ( F. G0. 001 1979 , F. G0. 002 1979 , F. G0. 003 1979 ) standards developed in the former Yugoslavia . In addition to typical girth measurements clothing is also marked to identify which of 5 height bands : X-Short , Short , Medium , Tall , X-Tall , and body types : Slim , Normal , or Full , it is designed to fit . North america ( edit ) United states ( edit ) CS - 151 - 50 - Infants , Babies , Toddlers and Children 's clothing CS 215 - 58 - Women 's Clothing ( 1958 ) PS 36 - 70 - Boys Clothing ( 1971 ) PS 42 - 70 Women 's Clothing ( 1971 ) PS 45 - 71 - Young Men 's clothing , PS 54 - 72 - Girls Clothing ASTM D5585 - 95 , ( 2001 ) ASTM D6829 - 02 , ( 2008 ) ASTM D5585 - 11 , ( 2011 ) ASTM D6240 - 98 , ASTM D6960 - 04 , Women 's Plus sized ( 2004 ) The common US misses sizes have not had stable dimensions . For example , the dimensions of two size 10 dresses from different companies , or even from the same company , may have grossly different dimensions ; and both are almost certainly larger than the size 10 dimensions described in the US standard . Vanity sizing may be partly responsible for this deviation ( which began in earnest in the 1980s ) . There is no mandatory clothing size or labelling standard in the U.S , though a series of voluntary standards have been in place since the 1930s . Women ( edit ) Comparison tables ( edit ) Women 's dresses and suits United States 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 UK 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Germany 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 France 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 Italy 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 Korea 44 44 55 55 66 66 77 77 88 88 Women 's clothing sizes USA 6 8 10 12 UK 8 10 12 14 16 France 36 38 40 42 44 Japanese 7 11 15 17 21 Bust 32 '' 34 '' 36 '' 38 '' 40 '' 81 cm 86 cm 91 cm 97 cm 102 cm Waist 24 '' 26.5 '' 29 '' 31 '' 33 '' 61 cm 67 cm 74 cm 79 cm 84 cm Hip 35 '' 37 '' 39 '' 41 '' 43 '' 89 cm 94 cm 99 cm 104 cm 109 cm Women 's blouses and sweaters EU 40 42 44 46 48 50 UK 34 36 38 40 42 44 US 32 34 36 38 40 42 Children 's junior misses dresses and coats EU 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 UK 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 US 5 7 9 11 13 15 Korean casual / underwear ( KS 051 - 2009 ) Dress size 3XS XXS XS XL XXL 3XL 4XL Bust ( cm ) 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 - 115 120 - 125 Japanese dresses sizes ( JIS L 4005 - 2001 ) Dress size 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Bust ( cm ) 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 124 Japanese dresses length modifiers Modifier PP ( double - petite ) P ( petite ) R ( regular ) T ( tall ) Subject Height ( cm ) 142 150 158 166 Additional hip girth ( cm ) 0 0 Japanese dresses fit modifiers Modifier Y AB Additional hip girth ( cm ) 0 8 12 e.g. a dress marked 13 - Y - PP or 13 - Y-P would be designed for someone with an 89 cm bust and 89 cm hips , while a dress marked 13 - B-T would be targeted at a taller individual with 105 cm hips , but the same 89 cm bust . The B fitting adds 12 cm and the T height modifier 4 cm to the base hip measurement 89 + 16 = 105 cm . Additionally there are a set of age based waist adjustments , such that a dress marketed at someone in their 60s may allow for a waist 9 cm larger than a dress , of the same size , marketed at someone in their 20s . The age based adjustments allow for up to a 3 cm increase in girth , per decade of life . Italian sizes ( ita ) ( edit ) Dress sizes are calculated as follows : Standard dress size = ( Bust Circumference cm / 2 ) French sizes ( fra / bel ) ( edit ) Dress sizes are calculated as follows : Standard dress size = ( Bust Circumference cm / 2 ) - 4 Germanic sizes ( de / at / nl / se / dk ) ( edit ) Dress sizes are calculated as follows : Standard dress size ( Height 164 -- 170 cm ) = ( Bust Circumference cm / 2 ) - 6 Short dress sizes ( Height < 164 cm ) = Standard dress size / 2 Tall dress sizes ( Height > 170 cm ) = Standard dress size * 2 Women 's clothing sizes ( DE / AT / NL / SE / DK ) ( hide ) Short Size codes < 164 cm 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Standard size codes < 170 cm 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Tall size codes 170 cm 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 International XS XL XXL EU Tops 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 105 110 116 122 128 EU Bottoms 60 63 67 70 75 80 84 88 94 100 106 112 Shoulder Width ( cm ) 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 Arm length ( cm ) 58 59 59 60 60 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 Bust ( cm ) 74 -- 77 78 -- 81 82 -- 85 86 -- 89 90 -- 93 94 -- 97 98 -- 102 103 -- 107 108 -- 113 114 -- 119 120 -- 125 126 -- 131 Waist ( cm ) 58 -- 61 62 -- 64 65 -- 68 69 -- 72 73 -- 77 78 -- 81 82 -- 85 86 -- 90 91 -- 95 96 -- 102 103 -- 108 109 -- 114 Hips ( cm ) 80 -- 84 85 -- 89 90 -- 94 95 -- 97 98 -- 101 102 -- 104 105 -- 108 109 -- 112 113 -- 116 117 -- 122 123 -- 128 129 -- 134 Inside Leg ( cm ) 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 BH - Größe 65AA 70AA 70A 75A 75B 80B 85C 90C 90D 95D 100E 105E Men ( edit ) Comparison tables ( edit ) Men 's shirts UK & other EU / Japan 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 UK / US / AUS 14 141⁄2 15 151⁄2 153⁄4 161⁄4 161⁄2 17 171⁄2 18 181⁄2 Japan LL , XL LL , XL LL , XL Korea 90 95 100 105 110 Men 's sports shirts , T - shirts EU 36 37 / 38 39 / 40 41 / 42 43 / 44 45 / 46 UK / US XS XL XXL 84 cm 92 cm 100 cm 108 cm 116 cm 124 cm Men 's sweaters , jackets EU 38 / 40 42 / 44 46 / 48 50 / 52 52 / 54 UK / US XL XXL Men 's suits , suit jackets , blazers , overcoats EU / Russia 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 UK / US 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Japan 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 Korea 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 SML XXS XS XL XXL XXXL Men 's jeans , slacks , pants , trousers : Waist EU 64 / 68 68 / 72 72 / 76 76 / 80 80 / 84 84 / 88 88 / 92 92 / 96 96 / 100 100 / 104 104 / 108 108 / 112 112 / 116 Italy 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 UK / US 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 38 40 42 44 Men 's jeans , slacks , pants , trousers : Length EU 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 UK / US 25 / 26 27 / 28 29 / 30 31 32 33 34 36 Men 's underwear EU 5 UK / US XL XXL French sizes ( fra / bel ) ( edit ) Chest / Suit sizes are calculated as follows : Standard Size Code = ( Chest Circumference cm + 1 ) / 2 Germanic sizes ( at / de / nl / dk / se / fi ) ( edit ) Chest / Suit sizes are calculated as follows : Standard Size Code ( Normale ) = ( Chest Circumference cm -- 1 ) / 2 Short / Stocky ( Kurz / Untersetzt ) = Standard Size Code / 2 Portly ( Bauchgrößen ) = Standard Size Code + 1 Tall / Lean ( Schlank / Lang ) = ( Standard Size Code - 1 ) * 2 Men 's clothing sizes ( AT / DE / NL / DK / SE / FI ) Standard Size Codes 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 Underwear 5 6 7 8 International XXS XS XL XXL 3XL 4XL 5XL 6XL 7XL Chest ( cm ) 086 -- 89 090 -- 93 094 -- 97 098 -- 101 102 -- 105 106 -- 109 110 -- 113 114 -- 117 118 -- 121 122 -- 125 126 - 128 129 - 132 133 - 136 137 - 140 141 - 144 145 - 148 Waist size ( cm ) 074 -- 77 078 -- 81 082 -- 85 086 -- 89 090 -- 94 095 -- 99 100 -- 104 105 -- 109 110 -- 114 115 -- 119 120 - 124 125 - 128 129 - 132 133 - 134 135 - 138 139 - 142 Hip circumference ( cm ) 090 -- 93 094 -- 97 098 -- 101 102 -- 105 106 -- 109 110 -- 113 114 -- 117 118 -- 121 122 -- 125 126 -- 129 Height ( cm ) 166 -- 170 168 -- 173 171 -- 176 174 -- 179 177 -- 182 180 -- 184 182 -- 186 184 -- 188 185 -- 189 187 -- 190 191 - 192 193 - 194 195 - 196 197 - 198 199 - 200 201 - 202 Short / Stocky ( untersetzte ) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Chest ( cm ) 089 -- 92 093 -- 96 097 -- 100 101 -- 104 105 -- 108 109 -- 112 113 -- 116 117 -- 120 121 -- 124 125 - 128 129 - 132 133 - 136 137 - 140 141 - 144 145 - 148 Waist size ( cm ) 081 -- 84 085 -- 88 089 -- 92 093 -- 96 097 -- 100 101 -- 106 107 -- 110 111 -- 114 115 -- 118 Hip circumference ( cm ) 097 - 100 101 -- 104 105 -- 108 109 -- 112 113 -- 116 117 -- 120 121 -- 124 125 -- 128 129 -- 132 Height ( cm ) 163 - 167 166 -- 170 169 -- 173 172 -- 176 175 -- 178 177 -- 180 179 -- 182 181 -- 183 182 -- 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 - 190 191 - 192 Portly ( Bauchgrößen ) 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 Chest ( cm ) 100 -- 103 104 -- 107 108 -- 111 112 -- 115 116 -- 119 120 -- 123 124 -- 126 127 - 130 131 - 134 135 - 138 139 - 142 143 - 146 Waist size ( cm ) 102 -- 107 108 -- 111 112 -- 117 118 -- 121 122 -- 125 126 -- 129 130 - 132 133 - 136 137 - 140 141 - 146 147 - 150 151 - 154 Hip circumference ( cm ) 108 -- 111 112 -- 115 116 -- 119 120 -- 123 124 -- 127 128 -- 132 133 -- 137 Height ( cm ) 168 -- 172 170 -- 174 172 -- 176 174 -- 178 176 -- 180 178 -- 182 180 -- 184 Tall size ( schlanke ) 90 94 98 102 106 110 114 118 122 Chest ( cm ) 088 -- 91 092 -- 95 096 -- 99 100 -- 103 104 -- 107 108 -- 111 111 - 114 115 - 118 119 - 122 Waist size ( cm ) 074 -- 77 078 -- 81 082 -- 85 086 -- 89 090 -- 93 094 -- 98 100 - 104 105 - 109 110 - 114 Hip circumference ( cm ) 092 -- 95 096 -- 99 100 -- 103 104 -- 107 108 -- 111 112 -- 115 116 - 119 120 - 123 124 - 127 Height ( cm ) 175 -- 179 178 -- 182 181 -- 185 184 -- 188 186 -- 190 188 -- 192 193 - 197 196 - 200 199 - 203 See also ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Clothing sizes . Anthropometry BWH Petite size Size zero Shoe size Brassiere measurement Female body shape References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clifford , Stephanie . `` One Size Fits Nobody : Seeking a Steady 4 or a 10 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ujevi , Darko ; Szirovicza , Lajos ; Karabegovi , Isak ( 2005 ) . `` Anthropometry and the Comparison of Garment Size Systems in Some European Countries '' : 73 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Japanese Size Charts '' . International Trade Administration . JIS . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Men 's Clothing , Size Conversion Chart -- South - Korea '' . korea4expats . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Men 's clothing sizes - sizeguide.net Jump up ^ Große Größen Herren Jump up ^ Westfalia - Größentabelle http://www.shoppingpoint.cz Jump up ^ Clothing size conversion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clothing_sizes&oldid=806765451 '' Categories : 19th - century fashion 20th - century fashion 21st - century fashion Sizes in clothing Fashion design Clothing controversies Dresses Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles to be expanded from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Հայերեն Magyar Nederlands Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Zazaki Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 00 : 48 . About Wikipedia | what is size 38 in france in the usa | [
"\nWomen's dresses and suits\n\nUnited States\n0\n2\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\n20\n22\n24\n\n\nUK\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\n20\n22\n24\n26\n28\n\n\nGermany\n30\n32\n34\n36\n38\n40\n42\n44\n46\n48\n50\n52\n54\n\n\nFrance\n32\n34\n36\n38\n40\n42\n44\n46\n48\n50\n52\n54\n56\n\n\nItaly\n36\n38\n40\n42\n44\n46\n48\n50\n52\n54\n56\n58\n60\n\n\nKorea\n44\n44\n55\n55\n66\n66\n77\n77\n88\n88\n\n\n\n\n"
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7701499474578512098 | Sam's Club | Sam 's Club - wikipedia Sam 's Club Jump to : navigation , search Sam 's West Inc . Trading name Sam 's Club Type Subsidiary Industry Retailer local warehouse club Founded April 7 , 1983 ; 34 years ago ( 1983 - 04 - 07 ) Midwest City , Oklahoma , U.S. Founder Sam Walton Headquarters Bentonville , Arkansas , U.S. Number of locations 597 U.S. ( as of January 31 , 2018 ) 208 international ( Mexico , Brazil , China ) Areas served United States Mexico China Brazil Key people John Furner ( CEO ) Products Electronics , Office , Home , Furniture , Auto , Patio and Garden Supplies , Children 's accessories , Grocery , Pet Supplies , Health and Beauty , Jewelry , Toys , and Sporting Goods . Parent Walmart Website www.samsclub.com Sam 's West , Inc. ( doing business as Sam 's Club ) is an American chain of membership - only retail warehouse clubs owned and operated by Walmart , founded in 1983 and named after Walmart founder Sam Walton . As of 2012 , Sam 's Club chain serves 47 million U.S. ( including Puerto Rico ) members and is the 8th largest U.S. retailer . As of January 31 , 2008 , Sam 's Club ranks second in sales volume among warehouse clubs with $56.828 billion in sales ( in fiscal year 2016 ) behind Costco . Sam 's Club had sales of $57.157 billion in FY 2014 . It reported a 0.3 % sales increase in 2014 , 4.1 % in 2013 , and 8.4 % sales increase in 2012 . This is significantly higher growth than Walmart U.S. stores , which have not had higher than 2 % growth since 2010 . Its major competitors are Costco and BJ 's Wholesale Club . As of January 31 , 2018 , Sam 's Club operates 597 membership warehouse clubs in 44 U.S. states . Alaska , Massachusetts , Oregon , Rhode Island , Vermont , and Washington are the only states where Sam 's Club does not operate , as is the case for the District of Columbia . Walmart International also operates Sam 's Clubs in Mexico , Brazil , and China . It has 162 locations in Mexico , 27 locations in Brazil , and 19 in China . Locations generally range in size from 94,000 -- 161,000 sq ft ( 8,700 -- 15,000 m ) , with an average club size of approximately 134,000 sq ft ( 12,400 m ) . There were also Sam 's Club locations in Canada , six located in Ontario , in which the last location closed in 2009 . On January 11 , 2018 , Sam 's Club reported to start permanently closing select stores . In a number of cases , employees showed up to work and found the doors locked and a notice saying that the store would be closed . Walmart eventually told Business Insider that 63 Sam 's Club stores would be closed across the country , including in Arizona , California , Illinois , New York , Ohio and Texas . According to Business Insider , the Sam 's Club closings and plans to convert some stores into e-commerce fulfillment centers as announced in January 2018 are part of Walmart 's growing commitment to online retailing that will allow it to better compete with its rival Amazon . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Sam 's Business Center 4 Other retail formats 5 Membership 6 Payment options and store credit products 6.1 Payment options 6.2 Sam 's Club credit 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Sam 's Club opened on April 7 , 1983 , in Midwest City , Oklahoma in the United States . In 1987 , Sam 's Club made its first acquisition by purchasing West Monroe , Louisiana - based SuperSaver Wholesale Warehouse Club ; the purchase expanded the chain by 24 locations . The stores were owned by Alton Howard and his son John . In 1989 , Sam 's Club entered New Jersey with a club in Delran in a former Two Guys / Jefferson Ward store . This was Walmart 's first expansion into the Northeast . The first Walmart discount store ( now expanded into a Supercenter ) in New Jersey opened in 1991 in Turnersville . The company entered the Pennsylvania market in 1990 . In 1993 , Walmart acquired PACE Membership Warehouse from Kmart and converted many ( but not all ) PACE locations into Sam 's Clubs . Sam 's Club entered the Canadian market in Ontario in 2003 . The latest flagship club opening as of September 13 , 2007 , was in Fayetteville , Arkansas . The largest Sam 's Club is located in Pineville , North Carolina with 185,000 sq ft ( 17,200 m ) of retail space that was formerly an Incredible Universe . On September 24 , 2006 , Sam 's Club received a new logo . The new logo has an updated serif font and features a green and blue diamond inside the big blue diamond found above the word ' Sam 's ' . Sam 's Club 's previous slogan was `` We Are In Business For Small Business '' until 2006 ; the decision to remove the slogan comes as Sam 's Club attempts to remove itself from serving just small businesses and open up to more individual customers . In December 2007 , Sam 's Club launched a new slogan , `` Enjoy the Possibilities '' . Since then it became an official advertising slogan , mentioned in television and radio advertisements , but it is not mentioned on its website . As of January 2008 , the `` Enjoy the Possibilities '' slogan was no longer in use . Sam 's Club launched their latest slogan `` Savings Made Simple '' in the fourth quarter of 2009 . Starting in April 2007 , there was speculation of a possible sale or spinoff of Sam 's Club from parent company Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . At Walmart 's 2007 annual shareholder 's meeting in June , management said that Sam 's Club is not for sale , although they did not say they are not considering a spinoff . On February 26 , 2009 , Walmart Canada announced that it would close all six of its Canadian Sam 's Club locations . This was part of Walmart Canada 's decision to shift focus towards supercentres , but some industry observers suggested that the operation was struggling in competition with Costco and the non-membership The Real Canadian Superstore ( known as Maxi & Cie in Quebec ) , that had a well - established history in the country . Sam 's Club also rebranded the two as yet unopened locations as new Walmart Supercentres . In January 2010 , it was announced that ten clubs would be closed , including four in California . At the same time , Sam 's will open six new clubs at various locations in the United States . On January 24 , 2010 , it was announced that approximately 11,200 Sam 's Club employees would be laid off . The layoffs resulted from the decision to outsource product sampling duties to an outside company ( Rogers , Arkansas - based Shopper Events , which already performs in - store product demonstrations for Walmart ) and to eliminate New Business Membership Representative positions throughout the chain . Most of the laid - off employees were part - time and represented about 10 % of the total Sam 's Club workforce . Rosalind Brewer was named as the new CEO for Sam 's Club , a change that came into effect on February 1 , 2012 . On January 24 , 2014 , it was announced that Walmart will cut 2,300 jobs at the underperforming Sam 's Club locations . On February 1 , 2017 , John Furner replaced Brewer as CEO of Sam 's Club . On January 11 , 2018 , Walmart announced that 63 Sam 's Club locations in cities including Memphis , Houston , Seattle , and others would be closing . Some of the stores had already closed , without notifying employees ; some employees learned by a company - wide email delivered January 11 . At some stores , employees who had arrived to work were `` turned away '' by police . All of the 63 stores were gone from the Sam 's Club website as of the morning of January 11 . Walmart said that ten of the stores will become e-commerce distribution centers and employees can reapply to work at those locations . Business Insider magazine calculated that over 11,000 workers will be affected . On the same day , Walmart announced that as a result of the new tax law , it would be raising Walmart starting wages , distributing bonuses , expanding its leave policies and contributing toward the cost of employees ' adoptions . Doug McMillon , Walmart 's CEO , said , `` We are early in the stages of assessing the opportunities tax reform creates for us to invest in our customers and associates and to further strengthen our business , all of which should benefit our shareholders . '' Design ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Sam 's Club store in Maplewood , Missouri , a suburb of St. Louis A Sam 's Club store in Ciudad Lerdo , Durango , Mexico A Sam 's Club store in Suzhou , China Like other warehouse clubs , Sam 's Club sells most of its merchandise in bulk and directly off pallets . The clubs are arranged much like warehouses , with merchandise stocked in warehouse - style steel bins . Products sold include jewelry , designer goods , sunglasses , crystal and collectibles , electronics , floral , apparel , food , and meats . Most locations have Pharmacy , Tire and Battery , Photo , Bakery , Optical , Café and Floral departments . Sam 's Club markets items under the private labels Simply Right , Member 's Mark , Bakers & Chefs , Daily Chef , and Sam 's Club -- including products by Richelieu Foods , a private label manufacturer of frozen pizza , salad dressing , sauces , marinades , condiments and deli salads . Sam 's Club does not sell the Sam 's Choice or Great Value brands that are available in Walmart stores . However , Sam 's Club is changing some of the Member 's Mark items to the name Simply Right . The Member 's Mark Deli products are also changing names to Artisan Fresh . Sam 's Business Center ( edit ) Sam 's Club opened their first Business Center in Houston , Texas , in August 2008 . Converted from an existing Sam 's location , the Business Center is similar in concept to Costco 's Business Centers . In January 2010 , the company announced it would be closing its Business Center , along with nine other clubs across the United States . Other retail formats ( edit ) In Houston , Sam 's Club opened Más Club in August 2009 , a club geared towards the Hispanic population . Membership in Más Club was separate from membership in Sam 's Club . It closed in February 2014 . Membership ( edit ) Membership is required to purchase at Sam 's Club ( except at the cafe , eye exams in optical , and pharmacy where federal law prohibits sales of prescription drugs to members only , as well as liquor and gasoline in some states ) ; however , a one - time 60 - day pass may be obtained from many Walmart newspaper ads . A 10 % surcharge is added ( except where forbidden by local laws , such as in Elmsford , NY , CA , SC ) to the prices for non-members , except for pharmacy , cafe , or alcohol items where available . All memberships fees are 100 % guaranteed at any point of time in the membership tenure . Renewal of memberships can be done via the internet , through the mail , in - club at the Membership Services desk , any cash register , and also at the new ATM / Membership kiosks ( the latter only available in select locations ) . In the United States , Sam 's Club memberships are divided into three categories : Business , Savings and Plus , each with an annual fee . Sam 's Plus is the most comprehensive membership plan , that includes Cash Rewards and extra savings in Pharmacy and Optical . Payment options and store credit products ( edit ) A Sam 's Club in California . Some Sam 's Clubs in U.S. include gas stations Shelves of Sam 's Club in Suzhou , China Payment options ( edit ) Sam 's Club locations , as well as their online storefront , accept Sam 's Club ( online and in - store ) and Walmart credit cards ( in - store only ) , Discover Card , Visa , MasterCard , American Express , debit cards ( PIN - based , except MasterCard and Discover , which also can be signature - based ) , Walmart and Sam 's Club gift cards , cash , or checks . As of March 2009 , EBT SNAP benefits are accepted in - store . In the past , Visa credit cards were not accepted , except at gas stations because of the high processing fees compared with Walmart 's discounted rates with MasterCard . In 2016 , Sam 's Club rolled out a mobile application that allows users to scan items while they shop and pay for them , skipping the checkout line . As of December 2016 , the app can be used at all locations in the United States . Sam 's Club credit ( edit ) Sam 's Club offers store credit lines to individuals and businesses linked to the member 's membership card . As of June 2014 , Sam 's Club discontinued offering the Sam 's Discover card and now offers a Sam 's Club MasterCard that can be used at Sam 's Club and anywhere MasterCard is accepted . Sam 's Club MasterCard offers a cash back program of 5 % ( Up to $6,000 a year then 1 % thereafter ) on gasoline , 3 % on dining and travel and 1 % on all other purchases . Sam 's Club is also the first merchant in the United States to offer EMV ( Europay / MasterCard / Visa ) chip - enabled cards . See also ( edit ) BJ 's Wholesale Club -- competitor in eastern US Costco Wholesale -- national US competitor Más Club Walmart Inc. -- owner Warehouse club Arkansas portal Companies portal Business and economics portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Walmart is abruptly closing 63 Sam 's Club stores and laying off thousands of workers '' . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sam 's Club Corporate Facts 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walmart FY 2016 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Walmart . ^ Jump up to : `` Five -- Year Financial Summary - 2014 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Information for Walmart Investors : Unit Counts & Square Footage '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Georgiades , Andy ( 26 February 2009 ) . `` Wal - Mart Canada to Close Sam 's Club Division '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritcher , Wolf ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` Walmart Suddenly Shutters Numerous Sam 's Clubs without Notice , 11,000 Jobs Impacted , Chaos Breaks out on Twitter '' . Wolf Street . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Polk , Leroy ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Alaska Sam 's Club locations to close permanently in January '' . KTUU . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Miles , Jason ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Multiple Sam 's Clubs close without notice in Houston , across nation '' . KHOU . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Haylay ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Walmart is abruptly closing 63 Sam 's Club stores and laying off thousands of workers '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Green Dennis ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Walmart 's closure of 63 Sam 's Club stores shows what the company is willing to do to take on Amazon '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sam 's Club celebrates 25th anniversary with nationwide open house '' ( Press release ) . Sam 's Club . April 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shaw , , Hollie . `` Wal - Mart Canada to shut its Sam 's Club wholesale unit '' . Jump up ^ Otte , Timothy M. ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Spinoff in Bentonville Revisited '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Otte , Timothy M. ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` A Spinoff in Bentonville ? '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Georgiades , Andy ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` Walmart Canada to Close Sam 's Club Division '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Walmart Canada to close six Ontario Sam 's Club locations to focus on supercenter expansion '' ( Press release ) . Walmart Canada . February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Flavelle , Dana ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` Walmart to close all Canadian Sam 's Club stores '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sam 's Club to close 10 stores , four in California '' . Los Angeles Times . January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart names Rosalind Brewer as Sam 's Club CEO , first woman to hold CEO position '' . The Washington Post . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart to Lay Off 2,300 Sam 's Club Employees '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam 's Club CEO Rosalind Brewer to retire Feb. 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Sam 's Club stores close around the country '' . Cleveland 19 News . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Hayley ( January 11 , 2018 ). > `` Walmart is abruptly closing 63 Sam 's Club stores and laying off thousands of workers '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Hayley ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Walmart is giving its workers a pay raise and a cash bonus of up to $1,000 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richelieu experiences hiring boom , starts expansion '' . WCF Courier , RC Balaban . August 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sam 's Club Closing Houston Location '' . MyFoxHouston.com . Jump up ^ `` Más Club Opens August 6 in Houston '' ( Press release ) . Sam 's Club . July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sam 's Club Application '' . Jump up ^ `` Accepted Payment Methods '' . Jump up ^ `` Does Sam 's Club accept SNAP ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ) cards ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Pricing , Retailing Rivalry Likely Led to Sam 's Club 's MasterCard Deal '' . Jump up ^ Sozzi , Brian ( 22 September 2016 ) . `` Walmart 's Sam 's Club scan - and - go app may make cash registers obsolete '' . TheStreet . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sam 's Club . Official website Walmart Walton family 1st generation Sam Walton Helen Walton James `` Bud '' Walton 2nd generation S. Robson Walton John T. Walton Christy Walton Jim Walton Alice Walton Ann Walton Kroenke Nancy Walton Laurie 3rd generation Lukas Walton Whitney Ann Kroenke Josh Kroenke Elizabeth Paige Laurie Chairmen Sam Walton S. Robson Walton Greg Penner President / CEO Sam Walton David Glass Lee Scott Mike Duke Doug McMillon Current assets United States Walmart Labs Amigo Supermarkets Sam 's Club Vudu Walmart Discount Stores Walmart Neighborhood Market Walmart Supercenter Jet.com Bonobos Hayneedle ModCloth Moosejaw Shoes.com International Asda Asda Mobile Bompreço Massmart Seiyu Walmart Canada Walmart Chile Líder Walmart de México y Centroamérica Bodega Aurrerá Brands List of Walmart brands Sam 's Choice White Stag Great Value Former assets Hypermart USA Marketside Más Club Supermercado de Walmart Walmart Express Yihaodian See also Criticism of Walmart Wal - Mart : The High Cost of Low Price People of Walmart History of Walmart List of assets owned by Walmart Why Wal - Mart Works ; and Why That Drives Some People C-R-A-Z-Y Supermarket chains in the United States Kroger City Market Dillons Baker 's Gerbes Food 4 Less Foods Co . Fred Meyer Fry 's Harris Teeter Jay C Ruler Foods King Soopers Kroger Owen 's Pay Less QFC Ralphs Roundy 's Copp 's Mariano 's Metro Market Pick ' n Save Scott 's Smith 's Albertsons Acme Albertsons Carrs Haggen Jewel - Osco Lucky Pavilions Randalls Safeway Shaw 's and Star Market Super Saver Tom Thumb United Supermarkets Amigos Market Street Vons SuperValu County Market Cub Farm Fresh Hornbacher 's Shop ' n Save Shoppers Ahold Delhaize Food Lion Giant - Carlisle Martin 's Giant - Landover Hannaford Stop & Shop Southeastern Grocers BI-LO Fresco y Más Harveys Supermarkets Winn - Dixie Wakefern PriceRite ShopRite The Fresh Grocer Other national chains Target Walmart Regional chains Asian GW Supermarket H Mart Hong Kong Supermarket Island Pacific Supermarket Lion Supermarket Marina Food Marukai Corporation U.S.A. Mitsuwa Marketplace Nijiya Market Seafood City Shun Fat Supermarket Tawa 99 Ranch Market 168 Market Uwajimaya Hispanic Bravo El Ahorro Supermarket Fiesta Foods Fiesta Mart La Perla Tapatía Supermarkets Más Club Mi Pueblo Food Center Supermercados Teloloapan Vallarta Supermarkets Organic Earth Fare Natural Grocers Sprouts Trader Joe 's Whole Foods Wholesale BJ 's Cash & Carry Costco Sam 's Conventional Acme Fresh Market Aldi Amigo Balducci 's Bashas ' Best Market Big Y Boyer 's Food Markets , Inc . Bristol Farms Brookshire Brothers Brookshire Grocery Company Buehler Food Markets Inc . C - Town Supermarkets Central Market D&W Fresh Market D'Agostino Dave 's Markets Dean & DeLuca DeMoulas Market Basket Dierbergs Markets Don Quijote Times Supermarkets Dorothy Lane Market Easy - Way Store Econofoods Family Fare Fairway Market Fareway Festival Foods Festival Foods ( Minnesota ) Food Giant Food City Foodarama FoodLand Foodtown Pathmark Gelson 's Gerland Corporation Giant Eagle Grand Mart Gristedes Grocery Outlet Harmons Harps Food Stores H-E-B Heinen 's Fine Foods Highland Park Market Homeland Houchens Hugo 's Hy - Vee IGA Ingles Inserra Supermarkets Jerry 's Foods Jungle Jim 's International Market Karns Quality Foods Key Food Super Fresh The Food Emporium King Kullen Kings Super Markets Kuhn 's Quality Foods Lewis Food Town Lidl Lowe 's Market Lowes Foods Lucky 's Market Lund Food Holdings Magruder 's Marc 's Market Basket Market of Choice Martin 's Super Markets Meijer Met Foods Miracle Mart Mollie Stone 's Markets Morton Williams New Seasons Market Niemann Foods No Frills Supermarkets Nugget Markets PCC Community Markets Petrini 's Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co . Pink Dot Price Chopper / Price Mart Price Chopper Supermarkets Publix Pueblo Raley 's Supermarkets Red Owl Redner 's Markets Remke Markets Rice Epicurean Markets Ridley 's Family Markets Roche Bros . Rosauers Supermarkets Rouses Russ 's Market Save - A-Lot Save Mart Supermarkets SaveRite Schnucks Scolari 's Food and Drug Seafood City Sedano 's Sellers Bros . Sendik 's Food Market Sentry Foods Seven Mile Market Shop ' n Save Smart & Final SpartanNash Stanley Stores Star Market Stater Bros . Stew Leonard 's Strack & Van Til Straub 's Markets Sullivan Family of Companies Foodland Hawaii Supermercados Econo Supermercados Selectos Super Dollar Discount Foods Super One Foods Super Saver Foods ( B&R Stores ) The Fresh Market Tops Friendly Markets United Grocery Outlet URM Stores Valu King Weaver Street Market Wegmans Weis Markets Westborn Market Western Beef WinCo Foods Woodman 's Markets Yoke 's Fresh Market Zabar 's Zupan 's Markets Defunct banners A-Mart A&P Food Basics Pathmark Waldbaum 's ABCO Foods Alpha Beta Andronico 's AppleTree Markets Belle Foods Big Bear Stores Big Star Markets Bloom Bottom Dollar Food Bruno 's Buttrey Food & Drug Byrd 's Carter 's Foods Chatham Clemens Markets Colonial Stores Dahl 's Foods Daniel Reeves Stores David 's Supermarkets Davis Food City Delchamps Deskins Dick 's Supermarket Dominick 's Eagle Food Centers Eberhard 's Eisner Food Stores Farmer Jack Felpausch Finast Fisher Foods Food Fair Food World Food - a-rama Fresh & Easy Furr 's Genuardi 's Giant Open Air Glen 's Markets Grand Union Hamady Brothers Henry 's Farmers Market Hills Supermarkets Hinky Dinky Jitney Jungle Johnnie 's Foodmaster Kessel Food Markets Laneco Marketside Mars Marsh Supermarkets Minyard Food Stores National Supermarkets National Tea Omni Superstore Penn Fruit Penn Traffic Pick - N - Pay Supermarkets Plus Purity Supreme Quality Markets QFI Red Food Reid 's Schaffer Stores Company Seaway Food Town Seessel 's Simon David Skaggs Companies Southern Family Markets Sunflower Farmers Market Sunflower Market Super Duper Sweetbay Supermarket Tidyman 's Twin Valu Ukrop 's Super Markets Victory Supermarkets Warehouse Economy Outlet Weingarten 's Wild Oats Markets Xpect Discounts List of supermarket chains in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam%27s_Club&oldid=826727543 '' Categories : Companies based in Arkansas Retail companies established in 1983 Discount stores of the United States Multinational companies Online retailers of the United States Retail companies of the United States Supermarkets of the United States Walmart Supermarkets of Mexico Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2008 Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2007 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 日本 語 Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many sams clubs are there in the usa | [
"As of January 31, 2018[update], Sam's Club operates 597 membership warehouse clubs in 44 U.S. states.[1] Alaska, Massachusetts, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington are the only states where Sam's Club does not operate, as is the case for the District of Columbia. Walmart International also operates Sam's Clubs in Mexico, Brazil, and China. It has 162 locations in Mexico,[5] 27 locations in Brazil,[5] and 19 in China.[5] Locations generally range in size from 94,000–161,000 sq ft (8,700–15,000 m2), with an average club size of approximately 134,000 sq ft (12,400 m2).[3]"
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"597"
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8180504184110670706 | Troy: Fall of a City | Troy : Fall of a City - wikipedia Troy : Fall of a City Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the miniseries . For the 2004 film , see Troy ( film ) . Troy : Fall of a City Genre Drama Historical fiction Fantasy Screenplay by David Farr Nancy Harris Mika Watkins Joe Barton Directed by Owen Harris Mark Brozel Starring Louis Hunter Bella Dayne David Threlfall Frances O'Connor Tom Weston - Jones Joseph Mawle Chloe Pirrie Johnny Harris David Gyasi Jonas Armstrong Alfred Enoch Aimee - Ffion Edwards Hakeem Kae - Kazim Composer ( s ) Robin Coudert Country of origin United Kingdom United States Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Executive producer ( s ) Derek Wax David Farr Producer ( s ) Barney Reisz Location ( s ) South Africa Running time 56 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Kudos Wild Mercury Netflix Distributor Endemol Shine Group Release Original network BBC One ( UK ) Netflix ( international ) Picture format 2 : 1 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 17 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 17 ) -- present External links BBC website Troy : Fall of a City is a British - American miniseries based on the Trojan War and the love affair between Paris and Helen . The show tells the story of the 10 year siege of Troy , set in the 13th century BC . The series was commissioned by BBC One and is a co-production between BBC One and Netflix , with BBC One airing the show on 17 February 2018 in the United Kingdom , and Netflix streaming the show internationally outside the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Series 1 ( 2018 ) 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The story of the 10 year siege of Troy by the Greeks is told after the young prince of Troy , Paris , has an affair with Helen of Troy , the wife of the Greek king . Cast ( edit ) Louis Hunter as Paris Bella Dayne as Helen of Troy David Threlfall as Priam Frances O'Connor as Hecuba Tom Weston - Jones as Hector Joseph Mawle as Odysseus Chloe Pirrie as Andromache Johnny Harris as Agamemnon David Gyasi as Achilles Jonas Armstrong as Menelaus Alfred Enoch as Aeneas Aimee - Ffion Edwards as Cassandra Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Zeus Chris Fisher as Deiphobus Christiaan Schoombie as Troilus Alex Lanipekun as Pandarus Jonathan Pienaar as Litos David Avery as Xanthias Lex King as Aphrodite Amy Louise Wilson as Briseis Inge Beckmann as Hera Shamilla Miller as Athena Diarmaid Murtagh as Hermes Thando Hopa as Artemis Nina Milner as Penthesilea Grace Hogg - Robinson as Hermione Jovan Muthray as Kaidas Production ( edit ) The series was filmed in Cape Town and consists of eight episodes . It is written by David Farr , Nancy Harris , Mika Watkins , and Joe Barton , and directed by Owen Harris and Mark Brozel . Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Black Blood '' Owen Harris David Farr 17 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 17 ) 3.2 Million `` Conditions '' Owen Harris David Farr 24 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) N / A `` Siege '' Owen Harris Nancy Harris 3 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) N / A `` Spoils of War '' Mark Brozel Mika Watkins 10 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) 1.6 Million 5 `` Hunted '' Mark Brozel David Farr 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) N / A 6 `` Battle on the Beach '' Mark Brozel Joe Barton 24 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) N / A 7 `` Twelve Days '' John Strickland David Farr 31 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) N / A 8 `` Offering '' John Strickland David Farr 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) N / A Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 67 % based on 12 reviews , and an average rating of 5.67 / 10 . On Metacritic , which assigns normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards BBC Drama ' Troy ' From ' Night Manager ' Writer '' . Hollywood Reporter . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Invests Nearly $2 Billion in European Productions , Promises More '' . Variety . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Troy : Fall Of A City ' : Bella Dayne , Louis Hunter & More Join BBC / Netflix Epic '' . Deadline . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Hakeem Kae - Kazim to Play Zeus in BBC and Netflix Series ' Troy ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Troy : Fall of a City - Episode 1 - Credits '' . BBC One . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Troy : Fall of a City - Characters - Other Trojans Loyal to Troy '' . BBC One . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Threlfall and Frances O'Connor to star in BBC and Netflix 's Troy : Fall of a City '' . Deadline . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lucy . `` ANNOYED WITH TROY Troy : Fall of a City flops as just 1.6 m tune in to BBC 's £ 16million bonkbuster '' . The Sun . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Troy : Fall of a City : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandago . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . 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( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Russian Doll ( TBA ) Sex Education ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Wave ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Turn Up Charlie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troy:_Fall_of_a_City&oldid=842434984 '' Categories : 2018 British television programme debuts 2010s British drama television series English - language television programs Netflix original programming BBC television dramas British television miniseries Trojan War films Troy Television series by Shine Group Television shows filmed in South Africa Television series based on Greco - Roman mythology Cultural depictions of Helen of Troy 2010s Australian drama television series Television series set in ancient Greece Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 12 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays helen of troy fall of a city | [
"\nLouis Hunter as Paris[3]\nBella Dayne as Helen of Troy[3]\nDavid Threlfall as Priam[3]\nFrances O'Connor as Hecuba[3]\nTom Weston-Jones as Hector[3]\nJoseph Mawle as Odysseus[3]\nChloe Pirrie as Andromache[3]\nJohnny Harris as Agamemnon[3]\nDavid Gyasi as Achilles[3]\nJonas Armstrong as Menelaus[3]\nAlfred Enoch as Aeneas[3]\nAimee-Ffion Edwards as Cassandra[3]\nHakeem Kae-Kazim as Zeus[4]\nChris Fisher as Deiphobus[5]\nChristiaan Schoombie as Troilus[5]\nAlex Lanipekun as Pandarus[5]\nJonathan Pienaar as Litos[5]\nDavid Avery as Xanthias\nLex King as Aphrodite\nAmy Louise Wilson as Briseis\nInge Beckmann as Hera\nShamilla Miller as Athena\nDiarmaid Murtagh as Hermes\nThando Hopa as Artemis\nNina Milner as Penthesilea[6]\nGrace Hogg-Robinson as Hermione\nJovan Muthray as Kaidas\n"
] | [
"Bella Dayne"
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7635505435111543791 | Coat of Many Colors (song) | Coat of Many Colors ( song ) - wikipedia Coat of Many Colors ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see Coat of many colors ( disambiguation ) . `` Coat of Many Colors '' Single by Dolly Parton from the album Coat of Many Colors B - side `` She Never Met a Man ( She Did n't Like ) '' Released October 30 , 1971 Recorded RCA Studio B , Nashville ; April 1971 Genre Country Length 3 : 05 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) Bob Ferguson Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Joshua '' ( 1971 ) `` Coat of Many Colors '' ( 1971 ) `` Touch Your Woman '' ( 1972 ) `` Joshua '' ( 1971 ) `` Coat of Many Colors '' ( 1971 ) `` Touch Your Woman '' ( 1972 ) `` Coat of Many Colors '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Dolly Parton , which has been described on a number of occasions as her favorite song she has written . It was released in October 1971 as the second single and title track from the album Coat of Many Colors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Content 3 Missing final verse 4 Original coat 5 Interpretations by other artists 6 Legacy 7 Chart performance 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) She composed the song in 1969 , while traveling with Porter Wagoner on a tour bus . ( She explained in her 1994 memoir , My Life and Other Unfinished Business , because she could find no paper , as the song came to her , she wrote it on the back of a dry cleaning receipt from one of Wagoner 's suits ; when the song became a hit , Wagoner had the receipt framed . ) She recorded the song in April 1971 , making it the title song for her Coat of Many Colors album . The song reached # 4 on the U.S. country singles charts . Content ( edit ) The song tells of how Parton 's mother stitched together a coat for her daughter out of rags given to the family . As she sewed , she told her child the biblical story of Joseph and his Coat of Many Colors . The excited child , `` with patches on my britches and holes in both my shoes '' , rushed to school , `` just to find the others laughing and making fun of me '' for wearing a coat made of rags . And oh I did not understand it , for I felt I was rich And I told them of the love my momma sewed in every stitch And I told ' em all the story momma told me while she sewed And how my coat of many colors was worth more than all their clothes The song concludes with Parton singing the moral of her story : But they did n't understand it , and I tried to make them see One is only poor , only if they choose to be Now I know we had no money , but I was rich as I could be In my coat of many colors my momma made for me Missing final verse ( edit ) On the original LP release of the 1975 compilation Best of Dolly Parton , the printed lyrics to the song appeared in the inner gatefold of the album , including a final verse that has never been included on any of Parton 's recordings of the song : Through life I 've remained happy and good luck is on my side . I have everything that anyone could ever want from life . But nothing is as precious as my mama 's memory , and my coat of many colors that mama made for me . Original Coat ( edit ) Dolly says the original coat was used for various other purposes but her mother did make a new one to use on display in her Chasing Rainbows Museum at Dollywood . ( Wagoner also donated the framed dry cleaning receipt on which Parton composed the song to the museum , where it now hangs . ) Interpretations by other Artists ( edit ) Shania Twain recorded a cover version of the song on the 2003 Parton tribute album Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton , with accompaniment by Alison Krauss and Union Station . This version peaked at # 57 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart based only on unsolicited airplay . Other cover versions include a 1976 recording by Emmylou Harris on her Reprise Records debut , Pieces of the Sky , and a recording by Eva Cassidy released on the 2008 posthumous collection , Somewhere . Scottish comedian Billy Connolly recorded a version in 1975 on his album Get Right Intae Him ( Unicorn Artists ) . This was a serious version unlike his comical song `` D.I.V.O.R.C.E. '' which parodied `` D-I-V-O-R-C-E '' , made popular by Tammy Wynette and also covered by Parton . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . Legacy ( edit ) In 2005 , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ranked Coat of Many Colors number 10 on its list of 100 Songs of the South . A 1996 children 's picture book of the song , with illustrations by Judith Sutton , was published by Harpercollins Children 's Books . In 2008 , Kristy Lee Cook performed this song on American Idol during Dolly Parton Week . In 2012 Parton 's recording was added to the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry list of sound recordings that `` are culturally , historically , or aesthetically important , and / or inform or reflect life in the United States . '' A TV movie was broadcast in December 2015 by NBC , with Alyvia Alyn Lind as young Dolly . Lind reprised her role as young Dolly in the 2016 television movie sequel Christmas of Many Colors . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks 15 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2011 '' . National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress . Library of Congress . May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Warren , Andrew . `` A Tennesse tale : Dolly Parton 's most famous story is coming to the screen '' . TV Media . Jump up ^ `` Dolly Parton -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Dolly Parton . External links ( edit ) Coat Of Many Colors lyrics at Dolly Parton On - Line Dolly Parton Has Her Own Memorabilia Museum ( hide ) Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_Many_Colors_(song)&oldid=801529523 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1971 songs Dolly Parton songs Museums in popular culture Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records singles United States National Recording Registry recordings Songs about school Songs about poverty Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Music based on the Bible Songs about bullying Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 06 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song coat of many colors | [
"\"Coat of Many Colors\" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Dolly Parton, which has been described on a number of occasions as her favorite song she has written. It was released in October 1971 as the second single and title track from the album Coat of Many Colors."
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"Dolly Parton"
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-7281274072455866202 | NCIS (season 8) | NCIS ( season 8 ) - wikipedia NCIS ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search NCIS ( season 8 ) Season 8 U.S. DVD cover Starring Mark Harmon Michael Weatherly Cote de Pablo Pauley Perrette Sean Murray Rocky Carroll David McCallum Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network CBS Original release September 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of NCIS episodes The eighth season of the police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 21 , 2010 in the same time slot as the previous season . The season story arc involves Ziva 's largely - unseen boyfriend , Ray , and the CIA continuing to meddle in NCIS 's day - to - day workings . Notable events include the terrorism and internal affairs threat during the `` Enemies '' two - parter , and the arrival of another Major Case Response Team from Rota , Spain , the team that Tony was offered to be lead of in the beginning of season four . The season ends on a five - part story arc involving the Port - to - Port killer that menaced both teams . The finale aired on May 17 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Also starring 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest appearances 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Mark Harmon as Leroy Jethro Gibbs , NCIS Senior Special Agent ( SSA ) assigned to Washington 's Navy Yard Michael Weatherly as Anthony DiNozzo , NCIS Special Agent , second in command Cote de Pablo as Ziva David , NCIS Special Agent Pauley Perrette as Abigail Sciuto , Forensic Specialist attached to NCIS Sean Murray as Timothy McGee , NCIS Special Agent Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance , NCIS Director David McCallum as Dr. Donald Mallard , Chief Medical Examiner for NCIS Also starring ( edit ) Brian Dietzen as Jimmy Palmer , Assistant Medical Examiner for NCIS Recurring ( edit ) Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell , FBI Senior Special Agent Muse Watson as Mike Franks , retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS ( Gibbs ' old boss ) David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort , CIA Agent Michael Nouri as Eli David , Mossad Director ( Ziva 's father ) Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs ( Gibbs ' father ) Jude Ciccolella as Phillip Davenport , departing Secretary of the Navy Arnold Vosloo as Amit Hadar , Mossad Agent Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. ( Tony 's father ) Diane Neal as Abigail Borin , CGIS Senior Special Agent TJ Ramini as Malachi Ben - Gidon , Mossad Agent Marco Sanchez as Alejandro Rivera Jacqueline Obradors as Paloma Reynosa Wendy Makkena as Dr. Rachel Cranson , a psychiatrist and Kate 's sister Michael O'Neill as Riley McCallister , retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS Sarah Jane Morris as E.J. Barrett , NCIS Senior Special Agent Matt Willig as Simon Cade , NCIS Special Agent Alimi Ballard as Gayne Levin , NCIS Special Agent Matt Craven as Clayton Jarvis , new Secretary of the Navy Enrique Murciano as Ray Cruz , CIA Agent Tamer Hassan as Agah Bayar , NCIS target Kerr Smith as Jonas Cobb , NCIS target and killer of Mike Franks Guest appearances ( edit ) Sasha Alexander as Caitlin Todd , deceased NCIS Special Agent who was killed by Ari Haswari Tim Kelleher as Chris Pacci , deceased NCIS Special Agent Meredith Monroe as April Ferris Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 163 `` Spider and the Fly '' Dennis Smith Gary Glasberg September 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) 801 19.41 Following Jackson Gibbs ' ( guest star Ralph Waite ) confrontation with Paloma Reynosa ( guest star Jacqueline Obradors ) , he is placed in NCIS protective custody at his son 's house . A few months later , the death of a helicopter pilot embroils the team in the Reynosa Cartel 's vendetta with Gibbs , making each team member a target . Paloma Reynosa , head of the cartel , plays a game of cat and mouse with NCIS as she makes a wide trail through the US , expanding her cartel 's influence . Tensions erupt when Alejandro Rivera ( guest star Marco Sanchez ) , calls Abby on her bluff to send the report on the Pedro Hernandez murder and threatens her in front of Gibbs . Aware of his involvement in the Reynosa Cartel , NCIS leads Rivera into a trap at a safehouse , tricking him into thinking his sister is dead and those responsible are in protective custody . Rivera takes the bait and intends to exact revenge , but ends up fatally shooting his own sister . Meanwhile , Leon Vance , whilst putting the report implicating Gibbs in a place no one will find it , receives a mysterious text message from Eli David , Director of Mossad claiming `` I found him '' . 164 `` Worst Nightmare '' Tony Wharmby Steven D. Binder September 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) 802 19.15 A teenage girl is kidnapped from her middle school on the Quantico marine base , prompting NCIS to investigate . Nicholas Mason , the missing girl 's grandfather ( William Devane ) , complicates matters when he arranges a ransom drop without informing NCIS . While the team are working to find out the identity of the kidnapper and motive , Gibbs is worried Mason will take the law into his own hands and potentially cause more damage . Using an elaborate ploy , the team manages to trick the kidnapper into revealing where he was hiding the girl and arrest him . Meanwhile , three interns are assigned to NCIS ; Abby is suspicious after her last assistant 's ( Chip Sterling in Season 3 ) attempt to kill her , Palmer feels ineffective after Ducky bonds with his intern , and McGee must contend with an intern who shows no interest in law enforcement or field work at all . 165 `` Short Fuse '' Leslie Libman George Schenck & Frank Cardea October 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) 803 19.81 NCIS responds to an emergency phone call after Heather Dempsey , a Marine bomb technician , shoots and kills an intruder in her home . Dempsey initially evades the investigation , but the team quickly find evidence she was not alone at the time . Her lover is revealed to be a senior FBI agent ; the intruder a hit man . They learn that Dempsey 's brother was shot and paralyzed by a man named Abbott in a gang war , and that the FBI lover recommended protective custody for him after he testified to escape jail time . Dempsey started a relationship with the agent to learn Abbott 's new identity and location . When he learned that Dempsey was searching for him , Abbott hired the hitman to kill her before she could kill him . Because hiring the hitman was not part of his immunity deal , Abbott is arrested . Meanwhile , Tony is excited to be chosen as the face of NCIS ' new recruitment campaign , but Director Vance decides Gibbs promotes the qualities NCIS is looking for more than Tony does . 166 `` Royals and Loyals '' Arvin Brown Reed Steiner October 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) 804 19.20 The team is involved in an international incident as they investigate the murder of an American petty officer whose case is connected with a Royal Navy ship . Complications ensue when someone tries to get the ship to depart before NCIS can properly investigate . They discover that the murder was over a large amount of stolen CIA money , used to pay off warlords and dictators in Afghanistan . At first , the team suspects that the Royal Navy liaison officer is responsible , but quickly find out that he is actually an MI6 agent who was framed for the theft . With his help , they track down the real culprit , the corrupt CIA handler who was in charge of the money . 167 5 `` Dead Air '' Terrence O'Hara Christopher J. Waild October 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) 805 19.41 The team investigates the death of a radio DJ and a naval officer who were both killed live on air , and their job becomes more difficult by the discovery of various suspects . While searching for the murderer , they inadvertently uncover a large domestic terrorist group composed mostly of wealthy homeowners living in a gated community . The terrorist group feel that America should be spending more money defending itself rather than on foreign wars , and attempted to recruit the DJ to their cause . When the DJ refused , they had him killed to silence him . The NCIS team raids the community and arrests all of the members , only to find out that they have something much more sinister planned . 168 6 `` Cracked '' Tony Wharmby Nicole Mirante - Matthews October 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 26 ) 806 20.18 The NCIS team investigate the death of a Navy researcher who was hit by a bus in the middle of a busy street . They are surprised to find that her entire body is covered in elaborate chemical formulae , but begin to suspect her death was nothing more than an accident after finding evidence that she was becoming increasingly paranoid . Recognizing the researcher as a kindred spirit because they share similar thought processes , Abby becomes fixated on solving her equations and vows to finish the work that the victim originally started . Unfortunately her new - found obsession soon begins driving a wedge between her and the rest of the team but thanks to Gibbs and the victim 's mother , Abby eventually regains her priorities and resumes working on the case . As the team discover that the researcher was being poisoned , Abby deduces that the formula is a method of converting bacteria into fuel . The trail leads back to a jealous co-worker , who poisoned the researcher in order to take her job . Meanwhile , Tony 's latest fling causes trouble when she suggests role playing , but refuses to tell Tony what she has in mind . Her fantasy is later revealed to be Tony Manero from Saturday Night Fever , evidenced by a very uncomfortable Tony attempting to sneak out of the Navy yard in a white disco suit . 169 7 `` Broken Arrow '' Arvin Brown George Schenck & Frank Cardea November 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) 807 19.87 When investigating a murder of a former Navy Commander and friend of Vice Admiral Chase , the team stumbles across a piece of an old nuclear bomb that had been lost during the Cold War . Because the victim had connections to Tony 's father , they track him down and question him . Eventually , much to Tony 's annoyance , Gibbs recruits DiNozzo Sr. to use his contacts to infiltrate a private party attended by arms dealers . They discover that the CEO of a salvage company stumbled across the nuclear bomb and plans to sell it on the black market . The CEO is arrested , and both DiNozzos finally reconcile their differences with one another . 170 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' Dennis Smith Jesse Stern November 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 16 ) 808 19.43 The team is designated to protect Eli David ( Mossad Director & Ziva 's father ) during a NCIS conference . They must deal with three Palestinian terrorists trying to kill him . The episode ends on a cliffhanger when , after an attack by the terrorists at the conference apparently fails , Vance and David go to a safe house . Gibbs can not reach them on the radio and Officer Hadar is shown to be lying dead at the safe house . 171 9 `` Enemies Domestic '' Mark Horowitz Jesse Stern November 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) 809 18.78 Gibbs arrives at the scene to find Hadar dead , Vance critically injured , and Eli missing . Eventually , the team tracks down Eli , who had gone into hiding to elude his assassins . They then deduce that the man who planted the bomb is an insider at NCIS . During the episode , Gibbs revisits Operation Trident , Vance 's first job with NIS and when he met Eli David . Gibbs originally comes to the conclusion that Eli tried to have Vance killed during the op by tipping off his primary target : a Soviet operative called the Russian . When Eli is found , it is revealed that Vance and Eli had actually worked together during the op to stop the Russian and his hit team which was the career builder for Vance . The insider in NCIS was the same person who mounted the operation in Amsterdam and whose plan was foiled by Vance and Eli . It is revealed that the insider is Riley McAllister , former head of the San Diego field office , and that he mounted the operation so that his area of expertise , Russia , would come back into a post-Cold War play which would have allowed him to become Director . He had hired the Russian , the same man that he later sent Gibbs to assassinate in Paris along with Jenny Shepard , to kill Vance and he had set up the bomb at the safe house to have revenge on Vance and Eli . He then tries to kill Vance in his hospital room but Vance stabs him with a knife that Gibbs had given him to defend himself . Before he returns to Israel , Eli makes peace with Ziva . 172 10 `` False Witness '' James Whitmore , Jr . Steven D. Binder December 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 14 ) 810 19.87 The NCIS team investigates the disappearance of a Navy Petty Officer who is the sole witness in an upcoming murder trial . Meanwhile , Ziva and McGee attempt to discover the reason for Tony 's strange behavior . 173 11 `` Ships in the Night '' Thomas J. Wright Reed Steiner & Christopher J. Waild January 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 11 ) 811 21.93 Gibbs and the NCIS team partner with Coast Guard Investigative Service ( CGIS ) Agent Abigail Borin to investigate the murder of a Marine First Lieutenant on a dinner cruise . The team learns of the victim 's wealth , opening up new lines of investigation . The victim was the heir of a multimillion dollar corporation , and was intending to use his ownership to turn the corporation into a charity organization . Piecing together the clues , the team discovers that the victim 's death was the result of a conspiracy between his sister , the family lawyer , and the corporation 's CFO . Later , one of the victim 's squadmates , who is also a lawyer , arrives at NCIS to deliver his last will and testament , which was intended to carry out the victim 's wishes to reform his company . 174 12 `` Recruited '' Arvin Brown Gary Glasberg January 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) 812 21.09 A petty officer 's recruitment session at a college fair comes to a fatal end , prompting the NCIS team to solve his murder . The team learns of the petty officer 's homosexuality , leading Gibbs to classify the murder as a possible hate crime . Ducky 's predecessor at NCIS , Dr. Walter Magnus ( Bob Newhart ) , pays a visit . The team tracks down several suspects , but Gibbs eventually figures out that the killer was the father of one of the students the petty officer was advising . The father did not realize the petty officer was trying to help his son deal with his homosexuality , and feared he was attempting to start a relationship with him . Meanwhile , Magnus reveals the true reason for his visit ; he is suffering from Alzheimer 's disease and he was hoping that coming back to NCIS would help him regain his memories . To help Magnus , Ducky with McGee aiding him gives Magnus a collection of pictures of all of the people Magnus had helped during his time in NCIS . 175 13 `` Freedom '' Craig Ross , Jr . Nicole Mirante - Matthews February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) 813 22.85 The team investigates the death of a marine , which reveals that his wife has been abused . 176 14 `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' James Whitmore , Jr . Gary Glasberg February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) 814 20.35 A naval commander is found dead in his rack aboard ship , apparently murdered . The NCIS team investigates while having to deal with mandatory psychological evaluations conducted by Dr. Rachel Cranston , who is eventually revealed to be the older sister of their former colleague and friend , Agent Caitlin Todd . It is discovered that the commander had actually committed suicide due to facing mandatory retirement and having no life other than the Navy . His colleagues had disguised the suicide out of respect for him . 177 15 `` Defiance '' Dennis Smith George Schenck & Frank Cardea February 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 15 ) 815 19.40 A botched assassination attempt in Belgravia forces NCIS to protect the Defense Minister 's daughter Adriana , who is studying in the U.S. While the team is busy guarding Adriana , Gibbs attempts to investigate the death of the Marine who was killed protecting the minister . Meanwhile , Adriana begins developing a crush on McGee , but she is suddenly kidnapped by two armed attackers . Furious at their failure , Vance orders the team to solve the case in 48 hours or he will take McGee and Dinozzo 's badges . The team discovers that Adriana , who disagreed with her father 's policies , arranged her own kidnapping to pressure him . However , one of the conspirators becomes greedy and decides to hold her for ransom . Fortunately , the team is able to rescue her , but are unable to arrest her for her role in the plot due to diplomatic immunity . McGee is left to wonder if Adriana really did have feelings for him or if it was all just an act . 178 16 `` Kill Screen '' Tony Wharmby Teleplay by : Steven D. Binder Story by : Steven Kriozere February 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) 816 21.32 The discovery of some extracted teeth and dismembered digits in a purse results in an NCIS investigation when they are identified as belonging to a Marine . As the team tries to track down the killer , an investigator from an electronic security firm arrives , having traced the source of a number of computer hackings to NCIS . This makes McGee nervous as he had regularly illegally hacked into government computers under Gibbs ' orders . The team manages to track down Maxine ( guest star Beth Riesgraf ) , who is the dead Marine 's girlfriend and is an avid gamer and computer expert . She begins to take a liking to McGee . However , McGee tries to maintain his distance due to the events in `` Defiance '' . She reveals that she had accidentally uncovered some sort of encrypted code in an MMORPG which turns out to be a program capable of hacking the Pentagon . The team tracks down the programmer responsible and shuts down his program , but he is found dead . Gibbs and McGee deduce that the investigator that arrived earlier was behind the killings , since news of such a threat to American security could ruin his career . Later , DiNozzo manipulates events to get McGee to start dating Maxine . 179 17 `` One Last Score '' Michael Weatherly Jesse Stern March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) 817 19.21 NCIS discovers that one of its former investigative assistants found brutally stabbed to death was selling details for how to rob a warehouse full of valuable possessions . 180 18 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Terrence O'Hara Teleplay by : Reed Steiner & Christopher J. Waild Story by : Leon Carroll , Jr . March 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 22 ) 818 19.46 Director Vance has Gibbs and his team assigned to the case of a drug - addicted teenager accused of patricide . Gibbs begins to question Vance 's motives when the NCIS team begin to find inconsistencies in the investigation that lead him to believe his suspect is innocent . Tensions between Gibbs and Vance -- fuelled by budget cuts and re-assignments in previous episodes -- come to a head when Vance admits the victim was a close friend . After a lengthy investigation , NCIS discover that the boy 's runaway mother had recently tried to re-enter his life , and killed his father in a rage when he refused to let the two meet . 181 19 `` Tell - All '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Andrew Bartels March 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) 819 18.73 A dying message from a naval officer attached to the Defense Intelligence Agency leads Gibbs ' team in search of a manuscript containing military information . As the team investigates further , they find the body of a murdered FBI agent , and discover that both victims were involved in the writing of a book exposing secret anti-terrorist operations . However , the team is forced to track down the anonymous author of the book when Navy intelligence officers destroy all copies of the book . With the author 's help ( who is also a former Marine Lieutenant who was discharged for a failed anti-terrorist operation ) , they manage to arrest an arms dealer who had stolen a shipment of military weapons , but find out that she was n't the killer . With this new information , as well as new evidence from Abby , Gibbs deduces that the FBI agent 's husband is the killer , since he mistakenly believed that his wife was having an affair . As a minor story , Gibbs gets an invitation to a wedding , and throws it in the bin . Tony spends the entire episode trying to figure out who it is from . It turns out it was from one of his ex-wives ( the same wife who married and divorced Fornell ) . 182 20 `` Two - Faced '' Thomas J. Wright Nicole Mirante - Matthews & Reed Steiner April 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 05 ) 820 19.40 The body of a seaman is found wrapped in plastic and doused with a hospital - grade cleanser , hallmarks of a serial killer known as the `` Port - to - Port '' killer who kills service personnel when they make landfall . Vance creates a task force to catch the killer , appointing Barrett as lead investigator as she had been tracking the killer since he struck in Rota , Spain . Tensions arise within the MCRT when Gibbs suspects Barret and DiNozzo are sleeping together , compromising the loyalties of the team . Ziva discovers her boyfriend Ray is a secret CIA liaison to NCIS and questions the entire nature of their relationship when she catches him in a lie . After several dead ends and the discovery of another victim ( bringing the known total to five ) , the episode ends with Ziva and DiNozzo in a bar , discovering a human eyeball floating in a glass of gin and tonic sent by an unidentified patron . 183 21 `` Dead Reflection '' William Webb George Schenck & Frank Cardea April 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 12 ) 821 19.87 The Major Case Response Team investigates a murder in the Pentagon that was caught on camera . Complications arise when the killer himself is found dead in an apparent car accident , but Ducky claims it was impossible for him to have committed the murder that was caught on tape as he died two days earlier ; eventually the team discovers the real killer was using an advanced silicone mask to impersonate the deceased so he could tamper with evidence implicating him in a botched special forces mission . Meanwhile , after trying to figure out the mystery of the eye from `` Two - Faced '' , E.J. and Palmer discover that the eye from the previous episode can open MTAC when scanned , leaving everyone including Gibbs and the team shocked at the revelation . 184 22 `` Baltimore '' Terrence O'Hara Steven D. Binder May 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) 822 17.87 Special agent Anthony DiNozzo must dig into his past as a cop at Baltimore Police District when his old partner is murdered . 185 23 `` Swan Song '' Tony Wharmby Jesse Stern May 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) 823 17.62 While chasing the Port to Port Killer , NCIS is placed on high alert when evidence comes to light that he has infiltrated the Navy Yard . They learn that his latest victim survived because somebody intervened and lost an eye in the process : the team 's on - again , off - again enemy , Trent Kort . Kort names the Port to Port Killer as Lt. Jonas Cobb ( Kerr Smith ) , the first member of a CIA assassination team who cracked under inhumane training . Kort was sent to locate Cobb and eliminate him . As the NCIS team close in on Cobb , they suffer a personal tragedy when Mike Franks is killed after attempting to apprehend him . With Cobb injured , armed and unaccounted for , Gibbs confronts Leon Vance over his decisions in recent weeks . Vance admits that the decision to put E.J. Barrett in charge of the case came from higher up . Gibbs realizes that Cobb identifies with him , and is likely targeting E.J. The episode ends with E.J. ignoring Vance 's orders and attempting to apprehend Cobb . However , Cobb ambushes E.J. and they both get into a struggle , which E.J. begins to slowly lose . 186 24 `` Pyramid '' Dennis Smith Gary Glasberg May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 824 18.62 Having finally learned the identity of the Port - to - Port killer after the death of Mike Franks , Gibbs and his team prepare for the worst when he makes his final strike close to the heart of NCIS , leading Ziva into a trap . When Ziva is found by McGee , DiNozzo , Gibbs and Ray Cruz , she reveals that it was misdirection while the killer , Lt. Jonas Cobb , infiltrates NCIS to target the people he holds responsible for turning him into a killer as a part of `` Operation Frankenstein '' : Leon Vance , Trent Kort and the Secretary of the Navy . Everything he has done since killing his first victim in Spain has been with the sole intention of finding them -- but knowing that the Secretary of the Navy is under twenty - four - hour protection , Cobb changes tactics and instead targets E.J. Barrett who is not only the person who has been investigating him from the beginning of his killing spree , but is also the Secretary of the Navy 's niece . The NCIS team are able to track Cobb back to the facility where he was put through his training and is seen `` training '' Trent Kort , Jimmy Palmer and Barrett . He claims he only ever did what he thought was right , but refuses to surrender and is shot and killed by Gibbs and Vance . The Secretary of the Navy resigns over the affair , Trent Kort goes into hiding in Israel and Mike Franks is given a military funeral in a coffin built by Gibbs . The episode ends with the new Secretary of the Navy Clayton Jarvis ( Matt Craven ) giving DiNozzo a classified assignment to `` handle '' an unknown person and informing him that an NCIS agent is suspected of selling classified information . Ratings ( edit ) Episode Ratings Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) Rank Night Week `` Spider and the Fly '' September 21 , 2010 19.41 `` Worst Nightmare '' September 28 , 2010 19.15 `` Short Fuse '' October 5 , 2010 19.81 `` Royals & Loyals '' October 12 , 2010 19.20 `` Dead Air '' October 19 , 2010 19.41 `` Cracked '' October 26 , 2010 20.18 `` Broken Arrow '' November 9 , 2010 19.87 `` Enemies Foreign '' November 16 , 2010 19.43 `` Enemies Domestic '' November 23 , 2010 18.78 `` False Witness '' December 14 , 2010 19.87 `` Ships in the Night '' January 11 , 2011 21.93 `` Recruited '' January 18 , 2011 21.09 5 `` Freedom '' February 1 , 2011 22.85 5 `` A Man Walks Into A Bar ... '' February 8 , 2011 20.35 `` Defiance '' February 15 , 2011 19.40 `` Kill Screen '' February 22 , 2011 21.32 5 `` One Last Score '' March 1 , 2011 19.21 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' March 22 , 2011 19.46 `` Tell - All '' March 29 , 2011 18.73 5 `` Two - Faced '' April 5 , 2011 19.40 5 `` Dead Reflection '' April 12 , 2011 19.87 `` Baltimore '' May 3 , 2011 17.87 `` Swan Song '' May 10 , 2011 17.62 `` Pyramid '' May 17 , 2011 18.62 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2010 -- 2011 Primetime Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Glee , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Week 2 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , No Ordinary Family , NCIS , Dancing , Parenthood Up ; Raising Hope , Detroit 1 -- 8 -- 7 , Running Wilde Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , Dancing Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 , Good Wife , Raising Hope , Running Wilde , Life Unexpected Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : NCIS , DWTS Results Adjusted Up ; Detroit 1 -- 8 -- 7 , Running Wilde Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee , Dancing Adjusted Up ; Detroit 1 -- 8 -- 7 , Raising Hope Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : NCIS , Glee , Life Unexpected Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 , Raising Hope Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : Glee Sings Louder , Adjusted Up ; Detroit 187 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : The Biggest Loser Sheds a Tenth ; Raising Hope Gains It '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : ' The Good Wife , ' ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Detroit 187 ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS : LA ' Hits Viewer Highs '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Life Unexpected ' Finale Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up For Women 18 -- 34 , No 18 - 49 Adjustments '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up , ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up , Ties ' NCIS ' ; ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down ; ' Glee ' Repeat Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Body Of Proof , ' 2x ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing with the Stars Results , ' ' Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Body of Proof ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Parenthood , ' ' Biggest Loser , ' ' Food Revolution , ' ' Dancing Results ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Hellcats ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Glee , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Breaking In , ' ' The Good Wife , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down ; ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . General references `` NCIS Season 8 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z -- ncis on cbs '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . `` NCIS Season 8 Episode Recaps '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCIS_(season_8)&oldid=830768101 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons NCIS ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2012 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Íslenska Italiano Magyar Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 20 : 40 . About Wikipedia | who was the port to port killer on ncis | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n163\n1\n\"Spider and the Fly\"\nDennis Smith\nGary Glasberg\nSeptember 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)\n801\n19.41[2]\n\n\nFollowing Jackson Gibbs' (guest star Ralph Waite) confrontation with Paloma Reynosa (guest star Jacqueline Obradors), he is placed in NCIS protective custody at his son's house. A few months later, the death of a helicopter pilot embroils the team in the Reynosa Cartel's vendetta with Gibbs, making each team member a target. Paloma Reynosa, head of the cartel, plays a game of cat and mouse with NCIS as she makes a wide trail through the US, expanding her cartel's influence. Tensions erupt when Alejandro Rivera (guest star Marco Sanchez), calls Abby on her bluff to send the report on the Pedro Hernandez murder and threatens her in front of Gibbs. Aware of his involvement in the Reynosa Cartel, NCIS leads Rivera into a trap at a safehouse, tricking him into thinking his sister is dead and those responsible are in protective custody. Rivera takes the bait and intends to exact revenge, but ends up fatally shooting his own sister. Meanwhile, Leon Vance, whilst putting the report implicating Gibbs in a place no one will find it, receives a mysterious text message from Eli David, Director of Mossad claiming \"I found him\".\n\n\n164\n2\n\"Worst Nightmare\"\nTony Wharmby\nSteven D. Binder\nSeptember 28, 2010 (2010-09-28)\n802\n19.15[3]\n\n\nA teenage girl is kidnapped from her middle school on the Quantico marine base, prompting NCIS to investigate. Nicholas Mason, the missing girl's grandfather (William Devane), complicates matters when he arranges a ransom drop without informing NCIS. While the team are working to find out the identity of the kidnapper and motive, Gibbs is worried Mason will take the law into his own hands and potentially cause more damage. Using an elaborate ploy, the team manages to trick the kidnapper into revealing where he was hiding the girl and arrest him. Meanwhile, three interns are assigned to NCIS; Abby is suspicious after her last assistant's (Chip Sterling in Season 3) attempt to kill her, Palmer feels ineffective after Ducky bonds with his intern, and McGee must contend with an intern who shows no interest in law enforcement or field work at all.\n\n\n165\n3\n\"Short Fuse\"\nLeslie Libman\nGeorge Schenck & Frank Cardea\nOctober 5, 2010 (2010-10-05)\n803\n19.81[4]\n\n\nNCIS responds to an emergency phone call after Heather Dempsey, a Marine bomb technician, shoots and kills an intruder in her home. Dempsey initially evades the investigation, but the team quickly find evidence she was not alone at the time. Her lover is revealed to be a senior FBI agent; the intruder a hit man. They learn that Dempsey's brother was shot and paralyzed by a man named Abbott in a gang war, and that the FBI lover recommended protective custody for him after he testified to escape jail time. Dempsey started a relationship with the agent to learn Abbott's new identity and location. When he learned that Dempsey was searching for him, Abbott hired the hitman to kill her before she could kill him. Because hiring the hitman was not part of his immunity deal, Abbott is arrested. Meanwhile, Tony is excited to be chosen as the face of NCIS' new recruitment campaign, but Director Vance decides Gibbs promotes the qualities NCIS is looking for more than Tony does.\n\n\n166\n4\n\"Royals and Loyals\"\nArvin Brown\nReed Steiner\nOctober 12, 2010 (2010-10-12)\n804\n19.20[5]\n\n\nThe team is involved in an international incident as they investigate the murder of an American petty officer whose case is connected with a Royal Navy ship. Complications ensue when someone tries to get the ship to depart before NCIS can properly investigate. They discover that the murder was over a large amount of stolen CIA money, used to pay off warlords and dictators in Afghanistan. At first, the team suspects that the Royal Navy liaison officer is responsible, but quickly find out that he is actually an MI6 agent who was framed for the theft. With his help, they track down the real culprit, the corrupt CIA handler who was in charge of the money.\n\n\n167\n5\n\"Dead Air\"\nTerrence O'Hara\nChristopher J. Waild\nOctober 19, 2010 (2010-10-19)\n805\n19.41[6]\n\n\nThe team investigates the death of a radio DJ and a naval officer who were both killed live on air, and their job becomes more difficult by the discovery of various suspects. While searching for the murderer, they inadvertently uncover a large domestic terrorist group composed mostly of wealthy homeowners living in a gated community. The terrorist group feel that America should be spending more money defending itself rather than on foreign wars, and attempted to recruit the DJ to their cause. When the DJ refused, they had him killed to silence him. The NCIS team raids the community and arrests all of the members, only to find out that they have something much more sinister planned.\n\n\n168\n6\n\"Cracked\"\nTony Wharmby\nNicole Mirante-Matthews\nOctober 26, 2010 (2010-10-26)\n806\n20.18[7]\n\n\n\nThe NCIS team investigate the death of a Navy researcher who was hit by a bus in the middle of a busy street. They are surprised to find that her entire body is covered in elaborate chemical formulae, but begin to suspect her death was nothing more than an accident after finding evidence that she was becoming increasingly paranoid. Recognizing the researcher as a kindred spirit because they share similar thought processes, Abby becomes fixated on solving her equations and vows to finish the work that the victim originally started. Unfortunately her new-found obsession soon begins driving a wedge between her and the rest of the team but thanks to Gibbs and the victim's mother, Abby eventually regains her priorities and resumes working on the case. As the team discover that the researcher was being poisoned, Abby deduces that the formula is a method of converting bacteria into fuel. The trail leads back to a jealous co-worker, who poisoned the researcher in order to take her job.\nMeanwhile, Tony's latest fling causes trouble when she suggests role playing, but refuses to tell Tony what she has in mind. Her fantasy is later revealed to be Tony Manero from Saturday Night Fever, evidenced by a very uncomfortable Tony attempting to sneak out of the Navy yard in a white disco suit.\n\n\n169\n7\n\"Broken Arrow\"\nArvin Brown\nGeorge Schenck & Frank Cardea\nNovember 9, 2010 (2010-11-09)\n807\n19.87[8]\n\n\nWhen investigating a murder of a former Navy Commander and friend of Vice Admiral Chase, the team stumbles across a piece of an old nuclear bomb that had been lost during the Cold War. Because the victim had connections to Tony's father, they track him down and question him. Eventually, much to Tony's annoyance, Gibbs recruits DiNozzo Sr. to use his contacts to infiltrate a private party attended by arms dealers. They discover that the CEO of a salvage company stumbled across the nuclear bomb and plans to sell it on the black market. The CEO is arrested, and both DiNozzos finally reconcile their differences with one another.\n\n\n170\n8\n\"Enemies Foreign\"\nDennis Smith\nJesse Stern\nNovember 16, 2010 (2010-11-16)\n808\n19.43[9]\n\n\nThe team is designated to protect Eli David (Mossad Director & Ziva's father) during a NCIS conference. They must deal with three Palestinian terrorists trying to kill him. The episode ends on a cliffhanger when, after an attack by the terrorists at the conference apparently fails, Vance and David go to a safe house. Gibbs cannot reach them on the radio and Officer Hadar is shown to be lying dead at the safe house.\n\n\n171\n9\n\"Enemies Domestic\"\nMark Horowitz\nJesse Stern\nNovember 23, 2010 (2010-11-23)\n809\n18.78[10]\n\n\nGibbs arrives at the scene to find Hadar dead, Vance critically injured, and Eli missing. Eventually, the team tracks down Eli, who had gone into hiding to elude his assassins. They then deduce that the man who planted the bomb is an insider at NCIS. During the episode, Gibbs revisits Operation Trident, Vance's first job with NIS and when he met Eli David. Gibbs originally comes to the conclusion that Eli tried to have Vance killed during the op by tipping off his primary target: a Soviet operative called the Russian. When Eli is found, it is revealed that Vance and Eli had actually worked together during the op to stop the Russian and his hit team which was the career builder for Vance. The insider in NCIS was the same person who mounted the operation in Amsterdam and whose plan was foiled by Vance and Eli. It is revealed that the insider is Riley McAllister, former head of the San Diego field office, and that he mounted the operation so that his area of expertise, Russia, would come back into a post-Cold War play which would have allowed him to become Director. He had hired the Russian, the same man that he later sent Gibbs to assassinate in Paris along with Jenny Shepard, to kill Vance and he had set up the bomb at the safe house to have revenge on Vance and Eli. He then tries to kill Vance in his hospital room but Vance stabs him with a knife that Gibbs had given him to defend himself. Before he returns to Israel, Eli makes peace with Ziva.\n\n\n172\n10\n\"False Witness\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nSteven D. Binder\nDecember 14, 2010 (2010-12-14)\n810\n19.87[11]\n\n\nThe NCIS team investigates the disappearance of a Navy Petty Officer who is the sole witness in an upcoming murder trial. Meanwhile, Ziva and McGee attempt to discover the reason for Tony's strange behavior.\n\n\n173\n11\n\"Ships in the Night\"\nThomas J. Wright\nReed Steiner & Christopher J. Waild\nJanuary 11, 2011 (2011-01-11)\n811\n21.93[12]\n\n\nGibbs and the NCIS team partner with Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS) Agent Abigail Borin to investigate the murder of a Marine First Lieutenant on a dinner cruise. The team learns of the victim's wealth, opening up new lines of investigation. The victim was the heir of a multimillion dollar corporation, and was intending to use his ownership to turn the corporation into a charity organization. Piecing together the clues, the team discovers that the victim's death was the result of a conspiracy between his sister, the family lawyer, and the corporation's CFO. Later, one of the victim's squadmates, who is also a lawyer, arrives at NCIS to deliver his last will and testament, which was intended to carry out the victim's wishes to reform his company.\n\n\n174\n12\n\"Recruited\"\nArvin Brown\nGary Glasberg\nJanuary 18, 2011 (2011-01-18)\n812\n21.09[13]\n\n\n\nA petty officer's recruitment session at a college fair comes to a fatal end, prompting the NCIS team to solve his murder. The team learns of the petty officer's homosexuality, leading Gibbs to classify the murder as a possible hate crime. Ducky's predecessor at NCIS, Dr. Walter Magnus (Bob Newhart), pays a visit. The team tracks down several suspects, but Gibbs eventually figures out that the killer was the father of one of the students the petty officer was advising. The father did not realize the petty officer was trying to help his son deal with his homosexuality, and feared he was attempting to start a relationship with him.\nMeanwhile, Magnus reveals the true reason for his visit; he is suffering from Alzheimer's disease and he was hoping that coming back to NCIS would help him regain his memories. To help Magnus, Ducky with McGee aiding him gives Magnus a collection of pictures of all of the people Magnus had helped during his time in NCIS.\n\n\n175\n13\n\"Freedom\"\nCraig Ross, Jr.\nNicole Mirante-Matthews\nFebruary 1, 2011 (2011-02-01)\n813\n22.85[14]\n\n\nThe team investigates the death of a marine, which reveals that his wife has been abused.\n\n\n176\n14\n\"A Man Walks Into a Bar...\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nGary Glasberg\nFebruary 8, 2011 (2011-02-08)\n814\n20.35[15]\n\n\nA naval commander is found dead in his rack aboard ship, apparently murdered. The NCIS team investigates while having to deal with mandatory psychological evaluations conducted by Dr. Rachel Cranston, who is eventually revealed to be the older sister of their former colleague and friend, Agent Caitlin Todd. It is discovered that the commander had actually committed suicide due to facing mandatory retirement and having no life other than the Navy. His colleagues had disguised the suicide out of respect for him.\n\n\n177\n15\n\"Defiance\"\nDennis Smith\nGeorge Schenck & Frank Cardea\nFebruary 15, 2011 (2011-02-15)\n815\n19.40[16]\n\n\nA botched assassination attempt in Belgravia forces NCIS to protect the Defense Minister's daughter Adriana, who is studying in the U.S. While the team is busy guarding Adriana, Gibbs attempts to investigate the death of the Marine who was killed protecting the minister. Meanwhile, Adriana begins developing a crush on McGee, but she is suddenly kidnapped by two armed attackers. Furious at their failure, Vance orders the team to solve the case in 48 hours or he will take McGee and Dinozzo's badges. The team discovers that Adriana, who disagreed with her father's policies, arranged her own kidnapping to pressure him. However, one of the conspirators becomes greedy and decides to hold her for ransom. Fortunately, the team is able to rescue her, but are unable to arrest her for her role in the plot due to diplomatic immunity. McGee is left to wonder if Adriana really did have feelings for him or if it was all just an act.\n\n\n178\n16\n\"Kill Screen\"\nTony Wharmby\nTeleplay by: Steven D. Binder\nStory by: Steven Kriozere\nFebruary 22, 2011 (2011-02-22)\n816\n21.32[17]\n\n\nThe discovery of some extracted teeth and dismembered digits in a purse results in an NCIS investigation when they are identified as belonging to a Marine. As the team tries to track down the killer, an investigator from an electronic security firm arrives, having traced the source of a number of computer hackings to NCIS. This makes McGee nervous as he had regularly illegally hacked into government computers under Gibbs' orders. The team manages to track down Maxine (guest star Beth Riesgraf), who is the dead Marine's girlfriend and is an avid gamer and computer expert. She begins to take a liking to McGee. However, McGee tries to maintain his distance due to the events in \"Defiance\". She reveals that she had accidentally uncovered some sort of encrypted code in an MMORPG which turns out to be a program capable of hacking the Pentagon. The team tracks down the programmer responsible and shuts down his program, but he is found dead. Gibbs and McGee deduce that the investigator that arrived earlier was behind the killings, since news of such a threat to American security could ruin his career. Later, DiNozzo manipulates events to get McGee to start dating Maxine.\n\n\n179\n17\n\"One Last Score\"\nMichael Weatherly\nJesse Stern\nMarch 1, 2011 (2011-03-01)\n817\n19.21[18]\n\n\nNCIS discovers that one of its former investigative assistants found brutally stabbed to death was selling details for how to rob a warehouse full of valuable possessions.\n\n\n180\n18\n\"Out of the Frying Pan\"\nTerrence O'Hara\nTeleplay by: Reed Steiner & Christopher J. Waild\nStory by: Leon Carroll, Jr.\nMarch 22, 2011 (2011-03-22)\n818\n19.46[19]\n\n\nDirector Vance has Gibbs and his team assigned to the case of a drug-addicted teenager accused of patricide. Gibbs begins to question Vance's motives when the NCIS team begin to find inconsistencies in the investigation that lead him to believe his suspect is innocent. Tensions between Gibbs and Vance – fuelled by budget cuts and re-assignments in previous episodes – come to a head when Vance admits the victim was a close friend. After a lengthy investigation, NCIS discover that the boy's runaway mother had recently tried to re-enter his life, and killed his father in a rage when he refused to let the two meet.\n\n\n181\n19\n\"Tell-All\"\nKevin Rodney Sullivan\nAndrew Bartels\nMarch 29, 2011 (2011-03-29)\n819\n18.73[20]\n\n\nA dying message from a naval officer attached to the Defense Intelligence Agency leads Gibbs' team in search of a manuscript containing military information. As the team investigates further, they find the body of a murdered FBI agent, and discover that both victims were involved in the writing of a book exposing secret anti-terrorist operations. However, the team is forced to track down the anonymous author of the book when Navy intelligence officers destroy all copies of the book. With the author's help (who is also a former Marine Lieutenant who was discharged for a failed anti-terrorist operation), they manage to arrest an arms dealer who had stolen a shipment of military weapons, but find out that she wasn't the killer. With this new information, as well as new evidence from Abby, Gibbs deduces that the FBI agent's husband is the killer, since he mistakenly believed that his wife was having an affair. As a minor story, Gibbs gets an invitation to a wedding, and throws it in the bin. Tony spends the entire episode trying to figure out who it is from. It turns out it was from one of his ex-wives (the same wife who married and divorced Fornell).\n\n\n182\n20\n\"Two-Faced\"\nThomas J. Wright\nNicole Mirante-Matthews & Reed Steiner\nApril 5, 2011 (2011-04-05)\n820\n19.40[21]\n\n\nThe body of a seaman is found wrapped in plastic and doused with a hospital-grade cleanser, hallmarks of a serial killer known as the \"Port-to-Port\" killer who kills service personnel when they make landfall. Vance creates a task force to catch the killer, appointing Barrett as lead investigator as she had been tracking the killer since he struck in Rota, Spain. Tensions arise within the MCRT when Gibbs suspects Barret and DiNozzo are sleeping together, compromising the loyalties of the team. Ziva discovers her boyfriend Ray is a secret CIA liaison to NCIS and questions the entire nature of their relationship when she catches him in a lie. After several dead ends and the discovery of another victim (bringing the known total to five), the episode ends with Ziva and DiNozzo in a bar, discovering a human eyeball floating in a glass of gin and tonic sent by an unidentified patron.\n\n\n183\n21\n\"Dead Reflection\"\nWilliam Webb\nGeorge Schenck & Frank Cardea\nApril 12, 2011 (2011-04-12)\n821\n19.87[22]\n\n\nThe Major Case Response Team investigates a murder in the Pentagon that was caught on camera. Complications arise when the killer himself is found dead in an apparent car accident, but Ducky claims it was impossible for him to have committed the murder that was caught on tape as he died two days earlier; eventually the team discovers the real killer was using an advanced silicone mask to impersonate the deceased so he could tamper with evidence implicating him in a botched special forces mission. Meanwhile, after trying to figure out the mystery of the eye from \"Two-Faced\", E.J. and Palmer discover that the eye from the previous episode can open MTAC when scanned, leaving everyone including Gibbs and the team shocked at the revelation.\n\n\n184\n22\n\"Baltimore\"\nTerrence O'Hara\nSteven D. Binder\nMay 3, 2011 (2011-05-03)\n822\n17.87[23]\n\n\nSpecial agent Anthony DiNozzo must dig into his past as a cop at Baltimore Police District when his old partner is murdered.\n\n\n185\n23\n\"Swan Song\"\nTony Wharmby\nJesse Stern\nMay 10, 2011 (2011-05-10)\n823\n17.62[24]\n\n\nWhile chasing the Port to Port Killer, NCIS is placed on high alert when evidence comes to light that he has infiltrated the Navy Yard. They learn that his latest victim survived because somebody intervened and lost an eye in the process: the team's on-again, off-again enemy, Trent Kort. Kort names the Port to Port Killer as Lt. Jonas Cobb (Kerr Smith), the first member of a CIA assassination team who cracked under inhumane training. Kort was sent to locate Cobb and eliminate him. As the NCIS team close in on Cobb, they suffer a personal tragedy when Mike Franks is killed after attempting to apprehend him. With Cobb injured, armed and unaccounted for, Gibbs confronts Leon Vance over his decisions in recent weeks. Vance admits that the decision to put E.J. Barrett in charge of the case came from higher up. Gibbs realizes that Cobb identifies with him, and is likely targeting E.J. The episode ends with E.J. ignoring Vance's orders and attempting to apprehend Cobb. However, Cobb ambushes E.J. and they both get into a struggle, which E.J. begins to slowly lose.\n\n\n186\n24\n\"Pyramid\"\nDennis Smith\nGary Glasberg\nMay 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)\n824\n18.62[25]\n\n\nHaving finally learned the identity of the Port-to-Port killer after the death of Mike Franks, Gibbs and his team prepare for the worst when he makes his final strike close to the heart of NCIS, leading Ziva into a trap. When Ziva is found by McGee, DiNozzo, Gibbs and Ray Cruz, she reveals that it was misdirection while the killer, Lt. Jonas Cobb, infiltrates NCIS to target the people he holds responsible for turning him into a killer as a part of \"Operation Frankenstein\": Leon Vance, Trent Kort and the Secretary of the Navy. Everything he has done since killing his first victim in Spain has been with the sole intention of finding them – but knowing that the Secretary of the Navy is under twenty-four-hour protection, Cobb changes tactics and instead targets E.J. Barrett who is not only the person who has been investigating him from the beginning of his killing spree, but is also the Secretary of the Navy's niece. The NCIS team are able to track Cobb back to the facility where he was put through his training and is seen \"training\" Trent Kort, Jimmy Palmer and Barrett. He claims he only ever did what he thought was right, but refuses to surrender and is shot and killed by Gibbs and Vance. The Secretary of the Navy resigns over the affair, Trent Kort goes into hiding in Israel and Mike Franks is given a military funeral in a coffin built by Gibbs. The episode ends with the new Secretary of the Navy Clayton Jarvis (Matt Craven) giving DiNozzo a classified assignment to \"handle\" an unknown person and informing him that an NCIS agent is suspected of selling classified information.\n\n"
] | [
"Lt. Jonas Cobb"
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-9203820652302407459 | Ireland Act 1949 | Ireland Act 1949 - wikipedia Ireland Act 1949 Jump to : navigation , search Ireland Act 1949 Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to recognise and declare the constitutional position as to the part of Ireland heretofore known as Eire , and to make provision as to the name by which it may be known and the manner in which the law is to apply in relation to it ; to declare and affirm the constitutional position and the territorial integrity of Northern Ireland and to amend , as respects the Parliament of the United Kingdom , the law relating to the qualifications of electors in constituencies in Northern Ireland ; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid . Citation 1949 c. 41 ( 12 , 13 & 14 Geo. 6 . ) Introduced by Clement Attlee Territorial extent United Kingdom ( England and Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ) The Isle of Man The Channel Islands British Overseas Territories Dates Royal assent 2 June 1949 Commencement 18 April 1949 Other legislation Amended by Representation of the People Act 1949 Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 British Nationality Act 1981 Repealed by Repealed by implication ( in the United Kingdom ) by the Civil Aviation Act 1949 , the Civil Aviation Act 1968 , the Civil Aviation Act 1971 , the Immigration Act 1971 , the Civil Aviation Act 1982 , the Aviation Security Act 1982 , the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 and the Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act 1997 Status : Spent Text of statute as originally enacted Revised text of statute as amended The Ireland Act 1949 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom intended to deal with the consequences of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 as passed by the Irish parliament , the Oireachtas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Summary of provisions 3 Repairing mistake in British nationality law 4 Northern Ireland 's name 5 Reaction 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Republic of Ireland Act 1948 Following the secession of most of Ireland from the United Kingdom in 1922 , the then created Irish Free State remained ( for the purposes of British law ) a dominion of the British Empire and thus its people remained British subjects with the right to live and work in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the Empire . The British monarch continued to be head of state . However , by 1936 , systematic attempts to remove references to the monarch from Irish constitutional law meant that the only functions remaining to the Crown were : signing Letters of Credence accrediting Irish ambassadors to other states ; and signing international treaties on Ireland 's behalf . This status quo remained , with Ireland participating little in the British Commonwealth and Éamon de Valera remarking in 1945 that `` we are a republic '' in reply to the question if he planned to declare Ireland as a republic . Then somewhat unexpectedly in 1948 , during a visit to Canada , Taoiseach John A. Costello announced that Ireland was to be declared a republic . The subsequent Irish legislation , the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 , provided for the abolition of the last remaining functions of the King in relation to Ireland and provided that the President of Ireland would exercise these functions in the King 's place . When the Act came into force on 18 April 1949 , it effectively ended Ireland 's status as a British dominion . As a consequence of this , it also had the effect of ending Ireland 's membership of the British Commonwealth of Nations and the existing basis upon which Ireland and its citizens were treated in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries as `` British subjects '' , not foreigners . Summary of provisions ( edit ) The Act 's long title summarises the Act 's several purposes : An Act to recognise and declare the constitutional position as to the part of Ireland heretofore known as Eire , and to make provision as to the name by which it may be known and the manner in which the law is to apply in relation to it ; to declare and affirm the constitutional position and the territorial integrity of Northern Ireland and to amend , as respects the Parliament of the United Kingdom , the law relating to the qualifications of electors in constituencies in Northern Ireland ; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid . The effects of the Acts various subsections are as follows : s . 1 ( 1 ) -- Declared that the country known in British law as `` Eire '' ceased to be `` part of His Majesty 's dominions '' ( i.e. a member of the Commonwealth ) on 18 April 1949 ( the date that the Irish `` Republic of Ireland Act 1948 '' came into force ) . The reasons for including this declaration were described in a Working Party Report to the British Cabinet . The Report stated such a declaration was desirable firstly because `` as a matter of law , it ( was ) arguable , on the terms of the ( Statute of Westminster ) , that some provision by the Parliament at Westminster is required in order to complete the process by which a country ceases to be a member of the Commonwealth . '' The Report added that inclusion of the declaration would `` forestall any such legal argument '' . In addition , the Report said the declaration would have the `` additional advantage of excluding , for all purposes of United Kingdom law , any future argument that Eire ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth , not merely from the date of commencement of the Republic of Ireland Act , but from the entry into force of the new Eire Constitution of 1937 . '' s . 1 ( 2 ) -- Declared that all of Northern Ireland would continue as part of the United Kingdom , and would remain within the Commonwealth , unless the Parliament of Northern Ireland consented otherwise . The Working Party Report noted around this that `` it ( had ) become a matter of first - class strategic importance ... that the North should continue to form part of His Majesty 's dominions '' . The Report continued that it indeed seemed `` unlikely that Great Britain would ever be able to agree to ( Northern Ireland secession ) even if the people of Northern Ireland desired it . '' s . 1 ( 3 ) -- Established that the country up to then known in British law as `` Eire '' will in future be referred to by subsequent British legislation by the name `` Republic of Ireland '' . s . 2 ( 1 ) -- Declared that , even though the Republic of Ireland was no longer a British dominion , it would not be treated as a foreign country for the purposes of British law . s . 2 ( 2 ) -- Established that the Irish ambassador to the United Kingdom would enjoy the same legal privileges with regard to taxation as the High Commissioners representing Commonwealth countries . s . 3 ( 1 ) -- Continued in force certain existing British laws in relation to the Republic of Ireland that had previously related to the Irish state . s . 3 ( 2 ) -- Made blanket provision for how certain wording in existing British legislation should be construed ; for example , references to `` His Majesty 's dominions '' were to be construed as including a reference to the Republic of Ireland despite its actual change of status . s . 3 ( 3 ) -- Excluded from the generality of the preceding subsection any requirement for the Oireachtas to assent to any change in the law relating to the succession to the throne or the royal style and titles ; and also ended the requirement for the Irish government to receive notifications under the provisions of the Regency Act 1937 . ss. 4 and 5 -- Made certain technical provisions in relation to both transitional matters and to the citizenship of certain individuals born before the Irish Free State ceased to form part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ; fixing a mistake in the British Nationality Act 1948 ( see below ) . s . 6 -- Made a number of technical changes to the electoral law relating to the election of MPs to sit at Westminster for Northern Ireland . The principal change meant required a voter to have lived in Northern Ireland for at least three months prior to the registration date ; this change was introduced because the Government of Northern Ireland did not want people from the Republic coming to Northern Ireland to vote in elections there . Repairing mistake in British Nationality law ( edit ) Main article : British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland The Ireland Act was also used by the United Kingdom to `` repair an omission in the British Nationality Act , 1948 '' . The British Nationality Act included provisions dealing specifically with the position of `` a person who was a British subject and a citizen of Eire on 31st December , 1948 '' . Because of this , how the British law would apply was dependent on a question of Irish law , namely , who was a `` citizen of Eire '' ? The UK Government seriously misunderstood the position under Irish law . The UK Secretary of State for Home Affairs explained that : ( w ) hen British Nationality Act was passed the United Kingdom did not know that a person who was born in Southern Ireland of a Southern Irish father and on 6th December , 1922 , was domiciled in Northern Ireland was regarded as a citizen of Eire under Eire law . They therefore considered that such a person became a United Kingdom citizen on 1st January , 1949 ( in accordance with the British Nationality Act ) . The impact of this was that many people in Northern Ireland were in theory deprived of a British citizenship status they would otherwise have enjoyed but for Irish law . This was an unintended consequence of the British Nationality Act . The Secretary of State also explained the background to the mistake . He reported that under Irish law the question of who was a `` citizen of Eire '' was in part , dependent on whether a person was `` domiciled in the Irish Free State on 6th December , 1922 '' . In this regard he noted : The important date to bear in mind there is 6th December , 1922 , for that was the date ... the Irish Free State was constituted , and as constituted on 6th December , 1922 , it consisted of the 32 counties with the six counties which now form Northern Ireland having the right to vote themselves out . They did so vote themselves out on 7th December , but on 6th December , 1922 , the whole of Ireland , the 32 counties , was the Irish Free State and it was not until 7th December , the next day , the six counties having voted themselves out , that the Irish Free State became confined to the 26 counties . Therefore , the Eire law , by inserting the date 6th December , 1922 , and attaching to that the domicile , meant that anybody domiciled inside the island of Ireland on 6th December , 1922 , was a citizen of Eire . The amendment made to the British Nationality Act under the Ireland Act was intended to make it clear , in summary , that regardless of the position under Irish law , the affected persons domiciled in Northern Ireland on 6 December 1922 would not be deprived of a British citizenship status they would otherwise have enjoyed but for Irish law . In view of the above , the amendment made to the British Nationality Act under section 5 of the 1949 Act conferred Citizenship of the UK and Colonies ( CUKC ) on any Irish - born person meeting all the following criteria : was born before 6 December 1922 in what became the Republic of Ireland ; was domiciled outside the Republic of Ireland on 6 December 1922 ; was ordinarily resident outside the Republic of Ireland from 1935 to 1948 ; and was not registered as an Irish citizen under Irish legislation . Northern Ireland 's name ( edit ) Main article : Alternative names for Northern Ireland The Act made no change to Northern Ireland 's name . However , earlier drafts of the Bill had included a provision changing Northern Ireland 's name to `` Ulster '' . Reaction ( edit ) The Act created outrage in Ireland because its provisions guaranteed that partition ( i.e. the status of Northern Ireland as a part of the UK ) would continue unless the Parliament of Northern Ireland chose otherwise . Because Northern Ireland had a unionist majority , the guarantee that Northern Ireland would remain part of the UK unless the Belfast parliament resolved otherwise copper - fastened the so - called `` unionist veto '' in British law . The Irish parliament called for a Protest Against Partition as a result . This was the first and last cross-party declaration against partition by the Irish parliament . The revival of an Irish Republican Army in the early 1950s has been attributed by Irish journalist and popular historian Tim Pat Coogan to the strength of popular feeling among nationalists on both sides of the border against the Act . Before the final Act was published , speculation that the legislation would change the name of `` Northern Ireland '' to `` Ulster '' was also the subject of adverse reaction from Nationalist politicians in Northern Ireland and from the Minister for Foreign Affairs in Ireland . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Irish authorities disputed categorisation of `` Irish Free State '' and subsequently `` Irish '' citizens as British subjects , see British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland ^ Jump up to : Secret Cabinet Paper ( 49 ) 4 ; 7th January 1949 - `` Ireland : Report of Working Party '' - Memorandum by the Prime Minister ^ Jump up to : HC Deb 01 June 1949 vol 465 cc2235 - 51 ( Secretary of State for Home Affairs ) Jump up ^ R.F.V. Heuston ( January 1950 ) . `` British Nationality and Irish Citizenship '' . International Affairs . 26 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 3016841 . Jump up ^ The Times , 6 January 1949 , report on protest of Mr Mulvey , MP . Jump up ^ Ireland Act , 1949 Jump up ^ `` Dáil Éireann -- Volume 115 -- 10 May , 1949 -- Protest Against Partition -- Motion '' . Historical-debates.oireachtas.ie . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ The Times , January 6 , 1949 ( report on protest of Mr Mulvey , MP ; See also Alternative names for Northern Ireland ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ireland Act 1949 Commonwealth citizenship Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth citizen Nationality laws Australia Bangladesh Barbados Canada Cyprus India Malaysia Malta New Zealand Samoa Singapore South Africa Tonga United Kingdom Rights , Issues and Visas Permanent resident ( Australia ) Belonger status British Overseas Territories citizen Indefinite leave to remain Permanent resident ( Canada ) Right of abode UK Ancestry Entry Clearance Acts of Parliament British Nationality Act 1981 British Nationality ( Falkland Islands ) Act 1983 British Overseas Territories Act 2002 Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 Ireland Act 1949 British nationality law Nationality Principal British citizen British Overseas Territories citizen British Overseas citizen British National ( Overseas ) Other British subject Commonwealth citizen British protected person Belonger status EU citizen Legislation Current British Nationality Act 1981 British Overseas Territories Act 2002 Immigration , Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 Previous Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 British Nationality Act 1948 Ireland Act 1949 Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 and 1968 Immigration Act 1971 British Nationality ( Falkland Islands ) Act 1983 General British Nationality Act History British Nationality Selection Scheme Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland British nationality law and Hong Kong Immigration Immigration Act 1971 Indefinite leave to remain Right of Abode ( United Kingdom ) Common Travel Area United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ireland_Act_1949&oldid=810617796 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1949 Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom Constitutional laws of Northern Ireland Immigration to the United Kingdom 1949 in law Unionism in the United Kingdom 1949 in Northern Ireland 1949 in Ireland British nationality law Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Ireland Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Northern Ireland Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations Hidden categories : EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 11 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the republic of ireland leave the commonwealth | [
"This status quo remained, with Ireland participating little in the British Commonwealth and Éamon de Valera remarking in 1945 that \"we are a republic\" in reply to the question if he planned to declare Ireland as a republic. Then somewhat unexpectedly in 1948, during a visit to Canada, Taoiseach John A. Costello announced that Ireland was to be declared a republic. The subsequent Irish legislation, the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, provided for the abolition of the last remaining functions of the King in relation to Ireland and provided that the President of Ireland would exercise these functions in the King's place. When the Act came into force on 18 April 1949, it effectively ended Ireland's status as a British dominion. As a consequence of this, it also had the effect of ending Ireland's membership of the British Commonwealth of Nations and the existing basis upon which Ireland and its citizens were treated in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries as \"British subjects\", not foreigners."
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"18 April 1949"
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-1119240931394345770 | Social Darwinism | Social Darwinism - wikipedia Social Darwinism Jump to : navigation , search The term social Darwinism is used to refer to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and tried to apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society . The term itself emerged in the 1880s , and it gained widespread currency when used after 1944 by opponents of these ways of thinking . The majority of those who have been categorized as social Darwinists did not identify themselves by such a label . Scholars debate the extent to which the various Social Darwinist ideologies reflect Charles Darwin 's own views on human social and economic issues . His writings have passages that can be interpreted as opposing aggressive individualism , while other passages appear to promote it . Some scholars argue that Darwin 's view gradually changed and came to incorporate views from other theorists such as Herbert Spencer . Spencer published his Lamarckian evolutionary ideas about society before Darwin first published his hypothesis in 1859 , and both Spencer and Darwin promoted their own conceptions of moral values . Spencer supported laissez - faire capitalism on the basis of his Lamarckian belief that struggle for survival spurred self - improvement which could be inherited . An important proponent in Germany was Ernst Haeckel , who popularized Darwin 's thought ( and personal interpretation of it ) and used it as well to contribute to a new creed , the monist movement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 1.1 Usage 2 Proponents 3 Hypotheses relating social change and evolution 4 Regional distribution 4.1 United States 4.2 Japan 4.3 China 4.4 Germany 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin of the term ( edit ) The term Darwinism was coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in his March 1861 review of On the Origin of Species , and by the 1870s it was used to describe a range of concepts of evolution or development , without any specific commitment to Charles Darwin 's theory of natural selection . The first use of the phrase `` social Darwinism '' was in Joseph Fisher 's 1877 article on The History of Landholding in Ireland which was published in the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . Fisher was commenting on how a system for borrowing livestock which had been called `` tenure '' had led to the false impression that the early Irish had already evolved or developed land tenure ; These arrangements did not in any way affect that which we understand by the word `` tenure '' , that is , a man 's farm , but they related solely to cattle , which we consider a chattel . It has appeared necessary to devote some space to this subject , inasmuch as that usually acute writer Sir Henry Maine has accepted the word `` tenure '' in its modern interpretation , and has built up a theory under which the Irish chief `` developed '' into a feudal baron . I can find nothing in the Brehon laws to warrant this theory of social Darwinism , and believe further study will show that the Cain Saerrath and the Cain Aigillue relate solely to what we now call chattels , and did not in any way affect what we now call the freehold , the possession of the land . -- Fisher 1877 . Despite the fact that Social Darwinism bears Charles Darwin 's name , it is also linked today with others , notably Herbert Spencer , Thomas Malthus , and Francis Galton , the founder of eugenics . In fact , Spencer was not described as a social Darwinist until the 1930s , long after his death . The social Darwinism term first appeared in Europe in 1880 , the journalist Emilie Gautier had coined the term with reference to a health conference in Berlin 1877 . Around 1900 it was used by sociologists , some being opposed to the concept . The term was popularized in the United States in 1944 by the American historian Richard Hofstadter who used it in the ideological war effort against fascism to denote a reactionary creed which promoted competitive strife , racism and chauvinism . Hofstadter later also recognized ( what he saw as ) the influence of Darwinist and other evolutionary ideas upon those with collectivist views , enough to devise a term for the phenomenon , `` Darwinist collectivism '' . Before Hofstadter 's work the use of the term `` social Darwinism '' in English academic journals was quite rare . In fact , ... there is considerable evidence that the entire concept of `` social Darwinism '' as we know it today was virtually invented by Richard Hofstadter . Eric Foner , in an introduction to a then - new edition of Hofstadter 's book published in the early 1990s , declines to go quite that far . `` Hofstadter did not invent the term Social Darwinism '' , Foner writes , `` which originated in Europe in the 1860s and crossed the Atlantic in the early twentieth century . But before he wrote , it was used only on rare occasions ; he made it a standard shorthand for a complex of late - nineteenth - century ideas , a familiar part of the lexicon of social thought . '' -- Jeff Riggenbach Usage ( edit ) Social Darwinism has many definitions , and some of them are incompatible with each other . As such , social Darwinism has been criticized for being an inconsistent philosophy , which does not lead to any clear political conclusions . For example , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics states : Part of the difficulty in establishing sensible and consistent usage is that commitment to the biology of natural selection and to ' survival of the fittest ' entailed nothing uniform either for sociological method or for political doctrine . A ' social Darwinist ' could just as well be a defender of laissez - faire as a defender of state socialism , just as much an imperialist as a domestic eugenist . The term `` Social Darwinism '' has rarely been used by advocates of the supposed ideologies or ideas ; instead it has almost always been used pejoratively by its opponents . The term draws upon the common use of the term Darwinism , which has been used to describe a range of evolutionary views , but in the late 19th century was applied more specifically to natural selection as first advanced by Charles Darwin to explain speciation in populations of organisms . The process includes competition between individuals for limited resources , popularly but inaccurately described by the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' , a term coined by sociologist Herbert Spencer . Creationists have often maintained that Social Darwinism -- leading to policies designed to reward the most competitive -- is a logical consequence of `` Darwinism '' ( the theory of natural selection in biology ) . Biologists and historians have stated that this is a fallacy of appeal to nature and should not be taken to imply that this phenomenon ought to be used as a moral guide in human society . While there are historical links between the popularization of Darwin 's theory and forms of social Darwinism , social Darwinism is not a necessary consequence of the principles of biological evolution . While the term has been applied to the claim that Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection can be used to understand the social endurance of a nation or country , Social Darwinism commonly refers to ideas that predate Darwin 's publication of On the Origin of Species . Others whose ideas are given the label include the 18th century clergyman Thomas Malthus , and Darwin 's cousin Francis Galton who founded eugenics towards the end of the 19th century . The expansion of the British Empire fitted in with the broader notion of social Darwinism used from the 1870s onwards to account for the remarkable and universal phenomenon of `` the Anglo - Saxon overflowing his boundaries '' , as phrased by the late - Victorian sociologist Benjamin Kidd in Social Evolution , published in 1894 . The concept also proved useful to justify what was seen by some as the inevitable extermination of `` the weaker races who disappear before the stronger '' not so much `` through the effects of ... our vices upon them '' as `` what may be called the virtues of our civilisation . '' Proponents ( edit ) Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer 's ideas , like those of evolutionary progressivism , stemmed from his reading of Thomas Malthus , and his later theories were influenced by those of Darwin . However , Spencer 's major work , Progress : Its Law and Cause ( 1857 ) , was released two years before the publication of Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , and First Principles was printed in 1860 . In The Social Organism ( 1860 ) , Spencer compares society to a living organism and argues that , just as biological organisms evolve through natural selection , society evolves and increases in complexity through analogous processes . In many ways , Spencer 's theory of cosmic evolution has much more in common with the works of Lamarck and Auguste Comte 's positivism than with Darwin 's . Jeff Riggenbach argues that Spencer 's view was that culture and education made a sort of Lamarckism possible and notes that Herbert Spencer was a proponent of private charity . Thomas Malthus Spencer 's work also served to renew interest in the work of Malthus . While Malthus 's work does not itself qualify as social Darwinism , his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , was incredibly popular and widely read by social Darwinists . In that book , for example , the author argued that as an increasing population would normally outgrow its food supply , this would result in the starvation of the weakest and a Malthusian catastrophe . According to Michael Ruse , Darwin read Malthus ' famous Essay on a Principle of Population in 1838 , four years after Malthus ' death . Malthus himself anticipated the social Darwinists in suggesting that charity could exacerbate social problems . Another of these social interpretations of Darwin 's biological views , later known as eugenics , was put forth by Darwin 's cousin , Francis Galton , in 1865 and 1869 . Galton argued that just as physical traits were clearly inherited among generations of people , the same could be said for mental qualities ( genius and talent ) . Galton argued that social morals needed to change so that heredity was a conscious decision in order to avoid both the over-breeding by less fit members of society and the under - breeding of the more fit ones . Francis Galton In Galton 's view , social institutions such as welfare and insane asylums were allowing inferior humans to survive and reproduce at levels faster than the more `` superior '' humans in respectable society , and if corrections were not soon taken , society would be awash with `` inferiors '' . Darwin read his cousin 's work with interest , and devoted sections of Descent of Man to discussion of Galton 's theories . Neither Galton nor Darwin , though , advocated any eugenic policies restricting reproduction , due to their Whiggish distrust of government . Friedrich Nietzsche 's philosophy addressed the question of artificial selection , yet Nietzsche 's principles did not concur with Darwinian theories of natural selection . Nietzsche 's point of view on sickness and health , in particular , opposed him to the concept of biological adaptation as forged by Spencer 's `` fitness '' . Nietzsche criticized Haeckel , Spencer , and Darwin , sometimes under the same banner by maintaining that in specific cases , sickness was necessary and even helpful . Thus , he wrote : Wherever progress is to ensue , deviating natures are of greatest importance . Every progress of the whole must be preceded by a partial weakening . The strongest natures retain the type , the weaker ones help to advance it . Something similar also happens in the individual . There is rarely a degeneration , a truncation , or even a vice or any physical or moral loss without an advantage somewhere else . In a warlike and restless clan , for example , the sicklier man may have occasion to be alone , and may therefore become quieter and wiser ; the one - eyed man will have one eye the stronger ; the blind man will see deeper inwardly , and certainly hear better . To this extent , the famous theory of the survival of the fittest does not seem to me to be the only viewpoint from which to explain the progress of strengthening of a man or of a race . Ernst Haeckel 's recapitulation theory was not Darwinism , but rather attempted to combine the ideas of Goethe , Lamarck and Darwin . It was adopted by emerging social sciences to support the concept that non-European societies were `` primitive '' in an early stage of development towards the European ideal , but since then it has been heavily refuted on many fronts Haeckel 's works led to the formation of the Monist League in 1904 with many prominent citizens among its members , including the Nobel Prize winner Wilhelm Ostwald . The simpler aspects of social Darwinism followed the earlier Malthusian ideas that humans , especially males , require competition in their lives in order to survive in the future . Further , the poor should have to provide for themselves and not be given any aid . However , amidst this climate , most social Darwinists of the early twentieth century actually supported better working conditions and salaries . Such measures would grant the poor a better chance to provide for themselves yet still distinguish those who are capable of succeeding from those who are poor out of laziness , weakness , or inferiority . Hypotheses relating social change and evolution ( edit ) Further information : Social evolution `` Social Darwinism '' was first described by Oscar Schmidt of the University of Strasbourg , reporting at a scientific and medical conference held in Munich in 1877 . He noted how socialists , although opponents of Darwin 's theory , used it to add force to their political arguments . Schmidt 's essay first appeared in English in Popular Science in March 1879 . There followed an anarchist tract published in Paris in 1880 entitled `` Le darwinisme social '' by Émile Gautier . However , the use of the term was very rare -- at least in the English - speaking world ( Hodgson , 2004 ) -- until the American historian Richard Hofstadter published his influential Social Darwinism in American Thought ( 1944 ) during World War II . Hypotheses of social evolution and cultural evolution were common in Europe . The Enlightenment thinkers who preceded Darwin , such as Hegel , often argued that societies progressed through stages of increasing development . Earlier thinkers also emphasized conflict as an inherent feature of social life . Thomas Hobbes 's 17th century portrayal of the state of nature seems analogous to the competition for natural resources described by Darwin . Social Darwinism is distinct from other theories of social change because of the way it draws Darwin 's distinctive ideas from the field of biology into social studies . Darwin , unlike Hobbes , believed that this struggle for natural resources allowed individuals with certain physical and mental traits to succeed more frequently than others , and that these traits accumulated in the population over time , which under certain conditions could lead to the descendants being so different that they would be defined as a new species . However , Darwin felt that `` social instincts '' such as `` sympathy '' and `` moral sentiments '' also evolved through natural selection , and that these resulted in the strengthening of societies in which they occurred , so much so that he wrote about it in Descent of Man : The following proposition seems to me in a high degree probable -- namely , that any animal whatever , endowed with well - marked social instincts , the parental and filial affections being here included , would inevitably acquire a moral sense or conscience , as soon as its intellectual powers had become as well , or nearly as well developed , as in man . For , firstly , the social instincts lead an animal to take pleasure in the society of its fellows , to feel a certain amount of sympathy with them , and to perform various services for them . Regional distribution ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Spencer proved to be a popular figure in the 1880s primarily because his application of evolution to areas of human endeavor promoted an optimistic view of the future as inevitably becoming better . In the United States , writers and thinkers of the gilded age such as Edward L. Youmans , William Graham Sumner , John Fiske , John W. Burgess , and others developed theories of social evolution as a result of their exposure to the works of Darwin and Spencer . In 1883 , Sumner published a highly influential pamphlet entitled `` What Social Classes Owe to Each Other '' , in which he insisted that the social classes owe each other nothing , synthesizing Darwin 's findings with free enterprise Capitalism for his justification . According to Sumner , those who feel an obligation to provide assistance to those unequipped or under - equipped to compete for resources , will lead to a country in which the weak and inferior are encouraged to breed more like them , eventually dragging the country down . Sumner also believed that the best equipped to win the struggle for existence was the American businessman , and concluded that taxes and regulations serve as dangers to his survival . This pamphlet makes no mention of Darwinism , and only refers to Darwin in a statement on the meaning of liberty , that `` There never has been any man , from the primitive barbarian up to a Humboldt or a Darwin , who could do as he had a mind to . '' Sumner never fully embraced Darwinian ideas , and some contemporary historians do not believe that Sumner ever actually believed in social Darwinism . The great majority of American businessmen rejected the anti-philanthropic implications of the theory . Instead they gave millions to build schools , colleges , hospitals , art institutes , parks and many other institutions . Andrew Carnegie , who admired Spencer , was the leading philanthropist in the world ( 1890 -- 1920 ) , and a major leader against imperialism and warfare . H.G. Wells was heavily influenced by Darwinist thoughts , and novelist Jack London wrote stories of survival that incorporated his views on social Darwinism . Film director Stanley Kubrick has been described as having held social Darwinist opinions . Japan ( edit ) See also : Eugenics in Japan Social Darwinism has influenced political , public health and social movements in Japan since the late 19th and early 20th century . Social Darwinism was originally brought to Japan through the works of Francis Galton and Ernst Haeckel as well as United States , British and French Lamarkian eugenic written studies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Eugenism as a science was hotly debated at the beginning of the 20th century , in Jinsei - Der Mensch , the first eugenics journal in the empire . As Japan sought to close ranks with the west , this practice was adopted wholesale along with colonialism and its justifications . China ( edit ) Social Darwinism was formally introduced to China through the translation by Yan Fu of Huxley 's Evolution and Ethics , in the course of an extensive series of translations of influential Western thought . Yan 's translation strongly impacted Chinese scholars because he added national elements not found in the original . He understood Spencer 's sociology as `` not merely analytical and descriptive , but prescriptive as well '' , and saw Spencer building on Darwin , whom Yan summarized thus : Peoples and living things struggle for survival . At first , species struggle with species ; they as ( people ) gradually progress , there is a struggle between one social group and another . The weak invariably become the prey of the strong , the stupid invariably become subservient to the clever . '' By the 1920s , social Darwinism found expression in the promotion of eugenics by the Chinese sociologist Pan Guangdan . When Chiang Kai - shek started the New Life movement in 1934 , he ... harked back to theories of Social Darwinism , writing that `` only those who readapt themselves to new conditions , day by day , can live properly . When the life of a people is going through this process of readaptation , it has to remedy its own defects , and get rid of those elements which become useless . Then we call it new life . '' Germany ( edit ) Social evolution theories in Germany gained large popularity in the 1860s and had a strong antiestablishment connotation first . Social Darwinism allowed to counter the connection of Thron und Altar , the intertwined establishment of clergy and nobility and provided as well the idea of progressive change and evolution of society as a whole . Ernst Haeckel propagated both Darwinism as a part of natural history and as a suitable base for a modern Weltanschauung , a world view based on scientific reasoning in his Monistenbund . Friedrich von Hellwald had a strong role in popularizing it in Austria . Darwin 's work served as a catalyst to popularize evolutionary thinking . Darwin himself called Haeckels connection between Socialism and Evolution through Natural Selection a foolish idea prevailing in Germany . A sort of aristocratic turn , the use of the struggle for life as base of social darwinism sensu stricto came up after 1900 with Alexander Tille s 1895 work Entwicklungsethik ( ethics of evolution ) which asked to move from Darwin till Nietzsche . Further interpretations moved to ideologies propagating a racist and radical elbow society and provided ground for the later radical versions of social Darwinism . See also ( edit ) Cultural selection theory Meritocracy # Social Darwinism Scientific racism Social ecology Social implications of the theory of evolution Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology Universal Darwinism Cultural evolution Environmental racism William Liu Zhongjing References ( edit ) Constructs such as ibid. , loc . cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia 's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken . Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ) , or an abbreviated title . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ Jump up to : Hodgson 2004 , pp. 428 -- 30 Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 300 -- 01 Jump up ^ Claeys , Gregory ( 2000 ) . `` The ' Survival of the Fittest ' and the Origins of Social Darwinism '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 61 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 40 . doi : 10.1353 / jhi. 2000.0014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Herbert ( 1852 ) . `` 4 '' A Theory of Population , Deduced from the General Law of Human Fertility `` . Westminster Review , 57 : 468 -- 501 . Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 301 -- 02 Jump up ^ Huxley , T.H. ( April 1860 ) . `` ART . VIII . -- Darwin on the origin of Species '' . Westminster Review . pp. 541 -- 70 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular ? Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Joseph ( 1877 ) . `` The History of Landholding in Ireland '' . Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . London . V : 228 -- 326 . doi : 10.2307 / 3677953 . JSTOR 3677953 . , as quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Fisher 1877 , pp. 249 -- 50 Jump up ^ Hodgson Jump up ^ Ward , Lester F ( 1907 ) . `` Social Darwinism '' . American Journal of Sociology . Chicago . 12 : 709 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas C. ( 2009 ) Origins of the Myth of Social Darwinism : The Ambiguous Legacy of Richard Hofstadter 's Social Darwinism in American Thought Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 71 , pp. 37 -- 51 Jump up ^ Hodgson 2004 , pp. 445 -- 46 ^ Jump up to : Riggenbach , Jeff ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) The Real William Graham Sumner , Mises Institute Jump up ^ McLean , Iain ( 2009 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics . Oxford University : Oxford University Press . p. 490 . ISBN 9780199207800 . Jump up ^ Paul , Diane B. in Gregory Radick ( 5 March 2009 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Darwin . Cambridge University Press . pp. 219 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 71184 - 5 . Like many foes of Darwinism , past and present , the American populist and creationist William Jennings Bryan thought a straight line ran from Darwin 's theory ( ' a dogma of darkness and death ' ) to beliefs that it is right for the strong to crowd out the weak Jump up ^ Sailer , Steve ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Q&A : Steven Pinker of ' Blank Slate ' '' . UPI . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Kidd , Social Evolution , Kessinger Publishing , LLC , 2007 , 400 pages , ISBN 978 - 0548805237 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Herbert . 1860 . ' The Social Organism ' , originally published in The Westminster Review . Reprinted in Spencer 's ( 1892 ) Essays : Scientific , Political and Speculative . London and New York . Jump up ^ Paul , Diane ( 2006 ) . `` Darwin , social Darwinism and eugenics '' . In Hodge , Jonathan ; Radick , Gregory . The Cambridge companion to Darwin ( PDF ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 9780511998690 . Jump up ^ Barbara Stiegler , Nietzsche et la biologie , PUF , 2001 , p. 90 . ISBN 2 - 13 - 050742 - 5 . See , for ex. , Genealogy of Morals , III , 13 here ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Friedrich Nietzsche , Human , All Too Human , § 224 Jump up ^ Scott F. Gilbert ( 2006 ) . `` Ernst Haeckel and the Biogenetic Law '' . Developmental Biology , 8th edition . Sinauer Associates . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Eventually , the Biogenetic Law had become scientifically untenable . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Oscar ; J. Fitzgerald ( translator ) ( March 1879 ) . `` Science and Socialism '' . Popular Science Monthly . New York . 14 : 577 -- 91 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Darwinism is the scientific establishment of inequality Jump up ^ but see Wells , D. Collin ( 1907 ) . `` Social Darwinism '' . American Journal of Sociology. 12 ( 5 ) : 695 -- 716 . doi : 10.1086 / 211544 . JSTOR 2762378 . Jump up ^ Descent of Man , chapter 4 ISBN 1 - 57392 - 176 - 9 Jump up ^ `` The Project Gutenberg eBook of What Social Classes Owe To Each Other , by William Graham Sumner '' . www.gutenberg.org . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A careful reading of the theories of Sumner and Spencer exonerates them from the century - old charge of social Darwinism in the strict sense of the word . They did not themselves advocate the application of Darwin 's theory of natural selection . '' The Social Meaning of Modern Biology : From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology Jump up ^ `` At least a part -- and sometimes a generous part '' of the great fortunes went back to the community through many kinds of philanthropic endeavor , says Bremner , Robert H. ( 1988 ) . American Philanthropy ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 07324 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Borrowing from Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution , social Darwinists believed that societies , as do organisms evolve over time . Nature then determined that the strong survive and the weak perish . In Jack London 's case , he thought that certain favored races were destined for survival , mainly those that could preserve themselves while supplanting others , as in the case of the White race . '' The philosophy of Jack London Archived 2005 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Herr , Michael . Kubrick . Grove Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3818 - 7 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Otsubo , S. ; Bartholomew , J.R. ( 1998 ) . `` Eugenics in Japan : some ironies of modernity , 1883 -- 1945 '' . Sci Context. 11 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 545 -- 65 . doi : 10.1017 / S0269889700003203 . Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Spence . The Search for Modern China `` . W.W. Norton , 1990 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ Ibid. , 414 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Puschner , Uwe ( 2014 ) . Sozialdarwinismus als wissenschaftliches Konzept und politisches Programm , in : Gangolf Hübinger ( ed . ) , Europäische Wissenschaftskulturen und politische Ordnungen in der Moderne ( 1890 - 1970 ) ( = Schriften des Historischen Kollegs , Kolloquien 77 ) , München 2014 , pp. 99 -- 121 ( in German ) . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . ISBN 9783110446784 . Primary sources ( edit ) Darwinism : Critical Reviews from Dublin Review ( Catholic periodical ) Dublin Review , Edinburgh Review , Quarterly Review ( 1977 edition ) reprints 19th century reviews and essays Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . `` On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life '' ( 1st ed . ) . London : John Murray . Darwin , Charles ( 1882 ) . `` The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex '' ( 2nd ed . ) . London : John Murray . Fisher , Joseph ( 1877 ) . `` The History of Landholding in Ireland '' . London : Transactions of the Royal Historical Society : 249 -- 50 . Fiske , John . Darwinism and Other Essays ( 1900 ) Secondary sources ( edit ) Bannister , Robert C. Social Darwinism : Science and Myth in Anglo - American Social Thought ( 1989 ) Bannister , Robert C. Sociology and Scientism : The American Quest for Objectivity , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1987 ) Bernardini , J. - M. Le darwinisme social en France ( 1859 -- 1918 ) . Fascination et rejet d'une idéologie , Paris , CNRS Edition , 1997 . Boller , Paul F. Jr . American Thought in Transition : The Impact of Evolutionary Naturalism , 1865 -- 1900 ( 1969 ) Bowler , Peter J. ( 2003 ) . Evolution : The History of an Idea ( 3rd ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23693 - 9 . Crook , D. Paul . Darwinism , War and History : The Debate over the Biology of War from the ' Origin of Species ' to the First World War ( 1994 ) Crook , Paul ( 1999 ) . `` Social Darwinism in European and American Thought , 1860 -- 1945 '' . The Australian Journal of Politics and History . 45 . Crook , Paul . Darwin 's Coat - Tails : Essays on Social Darwinism ( Peter Lang , 2007 ) Degler , Carl N. In Search of Human Nature : The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought ( 1992 ) . Desmond , Adrian ; Moore , James ( 1991 ) . Darwin . London : Michael Joseph , Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 7181 - 3430 - 3 . Dickens , Peter . Social Darwinism : Linking Evolutionary Thought to Social Theory ( Philadelphia : Open University Press , 2000 ) . Gossett , Thomas F. Race : The History of an Idea in America ( 1999 ) ch 7 Hawkins , Mike ( 1997 ) . Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860 - 1945 : Nature and Model and Nature as Threat . London : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57434 - X . Hodge , Jonathan and Gregory Radick . The Cambridge Companion to Darwin ( 2003 ) Hodgson , Geoffrey M. ( December 2004 ) . `` Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals : A Contribution to the History of the Term '' ( PDF ) . Vol. 17 No. 4 . Journal of Historical Sociology : 428 -- 63 . ISSN 0952 - 1909 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Social Darwinism , as almost everyone knows , is a Bad Thing . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1944 ) . Social Darwinism in American Thought . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1992 ) . Eric Foner , ed . Social Darwinism in American Thought ( with a new introduction ed . ) . Boston : Beacon Press . ISBN 0807055034 . Jones , Leslie , Social Darwinism Revisited History Today , Vol. 48 , August 1998 Kaye , Howard L. The Social Meaning of Modern Biology : From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology ( 1997 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Sammut - Bonnici , T. & Wensley , R. ( 2002 ) , ' Darwinism , Probability and Complexity : Transformation and Change Explained through the Theories of Evolution ' , ' ' International Journal of Management Reviews ' ' , 4 ( 3 ) pp. 291 -- 315 . External links ( edit ) Social Darwinism on ThinkQuest In the name of Darwin -- criticism of social Darwinism Descent of Man on Alibris Charles Darwin Life Darwin -- Wedgwood family Education Voyage on HMS Beagle Inception of theory Development of theory Publication of theory Reactions to On the Origin of Species Orchids to Variation Descent of Man to Emotions Insectivorous Plants to Worms Portraits of Darwin Religious views Health Women Writings Extracts from Letters to Henslow The Voyage of the Beagle Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection On the Origin of Species Fertilisation of Orchids Geological Observations on South America Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Insectivorous Plants The Power of Movement in Plants The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms Autobiography Correspondence The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin More Letters of Charles Darwin List of described taxa Related Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation History of evolutionary thought Pangenesis Darwin Industry Commemoration Things named for Darwin Darwinism Alternatives Eclipse Social Darwinism HMS Beagle Darwin Medal Darwin Awards Social and political philosophy Pre-modern philosophers Aquinas Aristotle Averroes Augustine Chanakya Cicero Confucius Al - Ghazali Han Fei Laozi Marsilius Mencius Mozi Muhammad Plato Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Thucydides Modern philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Emerson Engels Fourier Franklin Grotius Hegel Hobbes Hume Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Locke Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Marx Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Smith Spencer Spinoza Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire 20th -- 21th - century Philosophers Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Judith Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Foucault Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kirk Kropotkin Lenin Luxemburg Mao Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Negri Niebuhr Nozick Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Simonović Skinner Sombart Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Vaisheshika Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more ... 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the application of the theory of evolution and natural selection to human society was known as | [
"The term social Darwinism is used to refer to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and tried to apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society. The term itself emerged in the 1880s, and it gained widespread currency when used after 1944 by opponents of these ways of thinking. The majority of those who have been categorized as social Darwinists did not identify themselves by such a label.[1]"
] | [
"social Darwinism"
] |
-1017315350350974621 | Grand Central Terminal | Grand Central Terminal - wikipedia Grand Central Terminal `` Grand Central station '' redirects here . For the attached subway station , see Grand Central -- 42nd Street ( New York City Subway ) . For other stations known as `` Grand Central Station '' , see Grand Central Station ( disambiguation ) . Grand Central Terminal Metro - North Railroad terminal The Main Concourse , 2015 Location 89 East 42nd Street at Park Avenue , New York , NY 10017 Coordinates 40 ° 45 ′ 10.08 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 35.48 '' W / 40.7528000 ° N 73.9765222 ° W / 40.7528000 ; - 73.9765222 Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 10.08 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 35.48 '' W / 40.7528000 ° N 73.9765222 ° W / 40.7528000 ; - 73.9765222 Owned by Midtown TDR Ventures ( leased to Metro - North Railroad ) Line ( s ) Park Avenue Main Line Platforms 44 high - level platforms ( 43 island platforms , 1 side platform ) ( 6 tracks with Spanish solution ) Tracks 56 ( 30 on upper level , 26 on lower level ) , 43 in use for passenger service Connections MTA New York City Subway : trains at Grand Central -- 42nd Street NYCT Bus : M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 , M42 , M101 , M102 , M103 , Q32 , X27 , X28 , X63 , X64 , X68 MTA Bus : BxM1 , QM21 Construction Platform levels Disabled access Yes Other information Station code GCT , NYG Fare zone Website Official website History Opened 1871 Rebuilt 1913 , 1994 -- 2000 Services Preceding station Metro - North Railroad Following station Terminus Harlem Line Harlem -- 125th Street toward Wassaic Hudson Line Harlem -- 125th Street toward Poughkeepsie New Haven Line Harlem -- 125th Street toward New Haven State Street , Waterbury , Danbury , or New Canaan Former / future services Former services Preceding station New York Central Railroad Following station 125th Street toward Chicago Main Line Terminus 110th Street toward Peekskill Hudson Division 59th Street toward Chatham Harlem Division New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad Terminus Main Line 125th Street toward New Haven Future services LIRR Terminus City Terminal Zone Under construction Woodside toward Long Island Grand Central Terminal U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Grand Central Terminal Built 1903 Architect Reed and Stem ; Warren and Wetmore Architectural style Beaux - Arts NRHP reference # 75001206 83001726 ( increase ) Significant dates Added to NRHP January 17 , 1975 August 11 , 1983 ( increase ) Designated NHL December 8 , 1976 Designated NYCL August 2 , 1967 Location Grand Central Terminal Location within New York City Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal ( New York ) Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Grand Central Terminal ( GCT ; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central ) is a commuter rail terminal located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan , New York City , United States . Grand Central is the southern terminus of the Metro - North Railroad 's Harlem , Hudson and New Haven Lines . The terminal serves Metro - North commuters traveling to the Bronx in New York City ; Westchester , Putnam , and Dutchess counties in New York ; and Fairfield and New Haven counties in Connecticut . The terminal also contains a connection to the New York City Subway at Grand Central -- 42nd Street . The distinctive architecture and interior design of Grand Central Terminal 's station house have earned it several landmark designations , including as a U.S. National Historic Landmark . The terminal is one of the world 's most visited tourist attractions , with 21.9 million visitors in 2013 , excluding train and subway passengers . Grand Central Terminal was built by and named for the New York Central Railroad in the pinnacle of American long - distance passenger rail travel . Until 1991 , the terminal also served Amtrak , which consolidated all of its services at nearby Pennsylvania Station upon completion of the Empire Connection . Limited Amtrak service also served the station during the summers of 2017 and 2018 because of construction around Penn Station . The East Side Access project , which will bring Long Island Rail Road service to the terminal , is expected to be completed in late 2022 . Grand Central covers 48 acres ( 19 ha ) and has 44 platforms , more than any other railroad station in the world . Its platforms , all below ground , serve 30 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower , though only 43 tracks are currently in use for passenger service . The total number of tracks along platforms and in rail yards exceeds 100 as most previous tracks that are not in regular use are used for the rail yard . Unlike other Metro - North stations , Grand Central Terminal is not owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority , but by a private company known as Midtown TDR Ventures . Contents 1 Naming 2 Layout 2.1 Main Concourse 2.1. 1 Display board 2.1. 2 Ceiling 2.2 Dining Concourse and lower level tracks 2.3 Vanderbilt Hall and Campbell Apartment 2.4 Vanderbilt Tennis Club and former studios 2.5 Subway station 2.6 Grand Central North 2.7 Platforms and tracks 3 History 3.1 Grand Central Depot 3.2 Grand Central Station 3.3 Replacement 3.3. 1 Design competition 3.3. 2 Construction 3.3. 3 Innovations 3.4 `` Grand Central Zone '' 3.5 Grand Central Art Galleries 3.6 Musical performances 3.7 Proposals for demolition and towers 3.8 Restorations and expansion 3.8. 1 1970s restoration 3.8. 2 Metro - North operation and 1990s restoration 3.8. 3 Centennial 3.8. 4 Long Island Rail Road access 4 Influence on design of transit centers 5 Sister stations 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Naming ( edit ) Although the terminal has been officially called `` Grand Central Terminal '' since the present structure opened , it has `` always been more colloquially and affectionately known as Grand Central Station '' , a name of one of the earlier railroad stations on the same site . `` Grand Central Station '' is the name of the nearby U.S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue , but may also refer to the Grand Central -- 42nd Street subway station that is located next to the terminal . The name was also used for the renovated Grand Central Depot , from 1900 until its demolition in 1903 . Layout ( edit ) 42nd Street exterior at night Floorplan of the main level of the terminal ( 1939 ) The tracks are numbered according to their location in the terminal building . The upper - level tracks are numbered 11 to 42 east to west . Tracks 22 and 31 were removed in the late 1990s to build concourses for Grand Central North . Track 12 was removed to expand the platform between tracks 11 and 13 and track 14 is only used for loading a garbage train . The lower level has 27 tracks , numbered 100 to 126 , east to west ; currently , only tracks 102 -- 112 , and 114 -- 116 are used for passenger service . Odd - numbered tracks are usually on the east side ( right side facing north ) of the platform ; even - numbered tracks on the west . Grand Central Terminal has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail , especially on its facade . In a February 2013 BBC News article , historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century . In 2013 , Grand Central Terminal hosted 21.6 million visitors , putting it among the ten most - visited tourist attractions in the world . Its interior has restaurants , such as the Oyster Bar , and various fast food outlets , including a Shake Shack , surrounding the Dining Concourse on the level below the Main Concourse , as well as delis , bakeries , and a gourmet and fresh food market . There is an annex of the New York Transit Museum . The 40 - plus retail stores include newsstands and chain stores , including a Starbucks coffee shop , a Rite Aid pharmacy and , since December 2011 , an Apple Store . Grand Central Terminal 's 49 - acre ( 20 ha ) basements are among the largest in the city . This includes M42 , a `` secret '' sub-basement under the terminal that contains the AC - to - DC converters used to supply DC traction current to the tracks . The exact location of M42 is a closely guarded secret and does not appear on maps , though it has been shown on the History Channel program Cities of the Underworld and a National Geographic special . Two of the original rotary converters were not removed in the late 20th century when solid - state ones took over their job , and they remain as a historical record . During World War II , this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard . It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight ; the rotary converters could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand . Abwehr ( a German espionage service ) sent two spies to sabotage it ; they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike . The terminal building primarily uses granite , so the building emits radiation . People who work full - time in the station receive an average dose of 525 mrem / year , more than permitted in nuclear power facilities . Midtown TDR Ventures has owned the station since 2006 , when Argent Ventures transferred ownership of the station . The Metropolitan Transportation Authority , the state agency that is the parent of Metro - North , holds a lease until 2274 . Main Concourse ( edit ) Main Concourse Ticket windows The Main Concourse is the center of Grand Central . At 275 ft ( 84 m ) long by 120 ft ( 37 m ) wide by 125 ft ( 38 m ) high , the cavernous Main Concourse is usually filled with bustling crowds. and is often used as a meeting place . The ticket booths are here , although many now stand unused or have been repurposed since the introduction of ticket vending machines . The large American flag was hung in Grand Central Terminal a few days after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center . The main information booth is in the center of the concourse . The four - faced brass clock on top of the information booth , perhaps the most recognizable icon of Grand Central , was designed by Henry Edward Bedford and cast in Waterbury , Connecticut . Each of the four clock faces is made from opalescent glass ( now often called opal glass or milk glass ) , though urban legend has it that the faces are made of opal and that Sotheby 's and Christie 's have estimated their value to be between $ 10 million and $ 20 million . A 1954 New York Times article on the restoration of the clock notes that `` Each of the glass faces was twenty - four inches in diameter ... '' Within the marble and brass pagoda lies a `` secret '' door that conceals a spiral staircase leading to the lower - level information booth . Glory of Commerce , a sculptural group by Jules - Félix Coutan featuring Hercules , Minerva and Mercury , sits atop the terminal . In the middle of the grouping is the 13 - foot ( 4.0 m ) clock , the world 's largest example of Tiffany glass . Outside the station , the 13 - foot ( 4.0 m ) clock in front of the Grand Central façade facing 42nd Street contains the world 's largest example of Tiffany glass . It is surrounded by the Glory of Commerce sculptural group , which includes representations of Minerva , Hercules , and Mercury . The sculptures were designed by French sculptor Jules - Felix Coutan and carved by the John Donnelly Company . At its unveiling in 1914 , the 48 - foot - high ( 15 m ) trio was considered the largest sculptural group in the world . The upper - level tracks are reached from the Main Concourse or from various hallways and passages branching off from it . On the east side of the Main Concourse is a cluster of food purveyor shops called Grand Central Market . Display board ( edit ) The original blackboard with arrival and departure information by Track 36 was replaced by an electromechanical display in the main concourse over the ticket windows that displayed times and track numbers of arriving and departing trains . Dubbed a Solari board after its Italian manufacturer , it contained rows of flip panels that displayed train information , and became a New York institution , as its many displays would flap simultaneously to reflect changes in train schedules , an indicator of just how busy Grand Central was . A small example of this type of device hangs in the Museum of Modern Art as an example of outstanding industrial design . The flap - board destination sign was replaced with high - resolution mosaic LCD modules also manufactured by Solari Udine . Similar modules are now also used on the trains , both on the sides to display the destination , and on the interior to display the time , next station , station stops , and other passenger information . For safety reasons , every train at Grand Central Terminal departs one minute later than its posted departure time . The extra minute is intended to encourage passengers rushing to catch trains at the last minute to slow down . According to The Atlantic , Grand Central Terminal has the lowest rate of slips , trips , and falls on its marble floors , compared to all other stations in the U.S. with similar flooring . In December 2017 , as part of the Customer Service Initiative , the MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards and public announcement systems at Grand Central Terminal , as well as at 20 other Metro - North stations in New York State . The next - train departure time screens will be replaced with LED signs , and new cables , announcement systems , and security cameras would also be installed . Ceiling ( edit ) Main Concourse ceiling , design conceived by Paul César Helleu The Main Concourse has an elaborately decorated astronomical ceiling , conceived in 1912 by Warren with his friend , French portrait artist Paul César Helleu , and executed by James Monroe Hewlett and Charles Basing of Hewlett - Basing Studio , with Helleu consulting . Corps of astronomers and painting assistants worked with Hewlett and Basing . The original ceiling was replaced in the late 1930s to correct falling plaster . The Redstone missile in 1957 There is a small dark circle amid the stars above the image of Pisces . In a 1957 attempt to counteract feelings of insecurity spawned by the Soviet launch of Sputnik , an American Redstone missile was set up in the Main Concourse . With no other way to erect the missile , the hole was cut to allow a cable to be lowered to lift the rocket into place . Historical preservation dictated that this hole remain ( as opposed to being repaired ) as a testament to the many uses of the Terminal over the years . By the 1980s , the ceiling was obscured by decades of what was thought to be coal and diesel smoke . Spectroscopic examination revealed that it was mostly tar and nicotine from tobacco smoke . A 12 - year restoration effort , completed in autumn 1996 , restored the ceiling to its original design . A single dark patch above the Michael Jordan Steakhouse was left untouched by renovators to remind visitors of the grime that once covered the ceiling . The starry ceiling is astronomically inaccurate in a complicated way . While the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth , other constellations are reversed left - to - right , as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling . For example , Orion is correctly rendered , but the adjacent constellations Taurus and Gemini are reversed both internally and in their relation to Orion , with Taurus near Orion 's raised arm where Gemini should be . One possible explanation is that the overall ceiling design might have been based on the medieval custom of depicting the sky as it would appear to God looking in at the celestial sphere from outside , but that would have reversed Orion as well . A more likely explanation is partially mistaken transcription of the sketch supplied by Columbia Astronomy professor Harold Jacoby . Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913 , they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling . Dining Concourse and lower level tracks ( edit ) The Oyster Bar , Grand Central 's oldest business The Dining Concourse , below the Main Concourse and connected to it by numerous stairs , ramps , and escalators , provides access to the lower - level tracks . It has central seating and lounge areas , surrounded by restaurants . Among them is the Oyster Bar , the oldest business within Grand Central , whose decor includes vaults of Guastavino tile . Vanderbilt Hall and Campbell apartment ( edit ) Vanderbilt Hall , c. 1910 and 2015 Vanderbilt Hall , named for the family that built and owned the station , serves as the entrance area from 42nd Street at Pershing Square . It sits next to the Main Concourse . Formerly the main waiting room for the terminal , it is now used for the annual Christmas Market and special exhibitions , and is rented for private events . The Campbell Apartment is an elegantly restored cocktail lounge , just south of the 43rd Street / Vanderbilt Avenue entrance , that attracts a mix of commuters and tourists . It was at one time the office of 1920s tycoon John W. Campbell and replicates the galleried hall of a 13th - century Florentine palace . Vanderbilt Tennis club and former studios ( edit ) From 1939 to 1964 , CBS Television occupied a large portion of the terminal building , particularly above the main waiting room . The space contained two production studios ( 41 and 42 ) , two `` program control '' facilities ( 43 and 44 ) , network master control , and facilities for local station WCBS - TV . In 1958 , the world 's first major videotape operations facility opened in a former rehearsal room on the seventh floor of the main terminal building . The facility used 14 Ampex VR - 1000 videotape recorders . Douglas Edwards with the News broadcast from there for several years , covering among other events John Glenn 's 1962 Mercury - Atlas 6 space flight . Edward R. Murrow 's `` See It Now '' originated from Grand Central , including his famous broadcasts on Senator Joseph McCarthy . The Murrow broadcasts were recreated in George Clooney 's movie Good Night , and Good Luck , although the CBS News and corporate offices were not actually in the same building as the film implies . The long - running panel show `` What 's My Line ? '' was first broadcast from the GCT studios , as were `` The Goldbergs '' and `` Mama '' . The facility 's operations were later moved to the CBS Broadcast Center . In 1966 , the former studio space was converted to Vanderbilt Tennis Club , a sports club with two tennis courts . It was once deemed as the most expensive place to play tennis , with tenants charged $58 an hour to play , until financial troubles forced the club to lower its fees to $40 an hour . The club is so named because it is above the Vanderbilt Hall . Real estate magnate Donald Trump bought the club in 1984 after discovering the space while renovating the terminal 's exterior . Trump operated the club until 2009 . The space is currently occupied by a conductor lounge and a smaller sports facility with a single tennis court . Subway station ( edit ) Ramp to the subway , 1912 Main article : Grand Central -- 42nd Street ( New York City Subway ) The subway platforms at Grand Central are reached from the Main Concourse . Built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( IRT ) , the subway station consists of platforms for three lines , now operated by the MTA as part of the New York City Subway . The IRT 42nd Street Shuttle platforms were originally an express stop on the original IRT subway , opened in 1904 . When the IRT Lexington Avenue Line was extended uptown in 1918 , the original tracks were converted to shuttle use . One track remains connected to the downtown Lexington Avenue local track but the connection is not in revenue service . A fire in the 1960s destroyed much of the shuttle station , and it was later rebuilt . There are also two other platform levels . The Lexington Avenue Line 's platforms are located under the southeastern corner of the Metro - North terminal building , to the east of and at a lower level than the shuttle platforms . The platforms are sometimes called the `` diagonal station '' because they are oriented 45 ° from the rest of the Manhattan street grid . The IRT Flushing Line platform is deeper than the IRT Lexington Avenue Line 's platforms because it is part of the Steinway Tunnel , which descends under the East River to the east of Grand Central . It opened in 1915 , three years before the Lexington Avenue Line platforms did . Grand Central North ( edit ) Play media Architectural tour of Grand Central Terminal Grand Central North , opened on August 18 , 1999 , provides access to Grand Central from 45th Street , 47th Street , and 48th Street . It is connected to the Main Concourse through two long hallways that run parallel to the tracks on the upper level : the 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) Northwest Passage and 1,200 - foot ( 360 m ) Northeast Passage . Entrances are at the northeast corner of East 47th Street and Madison Avenue ( Northwest Passage ) , northeast corner of East 48th Street and Park Avenue ( Northeast Passage ) , and on the east and west sides of 230 Park Avenue ( Helmsley Building ) between 45th and 46th Streets . A fifth entrance opened in early 2012 on the south side of 47th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues . The 47th Street passage provides access to the upper level tracks and the 45th Street passage provides access to the lower - level tracks . Elevator access is available to the 47th Street ( upper level ) passage from street level on the north side of E. 47th Street , between Madison and Vanderbilt Avenues . There is no elevator access to the actual train platforms from Grand Central North ; handicapped access is provided through the main terminal . Throughout these passages , there is an Arts for Transit mosaic installation by Ellen Driscoll , an artist from Brooklyn . The entrances to Grand Central North were originally open from 6 : 30 a.m. to 9 : 30 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 9 : 30 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday . In summer 2006 , Grand Central North was closed on weekends , with the MTA citing low usage and the need to save money . Before it was closed , about 6,000 people used Grand Central North on a typical weekend , and about 30,000 on weekdays . Ideas for a northern entrance to Grand Central had been discussed since at least the 1970s . Construction on Grand Central North lasted from 1994 to 1999 and cost $75 million . Delays were attributed to the incomplete nature of the original blueprints of Grand Central and previously undiscovered groundwater beneath East 45th Street . As of 2007 , the passages are not air - conditioned . The passages in the terminal are the Metro - North Railroad upper level ; the Northwest and Northeast passages ; the cross-passages at 47th and 45th Streets ; and the Metro - North Railroad lower level . Platforms and tracks ( edit ) Layout of the upper - level mainline tracks ( top ) and lower - level suburban tracks ( bottom ) , showing balloon loops The terminal has the most platforms in any railway station in the world , with 44 platforms . As of 2016 , there are 67 tracks in regular passenger use , serving the Metro - North . The upper level has 42 tracks , including ten tracks currently used only for storage . A balloon loop track encircles 40 of these tracks . The lower level has 27 tracks circled by several balloon loops . Tracks 116 -- 125 on the Metro - North 's lower level are being demolished to make room for the Long Island Rail Road concourse being built under the Metro - North station as part of the East Side Access project . East Side Access is building an additional four platforms and eight tracks numbered 201 -- 204 and 301 -- 304 in two double - decked caverns 100 - foot - deep ( 30 m ) underneath the ground . The new LIRR station will have four tracks and two platforms in each of two caverns , and each cavern would contain two tracks and one platform on each level . A concourse will be located between the LIRR 's two track levels . Underneath the Waldorf - Astoria ( and connected to Grand Central via the tracks ) is a private platform , Track 61 , which was built mainly for former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt . He would travel into the city using his personal train into Track 61 , then take a specially designed elevator to the surface . It has been used occasionally since Roosevelt 's death . This platform was part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria . It was mentioned in The New York Times in 1929 and first used by General Pershing in 1938 . History ( edit ) Three buildings serving essentially the same function have stood on this site . The current building 's large and imposing scale was intended by New York Central to compete , and compare favorably in the public eye , with its archrival , the Pennsylvania Railroad and its now - destroyed Pennsylvania Station ( 1910 -- 1963 ) , itself an architectural masterpiece . Grand Central Depot ( edit ) Looking out the north end of the Murray Hill Tunnel toward the original Grand Central Depot in 1880 . The two larger portals on the right allowed some horsecars to continue further downtown . Inside the train shed of Grand Central Depot Grand Central Depot brought the trains of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad , the New York and Harlem Railroad , and the New York and New Haven Railroad together in one large station . The station was designed by John B. Snook and financed by Cornelius Vanderbilt . Grand Central Depot first opened in October 1871 . The original plan was for the Harlem Railroad to start using it on October 9 , 1871 ( moving from their 27th Street depot ) , the New Haven Railroad on October 16 , and the Hudson River Railroad on October 23 , with the staggering done to minimize confusion . However , the Hudson River Railroad did not move to it until November 1 , which puts the other two dates in doubt . The head house containing passenger service areas and railroad offices was an `` L '' shape with a short leg running east - west on 42nd Street and a long leg running north - south on Vanderbilt Avenue . The train shed , north and east of the head house , had three innovations in U.S. practice : the platforms were elevated to the height of the cars , the roof was a balloon shed with a clear span over all of the tracks , and only passengers with tickets were allowed on the platforms ( a rule enforced by ticket examiners ) . The Harlem , Hudson , and New Haven trains were initially in different stations that were adjacent to each other , which created chaos in baggage transfer . The combined Grand Central Depot serviced all three railroads . Grand Central station ( edit ) Grand Central Station , c. 1902 The exterior of Grand Central Station , c. 1904 The interior of Grand Central Station , c. 1904 Between 1899 and 1900 , the head house was renovated extensively . It was expanded from three to six stories with an entirely new façade , on plans by railroad architect Bradford Gilbert . The train shed was kept , but the tracks that previously continued south of 42nd Street were removed and the train yard reconfigured in an effort to reduce congestion and turn - around time for trains . The reconstructed building was renamed Grand Central Station . On January 8 , 1902 , a fatal train crash occurred in the Park Avenue Tunnel , north of the station . A southbound train had overrun several signals and collided with another southbound train , killing 15 people and injuring many more . This event prompted William J. Wilgus , the chief engineer of New York Central , to think about alternatives to running a large railway yard in a growing metropolis . On December 22 of that year , Wilgus wrote a letter to New York Central president W.H. Newman , recommending that Grand Central Station , which served steam trains at the time , be completely replaced with a terminal for electric trains . Wilgus stated that electric trains were cleaner , faster , and cheaper to repair . In addition , real estate could be built over the 16 - block open cut in which Grand Central Station was located . Wilgus proposed a 12 - story , 2,300,000 - square - foot ( 210,000 m ) building over the terminal to offset the cost of the station , for a total profit of $2.3 million per year from rents . The terminal was to cost $35 million and New York Central made most of its profit from freight , but the railroad 's board of directors , including Cornelius Vanderbilt II , William K. Vanderbilt , William Rockefeller , and J.P. Morgan , approved the project on June 30 , 1903 . Replacement ( edit ) Between 1903 and 1913 , the entire building was torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal . It was to be the biggest terminal in the world , both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks . Before construction even started , objections were raised about the fact that dozens of buildings , on a 17 - acre ( 6.9 ha ) plot of land , had to be razed to build the terminal . Wilgus was to head the project . Wilgus started to figure out ways to build the new terminal efficiently . His solution was to demolish the old Grand Central Station and build the new terminal in sections , while some station operations were shifted to the Grand Central Palace Hotel for a while . This doubled the cost of construction , but obviated the need to suspend all rail service for the duration of construction . Design competition ( edit ) Across town , Pennsylvania Station was being built by the Pennsylvania Railroad , which had started building its station and the North River Tunnels in 1901 . Wilgus wanted the new Grand Central Terminal 's design to compete with Penn Station 's similarly grand design , which was being built by McKim , Mead & White . Therefore , in 1903 , New York Central set up a design competition to decide the firms who would design the new terminal . Wilgus already had abstract concepts for the new terminal and knew some design flaws in the old depot that he wanted to remove in the new terminal . Although many architects and firms entered the competition , only two won -- Reed & Stem and Warren & Wetmore . Reed & Stem , from St. Paul , Minnesota , had won the contract in part because of their experience designing railway stations , and in part because one of the partners , Allen Stem , was Wilgus 's brother - in - law . Similarly , Warren & Wetmore , the architects of the New York Yacht Club building , had Whitney Warren , the cousin of William Vanderbilt , as one of its partners . Reed & Stem and Warren & Wetmore entered an agreement to act as the associated architects of Grand Central Terminal in February 1904 . Reed & Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station , while Warren and Wetmore added architectural details and the Beaux - Arts style . Charles Reed was appointed the chief executive for the collaboration between the two firms , and he promptly appointed Alfred T. Fellheimer as head of the combined design team . The team , called Associated Architects of Grand Central Terminal , had a tense relationship due to constant design disputes . Warren & Wetmore 's plan , for instance , removed the potentially - profitable tower above the terminal as well as vehicular viaducts around the depot . Construction ( edit ) Excavation for new Grand Central Terminal , September 1907 New York Central & Hudson River RR 4 1 / 2 % Refunding & Improvement Bond Series A , prominently featuring the then - new Grand Central Terminal . The construction project was enormous . About 3,200,000 cubic yards ( 2,400,000 m ) of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors , with 1,000 cubic yards ( 760 m ) of debris being removed from the site on 300 cars every day . The average construction site was 45 feet ( 14 m ) deep , with the lower level being 40 feet ( 12 m ) below ground . Over 10,000 workers were assigned to put 118,597 short tons ( 107,589 t ) of steel and 33 miles ( 53 km ) of track inside the final structure . In addition , a 0.5 - mile - long ( 0.80 km ) , 6 - foot - wide ( 1.8 m ) drainage tube was sunk 65 feet ( 20 m ) under the ground to the East River . In 1906 -- 7 , the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad and the New York , New Haven & Hartford Railroad electrified their tracks with third rail on the approaches to Grand Central Terminal . This allowed electric trains to enter the then - future Grand Central Terminal upon its completion . On September 30 , 1906 , the first electric train departed for the soon - to - be-demolished Grand Central Station from Highbridge , Bronx . To accommodate ever - growing rail traffic into the restricted Midtown area , Wilgus took advantage of the recent electrification technology to propose a novel scheme : a bi-level station below ground . Arriving trains would go underground under Park Avenue , and proceed to an upper - level incoming station if they were mainline trains , or to a lower - level platform if they were suburban trains . In addition , turning loops within the station itself obviated complicated switching moves to bring back the trains to the coach yards for servicing . Departing mainline trains reversed into upper - level platforms in the conventional way . New track infrastructure allowed maximum train speeds of 52 miles per hour ( 84 km / h ) , as well as a massive four - floor , 400 - lever signal tower to control the suburban trains . Burying electric trains underground brought an additional advantage to the railroads : the ability to sell above - ground air rights over the tracks and platforms for real - estate development . The result of this was the creation of several blocks worth of prime real estate in Manhattan , which were then sold for a large sum of money . In addition , the terminal itself contains support structures for a possible future tower to be built above it . The terminal also did away with bifurcating Park Avenue by introducing a `` circumferential elevated driveway '' that allowed Park Avenue traffic to traverse around the building and over 42nd Street without encumbering nearby streets . The building was also designed to accommodate reconnecting both segments of 43rd Street by going through the concourse had the City of New York demanded it . The last train left Grand Central Station at midnight on June 5 , 1910 , and workers promptly began demolishing the old station . Plans for the new terminal were filed in January 1911 . At the time , the proposals for Grand Central Terminal were spread out among 55 architects ' drawings , marking one of the most comprehensive sets of plans that had ever been submitted to the New York City Department of Buildings . On December 20 , 1910 , a gas explosion at the station killed 10 people and injured 117 more . On February 2 , 1913 , the new terminal was opened , with passengers boarding the first train at one minute past midnight . Within sixteen hours of opening , there were an estimated 150,000 visitors . Innovations ( edit ) Grand Central Terminal was much larger than Penn Station , although the latter had been the first to open . The former had 70 - acre ( 28 ha ) railyards , while the latter had only 28 - acre ( 11 ha ) . Grand Central had 46 tracks and 30 platforms , more than twice Penn Station 's 21 tracks and 11 platforms . In addition , the $43 million Grand Central Terminal had twice as much masonry and steel than Penn Station did , with another $800,000 for a roof that could potentially support a skyscraper in the future . The new terminal also had a balloon loop for trains to turn around without reversing out of the station . The station building was 800 feet ( 240 m ) long , 300 feet ( 91 m ) wide , and 105 feet ( 32 m ) high . Designers of the new terminal also tried to make it as comfortable as possible . To that end , amenities included an oak - floored waiting room for women , attended to by maids ; a shoeshine room , also for women ; a room with telephones ; a salon with gender - separated portions ; a dressing room , with maids available for a fee ; and a men 's barbershop for men , containing a public portion with barbers from many cultures , as well as a rentable private portion . As part of the plans , Grand Central was also going to have two concourses , one on each level . The `` outbound '' concourse would have a 15,000 - person capacity while the `` inbound '' concourse would have an 8,000 - person capacity . A waiting room adjoining each concourse could fit another 5,000 people . Brochures advertised the new Grand Central Terminal as a tourist - friendly space where `` ( t ) imid travelers may ask questions with no fear of being rebuffed by hurrying trainmen , or imposed upon by hotel runners , chauffeurs or others in blue uniforms '' ; a safe and welcoming place for people of all cultures , where `` special accommodations are to be provided for immigrants and gangs of laborers '' ; and a general tourist attraction `` where one delights to loiter , admiring its beauty and symmetrical lines -- a poem in stone '' . `` Grand Central Zone '' ( edit ) Postcard of Grand Central Terminal , c. 1915 `` Grand Central Terminal '' from `` The Gateway to a Continent : Grand Central Zone '' ( 1939 ) The construction of Grand Central created a mini-city called the `` Grand Central Zone '' , which stretched from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Lexington Avenues . This area included the Commodore , Biltmore , Roosevelt , Marguery , Chatham , Barclay , Park Lane and Waldorf Astoria Hotels , luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue , and various new office buildings . Prestigious apartment and office buildings were erected around Grand Central , which turned the area into the most desirable commercial office district in Manhattan . It spurred construction throughout the neighborhood in the 1920s , including that of skyscrapers such as the Chrysler Building . In 1928 , New York Central built its headquarters in a 34 - story building ( now called the Helmsley Building ) straddling Park Avenue on the north side of the Terminal . Grand Central Art galleries ( edit ) Medals commemorating the Grand Central Art Galleries ' foundation Main article : Grand Central Art Galleries From 1922 to 1958 , Grand Central Terminal was the home of the Grand Central Art Galleries , which were established by John Singer Sargent , Edmund Greacen , Walter Leighton Clark , and others . The founders had sought a location in Manhattan that was central and easily accessible , and Alfred Holland Smith , president of New York Central , made the top of the terminal available . A 10 - year lease was signed , and the galleries , together with the railroad company , spent more than $100,000 to prepare the space . The architect was William Adams Delano , best known for designing Yale Divinity School 's Sterling Quadrangle . At their opening , the galleries extended over most of the terminal 's sixth floor , 15,000 square feet ( 1,400 m ) , and offered eight main exhibition rooms , a foyer gallery , and a reception area . A total of 20 display rooms were planned for what was intended as `` ... the largest sales gallery of art in the world '' . The official opening was March 22 , 1923 , and featured paintings by Sargent , Charles W. Hawthorne , Cecilia Beaux , Wayman Adams , and Ernest Ipsen . Sculptors included Daniel Chester French , Herbert Adams , Robert Aitken , Gutzon Borglum , and Frederic MacMonnies . The event attracted 5,000 people and received a glowing review from The New York Times . A year after they opened , the galleries established the Grand Central School of Art , which occupied 7,000 square feet ( 650 m ) on the seventh floor of the east wing of the terminal . The school was directed by Sargent and Daniel Chester French . Its first - year teachers included painters Jonas Lie and Nicolai Fechin , sculptor Chester Beach , illustrator Dean Cornwell , costume designer Helen Dryden , and muralist Ezra Winter . The Grand Central School of Art remained in the east wing until 1944 . The Grand Central Art Galleries remained in the terminal until 1958 , when they moved to the Biltmore Hotel . They remained at the Biltmore for 23 years , until it was converted into an office building . When the Biltmore was demolished in 1981 , they moved to 24 West 57th Street . They ceased operations in 1994 . Musical performances ( edit ) Beginning during the Christmas season of 1928 and continuing on certain holidays until 1958 , an organist performed in Grand Central 's North Gallery . The organist was Mary Lee Read , who initially performed on a borrowed Hammond organ . Grand Central management eventually bought an organ and a set of chimes for the station and began paying Read an annual retainer . In addition to the weeks before Christmas , Read played during the weeks before Thanksgiving and Easter and on Mother 's Day . On one Easter , a choir composed of Works Progress Administration employees performed with her . Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , she attempted to lift spirits by playing `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , which brought the main concourse to a standstill . The stationmaster subsequently asked her to avoid selections that would cause passengers to miss their trains , and Read became known as the only organist in New York who was forbidden to play the United States ' national anthem . On September 7 , 2018 , Paul McCartney performed a secret live show at Grand Central Terminal on the premiere date of his new album Egypt Station . Proposals for demolition and towers ( edit ) In 1947 , over 65 million people , or equivalent to 40 % of the United States ' population at the time , traveled through Grand Central . However , railroad traffic soon declined with competition from highways and intercity airline traffic . The MetLife Building was completed in 1963 above Grand Central Terminal . Grand Central was designed to support a tower built above it . In 1954 , William Zeckendorf proposed replacing Grand Central with an 80 - story , 4,800,000 - square - foot ( 450,000 m ) tower , 500 feet ( 150 m ) taller than the Empire State Building . I.M. Pei created a pinched - cylinder design that took the form of a glass cylinder with a wasp waist . The plan was abandoned . In 1955 , Erwin S. Wolfson made his first proposal for a tower north of the Terminal replacing the Terminal 's six - story office building . A revised Wolfson plan was approved in 1958 and the Pan Am Building ( now the MetLife Building ) was completed in 1963 even though that section of the superstructure was not designed to support a tower above it . Although the Pan Am Building 's completion averted the terminal 's imminent destruction , New York Central continued its precipitous decline . In 1968 , facing bankruptcy , it merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad to form the Penn Central Railroad . The Pennsylvania Railroad was in its own precipitous decline , and in 1964 , despite efforts to save the ornate Penn Station from destruction , the station was demolished and completely rebuilt to make way for an office building and the new Madison Square Garden . In 1968 , Penn Central unveiled plans to build over Grand Central a tower even bigger than the Pan Am Building . The Marcel Breuer design would have used the existing building 's tower support structure but would have destroyed the facade and the Main Waiting Room . The plans drew huge opposition , most prominently from Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis : Is it not cruel to let our city die by degrees , stripped of all her proud monuments , until there will be nothing left of all her history and beauty to inspire our children ? If they are not inspired by the past of our city , where will they find the strength to fight for her future ? Americans care about their past , but for short term gain they ignore it and tear down everything that matters . Maybe ... this is the time to take a stand , to reverse the tide , so that we wo n't all end up in a uniform world of steel and glass boxes . -- Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Six months before the Breuer plans were unveiled , however , the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Grand Central a city `` landmark '' . Penn Central was unable to secure permission from the Commission to execute either of Breuer 's two blueprints . The railroad sued the city , alleging a taking . The resulting case , Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City ( 1978 ) , was the first time that the Supreme Court ruled on a matter of historic preservation . The Court saved the terminal , holding that New York City 's Landmarks Preservation Act did not constitute a `` taking '' of Penn Central 's property under the Fifth Amendment and was a reasonable use of government land - use regulatory power . Penn Central went into bankruptcy in 1970 in what was then the biggest corporate bankruptcy in American history . Most of its railroad operations were taken over by Conrail in 1976 , but Penn Central retained title to Grand Central Terminal . When Penn Central reorganized as American Premier Underwriters ( APU ) in 1994 , it retained ownership of Penn Central . In turn , APU was absorbed by American Financial Group ) . Restorations and expansion ( edit ) 1970s restoration ( edit ) Lower Concourse Grand Central Terminal Clock Grand Central and the surrounding neighborhood fell on hard times during the financial collapse of its host railroads and the near bankruptcy of New York City itself . In 1975 , Donald Trump bought the Commodore Hote l to the east of the terminal for $10 million and then worked out a deal with Jay Pritzker to transform it into one of the first Grand Hyatt hotels . Trump negotiated various tax breaks and , in the process , agreed to renovate the exterior of the terminal . The complementary masonry from the Commodore was covered with a mirror - glass `` slipcover '' façade -- the masonry still exists underneath . In the same deal , Trump optioned Penn Central 's rail yards on the Hudson River between 59th and 72nd Streets that eventually became Trump Place , the biggest private development in New York City . In order to improve passenger flow , a new passageway at Grand Central was opened in May 1975 . On September 11 , 1976 , a group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal . The group also hijacked a plane . After stating their political demands , they revealed the location and provided the instructions for disarming the Grand Central Terminal bomb . The disarming operation was not executed properly and the resulting explosion wounded over 30 and killed one NYPD bomb squad specialist . The Grand Hyatt opened in 1980 and the neighborhood immediately began a transformation . Trump sold his half - share in the hotel for $142 million in 1996 . Throughout this period , the interior of Grand Central was dominated by huge billboard advertisements , with perhaps the most famous being the giant Kodak Colorama photos that ran along the entire east side , and the Westclox `` Big Ben '' clock over the south concourse . Metro - North operation and 1990s restoration ( edit ) Amtrak announced that it would stop service to the station in 1988 . The final Amtrak train stopped at the station on April 7 , 1991 , upon the completion of the Empire Connection , which allowed trains from Albany , Toronto , and Montreal to use Penn Station . Previously , travelers had to change stations via subway , bus , or cab . Since then , Grand Central has mostly served Metro - North Railroad , except for limited Empire Service Amtrak trains in the summer of 2017 and all Empire Service trains for summer of 2018 , with the addition of the Maple Leaf , Ethan Allen Express , and Adirondack train services . In 1988 , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) , the Metro - North 's operator , commissioned a study of the Grand Central Terminal . The report found that parts of the terminal could be turned into a retail area , and the balconies could be used for `` high - quality '' restaurants . This would increase the terminal 's annual retail and advertising revenue from $8 million to $17 million . At the time , more than 80 million subway and Metro - North passengers used Grand Central Terminal every year , but eight of 73 storefronts were empty , and almost three - quarters of leases were set to expire by 1990 . The MTA signed a 280 - year lease in 1994 . The agency announced a renovation of terminal , in January 1995 . The $113.8 million renovation would be the most extensive rehabilitation to the terminal since its opening in 1913 . Of the projected cost , $30 million was to come from the Metro - North 's capital allocation , while the other $84 million was to be raised through the sale of bonds . The MTA expected that the terminal 's renovation would be completed in 1998 , and that the retail space would net $13 million in annual revenue in 1999 , which would increase to $17.5 million in 2009 . During this renovation , all billboards were removed and the station was restored . These renovations were mostly finished in 1998 , though some of the minor refits ( such as replacement of electromechanical train information displays with electronic displays at track entries ) were not completed until 2000 . The most striking effect was the restoration of the Main Concourse ceiling , revealing the painted skyscape and constellations . The original baggage room , later converted into retail space and occupied for many years by Chemical Bank , was removed , and replaced with a mirror image of the West Stairs . Although the baggage room had been designed by the original architects , the restoration architects found evidence that a set of stairs mirroring those to the West was originally intended for that space . Other modifications included a complete overhaul of the Terminal 's superstructure and the replacement of the electromechanical Omega Board train arrival / departure display with a purely electronic display that was designed to fit into the architecture of the Terminal aesthetically . The original quarry in Tennessee was located and reopened specifically to provide matching stone to replace damaged stone and for the new East Staircase . Each piece of new stone is labeled with its installation date and the fact that it was not a part of the original Terminal building . The exterior was again cleaned and restored , starting with the west facade on Vanderbilt Avenue and gradually working counterclockwise . The project involved cleaning the facade , rooftop light courts , and statues ; filling in cracks , repointing stones on the facade , restoring the copper roof and the building 's cornice , repairing the large windows of the Main Concourse , and removing the remaining blackout paint applied to the windows during World War II . The result of the restoration , which was completed in 2007 , was a cleaner , more attractive , and structurally sound exterior , and the windows now allow much more light into the Main Concourse . Centennial ( edit ) Midtown TDR Ventures , LLC , an investment group controlled by Argent Ventures , purchased the station from American Financial in December 2006 . As part of the transaction the lease with the MTA was renegotiated through February 28 , 2274 . The MTA pays $2.24 million in rent and has an option to buy the station and tracks in 2017 , although Argent could extend the date another 15 years to 2032 . The transferable air rights remain the property of Midtown TDR Ventures . On February 1 , 2013 , numerous displays , performances and events were held to celebrate the terminal 's centennial . In 2014 , the One Vanderbilt supertall skyscraper was proposed for a site to the west of Grand Central Terminal , across Vanderbilt Avenue . Demolition of the existing buildings on the site began in 2015 . The official groundbreaking was in October 2016 and the building is expected to be completed in 2020 . Its construction includes an underground connection to Grand Central Terminal . Long Island rail Road Access ( edit ) East Side Access progress in 2014 Main article : East Side Access The MTA is in the midst of a large - scale project to bring Long Island Rail Road trains into the terminal via the East Side Access Project . The project was spurred by a study that showed that more than half of LIRR riders work closer to Grand Central than to the current terminus at Penn Station . The East Side Access has resulted in major blasting work under Grand Central Terminal . Since March 2007 , about 1000 workers have completed more than 2,400 controlled blasts ending about October 4 , 2013 . A new bi-level , eight - track tunnel with four platforms was excavated under Park Avenue , more than 90 feet ( 27 m ) below the Metro - North tracks and more than 140 feet ( 43 m ) below the surface . Reaching the street from the lowest level , more than 175 feet ( 53 m ) deep , will take about 10 minutes . There will also be a new 350,000 - square - foot retail and dining concourse . It will initially be accessed via stairwells , 22 elevators , and 47 escalators connecting to Grand Central 's existing food court , in comparison to the 19 escalators in the remainder of the LIRR system . The MTA plans to build and open additional entrances at 45th , 46th , and 48th streets . The escalators would be up to 180 feet ( 55 m ) long . The escalators and elevators are to be partially privately operated , one of the only such instances in the entire MTA system . LIRR trains will access Park Avenue via the existing lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel , connecting to its main line running through Sunnyside Yard in Queens . Extensions were added on both the Manhattan and Queens sides . Cost estimates jumped from $4.4 billion in 2004 to $6.4 billion in 2006 . The MTA said that some small buildings on the route in Manhattan will be torn down to make way for air vents . Cardinal Edward Egan criticized the plan , noting concerns about the tracks , which will largely be on the west side of Park Avenue , and their impact on St. Patrick 's Cathedral . The new LIRR terminal will be open in December 2023 . Influence on design of Transit centers ( edit ) Ramp to the Lower Concourse Colonnade Grand Central Terminal was an innovation in transit - hub design and continues to influence designers . One new concept was the use of ramps , rather than staircases , to conduct passengers and luggage through the facility . Another was wrapping Park Avenue around the Terminal above the street , creating a second level for picking up and dropping off passengers . Grand Central Terminal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . Among the buildings modeled on Grand Central 's design is the Poughkeepsie station , on Metro - North 's Hudson Line in Poughkeepsie , New York . It was also designed by Warren & Wetmore and opened in 1918 . Sister stations ( edit ) Grand Central has a `` sister station '' agreement with Tokyo Station in Japan and Hsinchu TRA station in Taiwan . In popular culture ( edit ) Many film and television productions have included scenes shot at Grand Central Terminal . Kyle McCarthy , who handles production at Grand Central , said , `` Grand Central is one of the quintessential New York places . Whether filmmakers need an establishing shot of arriving in New York or transportation scenes , the restored landmark building is visually appealing and authentic . '' The Terminal is the setting for Fiona Davis 's 2018 historical fiction novel , `` The Masterpiece . '' In American vocabulary , the term Grand Central Station can be used to refer to a busy and overcrowded place . See also ( edit ) National Register of Historic Places portal Architecture portal Trains portal New York City portal Architecture of New York City Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City Pennsylvania Station ( New York City ) Track 61 ( New York City ) , a private track under Grand Central Terminal Transportation in New York City References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ A railroad `` terminal '' such as Grand Central Terminal , the former Reading Terminal in Philadelphia , and the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal is a facility at the end of a rail line , which trains enter and depart in the same direction . A railroad station , such as Pennsylvania Station on the West Side , 30th Street Station in Philadelphia , and Union Station in Washington , D.C. , is a facility along one or more contiguous rail lines , which trains can enter and depart in different directions . Citations Jump up ^ National Railroad Passenger Corporation . `` New York , New York Grand Central Terminal '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Central Station '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Middleton , William D. `` Grand Central : The World 's Greatest Railway Terminal '' , San Marino , California : Golden West Books ( 1977 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Cannadine , David . `` A Point of View : Grand Central , the world 's loveliest station '' , BBC , February 8 , 2013 , accessed May 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=all&address=10017-9998+&radius=1&locationType=po&locationID=1365295&locationName=GRAND+CENTRAL&address2=&address1=450+LEXINGTON+AVE+FL+2&city=NEW+YORK&state=NY&zip5=10017&zip4=9998&latitude=40.7533805&longitude= - 73.974724 Jump up ^ Dunlap , David ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` At Trade Center Transit Hub , Vision Gives Way to Reality '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cannadine , David ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` A Point of View : Grand Central , the world 's loveliest station '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ann Shields ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions '' . Travel + Lesiure . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Haughney , Christine ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` More Crowded Crowds : Grand Central to Welcome Apple and Shake Shack '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hugh Merwin ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` 7 Things You Should Know About Shake Shack Grand Central , Opening Saturday '' . GrubStreet . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Store Grand Central Opens Friday , December 9 '' ( Press release ) . Apple . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Terminal Directory Listing '' . Grand Central Terminal . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Top 10 Secrets of Grand Central Terminal '' . Untapped Cities . Jump up ^ `` New York '' . Cities of the Underworld . Season 1 . Episode 107 . June 4 , 2007 . History . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Inside Grand Central . National Geographic Video . 2005 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neglected and rusting deep below Grand Central station , the armoured train that helped heroic Roosevelt keep his polio secret '' . Daily Mail . March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects '' . World Nuclear Association . December 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program ( August 1998 ) . `` Radiation in the Environment '' . US Army Corps of Engineers . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gale , Robert Peter ; Lax , Eric ( 2013 ) . Radiation : What It Is , What You Need to Know . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 190 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 37587 -- Decision '' . www.stb.dot.gov . Jump up ^ `` Air Rights Make Deals Fly '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Birth of Grand Central Terminal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Roberts ( January 22 , 2013 ) . Grand Central : How a Train Station Transformed America . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 2595 - 9 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Brian ; Mike Schafer ( 2007 ) . New York Central Railroad . Saint Paul , MN : MBI and Voyageur Press . ISBN 9780760329283 . OCLC 85851554 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Place Really Is as Busy as Grand Central Station : The Cliche Has the New York Terminal 's Name Wrong , but Its Character Just Right '' . Los Angeles Times . ( November 24 , 1985 ) . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schumach , Murray ( January 20 , 1954 ) . `` Central Derails its 4 - Faced Clock '' . The New York Times . p. 29 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central 's Departure Board , Gone ! '' . The New York Times . July 23 , 1996 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LCD signs and boards '' ( PDF ) . Solari di Udine . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garber , Megan ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` The Clocks at Grand Central Station Are Permanently Wrong '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Metro - North Railroad Committee Meeting '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . January 22 , 2018 . p. 108 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Belle , John ; Leighton , Maxinne Rhea ( 2000 ) . Grand Central : Gateway to a Million Lives . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04765 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Central Terminal Opening on Sunday '' . The New York Times . January 29 , 1913 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Constellations Reversed : New Grand Central Ceiling Has the Heavens Turned Around '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1913 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell Apartment Bar in New York '' . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( January 9 , 1994 ) . `` Grand Central Terminal ; In a Forgotten Corner , a Curious Office of the 20 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , William ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` Donald Trump Bounced off Grand Central Tennis Deal '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rubinstein , Dana ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` A Tennis Court That Will Cost $210 an Hour '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at the Hidden Tennis Courts of Grand Central Terminal , Once Leased by Trump '' . Untapped Cities . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Charles ( 1978 ) . `` Most Expensive Tennis Club Sheds Status Symbol '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( August 31 , 2006 ) . `` Game , Set , Match Above the Roar of the City '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Our Subway Open , 150,000 Try It -- Mayor McClellan Runs the First Official Train -- Big Crowds Ride At Night -- Average of 25,000 an Hour from 7 P.M. Till Past Midnight -- Exercises in the City Hall -- William Barclay Parsons , John B. McDonald , August Belmont , Alexander E. Orr , and John Starin Speak -- Dinner at Night '' . New York Times . October 28 , 1904 . p. 1 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttle Service In Operation '' . pudl.princeton.edu . Interborough Rapid Transit Company . September 27 , 1918 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Peter ( 2018 ) . Tracks of the New York City Subway 2018 ( 16th ed . ) . Dougherty . Jump up ^ Buckley , Thomas ( April 22 , 1964 ) . `` Pavement in 42d Street at Grand Central Is Weakened by Early ‐ Morning Fire in the IRT Shuttle Station '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 -- via New York Times Archive . Jump up ^ `` LEXINGTON AV . LINE TO BE OPENED TODAY ; Subway Service to East Side of Harlem and the Bronx Expected to Relieve Congestion. BEGINS WITH LOCAL TRAINSRunning of Express Trains to AwaitOpening of Seventh AvenueLine of H System '' . The New York Times . July 17 , 1918 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CONTRACT FOR SUBWAY LINK : Award Made for Diagonal Station at Grand Central '' . The New York Times . October 10 , 1914 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` STEINWAY TUNNEL WILL OPEN TODAY ; Officials Will Attend Ceremony in the Long Island City Station at 11 A.M. FIRST PUBLIC TRAIN AT NOON Public Service Commission Renames the Under - River Route the Queensboro Subway '' . The New York Times . June 22 , 1915 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Katherine E. ( August 19 , 1999 ) . `` Passageway Easing Exit Is Opened At Terminal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Lynn ( October 10 , 1999 ) . `` The View From / Manhattan ; A Shorter Commute '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Entrance to the Grand Central North Being Built On 47th Street Between Park and Lexington Avenues '' ( Press release ) . Metro - North Railroad . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Metro - North Railroad '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTA 2005 Preliminary Budget ( 7 -- 29 -- 04 ) -- Volume 2 -- MNR '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haikalis , George ( November 11 , 2006 ) . `` Regional Rail Working Group : Streamlining Access to Grand Central Terminal '' . Auto-free.org . Section entitled `` What are MTA 's objections to this streamlined plan ? '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Terminal '' . nyctourist.com . Jump up ^ `` Unknown Grand Central Terminal , New York City , New York '' . Interesting America . Jump up ^ Samson , Peter R. ( 2004 ) . GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL , Upper Level ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Samson , Peter R. ( 2004 ) . GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL , Lower Level ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Terminal Outline of Existing Tracks and Platforms '' MTA.info Jump up ^ `` MTA OK 's contract for East Side Access '' . TimesLedger . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobnik , Verena ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Massive East Side Access Project Rolling On Under Grand Central '' . nbcnewyork.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Side Access transforming the LIRR '' . Herald Community Newspapers . August 21 , 2018 . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The secret below Grand Central Station '' . BBC News . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joseph Brennan ( 2002 ) . `` Grand Central Terminal , Waldorf - Astoria platform '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Forrest Wickman ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Is the Secret Subway in the New Spider - Man Real ? Explained '' . Slate . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Terminal , Waldorf - Astoria platform '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local News in Brief '' . The New York Times . September 29 , 1871 . p. 8 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Central Railroad Depot , Harlem Railroad '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1871 . p. 6 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local News in Brief '' . The New York Times . November 1 , 1871 . p. 8 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Christopher ( June 21 , 1998 ) . `` Grand Central Terminal ; How a Rail Complex Chugged Into the 20th Century '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Architect Who Turned a Railroad Bridge on Its Head '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WGBH American Experience . Grand Central '' . PBS . January 8 , 1902 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEW TERMINAL PLANS FILED. ; N.Y. Central Station Will Be a Most Imposing Structure '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1911 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TEN KILLED , SCORES HURT IN EXPLOSION ; Pintsch Gas Blast Brings Death and Ruin at the Grand Central Station '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . December 20 , 1910 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maranzani , Barbara . `` Grand Central Terminal : An American Icon '' . History.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Terminal opens '' . Railway Age . Simmons - Boardman Publishing : 78 . September 2006 . ISSN 0033 - 8826 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Terminal Supplies Patrons with Home Comforts '' . The New York Times . February 2 , 1913 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WONDERS GROW NEAR NEW GRAND CENTRAL ; Work Will Cost $180,000,000 and a New Park Avenue Will Rise to the North '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . June 26 , 1910 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Zone Boasts Many Connected Buildings '' , The New York Times , September 14 , 1930 Jump up ^ `` Exploring New York 's Real Underworld ''. Popular Science Monthly , November 1931 , p. 135 Jump up ^ The Gateway to a Contiinent : Grand Central Zone '' 1939 Jump up ^ `` Painters and Sculptors ' Gallery Association to Begin Work '' . The New York Times . December 19 , 1922 . p. 19 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Art Galleries Records '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Home for Art to Cost $100,000 '' . The New York Times . March 11 , 1923 . p . E7 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Art Gallery Opens to Throng '' . The New York Times . March 22 , 1923 . p. 18 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Art School Opens : Reception Held in Studios Over the Grand Central '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 1924 . p. 27 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Terminal Fire Not in Art School '' . The New York Times . September 6 , 1929 . p. 9 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Art School Opens : Reception Held in Studios Over the Grand Central '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 1924 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries to End 36 Years in Depot '' , The New York Times , October 31 , 1958 Jump up ^ `` Retaining Order to Block Biltmore Demolition Expires '' , The New York Times , August 19 , 1981 Jump up ^ Fraser , C. Gerald ( April 22 , 1986 ) . `` Going Out Guide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pollak , Michael ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Did Grand Central Terminal Have a Live Organist ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney plays surprise concert at New York 's Grand Central Terminal '' . the Guardian . September 8 , 2018 . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grand Central Station : The History of New York City 's Famous Railroad Terminal . Charles River Editors. 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5084 - 3504 - 4 . Jump up ^ Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York , 438 U.S. 104 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Tomasson , Robert E. ( May 4 , 1975 ) . `` Deal Negotiated for Commodore '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masello , Robert . `` The Trump Card '' . Town & Country . Town & Country . Jump up ^ `` New Corridor Is Opened To Improve Grand Central '' . The New York Times . May 8 , 1975 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Skyjackings : Bombs for Croatia '' . Time . September 20 , 1976 . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Katz , Samuel M. ( 2002 ) . Relentless Pursuit : The DSS and the Manhunt for the Al - Qaeda Terrorists . New York : Forge / Tom Doherty Associates . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 7653 - 0402 - 3 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( September 22 , 1980 ) . `` 42nd Street Is About to Add Something New and Pleasant : the Grand Hyatt '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of The Trump Organization '' . Funding Universe . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Trump sold his half - share in the Grand Hyatt Hotel to the Hyatt Corp. in 1996 for $142 million . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kirk ( July 7 , 1988 ) . `` Amtrak Trains To Stop Using Grand Central '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Amtrak trains to use Grand Central Terminal this summer '' . lohud.com . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rulison , Larry ; Anderson , and Eric ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Repairs will shift Amtrak 's Rensselaer trains to Grand Central Terminal '' . Times Union . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PLAN URGES NEW LOOK AT TERMINAL By RICHARD LEVINE '' . The New York Times . 1988 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( January 29 , 1995 ) . `` Grand Central Makeover Is Readied '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Lois ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Air Rights Make Deals Fly '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Midtown TDR Ventures LLC - Acquisition Exemption - American Premier Underwriters , Inc. , The Owasco River Railway , Inc. , and American Financial Group , Inc '' . Surface Transportation Board , U.S. Department of Transportation . December 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Terminal '' . mta.info . February 1 , 1913 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central turns 100 '' . RT&S . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` 65 - Story Tower Planned Near Grand Central Terminal '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cuozzo , Steve ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` One Vanderbilt mega-office tower picking up steam '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chaban , Matt A. ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Future Neighbor Will Tower Over Grand Central , but Allow It to Shine '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warerkar , Tanay ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` One Vanderbilt reveals public plaza , huge transit hall in new renderings '' . Curbed NY . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Record of Decision ( ROD ) East Side Access Project '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Transportation . p. 5 . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` MTA concludes blasting work under Grand Central Terminal '' . Progressive Railroading . October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` East Side Access Project , Final Environmental Impact Statement '' ( PDF ) . p. 22 . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dobnik , Verena ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Massive East Side Access Project Rolling On Under Grand Central '' . nbcnewyork.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , Ted ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` MTA Focuses on Ups , Downs '' . WSJ . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ocean , Justin ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Massive New Rail Tunnels Beneath NYC 's Grand Central '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yates , Maura ( February 10 , 2005 ) . `` East Side Access Draws Opponents '' . The New York Sun . p. 1 . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Alfonso A. ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` East Side Access completion date extended -- again '' . Newsday . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . The MTA 's monumental East Side Access project to link the Long Island Rail Road to Grand Central Terminal could carry a price tag $2.6 billion over budget and not be completed until 2023 , four years behind schedule , according to a new report . Jump up ^ `` '' Grand Central Station '' August 11 , 1976 , by Carolyn Pitts '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination . National Park Service . August 11 , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Station -- Accompanying 11 photos , exterior and interior , from 1983 and undated '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory . National Park Service . 1983 . Jump up ^ Howe , Patricia ; Katherine Moore ( February 25 , 1976 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places nomination , Poughkeepsie Railroad station '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo and Frankfurt Central become sister stations '' . The Asahi Shimbun Asia & Japan Watch . The Asahi Shimbun Company . 26 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Station to get a sister station in Taiwan '' . The Japan Times . Japan : The Japan Times Ltd. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Star of the Month '' . Mayor 's Office of Film , Theatre & Broadcasting . October 1 , 2005 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grand central station '' . Dictionary.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Further reading `` Designation List 137 LP - 1099 ; Grand Central Terminal Interior '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 23 , 1980 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) . New York City : Vol 1 , New York City Guide . US History Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60354 - 055 - 1 . Fitch , James Marston ; Waite , Diana S. ( 1974 ) . Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center : A Historic - critical Estimate of Their Significance . Albany , New York : The Division . Fried , Frederick ; Gillon , Edmund Vincent Jr. ( 1976 ) . New York Civic Sculpture : A Pictorial Guide . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 23258 - 1 . Middleton , William D. ( 1999 ) . Grand Central , the World 's Greatest Railway Terminal . San Marino : Golden West Books . OCLC 49014602 . O'Hara , Frank ; Allen , Donald ( 1995 ) . The Collected Poems of Frank O'Hara . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20166 - 3 . Reed , Henry Hope ; Gillon , Edmund Vincent Jr. ( 1988 ) . Beaux - Arts Architecture in New York : A Photographic Guide . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25698 - 7 . Schlichting , Kurt C. ( 2001 ) . Grand Central Terminal : Railroads , Architecture and Engineering in New York . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6510 - 7 . Stern , Robert A.M. ; Gilmartin , Gregory ; Massengale , John Montague ( 1983 ) . New York 1900 : Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism , 1890 -- 1915 . New York : Rizzoli . ISBN 0 - 8478 - 0511 - 5 . External links ( edit ) External video `` Grand Central Terminal LED Stars '' on YouTube , Metropolitan Transportation Authority ; November 8 , 2010 `` Grand Central Terminal Audio Tour '' on YouTube , Metropolitan Transportation Authority ; November 24 , 2010 `` Train Station Tour : Grand Central Terminal , NYC ( Metro North RR ) '' on YouTube , The Transport Net ; February 28 , 2016 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Central Terminal . Official website Grand Central Terminal station listing Metro - North Railroad stations Manhattan main line Grand Central Harlem -- 125th Street Harlem Line Melrose Tremont Fordham Botanical Garden Williams Bridge Woodlawn Wakefield Mount Vernon West Fleetwood Bronxville Tuckahoe Crestwood Scarsdale Hartsdale White Plains North White Plains Valhalla Kensico Cemetery Mount Pleasant Hawthorne Thornwood Pleasantville Chappaqua Mount Kisco Bedford Hills Katonah Goldens Bridge Purdy 's Croton Falls Brewster Southeast Patterson Pawling Appalachian Trail Harlem Valley -- Wingdale Dover Plains Tenmile River Wassaic Hudson Line Grand Central service Yankees -- East 153rd Street Highbridge Morris Heights University Heights Marble Hill Spuyten Duyvil Penn Station service New York Penn Station ( planned ) Upper West Side ( planned ) West 125th Street ( planned ) Riverdale Ludlow Yonkers Glenwood Greystone Hastings - on - Hudson Dobbs Ferry Ardsley - on - Hudson Irvington Tarrytown Philipse Manor Scarborough Ossining Croton -- Harmon Croton North Crugers Cortlandt Montrose Peekskill Manitou Garrison Cold Spring Breakneck Ridge Beacon New Hamburg Poughkeepsie New Haven Line Grand Central service Fordham Mount Vernon East Pelham Penn Station service New York Penn Station ( planned ) Hunts Point ( planned ) Parkchester ( planned ) Morris Park ( planned ) Co-Op City ( planned ) New Rochelle Larchmont Mamaroneck Harrison Rye Port Chester Greenwich Cos Cob Riverside Old Greenwich Stamford Noroton Heights Darien Rowayton South Norwalk East Norwalk Westport Green 's Farms Southport Fairfield Fairfield Metro Bridgeport Barnum ( planned ) Stratford Milford Orange ( planned ) West Haven New Haven Union Station New Haven State Street New Canaan Branch Stamford East Stamford ( proposed ) Glenbrook Springdale Talmadge Hill New Canaan Danbury Branch South Norwalk Merritt 7 Kent Road Wilton Cannondale Georgetown ( proposed ) Redding Bethel Danbury North Danbury ( proposed ) Brookfield ( proposed ) New Milford ( proposed ) Waterbury Branch Bridgeport Stratford Derby -- Shelton Ansonia Seymour Beacon Falls Naugatuck Waterbury Pascack Valley Line ← ( NJT Pascack Valley Line to Hoboken ) Pearl River Nanuet Spring Valley Port Jervis Line Hoboken Secaucus Junction ( Intermediate stops made by Main Line and / or Bergen County Line ) Ramsey Route 17 Mahwah Suffern Sloatsburg Tuxedo Harriman Monroe Salisbury Mills -- Cornwall Chester Campbell Hall Goshen Middletown -- Town of Wallkill Otisville Port Jervis Category Commons Italics denote closed stations and line segments . Long Island Rail Road stations City Terminal Zone Main Line ( west ) Penn Station Long Island City Hunterspoint Avenue Grand Central Sunnyside Woodside Winfield Junction Grand Street Rego Park Forest Hills Hopedale Kew Gardens Westbridge Dunton Jamaica Atlantic Branch ( west ) Atlantic Terminal Nostrand Avenue East New York Woodhaven Woodhaven Junction Clarenceville Morris Park / Morris Grove / Boland 's Landing Jamaica Atlantic Branch ( east ) Jamaica Beaver Street South Street Cedar Manor Locust Manor Higbie Avenue Springfield Laurelton Rosedale Valley Stream Far Rockaway Branch Valley Stream Gibson Hewlett Woodmere Cedarhurst Lawrence Inwood Far Rockaway Hempstead Branch Bellerose Floral Park Stewart Manor Nassau Boulevard Garden City Country Life Press Hempstead Long Beach Branch Lynbrook Centre Avenue East Rockaway Atlantic Avenue Oceanside Jekyl Island Island Park Wreck Lead Queenswater Club House Long Beach Montauk Branch Lower Montauk Long Island City Penny Bridge Laurel Hill Haberman Maspeth Fresh Pond Glendale Ridgewood Richmond Hill Shops Dunton Jamaica Babylon Branch Union Hall Street Canal Street Hillside St. Albans Springfield Gardens Rosedale Valley Stream Lynbrook Rockville Centre Baldwin Freeport Merrick Bellmore Wantagh Seaford Massapequa Massapequa Park Unqua Amityville Copiague Belmont Junction Lindenhurst Babylon Montauk ( east ) Bay Shore Islip Centre Islip Club House Great River Oakdale Sayville Bayport Blue Point Patchogue East Patchogue Hagerman Bellport Brookhaven Mastic -- Shirley Mastic Center Moriches East Moriches Eastport Speonk Westhampton Quogue East Quogue Hampton Bays Canoe Place Suffolk Downs Shinnecock Hills Southampton College Southampton Water Mill Bridgehampton Wainscott East Hampton Amagansett Napeague Beach Fanny Bartlett Promised Land Montauk Oyster Bay Branch Mineola East Williston Albertson Roslyn North Roslyn Greenvale Glen Head Sea Cliff Glen Street Glen Cove Locust Valley Mill Neck Oyster Bay Pt . 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Major railroad stations in New York City and Northern New Jersey Active terminals Atlantic Terminal Grand Central Terminal Hoboken Terminal Long Island City New York Penn Station Major transfer stations Jamaica Newark Penn Station Newark Broad Street Secaucus Junction Historical terminals Communipaw Exchange Place Pavonia Weehawken U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal ← New York Central Railroad Main Line stations : Croton - Harmon -- New York ( 1914 -- 1968 ) Croton -- Harmon Ossining Tarrytown Yonkers 138th Street 125th Street New York Bypassed in 1918 - 1920s Reopened in 1930s Bypassed in 1950s Bypassed in 1960s WorldCat Identities GND : 4440613 - 7 VIAF : 229136055 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Central_Terminal&oldid=865686907 '' Categories : 1871 establishments in New York ( state ) 42nd Street ( Manhattan ) Beaux - Arts architecture in New York City Former Amtrak stations in New York ( state ) Metro - North Railroad stations in New York City Midtown Manhattan National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Park Avenue Railroad - related National Historic Landmarks Railroad terminals in New York City Railway and subway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Railway stations in Manhattan Railway stations located underground in New York ( state ) Railway stations opened in 1871 Railway stations opened in 1913 Reed and Stem buildings Former New York Central Railroad stations Stations along New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad lines Tourist attractions in Manhattan Union stations in the United States Warren and Wetmore buildings Proposed Long Island Rail Road stations Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from April 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using New York City Subway service templates Articles using Infobox station with markup inside name Articles using Infobox station with links or images inside name Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 14 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was grand central station new york built | [
"Grand Central Terminal\nMetro-North Railroad terminal\nThe Main Concourse, 2015Location\n89 East 42nd Street at Park Avenue,New York, NY 10017Coordinates\n40°45′10.08″N 73°58′35.48″W / 40.7528000°N 73.9765222°W / 40.7528000; -73.9765222Coordinates: 40°45′10.08″N 73°58′35.48″W / 40.7528000°N 73.9765222°W / 40.7528000; -73.9765222Owned by\nMidtown TDR Ventures(leased to Metro-North Railroad)Line(s)\nPark Avenue Main LinePlatforms\n44 high-level platforms (43 island platforms, 1 side platform)(6 tracks with Spanish solution)Tracks\n56 (30 on upper level, 26 on lower level), 43 in use for passenger serviceConnections\nMTA New York City Subway: trainsat Grand Central–42nd Street NYCT Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M42, M101, M102, M103, Q32, X27, X28, X63, X64, X68 MTA Bus: BxM1, QM21ConstructionPlatform levels\n2Disabled access\nYesOther informationStation code\nGCT, NYG[1]Fare zone\n1Website\nOfficial website HistoryOpened\n1871Rebuilt\n1913, 1994–2000Services\n\n\n\n\nPreceding station\n\n \n\n Metro-North Railroad\n\n \n\nFollowing station\n\n\nTerminusHarlem LineHarlem–125th Streettoward Wassaic\n\nHudson LineHarlem–125th Streettoward Poughkeepsie\n\nNew Haven LineHarlem–125th Streettoward New Haven State Street, Waterbury, Danbury, or New Canaan\n\n\n\n showFormer / future services\n\n\n\n\n \n\nFormer services\n\n \n\n\nPreceding station\n\n \n\nNew York Central Railroad\n\n \n\nFollowing station\n\n\n125th Streettoward ChicagoMain LineTerminus\n\n110th Streettoward PeekskillHudson Division\n\n59th Streettoward ChathamHarlem Division\n\n\n\nNew York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad\n\n\nTerminusMain Line125th Streettoward New Haven\n\n\n\n \n\nFuture services\n\n \n\n\n LIRR\n\n\nTerminusCity Terminal ZoneUnder constructionWoodsidetoward Long Island\n\n\n\n\n\nGrand Central Terminal\nU.S. National Register of Historic Places\nU.S. National Historic Landmark\nNYC Landmark\n\n\nGrand Central TerminalBuilt\n1903Architect\nReed and Stem;Warren and WetmoreArchitectural style\nBeaux-ArtsNRHP reference #\n7500120683001726 (increase)Significant datesAdded to NRHP\nJanuary 17, 1975August 11, 1983 (increase)[2]Designated NHL\nDecember 8, 1976[3]Designated NYCL\nAugust 2, 1967\nLocation\nGrand Central TerminalLocation within New York CityGrand Central TerminalGrand Central Terminal (New York)Grand Central TerminalGrand Central Terminal (the US)Show map of New York CityShow map of New YorkShow map of the USShow all"
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"1871"
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-6094797333912448025 | Ruby-throated hummingbird | Ruby - throated hummingbird - wikipedia Ruby - throated hummingbird Jump to : navigation , search Ruby - throated hummingbird Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Apodiformes Family : Trochilidae Genus : Archilochus Species : A. colubris Binomial name Archilochus colubris ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Summer - only range Winter - only range Migratory path Synonyms Trochilus colubris The ruby - throated hummingbird ( Archilochus colubris ) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the Winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the Summer to breed . It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Habitat , range and migration 3 Behavior and metabolism 4 Flight 5 Diet 6 Reproduction 7 Longevity and mortality 8 Vocalization 9 Gallery 10 Other reading 11 References 12 External links Description ( edit ) Juvenile male ruby - throated hummingbird hovering This hummingbird is from 7 to 9 cm ( 2.8 to 3.5 in ) long and has an 8 to 11 cm ( 3.1 to 4.3 in ) wingspan . Weight can range from 2 to 6 g ( 0.071 to 0.212 oz ) , with males averaging 3.4 g ( 0.12 oz ) against the slightly larger female which averages 3.8 g ( 0.13 oz ) . Adults are metallic green above and greyish white below , with near - black wings . Their bill , at up to 2 cm ( 0.79 in ) , is long , straight , and very slender . As in all hummingbirds , the toes and feet of this species are quite small , with a middle toe of around 0.6 cm ( 0.24 in ) and a tarsus of approximately 0.4 cm ( 0.16 in ) . The ruby - throated hummingbird can only shuffle if it wants to move along a branch , though it can scratch its head and neck with its feet . The species is sexually dimorphic . The adult male has a gorget ( throat patch ) of iridescent ruby red bordered narrowly with velvety black on the upper margin and a forked black tail with a faint violet sheen . The red iridescence is highly directional and appears dull black from many angles . The female has a notched tail with outer feathers banded in green , black , and white and a white throat that may be plain or lightly marked with dusky streaks or stipples . Males are smaller than females and have slightly shorter bills . Juvenile males resemble adult females , though usually with heavier throat markings . The plumage is molted once a year , beginning in late summer . Habitat , range and migration ( edit ) Female ruby - throated hummingbird , Gadsden Co. , Florida Male ruby - throated hummingbird perching on a branch The breeding habitat is throughout most of eastern North America and the Canadian prairies , in deciduous and pine forests and forest edges , orchards , and gardens . The female builds a nest in a protected location in a shrub or a tree . Of all hummingbirds in the United States , this species has the largest breeding range . The ruby - throated hummingbird is migratory , spending most of the winter in southern Mexico and Central America , as far south as extreme western Panama , the West Indies , and southern Florida . During migration , some birds embark on a nonstop 900 - mile journey across the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean from Panama to Gulf Coast . The bird breeds throughout the eastern United States , east of the 100th meridian , and in southern Canada , particularly Ontario , in eastern and mixed deciduous and broadleaved forest . In winter , it is seen mostly in Mexico and southern Florida . During migration southward in autumn along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico , older male and female birds were better prepared for long - distance flight than first - year birds by having higher body weights and larger fuel loads . Behavior and metabolism ( edit ) Ruby - throated hummingbirds are solitary . Adults of this species are not social , other than during courtship ( which lasts a few minutes ) ; the female also cares for her offspring . Both males and females of any age are aggressive toward other hummingbirds . They may defend territories , such as a feeding territory , attacking and chasing other hummingbirds that enter . As part of their spring migration , portions of the population fly from the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico across the Gulf of Mexico , arriving first in Florida and Louisiana . This feat is impressive , as a 800 km ( 500 mi ) , non-stop flight over water would seemingly require a caloric energy that far exceeds an adult hummingbird 's body weight of 3 g ( 0.11 oz ) . However , researchers discovered the tiny birds can double their fat mass in preparation for their Gulf crossing , then expend the entire calorie reserve from fat during the 20 - hour non-stop crossing when food and water are unavailable . Hummingbirds have one of the highest metabolic rates of any animal , with heart rates up to 1260 beats per minute , breathing rate of about 250 breaths per minute even at rest , and oxygen consumption of about 4 ml oxygen / g / hour at rest . During flight , hummingbird oxygen consumption per gram of muscle tissue is approximately 10 times higher than that seen for elite human athletes . They feed frequently while active during the day . When temperatures drop , particularly on cold nights , they may conserve energy by entering hypothermic torpor . Flight ( edit ) Hummingbirds have many skeletal and flight muscle adaptations which allow great agility in flight . Muscles make up 25 -- 30 % of their body weight , and they have long , blade - like wings that , unlike the wings of other birds , connect to the body only from the shoulder joint . This adaptation allows the wing to rotate almost 180 ° , enabling the bird to fly not only forward but backward , and to hover in mid-air , flight capabilities that are similar to insects and unique among birds . Analysis of the main wing bone , the humerus , is thought to be specifically adapted for hovering flight . Hummingbirds have a relatively short humerus with proportionally massive deltoid - pectoral muscles which permit pronounced wing supination during upstroke when hovering . A hummingbird 's ability to hover is due to its small mass , high wingbeat frequency and relatively large margin of mass - specific power available for flight . Several anatomical features contribute further , including proportionally massive major flight muscles ( pectoralis major and supracoracoideus ) and wing anatomy that enables the bird to leave its wings extended yet turned over ( supine ) during the upstroke . This generates lift that supports body weight and maneuvering . Hummingbirds achieve ability to support their weight and hover from wing beats creating lift on the downstroke of a wing flap and also on the upstroke in a ratio of 75 % : 25 % , respectively , similarly to an insect . Hummingbirds and insects gain lift during hovering partially through inversion of their cambered wings during an upstroke . During hovering , hummingbird wings beat up to 80 times per second . Diet ( edit ) Female feeding on nectar from scarlet beebalm ( Monarda didyma ) Nectar from flowers and flowering trees , as well as small insects and spiders , are its main food . Although hummingbirds are well known to feed on nectar , small arthropods are an important source part of protein , minerals , and vitamins in the diet of adult hummingbirds . Hummingbirds show a slight preference for red , orange , and bright pink tubular flowers as nectar sources , though flowers not adapted to hummingbird pollination ( e.g. , willow catkins ) are also visited . Their diet may also occasionally include sugar - rich tree sap taken from sapsucker wells . The birds feed from flowers using a long , extendable tongue and catch insects on the wing or glean them from flowers , leaves , bark , and spiders ' webs . Young birds are fed insects for protein since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing birds . Reproduction ( edit ) As typical for their family , ruby - throated hummingbirds are thought to be polygynous . Polyandry and polygynandry may also occur . They do not form breeding pairs , with males departing immediately after the reproductive act and females providing all parental care . Males arrive at the breeding area in the spring and establish a territory before the females arrive . When the females return , males court females that enter their territory by performing courtship displays . They perform a `` dive display '' rising 2.45 -- 3.1 m ( 8.0 -- 10.2 ft ) above and 1.52 -- 1.82 m ( 5.0 -- 6.0 ft ) to each side of the female . If the female perches , the male begins flying in very rapid horizontal arcs less than 0.5 m ( 1.6 ft ) in front of her . If the female is receptive to the male , she may give a call and assume a solicitous posture with her tail feathers cocked and her wings drooped . The nest is usually constructed on a small , downward - sloping tree limb 3.1 to 12.2 m ( 10 to 40 ft ) feet above the ground . Favored trees are usually deciduous , such as oak , hornbeam , birch , poplar or hackberry , although pines have also been used . Nests have even been found on loops of chain , wire , and extension cords . The nest is composed of bud scales , with lichen on the exterior , bound with spider 's silk , and lined with fibers such as plant down ( often dandelion or thistle down ) and animal hair . Most nests are well camouflaged . Old nests may be occupied for several seasons , but are repaired annually . As in all known hummingbird species , the female alone constructs the nest and cares for the eggs and young . Females lay two ( with a range of 1 to 3 ) white eggs about 12.9 mm × 8.5 mm ( 0.51 in × 0.33 in ) in size and produce one to two broods each summer . They brood the chicks over a period of 12 to 14 days , by which point they are feathered and homeothermic . The female feeds the chicks from 1 to 3 times every hour by regurgitation , usually while the female continues hovering . When they are 18 to 22 days old , the young leave the nest and make their first flight . Longevity and mortality ( edit ) Female ruby - throated hummingbird taking various defensive and evasive actions around a man - made feeder . The oldest known ruby - throated hummingbird to be banded was 9 years and 1 month of age . Almost all hummingbirds of 7 years or more in age are females , with males rarely surviving past 5 years of age . Reasons for higher mortality in males may include loss of weight during the breeding season due to the high energetic demands of defending a territory followed by energetically costly migration . A variety of animals prey on hummingbirds given the opportunity . Due to their small size , hummingbirds are vulnerable even to passerine birds and other animals which generally feed on insects . On the other hand , only very swift predators can capture them and a free - flying adult hummingbird is too nimble for most predators . Chief among their predators are the smaller , swifter raptors like sharp - shinned hawks , merlins , American kestrels and Mississippi kites as well as domestic cats , loggerhead shrikes and even greater roadrunners , all of which are likely to ambush the hummingbird while it sits or sleeps on a perch or are distracted by breeding or foraging activities . Predatory lizards and bird - eating snakes may also prey on the species , especially on its tropical wintering grounds . Even large , predatory invertebrates have preyed on ruby - throated hummingbirds , including praying mantises ( which have been seen to ambush adult hummingbirds at hummingbird feeders on more than one occasion ) , orb - weaver spiders , and green Darners . Blue jays are common predators of nests , as are several other corvids in addition to some icterids , bats , squirrels and chipmunks . Vocalization ( edit ) Archilochus colubris call Bird call of the ruby - throated hummingbird ( Archilochus colubris ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . The vocalizations of ruby - throated hummingbirds are rapid , squeaky chirps , which are used primarily for threats . For example , males may vocalize to warn another male that has entered his territory . During the courtship displays , the male makes a rapid tik - tik tik - tik tik - tik sound with his wings . The sound is produced both during the shuttle display , at each end of the side - to - side flight . Also , the sound is made during dive displays . A second , rather faint , repeated whining sound is sometimes produced with the outer tail - feathers during the dive , as the male flies over the female , spreading and shutting the tail as he does so . Gallery ( edit ) Male ruby - throated hummingbird guarding his territory from the top of a tomato stake Brooklyn Museum - Ruby - throated Humming Bird - John J. Audubon Female ruby - throated hummingbird , North Carolina Other reading ( edit ) Robinson , T.R. , R.R. Sargent , and M.B. Sargent ( 1996 ) . Ruby - throated Hummingbird ( Archilochus colubris ) . In The Birds of North America . No. 204 ( A. Poole and F. Gill , eds . ) . The Birds of North America , Inc. , Philadelphia , PA . Williamson , S.L. ( 2001 ) . A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America ( Peterson Field Guide Series ) . Houghton Mifflin. Co. , Boston , MA . Ruby - throated hummingbird information References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Archilochus colubris '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirschbaum , Kari . `` ADW : Archilochus colubris : INFORMATION '' . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby - throated Hummingbird , Life History , All About Birds -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology '' . Allaboutbirds.org . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ruby - throated Hummingbird , Life History , All About Birds -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology '' . Allaboutbirds.org . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John James Audubon 's Description of the Ruby - throated Hummingbird '' . Rubythroat.org . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hummingbird : external appearance , ageing , sexing '' . Ruby-Throat.org . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Williamson ( 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Hargrove , J.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Adipose energy stores , physical work , and the metabolic syndrome : Lessons from hummingbirds '' . Nutrition Journal . 4 : 36 . PMC 1325055 . PMID 16351726 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2891 - 4 - 36 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson et al. ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Harris , M. ; Naumann , R. ; Kirschbaum , K. `` Archilochus colubris '' . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Ontario hummingbird project : migration and range maps '' . The Ontario Hummingbird Project . 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Zenzal , T.J. and F.R. Moore ( 2016 ) . `` Stopover biology of Ruby - throated Hummingbirds ( Archilochus colubris ) during autumn migration '' . The Auk : Ornithological Advances. 133 : 237 -- 250 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zenzal , T.J. and F.R. Moore . 2016 . Stopover biology of Ruby - throated Hummingbirds ( Archilochus colubris ) during autumn migration . The Auk : Ornithological Advances 133 : 237 - 250 . Jump up ^ Zenzal , T.J. and F.R. Moore . 2016 . Stopover biology of Ruby - throated Hummingbirds ( Archilochus colubris ) during autumn migration . The Auk : Ornithological Advances 133 : 237 - 250 . Jump up ^ Suarez , R.K. ( 1992 ) . `` Hummingbird flight : Sustaining the highest mass - specific metabolic rates among vertebrates '' . Experientia. 48 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 70 . PMID 1612136 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01920240 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morphological and kinematic basis of the hummingbird flight stroke : scaling of flight muscle transmission ratio '' ( PDF ) . Proc Biol Sci. 22279 : 1735 . 2011 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.2238 . Jump up ^ Tobalske , B.W. ; Biewener , A.A. ; Warrick , D.R. ; Hedrick , T.L. ; Powers , D.R. ( 2010 ) . `` Effects of flight speed upon muscle activity in hummingbirds '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 213 ( Pt 14 ) : 2515 -- 23 . PMID 20581281 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 043844 . ^ Jump up to : Tobalske BW ( 2010 ) . `` Hovering and intermittent flight in birds '' . Bioinspir Biomim. 5 ( 4 ) : 045004 . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 3182 / 5 / 4 / 045004 . ^ Jump up to : Warrick DR , Tobalske BW , Powers DR ( 2005 ) . `` Aerodynamics of the hovering hummingbird '' . Nature . 435 ( 23 June 7045 ) : 1094 -- 7 . PMID 15973407 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03647 . Jump up ^ Gill V ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` Hummingbirds edge out helicopters in hover contest '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lanny Chambers . `` Ruby - throated Hummingbird '' . Hummingbirds.net . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirschbaum , Kari . `` ADW : Archilochus colubris : INFORMATION '' . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hummingbirds : Predators 1 '' . Rubythroat.org . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Praying Mantis Makes Meal of a Hummingbird Bird Watcher 's Digest '' . Birdwatchersdigest.com . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Weidensaul , Scott , T.R. Robinson , R.R. Sargent and M.B. Sargent. 2013 . Ruby - throated Hummingbird ( Archilochus colubris ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Jump up ^ Clark , C.J. ; Elias , D.O. ; Prum , R.O. ( 2011 ) . `` Aeroelastic flutter produces hummingbird feather songs '' ( PDF ) . Science . 333 ( 6048 ) : 1430 -- 3 . PMID 21903810 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1205222 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Archilochus colubris ( category ) Wikispecies has information related to : Archilochus colubris Tracking Migration / Journey North Ruby - throated hummingbird nest images ( day - by - day ) Ruby - throated hummingbird nest cycle Ruby - throated hummingbird species account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ruby - throated hummingbird - Archilochus colubris - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Operation rubythroat : The Hummingbird Project All about the ruby - throated hummingbird How to Photograph Hummingbirds -- including many photos of this species Migration map ( US and Canada only ) 2007 spring migration Ruby - throated hummingbird stamps at bird-stamps.org `` Ruby - throated hummingbird media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Videos of ruby - throated hummingbirds Research project on the ruby - throated hummingbird in Québec Ruby - throated Hummingbird Migration Map Archives ( 2002 -- present ) Ruby - throated hummingbird photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q834843 EoL : 916798 GBIF : 5228514 IBC : ruby - throated - hummingbird - archilochus - colubris iNaturalist : 6432 ITIS : 178032 IUCN : 22688193 NCBI : 190676 Species+ : 9589 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby-throated_hummingbird&oldid=795671619 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Hummingbirds Archilochus ( bird ) Birds of Canada Native birds of the Eastern United States Vagrant birds of Central America Pollinator birds Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Asturianu Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 19 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do ruby throated hummingbirds go in the winter | [
"The ruby-throated hummingbird is migratory, spending most of the winter in southern Mexico and Central America,[8] as far south as extreme western Panama,[9] the West Indies, and southern Florida. During migration, some birds embark on a nonstop 900-mile journey across the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean from Panama to Gulf Coast.[8] The bird breeds throughout the eastern United States, east of the 100th meridian, and in southern Canada, particularly Ontario, in eastern and mixed deciduous and broadleaved forest.[10][11] In winter, it is seen mostly in Mexico and southern Florida."
] | [
"southern Mexico and Central America,[8] as far south as extreme western Panama,[9] the West Indies, and southern Florida"
] |
-5050050065177132046 | What the Hell Did I Say | What the Hell Did I Say - wikipedia What the Hell Did I Say Jump to : navigation , search `` What the Hell Did I Say '' Single by Dierks Bentley from the album Black Released June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 -- 16 Genre Country Length 3 : 28 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Dierks Bentley Josh Kear Chris Tompkins Producer ( s ) Ross Copperman Dierks Bentley singles chronology `` Black '' ( 2016 ) `` What the Hell Did I Say '' ( 2017 ) `` Woman , Amen '' ( 2018 ) `` Black '' ( 2016 ) `` What the Hell Did I Say '' ( 2017 ) `` Woman , Amen '' ( 2018 ) `` What the Hell Did I Say '' is a song co-written and recorded by country music artist Dierks Bentley . It was released in June 2017 as the fourth single from his 2016 album Black . This is the second collaboration by Bentley , Kear and Tompkins , following the highly successful No. 1 single `` Drunk on a Plane '' . However , unlike `` Drunk '' , this song underperformed and became the lowest charting single of Bentley 's career . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Charts 4 Release history 5 References Content ( edit ) The song is about getting intoxicated and giving a girl false promises . Music video ( edit ) A promotional video directed by Wes Edwards premiered on April 29 , 2016 as part of the album 's pre-release video series . The official music video was released on July 9 , 2017 . Also directed by Edwards , the video is composed of footage from Bentley 's 2017 tour . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 46 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States May 27 , 2016 Digital download Capitol Nashville June 26 , 2017 Country radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- What The Hell Did I Say '' . DierksBentleyVEVO. April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- What the Hell Did I Say '' . DierksBentleyVEVO . July 9 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Black : Dierks Bentley : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley hits radio airwaves today with new single '' . UMG Nashville . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dierks Bentley Studio albums Do n't Leave Me in Love Dierks Bentley Modern Day Drifter Long Trip Alone Feel That Fire Up on the Ridge Home Riser Black The Mountain Compilation albums Greatest Hits / Every Mile a Memory 2003 -- 2008 Singles `` What Was I Thinkin ' '' `` My Last Name '' `` How Am I Doin ' '' `` Lot of Leavin ' Left to Do '' `` Come a Little Closer '' `` Settle for a Slowdown '' `` Every Mile a Memory '' `` Long Trip Alone '' `` Free and Easy ( Down the Road I Go ) '' `` Trying to Stop Your Leaving '' `` Feel That Fire '' `` Sideways '' `` I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes '' `` Up on the Ridge '' `` Draw Me a Map '' `` Am I the Only One '' `` Home '' `` 5 - 1 - 5 - 0 '' `` Tip It On Back '' `` Bourbon in Kentucky '' `` I Hold On '' `` Drunk on a Plane '' `` Say You Do '' `` Riser '' `` Somewhere on a Beach '' `` Different for Girls '' ( feat . Elle King ) `` Black '' `` What the Hell Did I Say '' `` Woman , Amen '' Featured singles `` The South '' ( w / The Cadillac Three , Florida Georgia Line and Mike Eli ) Concert tours Riser Tour Sounds of Summer Tour Somewhere on a Beach Tour Related articles Discography `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / George Jones ) `` Flatliner '' ( w / Cole Swindell ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_the_Hell_Did_I_Say&oldid=843065545 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2017 singles Capitol Records Nashville singles Dierks Bentley songs Songs written by Chris Tompkins Songs written by Dierks Bentley Songs written by Josh Kear Song recordings produced by Ross Copperman Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings what the hell did i say | [
"\"What the Hell Did I Say\" is a song co-written and recorded by country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in June 2017 as the fourth single from his 2016 album Black. This is the second collaboration by Bentley, Kear and Tompkins, following the highly successful No. 1 single \"Drunk on a Plane\". However, unlike \"Drunk\", this song underperformed and became the lowest charting single of Bentley's career."
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"country music artist Dierks Bentley"
] |
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