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4583846429128961623 | FedExField | FedExField - wikipedia FedExField Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with FedEx Ground . FedExField Former names Jack Kent Cooke Stadium ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Address 1600 FedEx Way Location Landover , Maryland Coordinates 38 ° 54 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 51 ′ 52 '' W / 38.90778 ° N 76.86444 ° W / 38.90778 ; - 76.86444 Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 51 ′ 52 '' W / 38.90778 ° N 76.86444 ° W / 38.90778 ; - 76.86444 Public transit Washington Metro at Morgan Boulevard Station Owner Daniel Snyder Operator Washington Redskins Executive suites 243 Capacity 82,000 ( 2015 -- present ) 79,000 ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 83,000 ( 2011 ) 91,704 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 91,665 ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 86,484 ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 85,407 ( 2000 ) 80,116 ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Surface Latitude 36 Bermuda Grass Construction Broke ground March 13 , 1996 Opened September 14 , 1997 Renovated 2011 , 2012 Expanded 1998 , 2000 , 2005 Construction cost $ 250.5 million ( $374 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Populous ( then HOK Sport ) Structural engineer Bliss & Nyitray , Inc Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Clark Construction Main contractors Driggs Construction Co . Tenants Washington Redskins ( NFL ) ( 1997 -- present ) FedExField ( originally Jack Kent Cooke Stadium ) is a football stadium located in Landover , Maryland near the Capital Beltway ( I - 495 ) in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States , near the site of the old Capital Centre ( later called USAir Arena in 1993 and US Airways Arena in 1996 ) . FedExField is the home of the Washington Redskins football team . From 2004 until 2010 , it had the largest stadium capacity in the National Football League ( NFL ) , at over 91,000 . Currently , the capacity is 82,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Notable events 3.1 College football 3.2 Soccer 3.3 Concerts 4 Criticisms and potential replacement 5 Notes and references 6 External links History ( edit ) FedExField was built as a replacement for the Redskins ' prior venue , Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington , D.C. In 1994 Jack Kent Cooke sought to build a new stadium on the grounds adjacent to Laurel Park Racecourse along Whiskey Bottom and Brock Bridge roads . Lack of parking facilities and support prompted a second site selection . The stadium opened in 1997 as Jack Kent Cooke Stadium , in honor of the recently deceased owner of the team , and the stadium site was known as Raljon from the first names of Cooke 's sons -- `` Ralph '' and `` John '' . Notably , Cooke was able to register Raljon with the United States Postal Service as a legal alternate address for the 20785 zip code of Landover , Maryland , where the stadium is located , and went to some lengths to require media to use Raljon in datelines from the stadium . This ended when Daniel Snyder bought the Redskins from the Cooke estate , and the Redskins now give the stadium 's address as Landover . Redskins fans at FedExField in October 2003 . A special exit , Exit 16 ( Arena Drive ) , was built from Interstate 495 , the Capital Beltway . After Snyder 's purchase , the stadium 's naming rights were sold to FedEx in November 1999 for an average of $7.6 million per year . The waiting list for Redskins season tickets was reportedly over 160,000 names long . However , according to The Washington Post , Redskins ticket office employees improperly sold tickets directly to ticket brokers for several years before the practice was discovered in 2009 . Although the Redskins have never sold out the entire stadium , the team has not had a game blacked out on local television since 1972 ( when home game broadcasts were banned outright ) because it does not count `` premium club level seating '' when calculating sellouts ( their sellout streak dates to 1965 , eight years before the new blackout rules were implemented ) . From 2004 to 2010 Redskins fans set the NFL regular - season home paid attendance records . In 2005 the team drew a record 716,998 fans overall . The December 30 , 2007 , 27 -- 6 win against the Dallas Cowboys was the most watched game in Redskins history , with 90,910 fans in the stands to see Washington clinch a playoff spot . On January 8 , 2000 , the Washington Redskins defeated the Detroit Lions 27 -- 13 in the first NFL playoff game at FedExField . On December 29 , 2002 , the Redskins defeated the rival Dallas Cowboys , 20 -- 14 . This game was Darrell Green 's final game . He played 20 seasons with the Redskins . The game also broke a 10 - game losing streak to the Cowboys . Design ( edit ) Redskins players enter the field during a game in October 2006 . FedExField during the 2004 BCA Classic . The stadium has five levels -- the Lower Level , the Club Level , the Lower and Upper Suite Levels , and the Upper Level . The Lower , Club , and Upper Levels are all named after important figures of the Redskins , NFL , and Washington , D.C. area . The Lower Level is officially named `` George Preston Marshall Lower Level '' , The Club is named `` Joe Gibbs Club Level , and The Upper Level is called `` Pete Rozelle Upper Level . '' The Suite Levels have 243 suite , lounge , and Owner 's Club luxury boxes and 15,044 club seats . After Daniel Snyder purchased the Redskins , five rows of `` Dream Seats '' were installed in front of what had been the first row of the lower level , extending down almost to the level of the field . Seats in the previous first row of the lower level were not tall enough to see over the players on the sidelines . Notable events ( edit ) College football ( edit ) FedExField hosts the annual Prince George 's Classic college football game , which is a game usually between two historically black universities . It has hosted several other college football games as well , including the 1998 game between the University of Notre Dame and the United States Naval Academy . the 2004 Black Coaches Association Classic between the University of Southern California Trojans and the Virginia Tech Hokies , and the 112th Army -- Navy Game . Soccer ( edit ) FedExField is not well known as a soccer venue , as D.C. United of Major League Soccer elected to remain at RFK Stadium after the new stadium 's opening , and is now planning to build the new Audi Field within the city . FedExField has been used for some international soccer matches -- both for the United States and also for El Salvador . On March 28 , 2015 , Argentina defeated El Salvador at FedExField before a crowd of 53,978 . On June 7 , 2014 , the stadium hosted a doubleheader . Spain , the 2010 World Cup winner , defeated El Salvador 2 -- 0 in a warm - up match in front of a crowd of 53,267 before the 2014 World Cup ; in the other game of the doubleheader , D.C. United played Columbus Crew to a scoreless draw in D.C. United 's first time hosting an MLS regular season game at FedExField . It hosted four preliminary matches and one quarterfinal doubleheader in the 1999 Women 's World Cup . On July 1 , 1999 , the United States women 's national soccer team defeated the German women 's national team 3 -- 2 in the FIFA Women 's World Cup 1999 quarterfinals . FedExField has also hosted a number of club soccer exhibition matches . During the July 2005 World Series of Football , D.C. United hosted Chelsea F.C. there ; the 31,473 spectators represented D.C. United 's third - highest ever home attendance . On August 9 , 2009 , D.C. United hosted another international friendly against Real Madrid at FedExField . On July 30 , 2011 , Manchester United ended its 2011 summer tour with a 2 -- 1 win over F.C. Barcelona at FedExField in front of 81,807 fans . This represented the largest soccer crowd in D.C. - area history . FedExField was used on July 29 , 2014 , in the International Champions Cup as Manchester United played Inter Milan ; the game ended in a 0 - 0 draw and the shootout was won by Manchester United 5 - 3 . On July 26 , 2017 , Manchester United played F.C. Barcelona again at the FedExField as part of International Champions Cup . This time the Catalan club secured a narrow 1 - 0 victory over Manchester United in front of 80,162 fans , with Neymar 's last goal for F.C. Barcelona being the difference . Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes October 23 , 1997 The Rolling Stones Sheryl Crow Bridges to Babylon Tour 55,654 / 55,654 $3,195,710 May 28 , 2000 Performers ( show ) Rage Against the Machine Stone Temple Pilots Blue Man Group Third Eye Blind Cypress Hill Godsmack Filter Deftones , Staind Bloodhound Gang Vertical Horizon Sev N / A HFStival N / A N / A October 4 , 2002 The Rolling Stones The Strokes Licks Tour N / A N / A July 18 , 2003 Metallica Limp Bizkit Linkin Park Deftones Mudvayne Summer Sanitarium Tour 2003 N / A N / A September 13 , 2003 Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band N / A The Rising Tour 46,056 / 59,056 $3,326,995 August 1 , 2009 Paul McCartney Thievery Corporation Summer Live ' 09 N / A N / A September 29 , 2009 U2 Muse U2 360 ° Tour 84,754 / 84,754 $6,718,315 June 4 , 2011 Kenny Chesney Zac Brown Band Billy Currington Uncle Kracker Goin ' Coastal Tour N / A N / A August 12 , 2012 Kenny Chesney Tim McGraw Jake Owen Grace Potter and the Nocturnals Brothers of the Sun Tour 46,389 / 50,179 $3,953,164 May 25 , 2013 Kenny Chesney Eric Church Eli Young Band Kacey Musgraves No Shoes Nation Tour N / A N / A Chesney was the main headliner , Church joined as the co-headliner June 26 , 2016 Guns N ' Roses Alice In Chains Not in This Lifetime ... Tour 41,208 / 48,186 $4,107,027 June 20 , 2017 U2 The Lumineers The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 49,827 / 49,827 $6,286,385 August 6 , 2017 Coldplay AlunaGeorge Izzy Bizu A Head Full of Dreams Tour TBA TBA Criticisms and potential replacement ( edit ) Many fans feel FedExField does not compare favorably with RFK Stadium . Sports Illustrated 's rankings of `` NFL Fan Value Experience '' rated FedExField 28th out of 31 NFL stadiums . In January 2007 , The Washington Post reported that Redskins owner Daniel Snyder was meeting with Washington , D.C. , officials about building a new stadium in order to return the team to the District . There were also reportedly meetings with Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe . Problems were created when the design of the stadium was modified in an effort to maximize revenue . Over the years , `` party zones '' requiring paid membership ( such as the Touchdown Club and Tailgate Club ) have sprouted on the concourse outside the stadium . Entrances adjacent to the `` party zones '' are no longer accessible to fans who do not purchase a `` party zone '' membership . Installation of `` Dream Seats '' are another modification of the stadium that has increased revenue . The original architect calculated the lowest possible height at which the first row could be set in order to still see the field over the players standing on the sideline . In 2005 , eight years after the stadium opened , 1,488 premium `` dream seats '' in three rows were added in front of what was the first row when the stadium was built . Because some of these seats are too low to see over the players on the sideline , occupants of these seats stand in order to see the game . In the 2011 off - season , nearly 10,000 seats were removed from the upper deck to reduce capacity to around 83,000 , making FedExField the second - largest venue in the NFL during the 2011 season . A Redskins team official admitted that the seats were removed due to lack of demand . During the 2012 offseason , 4,000 additional seats were removed to make way for new suites and party decks and the stadium 's capacity dropped to 79,000 . The seats that were removed permit the team to continue to sell out and avoid the NFL television black - out rule . In December 2013 , the Redskins set a record for the lowest announced attendance ever at FedExField with 56,247 , most likely because of the team 's poor record at the time and inclement weather . Attendance in the 2014 season averaged less than 78,000 per game , and never rose above 81,000 . On June 1 , 2015 , The Washington Post reported that another 4,000 to 6,000 seats , primarily in the top eight rows of the upper decks , were removed during the 2015 off - season . Team officials said the removals were made due to `` season ticket holder feedback '' , and declined to say how exactly many seats had been removed . The location of the stadium has made traveling to it through public transportation difficult and time - consuming . The stadium is about a mile away from the Morgan Boulevard station , the nearest Metro station to the stadium . Furthermore , federal regulations prohibit publicly paid shuttle service from public transit agencies as long as a private service is available . Since this method is not cost effective , fans taking public transportation must walk to and from the stadium . That trip usually takes as long as 20 minutes on most days . More recently , the field had fallen under considerable criticism for the poor quality of the grass surface . In 2013 , the Redskins installed Latitude 36 sod and also installed a new drainage system along the sidelines . Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FedExField Stadium Guide '' . Washington Redskins . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://washington.cbslocal.com/2015/07/31/redskins-list-fedexfield-at-82000-capacity/ ^ Jump up to : `` FedExField '' ( PDF ) . 2015 Washington Redskins Media Guide . Washington Redskins . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Mike ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Redskins to Remove Another 4,000 Seats From FedEx Field '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Dan ; Jones , Mike ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Redskins Say They Were Unable to Sell Season Tickets for Seats Removed from FedEx Field '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ March 13 , 1996 : Construction Begins on JKC Stadium Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Illuminating Engineering Society ( 1998 ) . Lighting design & application : LD & A. 28 . Illuminating Engineering Society . p. 39 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx Field '' . Featured Projects . Clark Construction Co . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Where a Stadium Soon Will Grow '' . The Washington Times . March 23 , 1996 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke is seeking a special exception that would allow a $160 million National Football League stadium in an industrial zone east of Laurel in Anne Arundel County . The Redskins also hope for variances from county codes on matters such as parking and landscaping for the 78,600 - seat stadium , Baltimore Sun , Aug 11 , 1994 Jump up ^ `` Goodbye to Raljon , and good riddance '' . Baltimore Sun . August 20 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Grimaldi , James V. Washington Redskins Sold Brokers Tickets Despite Wait List . The Washington Post , 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Dave ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Scarce Tactics : Just How Much Demand is There for Skins Tickets These Days ? '' . Washington City Paper . Jump up ^ FedExField : New Single - Game Attendance Mark Jump up ^ FedExField is the premier stadium in the National Football League Archived 2014 - 01 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` No Messi , but Argentina is still too much for El Salvador '' . Jump up ^ Man United defeats Inter in Shootout Archived 2014 - 08 - 06 at Archive.is ICC.com July 30 , 2014 Retrieved July 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ Barcelona 1 - 0 Manchester United , 26 July 2017 Jump up ^ `` NFL Fan Value Experience : Washington Redskins '' . SI.com . November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.nbc12.com/decisionvirginia/2014/08/mcauliffe-and-snyder-have-met-to-discuss-redskins-stadium.html Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` Next 2 D.C. Stadium Deals Might Smell a Bit Sweeter '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Robert ( January 6 , 2013 ) . `` Next 2 D.C. Stadium Deals Might Smell a Bit McCartney '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , Thomas ( August 20 , 2005 ) . `` Redskins ' Revenue Reaches $300 Million '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ FedExField Official : Redskins Removed Seats They Could n't Sell Archived 2013 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Redskins set lowest FedEx Field attendance mark '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ; Allen , Scott ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` For Third Time in Six Years , Redskins Remove Seats From FedEx Field '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Eric M. ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Metro Shuttle To FedEx Field Is Scuttled '' . The Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Maryland portal District of Columbia portal American football portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to FedEx Field . Stadium site on Redskins.com FedExField at StadiumDB.com FedEx.com site Redskins Set Attendance Record ... Again -- March 21 , 2005 Redskins Fans Break Attendance Record -- January 6 , 2006 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums Jack Kent Cooke Stadium ( Landover ) Foxboro Stadium ( Foxborough ) Giants Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Civic Stadium ( Portland ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Spartan Stadium ( San Jose ) Stanford Stadium ( Palo Alto ) College football venues in Maryland and District of Columbia Division I FBS American Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( Navy ) Big Ten Capital One Field at Maryland Stadium ( Maryland ) Division I FCS CAA Johnny Unitas Stadium ( Towson ) MEAC Hughes Stadium ( Morgan State ) William H. Greene Stadium ( Howard ) Patriot Cooper Field ( Georgetown ) Division II CIAA Bulldog Stadium ( Bowie State ) Division III Centennial Homewood Field ( Johns Hopkins ) Scott S. Bair Stadium ( McDaniel ) ECFC Hotchkiss Field ( Gallaudet ) Empire 8 Bobcat Stadium ( Frostburg State ) Sea Gull Stadium ( Salisbury ) NEWMAC Cardinal Stadium ( Catholic ) FedExField M&T Bank Stadium RFK Stadium Current stadiums of the National Football League American Football Conference East Gillette Stadium Hard Rock Stadium MetLife Stadium New Era Field North FirstEnergy Stadium Heinz Field M&T Bank Stadium Paul Brown Stadium South EverBank Field Lucas Oil Stadium Nissan Stadium NRG Stadium West Arrowhead Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Sports Authority Field at Mile High StubHub Center National Football Conference East AT&T Stadium FedExField Lincoln Financial Field MetLife Stadium North Ford Field Lambeau Field Soldier Field U.S. Bank Stadium South Bank of America Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Raymond James Stadium West CenturyLink Field Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Levi 's Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium International Series Wembley Stadium Twickenham Stadium Estadio Azteca Both the New York Giants ( NFC ) and the New York Jets ( AFC ) share the same venue . Washington Redskins Founded in 1932 Formerly the Boston Braves ( 1932 ) and Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 36 ) Based in Landover , Maryland Headquartered in Ashburn , Virginia Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Draft Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Braves Field Fenway Park Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium FedExField Culture Redskins Band `` Hail to the Redskins '' Hogettes Cheerleaders Chief Zee Joe Gibbs Team name controversy Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion polls Original Americans Foundation `` Go Fund Yourself '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Redskins 0 , Bears 73 The Hogs The Fun Bunch The Over-the - Hill Gang The Body Bag Game Redskins Rule Ricky Williams trade Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Division championships ( 14 ) 1936 1937 1940 1942 1943 1945 1972 1984 1991 1999 2012 2015 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1972 1982 1991 League championships ( 5 ) 1937 1942 1982 ( XVII ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1991 ( XXVI ) Hall of Fame players Battles Baugh Dudley Edwards Green Grimm Hanburger Houston Huff D. Jones S. Jones Jurgensen Krause Millner Mitchell Monk Riggins Smith Taylor All - time leaders Passing Receiving Rushing Kick and punt returning Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1991 2017 Championship seasons in bold FedEx Corporation Established 1971 Founder Frederick W. Smith Subsidiaries Express Ground Freight Custom Critical Office Trade Networks Supply Chain Corporate Services TechConnect SmartPost Air hubs Memphis Indianapolis Anchorage Oakland Newark Fort Worth Miami Paris Kansai Guangzhou Cologne Toronto Flight accidents Flight 14 Flight 80 Flight 630 Flight 647 Flight 705 Flight 910 Related Flying Tiger Line American Freightways Asia Airfreight FedEx Institute of Technology KIAC FedEx Field FedEx Forum FedEx Racing Zapmail Cast Away Annual Revenue $50.3 billion USD ( 2016 ) Employees 400,000 ( 2016 ) Stock Symbol FDX Website fedex.com Products Freight Forwarding Services , Logistics Services Music venues of Maryland Outdoor FedExField Merriweather Post Pavilion Pier Six Pavilion Pimlico Race Course Rocky Gap State Park Theaters and clubs Arch Social Club Avalon Theatre Charm City Art Space Columbia Center for Theatrical Arts Concordia Hall Hippodrome Theatre Lithuanian Hall Lyric Opera House Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall Rams Head Live ! Strathmore Toby 's Dinner Theatre Arenas Retriever Activities Center Royal Farms Arena SECU Arena XFINITY Center Festivals Takoma Park Folk Festival Virgin Festival Historic venues Hammerjack 's HFStival Maryland Theater Recher Theatre University theaters Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center Tawes Theatre Earl and Darielle Linehan Concert Hall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FedExField&oldid=808746569 '' Categories : Sports venues completed in 1997 Navy Midshipmen football venues Soccer venues in Maryland FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums National Football League venues Buildings and structures in Prince George 's County , Maryland American football venues in Maryland Washington Redskins stadiums Music venues in Maryland Tourist attractions in Prince George 's County , Maryland FedEx 1997 establishments in Maryland Sports venues in the Washington metropolitan area Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox venue with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what city is the washington redskins stadium in | [
"FedExField[1] (originally Jack Kent Cooke Stadium) is a football stadium located in Landover, Maryland near the Capital Beltway (I-495) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, near the site of the old Capital Centre (later called USAir Arena in 1993 and US Airways Arena in 1996). FedExField is the home of the Washington Redskins football team. From 2004 until 2010, it had the largest stadium capacity in the National Football League (NFL), at over 91,000. Currently, the capacity is 82,000.[3]"
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"Landover, Maryland"
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-338140180412252097 | Friends (season 8) | Friends ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Friends ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Friends ( season 8 ) Friends season 8 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of Friends episodes The eighth season of Friends , an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , premiered on NBC on September 27 , 2001 . Friends was produced by Bright / Kauffman / Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The season contains 24 episodes and concluded airing on May 16 , 2002 . This season had an average of 24.5 million viewers , and was the most watched TV show of the 2001 -- 02 television season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 United States ratings 4 Awards and nominations 4.1 54th Annual Creative Arts Emmy awards 4.2 59th Annual Golden Globe awards 4.3 14th Annual Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice awards 4.4 6th Annual Online Film & Television Association awards 4.5 28th Annual People 's Choice awards 4.6 54th Annual Primetime Emmy awards 4.7 6th Annual Satellite awards 4.8 8th Annual Screen Actors Guild awards 4.9 4th Annual Teen Choice awards 4.10 18th Annual Television Critics Association awards 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Friends characters ( In particular , Introduced in season 8 or Only in season 8 ) Main cast ( edit ) Jennifer Aniston as Rachel Green Courteney Cox as Monica Geller - Bing Lisa Kudrow as Phoebe Buffay Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani Matthew Perry as Chandler Bing David Schwimmer as Ross Geller Recurring cast ( edit ) Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Bonnie Somerville as Mona Sean Penn as Eric Alec Baldwin as Parker James Michael Tyler as Gunther Guest stars ( edit ) Maggie Wheeler as Janice Hosenstein Eddie Cahill as Tag Jones Marlo Thomas as Sandra Green Ron Leibman as Leonard Green June Gable as Estelle Leonard Brad Pitt as Will Colbert Trudie Styler as Herself Johnny Messner as Kash Eddie McClintock as Clifford ' Cliff ' Burnett Sam McMurray as Doug Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Friends episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 171 `` The One After ' I Do ' '' Kevin S. Bright David Crane & Marta Kauffman September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) 227401 31.70 Everybody thinks Monica 's pregnant , but her denial quickly shifts the focus to Phoebe , who takes the heat off of Rachel -- who is actually pregnant . Chandler 's shoes are slippery , rendering his dance lessons useless . Joey tries to impress a Broadway director . Ross dances with children to impress Monica 's attractive , funny friend Mona , which leads to him getting injured quite a bit . Note : This episode is dedicated to `` The people of New York City '' to remember the September 11 attacks . 172 `` The One with the Red Sweater '' David Schwimmer Dana Klein Borkow October 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 04 ) 227402 30.04 Rachel wo n't tell anybody who the father of her baby is until she tells him . Joey tells Monica and Phoebe that a guy slept with Rachel a few weeks earlier , and left a red sweater behind . Phoebe thinks it 's Tag Jones and arranges a meeting for Rachel with him . Ross and Chandler attempt to recreate the wedding pictures , after Chandler loses the disposable cameras . Monica opens all of her and Chandler 's wedding presents . Monica , Joey and Phoebe find out that Tag is not the father of Rachel 's baby . They 're still pondering the mystery when the red sweater is spotted in front of them and retrieved by its owner : Ross . 173 `` The One Where Rachel Tells ... '' Sheldon Epps Sherry Bilsing & Ellen Plummer October 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 11 ) 227403 29.20 Chandler and Monica prepare to leave for their honeymoon as Rachel prepares to tell the father of her baby . Phoebe and Joey try to get into Monica and Chandler 's apartment by telling Mr. Treeger there is a gas leak . However , not all goes to plan when Treeger , who could not find Monica and Chandler 's key , orders firefighters to break down the door . Note : There was a subplot of Chandler and Monica 's honeymoon that was completely shot and filmed but ultimately never aired . It involved Chandler playfully joking about bombs when preparing to board first - class . The airport security mistake Chandler 's joke as a real threat then take him and Monica to interrogation . Towards the end of the episode they 're determined not to be a threat to the aircraft , but shortly after their release Joey calls Monica and pretends that there is a gas leak in their apartment in an attempt to cover for the broken door . When Joey asked her whether they 'll charge them for the damage of breaking down the door , she sarcastically replied , `` No , I want you to stand there and wait for the entire place to blow up ! '' , causing the authorities to re-interrogate the couple . Following 9 / 11 , the writers felt the humor of this subplot was off color and quickly replaced it with a story about Chandler and Monica getting jealous over another newly married couple who got free perks by arriving just before they did . The cut scenes from this episode were later shown as a special feature on the 2004 UK version of the DVDs . 174 `` The One with the Videotape '' Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri October 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 18 ) 227406 25.58 Ross and Rachel disagree over who came onto whom when they hooked up , with Rachel ( and the group ) sure that Ross was the initiator of their pregnancy - causing sex and Ross being sure that Rachel hit on him first . He wants to prove it and accidentally reveals that he has the encounter on videotape . Rachel goes from being disgusted to being intrigued , and everyone watches the tape where they find out that Ross was right because Rachel used Joey 's patented `` story that leads to having sex '' . Monica and Chandler meet another couple while on their honeymoon . 175 5 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' Gary Halvorson Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones October 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 25 ) 227404 25.64 Phoebe begins dating a guy who works for Monica , causing a problem when Phoebe wants to dump him on the same day Monica plans to fire him . A guy at Chandler 's work thinks that Chandler 's name is Toby . Rachel goes on a date with Joey 's costar , despite being pregnant , much to Ross ' annoyance . Note : This episode is dedicated to the memory of Richard Cox , Sr. , father of Courteney Cox . 176 6 `` The One with the Halloween Party '' Gary Halvorson Mark Kunerth November 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 01 ) 227405 26.96 Monica and Chandler are throwing a Halloween Party . At the party Phoebe runs into her sister 's fiance , Eric ( Sean Penn ) , and finds herself attracted to him as they bond over what a total liar Ursula is . Ross and Chandler arm wrestle ineffectually , as Ross laments that his goofy `` Spudnik '' outfit makes him look like feces . Rachel asks if she can be the person who hands out candy to the trick - or - treaters , as she says ' ever since I got pregnant , I have had the strongest maternal instincts ' , only to find out she is n't as maternal as she thought . 177 7 `` The One with the Stain '' Kevin S. Bright R. Lee Fleming Jr . November 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 08 ) 227407 24.24 Chandler hires a maid to help Monica but she thinks the maid is stealing her clothes . Eric broke up with Ursula and wants to date Phoebe but she reminds him too much of her sister . Ross attempts to secure the apartment of a dying Dutch woman for Rachel , while Joey tries to convince Rachel to continue living with him . 178 8 `` The One with the Stripper '' David Schwimmer Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen November 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 15 ) 227408 26.54 Rachel 's having dinner with her dad to tell him that she 's pregnant , and Rachel is intimidated and lies about Ross being unsupportive , leading to Mr. Green threatening Ross and nearly ruining his budding romance with Mona . Meanwhile Monica hires a stripper , who turns out to be a hooker , for Chandler because he never got to have a bachelor party . 179 9 `` The One with the Rumor '' Gary Halvorson Shana Goldberg - Meehan November 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 22 ) 227410 24.24 Monica invites a high school friend , Will ( Brad Pitt ) to her Thanksgiving dinner . Rachel finds out that Will ( who was a loser like Ross in high school and is now a gorgeous guy ) and Ross started a rumor about Rachel having both male and female `` reproductive parts '' during their senior year of high school . Joey tries to eat an entire turkey because ' he 's a Tribbiani ' . Chandler and Phoebe avoid helping Monica by sitting on the couch and watching a game . 180 10 `` The One with Monica 's Boots '' Kevin S. Bright Story by : Robert Carlock Teleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones December 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 06 ) 227409 22.44 Monica buys very expensive boots and promises Chandler to wear them all the time . After a while they are killing Monica 's feet but she does n't dare to tell Chandler . Joey 's youngest sister Dina ( Marla Sokoloff ) is pregnant and comes to Rachel for advice . Phoebe finds out that Sting 's son is in Ben 's class so she goes to see Sting 's wife ( real wife ( Trudie Styler ) pretending to want to talk about Ben and Jack in order to get tickets to Sting 's concert . Note : In this episode , Ross tells Phoebe Ben is 7 . However this episode is set in December 2001 , and as Ben was born in May 1995 , Ben would only be 6 at the time . 181 11 `` The One with Ross 's Step Forward '' `` The One with The Creepy Holiday Card '' Gary Halvorson Robert Carlock December 13 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 13 ) 227411 23.85 Ross freaks out when Mona wants to send out joint Christmas cards and wants to have `` the talk '' . Chandler tries to get out of spending time with his boss . Rachel has hormonal problems as a result of pregnancy and becomes `` erotically charged '' . 182 12 `` The One Where Joey Dates Rachel '' David Schwimmer Sherry Bilsing - Graham & Ellen Plummer January 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 10 ) 227412 25.53 Now that Rachel ca n't go on dates any more due to her pregnancy , Joey decides to take her on a date . But instantly , he begins to have a crush on Rachel , something that even he is scared about . Monica and Chandler get a Ms. Pac - Man arcade game from Phoebe as a late wedding present . After Phoebe hogs the game , Chandler becomes a pro by repeatedly playing and putting swear words as his initials , however Monica wants them to be removed as Ben would be coming over to play on it . After Ross gets to teach an advanced class , he struggles to get to the class on time . 183 13 `` The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath '' Ben Weiss Vanessa McCarthy January 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 17 ) 227413 29.24 Monica sways Chandler 's dislike of baths but he soon becomes addicted to them . Phoebe , who thinks Joey has a crush on her , is shocked to discover that Joey actually likes Rachel ; Ross and Rachel debate over potential names for their baby and find out the baby 's sex . 184 14 `` The One with the Secret Closet '' Kevin S. Bright Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones January 31 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 31 ) 227414 28.64 Chandler becomes obsessed with finding out what is behind the door of Monica 's secret closet . Phoebe feels betrayed when she discovers Monica has been using a different massage therapist . Ross feels left out after missing the baby 's first kick especially when Joey is mistaken for the father . Joey , feeling bad about the situation , suggests that Rachel should move in with Ross even though he wanted Rachel to live with him . 185 15 `` The One with the Birthing Video '' Kevin S. Bright Dana Klein Borkow February 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 07 ) 227415 28.64 Phoebe gives a birthing video to Rachel . Chandler , mistaking the tape for porn , watches it and is horrified after watching it with Monica , which kills the mood for Valentine 's Day . Ross struggles to tell Mona that Rachel is now living with him , and she breaks up with him over his dishonesty . Joey is depressed and in an effort to lighten his mood , Phoebe lends him a dog to cheer him up . However Joey ends up subduing the dog with his depression , and in the end tells Ross about his feelings for Rachel . 186 16 `` The One Where Joey Tells Rachel '' Ben Weiss Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen February 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 28 ) 227416 27.52 Ross , shocked at Joey 's declaration , avoids him , but eventually convinces him to tell Rachel . Joey confesses his love for Rachel , but Rachel politely and lovingly turns him down . Phoebe is convinced that a British man called Don is Monica 's soulmate . 187 17 `` The One with the Tea Leaves '' Gary Halvorson Story by : R. Lee Fleming Jr . Teleplay by : Steven Rosenhaus March 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 07 ) 227417 26.30 Phoebe determines through tea leaves that she 'll soon meet the man of her dreams , which leads her to a disastrous date and then a pleasant meeting with a charming man at the dry cleaners . Rachel invents a crazy work problem to reduce the awkwardness of hanging out with Joey , since he confessed his feelings for her . Ross tries to retrieve his ' faded salmon ' shirt from Mona 's apartment . 188 18 `` The One in Massapequa '' `` The One with the Zesty Guy '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Peter Tibbals Teleplay by : Mark Kunerth March 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 28 ) 227418 22.05 Monica botches an attempt at giving a heartfelt speech for her parents ' 35th anniversary party . Phoebe dates Parker ( Alec Baldwin ) , who 's very enthusiastic about everything and ultimately annoys the entire group including herself . Ross and Rachel have to pretend to be married and Ross ' `` wedding toast '' stirs feelings in Rachel . 189 19 `` The One with Joey 's Interview '' Gary Halvorson Doty Abrams April 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 04 ) 227424 22.59 Joey prepares for an interview with Soap Opera Digest , although he 's afraid of saying something stupid that may jeopardize his career . ( In a previous episode , in an interview , he said he writes a lot of his own lines , which led to his firing from Days of Our Lives . ) Joey enlists his friends to make sure things go well . This is the fourth of Friends ' six clip shows . 190 20 `` The One with the Baby Shower '' Kevin S. Bright Sherry Bilsing - Graham & Ellen Plummer April 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 25 ) 227421 22.24 Phoebe and Monica prepare for Rachel 's baby shower and forget to invite Rachel 's mother . During the shower Monica tries desperately to seek forgiveness from Sandra , but to no avail . Rachel realizes she has no idea how to look after the baby after the birth , so her mother insists on staying with her for eight weeks , much to her and Ross ' annoyance . Monica eventually gives Rachel the confidence to be a mom and lets Sandra know she 's furious at her spitefulness . Joey auditions for a job as a host for a new game show called `` Bamboozled '' that makes absolutely no sense , and Chandler and Ross help him practice . 191 21 `` The One with the Cooking Class '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Dana Klein Borkow Teleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones May 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 02 ) 227419 23.97 Monica 's cooking skills get a bad review in The Post . After confronting the critic who wrote it , she decides to join a cooking class , with Joey in tow . Rachel gets jealous when Ross meets a girl who flirts with him at the baby department store . Phoebe helps Chandler prepare for an interview by stopping his natural instinct to make immature jokes . 192 22 `` The One Where Rachel is Late '' Gary Halvorson Shana Goldberg - Meehan May 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 09 ) 227420 24.32 Joey invites Chandler to his movie 's premiere but Chandler falls asleep during it . Rachel is very frustrated with the fact that she 's eight days late , and will try anything to induce labor , which leads to a bet between Monica and Phoebe . 193 194 23 24 `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby '' Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri Marta Kauffman & David Crane May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) 227422 227423 34.91 Ross and Rachel arrive at the hospital . Judy Geller gives Ross her mother 's engagement ring to propose to Rachel with . Monica and Chandler decide to have a baby . After forty - seven hours of labor , Rachel has her and Ross ' baby , Emma as `` River Of Tears '' by Eric Clapton plays in the background . Joey finds Ross ' engagement ring . Rachel thinks he 's proposing and says `` Okay '' . Monica and Chandler try for a baby in the hospital . United states Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode title Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank 171 `` The One After ' I Do ' '' September 27 , 2001 19.5 / 31 31.70 # 1 172 `` The One with the Red Sweater '' October 4 , 2001 18.9 / 31 30.04 # 1 173 `` The One Where Rachel Tells Ross '' October 11 , 2001 17.9 / 26 29.20 # 1 174 `` The One with the Videotape '' October 18 , 2001 16.0 / 25 25.58 # 2 175 5 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' October 25 , 2001 16.1 / 25 25.64 # 2 176 6 `` The One with the Halloween Party '' November 1 , 2001 16.8 / 25 26.96 # 2 177 7 `` The One with the Stain '' November 8 , 2001 15.2 / 23 24.24 # 2 178 8 `` The One with the Stripper '' November 15 , 2001 16.1 / 25 26.54 # 2 179 9 `` The One with the Rumor '' November 22 , 2001 12.7 / 25 24.24 # 3 180 10 `` The One with Monica 's Boots '' December 6 , 2001 14.0 / 23 22.44 # 2 181 11 `` The One with Ross 's Step Forward '' `` The One with The Creepy Holiday Card '' December 13 , 2001 14.9 / 25 23.85 # 2 182 12 `` The One Where Joey Dates Rachel '' January 10 , 2002 16.1 / 24 25.53 # 2 183 13 `` The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath '' January 17 , 2002 17.5 / 27 29.24 # 1 184 14 `` The One with the Secret Closet '' January 31 , 2002 17.8 / 28 28.64 # 3 185 15 `` The One with the Birthing Video '' February 7 , 2002 17.8 / 28 28.64 # 2 186 16 `` The One Where Joey Tells Rachel '' February 28 , 2002 17.4 / 27 27.52 # 1 187 17 `` The One with the Tea Leaves '' March 7 , 2002 16.3 / 25 26.30 # 2 188 18 `` The One in Massapequa '' March 28 , 2002 13.7 / 23 22.05 # 4 189 19 `` The One with Joey 's Interview '' April 4 , 2002 14.7 / 24 22.59 # 4 190 20 `` The One with the Baby Shower '' April 25 , 2002 14.4 / 23 22.24 # 3 191 21 `` The One with the Cooking Class '' May 2 , 2002 15.4 / 25 23.97 # 3 192 22 `` The One Where Rachel is Late '' May 9 , 2002 15.4 / 26 24.32 # 3 193 / 194 23 / 24 `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby '' May 16 , 2002 21.1 / 34 34.91 # 1 Season 8 averaged 24.5 million viewers and finished , for the first time , as the most watched show of the 2001 -- 02 television season . All episodes aired at 8 : 00 pm ET Thursdays on NBC . All episodes ranked within the weekly top 5 most watched TV shows . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 54th Annual Creative Arts Emmy awards ( edit ) 2002 Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ( `` The One with the Rumor '' ) ( Brad Pitt ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series ( `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' ) ( John Shaffner , Joe Stewart , Greg J. Grande ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series ( Leslie Litt , Barbara Miller ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series ( `` The One with the Rumor '' ) ( Nick McLean ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series ( `` The One with the Rumor '' ) ( Stephen Prime ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series ( `` The One with the Halloween Party '' ) ( Kenny Tintorri ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Multi-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series or Special ( `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' ) ( Dana Mark McClure ) - Nominated 59th Annual Golden Globe awards ( edit ) 2002 Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical - Nominated 2002 Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television ( Jennifer Aniston ) - Nominated 14th Annual Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice awards ( edit ) 2002 Favorite Television Show - Nominated 2002 Favorite Television Actor ( Matt LeBlanc ) - Nominated 2002 Favorite Television Actor ( Matthew Perry ) - Nominated 2002 Favorite Television Actress ( Jennifer Aniston ) - Nominated 6th Annual Online Film & Television Association awards ( edit ) 2002 Best Comedy Series - WON 2002 Best Direction in a Comedy Series ( Gary Halvorson , Kevin S. Bright , David Schwimmer , Ben Weiss , Terry Hughes , Sheldon Epps , Stephen Prime ) - Nominated 2002 Best Writing in a Comedy Series ( David Crane , Marta Kauffman , Ted Cohen , Andrew Reich , Scott Silveri , Shana Goldberg - Meehan , Ellen Kreamer , Brian Buckner , Sebastian Jones , Mark J. Kunerth , Doty Abrams , Dana Klein , Robert Carlock , R. Lee Fleming , Jr. , Vanessa McCarthy ) - WON 2002 Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Jennifer Aniston ) - WON 2002 Best Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ( Brad Pitt ) - Nominated 28th Annual People 's Choice awards ( edit ) 2002 Favorite Television Comedy Series - WON 2002 Favorite Female Television Performer ( Jennifer Aniston ) - WON 54th Annual Primetime Emmy awards ( edit ) 2002 Outstanding Comedy Series - WON 2002 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( `` The One Where Joey Tells Rachel '' ) ( Matt LeBlanc ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( `` The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath '' ) ( Matthew Perry ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' ) ( Jennifer Aniston ) - WON 6th Annual Satellite awards ( edit ) 2002 Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical - Nominated 2002 Best Lead Actress in a Series - Comedy or Musical ( Lisa Kudrow ) - Nominated 8th Annual Screen Actors Guild awards ( edit ) 2002 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Jennifer Aniston ) - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry , David Schwimmer ) - Nominated 4th Annual Teen Choice awards ( edit ) 2002 Choice TV Series - Comedy - WON 2002 Choice TV Actor - Comedy ( Matt LeBlanc ) - WON 2002 Choice TV Actress - Comedy ( Jennifer Aniston ) - WON 2002 Choice TV Actress - Comedy ( Courteney Cox ) - Nominated 2002 Choice TV Actress - Comedy ( Lisa Kudrow ) - Nominated 18th Annual Television Critics Association awards ( edit ) 2002 Outstanding Achievement in Comedy - Nominated 2002 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Comedy ( Matt LeBlanc ) - Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These episodes originally aired as a single double - length episode but are sometimes split into two episodes for syndication , reruns and DVD presentation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How Did Your Favorite Show Rate ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends Nielsen Ratings Archive -- Season Eight '' . Newmusicandmore.tripod.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 59th Golden Globe Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 59th Golden Globe Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual TV Awards ( 2001 - 02 ) - Online Film & Television Association '' . www.oftaawards.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 28th People 's Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 28th People 's Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Golden Satellite Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Golden Satellite Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 18th TCA Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 18th TCA Awards '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 27 . External links ( edit ) List of Friends episodes on IMDb Friends : Season 8 at Rotten Tomatoes The One With The Tea Leaves script at livesinabox.com Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) `` The One with the East German Laundry Detergent '' ( 1.05 ) `` The One Where Nana Dies Twice '' ( 1.08 ) `` The One Where Underdog Gets Away '' ( 1.09 ) `` The One with the Monkey '' ( 1.10 ) `` The One with the Dozen Lasagnas '' ( 1.12 ) `` The One with the Boobies '' ( 1.13 ) `` '' The One with Two Parts : Part 1 '' ( 1.16 ) `` The One with Two Parts : Part 2 '' ( 1.17 ) `` The One with All the Poker '' ( 1.18 ) `` The One Where the Monkey Gets Away '' ( 1.19 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_(season_8)&oldid=835630381 '' Categories : Friends seasons 2001 American television seasons 2002 American television seasons Friends ( season 8 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2012 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 01 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n171\n1\n\"The One After 'I Do'\"\nKevin S. Bright\nDavid Crane & Marta Kauffman\nSeptember 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)\n227401\n31.70[2]\n\n\n\nEverybody thinks Monica's pregnant, but her denial quickly shifts the focus to Phoebe, who takes the heat off of Rachel--who is actually pregnant. Chandler's shoes are slippery, rendering his dance lessons useless. Joey tries to impress a Broadway director. Ross dances with children to impress Monica's attractive, funny friend Mona, which leads to him getting injured quite a bit.\nNote: This episode is dedicated to \"The people of New York City\" to remember the September 11 attacks.\n\n\n172\n2\n\"The One with the Red Sweater\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nDana Klein Borkow\nOctober 4, 2001 (2001-10-04)\n227402\n30.04[2]\n\n\nRachel won't tell anybody who the father of her baby is until she tells him. Joey tells Monica and Phoebe that a guy slept with Rachel a few weeks earlier, and left a red sweater behind. Phoebe thinks it's Tag Jones and arranges a meeting for Rachel with him. Ross and Chandler attempt to recreate the wedding pictures, after Chandler loses the disposable cameras. Monica opens all of her and Chandler's wedding presents. Monica, Joey and Phoebe find out that Tag is not the father of Rachel's baby. They're still pondering the mystery when the red sweater is spotted in front of them and retrieved by its owner: Ross.\n\n\n173\n3\n\"The One Where Rachel Tells...\"\nSheldon Epps\nSherry Bilsing & Ellen Plummer\nOctober 11, 2001 (2001-10-11)\n227403\n29.20[2]\n\n\n\nChandler and Monica prepare to leave for their honeymoon as Rachel prepares to tell the father of her baby. Phoebe and Joey try to get into Monica and Chandler's apartment by telling Mr. Treeger there is a gas leak. However, not all goes to plan when Treeger, who could not find Monica and Chandler's key, orders firefighters to break down the door.\nNote: There was a subplot of Chandler and Monica's honeymoon that was completely shot and filmed but ultimately never aired. It involved Chandler playfully joking about bombs when preparing to board first-class. The airport security mistake Chandler's joke as a real threat then take him and Monica to interrogation. Towards the end of the episode they're determined not to be a threat to the aircraft, but shortly after their release Joey calls Monica and pretends that there is a gas leak in their apartment in an attempt to cover for the broken door. When Joey asked her whether they'll charge them for the damage of breaking down the door, she sarcastically replied, \"No, I want you to stand there and wait for the entire place to blow up!\", causing the authorities to re-interrogate the couple. Following 9/11, the writers felt the humor of this subplot was off color and quickly replaced it with a story about Chandler and Monica getting jealous over another newly married couple who got free perks by arriving just before they did. The cut scenes from this episode were later shown as a special feature on the 2004 UK version of the DVDs.\n\n\n174\n4\n\"The One with the Videotape\"\nKevin S. Bright\nScott Silveri\nOctober 18, 2001 (2001-10-18)\n227406\n25.58[2]\n\n\nRoss and Rachel disagree over who came onto whom when they hooked up, with Rachel (and the group) sure that Ross was the initiator of their pregnancy-causing sex and Ross being sure that Rachel hit on him first. He wants to prove it and accidentally reveals that he has the encounter on videotape. Rachel goes from being disgusted to being intrigued, and everyone watches the tape where they find out that Ross was right because Rachel used Joey's patented \"story that leads to having sex\". Monica and Chandler meet another couple while on their honeymoon.\n\n\n175\n5\n\"The One with Rachel's Date\"\nGary Halvorson\nBrian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nOctober 25, 2001 (2001-10-25)\n227404\n25.64[2]\n\n\n\nPhoebe begins dating a guy who works for Monica, causing a problem when Phoebe wants to dump him on the same day Monica plans to fire him. A guy at Chandler's work thinks that Chandler's name is Toby. Rachel goes on a date with Joey's costar, despite being pregnant, much to Ross' annoyance.\nNote: This episode is dedicated to the memory of Richard Cox, Sr., father of Courteney Cox.\n\n\n176\n6\n\"The One with the Halloween Party\"\nGary Halvorson\nMark Kunerth\nNovember 1, 2001 (2001-11-01)\n227405\n26.96[2]\n\n\nMonica and Chandler are throwing a Halloween Party. At the party Phoebe runs into her sister's fiance, Eric (Sean Penn), and finds herself attracted to him as they bond over what a total liar Ursula is. Ross and Chandler arm wrestle ineffectually, as Ross laments that his goofy \"Spudnik\" outfit makes him look like feces. Rachel asks if she can be the person who hands out candy to the trick-or-treaters, as she says 'ever since I got pregnant, I have had the strongest maternal instincts', only to find out she isn't as maternal as she thought.\n\n\n177\n7\n\"The One with the Stain\"\nKevin S. Bright\nR. Lee Fleming Jr.\nNovember 8, 2001 (2001-11-08)\n227407\n24.24[2]\n\n\nChandler hires a maid to help Monica but she thinks the maid is stealing her clothes. Eric broke up with Ursula and wants to date Phoebe but she reminds him too much of her sister. Ross attempts to secure the apartment of a dying Dutch woman for Rachel, while Joey tries to convince Rachel to continue living with him.\n\n\n178\n8\n\"The One with the Stripper\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nAndrew Reich & Ted Cohen\nNovember 15, 2001 (2001-11-15)\n227408\n26.54[2]\n\n\nRachel's having dinner with her dad to tell him that she's pregnant, and Rachel is intimidated and lies about Ross being unsupportive, leading to Mr. Green threatening Ross and nearly ruining his budding romance with Mona. Meanwhile Monica hires a stripper, who turns out to be a hooker, for Chandler because he never got to have a bachelor party.\n\n\n179\n9\n\"The One with the Rumor\"\nGary Halvorson\nShana Goldberg-Meehan\nNovember 22, 2001 (2001-11-22)\n227410\n24.24[2]\n\n\nMonica invites a high school friend, Will (Brad Pitt) to her Thanksgiving dinner. Rachel finds out that Will (who was a loser like Ross in high school and is now a gorgeous guy) and Ross started a rumor about Rachel having both male and female \"reproductive parts\" during their senior year of high school. Joey tries to eat an entire turkey because 'he's a Tribbiani'. Chandler and Phoebe avoid helping Monica by sitting on the couch and watching a game.\n\n\n180\n10\n\"The One with Monica's Boots\"\nKevin S. Bright\nStory by : Robert Carlock\nTeleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nDecember 6, 2001 (2001-12-06)\n227409\n22.44[2]\n\n\n\nMonica buys very expensive boots and promises Chandler to wear them all the time. After a while they are killing Monica's feet but she doesn't dare to tell Chandler. Joey's youngest sister Dina (Marla Sokoloff) is pregnant and comes to Rachel for advice. Phoebe finds out that Sting's son is in Ben's class so she goes to see Sting's wife (real wife (Trudie Styler) pretending to want to talk about Ben and Jack in order to get tickets to Sting's concert.\nNote: In this episode, Ross tells Phoebe Ben is 7. However this episode is set in December 2001, and as Ben was born in May 1995, Ben would only be 6 at the time.\n\n\n181\n11\n\"The One with Ross's Step Forward\"\n\"The One with The Creepy Holiday Card\"\nGary Halvorson\nRobert Carlock\nDecember 13, 2001 (2001-12-13)\n227411\n23.85[2]\n\n\nRoss freaks out when Mona wants to send out joint Christmas cards and wants to have \"the talk\". Chandler tries to get out of spending time with his boss. Rachel has hormonal problems as a result of pregnancy and becomes \"erotically charged\".\n\n\n182\n12\n\"The One Where Joey Dates Rachel\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nSherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Plummer\nJanuary 10, 2002 (2002-01-10)\n227412\n25.53[2]\n\n\nNow that Rachel can't go on dates any more due to her pregnancy, Joey decides to take her on a date. But instantly, he begins to have a crush on Rachel, something that even he is scared about. Monica and Chandler get a Ms. Pac-Man arcade game from Phoebe as a late wedding present. After Phoebe hogs the game, Chandler becomes a pro by repeatedly playing and putting swear words as his initials, however Monica wants them to be removed as Ben would be coming over to play on it. After Ross gets to teach an advanced class, he struggles to get to the class on time.\n\n\n183\n13\n\"The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath\"\nBen Weiss\nVanessa McCarthy\nJanuary 17, 2002 (2002-01-17)\n227413\n29.24[2]\n\n\nMonica sways Chandler's dislike of baths but he soon becomes addicted to them. Phoebe, who thinks Joey has a crush on her, is shocked to discover that Joey actually likes Rachel; Ross and Rachel debate over potential names for their baby and find out the baby's sex.\n\n\n184\n14\n\"The One with the Secret Closet\"\nKevin S. Bright\nBrian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nJanuary 31, 2002 (2002-01-31)\n227414\n28.64[2]\n\n\nChandler becomes obsessed with finding out what is behind the door of Monica's secret closet. Phoebe feels betrayed when she discovers Monica has been using a different massage therapist. Ross feels left out after missing the baby's first kick especially when Joey is mistaken for the father. Joey, feeling bad about the situation, suggests that Rachel should move in with Ross even though he wanted Rachel to live with him.\n\n\n185\n15\n\"The One with the Birthing Video\"\nKevin S. Bright\nDana Klein Borkow\nFebruary 7, 2002 (2002-02-07)\n227415\n28.64[2]\n\n\nPhoebe gives a birthing video to Rachel. Chandler, mistaking the tape for porn, watches it and is horrified after watching it with Monica, which kills the mood for Valentine's Day. Ross struggles to tell Mona that Rachel is now living with him, and she breaks up with him over his dishonesty. Joey is depressed and in an effort to lighten his mood, Phoebe lends him a dog to cheer him up. However Joey ends up subduing the dog with his depression, and in the end tells Ross about his feelings for Rachel.\n\n\n186\n16\n\"The One Where Joey Tells Rachel\"\nBen Weiss\nAndrew Reich & Ted Cohen\nFebruary 28, 2002 (2002-02-28)\n227416\n27.52[2]\n\n\nRoss, shocked at Joey's declaration, avoids him, but eventually convinces him to tell Rachel. Joey confesses his love for Rachel, but Rachel politely and lovingly turns him down. Phoebe is convinced that a British man called Don is Monica's soulmate.\n\n\n187\n17\n\"The One with the Tea Leaves\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : R. Lee Fleming Jr.\nTeleplay by : Steven Rosenhaus\nMarch 7, 2002 (2002-03-07)\n227417\n26.30[2]\n\n\nPhoebe determines through tea leaves that she'll soon meet the man of her dreams, which leads her to a disastrous date and then a pleasant meeting with a charming man at the dry cleaners. Rachel invents a crazy work problem to reduce the awkwardness of hanging out with Joey, since he confessed his feelings for her. Ross tries to retrieve his 'faded salmon' shirt from Mona's apartment.\n\n\n188\n18\n\"The One in Massapequa\"\n\"The One with the Zesty Guy\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : Peter Tibbals\nTeleplay by : Mark Kunerth\nMarch 28, 2002 (2002-03-28)\n227418\n22.05[2]\n\n\nMonica botches an attempt at giving a heartfelt speech for her parents' 35th anniversary party. Phoebe dates Parker (Alec Baldwin), who's very enthusiastic about everything and ultimately annoys the entire group including herself. Ross and Rachel have to pretend to be married and Ross' \"wedding toast\" stirs feelings in Rachel.\n\n\n189\n19\n\"The One with Joey's Interview\"\nGary Halvorson\nDoty Abrams\nApril 4, 2002 (2002-04-04)\n227424\n22.59[2]\n\n\nJoey prepares for an interview with Soap Opera Digest, although he's afraid of saying something stupid that may jeopardize his career. (In a previous episode, in an interview, he said he writes a lot of his own lines, which led to his firing from Days of Our Lives.) Joey enlists his friends to make sure things go well. This is the fourth of Friends' six clip shows.\n\n\n190\n20\n\"The One with the Baby Shower\"\nKevin S. Bright\nSherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Plummer\nApril 25, 2002 (2002-04-25)\n227421\n22.24[2]\n\n\nPhoebe and Monica prepare for Rachel's baby shower and forget to invite Rachel's mother. During the shower Monica tries desperately to seek forgiveness from Sandra, but to no avail. Rachel realizes she has no idea how to look after the baby after the birth, so her mother insists on staying with her for eight weeks, much to her and Ross' annoyance. Monica eventually gives Rachel the confidence to be a mom and lets Sandra know she's furious at her spitefulness. Joey auditions for a job as a host for a new game show called \"Bamboozled\" that makes absolutely no sense, and Chandler and Ross help him practice.\n\n\n191\n21\n\"The One with the Cooking Class\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : Dana Klein Borkow\nTeleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nMay 2, 2002 (2002-05-02)\n227419\n23.97[2]\n\n\nMonica's cooking skills get a bad review in The Post. After confronting the critic who wrote it, she decides to join a cooking class, with Joey in tow. Rachel gets jealous when Ross meets a girl who flirts with him at the baby department store. Phoebe helps Chandler prepare for an interview by stopping his natural instinct to make immature jokes.\n\n\n192\n22\n\"The One Where Rachel is Late\"\nGary Halvorson\nShana Goldberg-Meehan\nMay 9, 2002 (2002-05-09)\n227420\n24.32[2]\n\n\nJoey invites Chandler to his movie's premiere but Chandler falls asleep during it. Rachel is very frustrated with the fact that she's eight days late, and will try anything to induce labor, which leads to a bet between Monica and Phoebe.\n\n\n193\n\n194\n23\n\n24\n\"The One Where Rachel Has a Baby\"\nKevin S. Bright\nScott Silveri\n\nMarta Kauffman & David Crane\nMay 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)[a]\n227422\n\n227423\n34.91[2]\n\n\nRoss and Rachel arrive at the hospital. Judy Geller gives Ross her mother's engagement ring to propose to Rachel with. Monica and Chandler decide to have a baby. After forty-seven hours of labor, Rachel has her and Ross' baby, Emma as \"River Of Tears\" by Eric Clapton plays in the background. Joey finds Ross' engagement ring. Rachel thinks he's proposing and says \"Okay\". Monica and Chandler try for a baby in the hospital.\n\n",
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n171\n1\n\"The One After 'I Do'\"\nKevin S. Bright\nDavid Crane & Marta Kauffman\nSeptember 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)\n227401\n31.70[2]\n\n\n\nEverybody thinks Monica's pregnant, but her denial quickly shifts the focus to Phoebe, who takes the heat off of Rachel--who is actually pregnant. Chandler's shoes are slippery, rendering his dance lessons useless. Joey tries to impress a Broadway director. Ross dances with children to impress Monica's attractive, funny friend Mona, which leads to him getting injured quite a bit.\nNote: This episode is dedicated to \"The people of New York City\" to remember the September 11 attacks.\n\n\n172\n2\n\"The One with the Red Sweater\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nDana Klein Borkow\nOctober 4, 2001 (2001-10-04)\n227402\n30.04[2]\n\n\nRachel won't tell anybody who the father of her baby is until she tells him. Joey tells Monica and Phoebe that a guy slept with Rachel a few weeks earlier, and left a red sweater behind. Phoebe thinks it's Tag Jones and arranges a meeting for Rachel with him. Ross and Chandler attempt to recreate the wedding pictures, after Chandler loses the disposable cameras. Monica opens all of her and Chandler's wedding presents. Monica, Joey and Phoebe find out that Tag is not the father of Rachel's baby. They're still pondering the mystery when the red sweater is spotted in front of them and retrieved by its owner: Ross.\n\n\n173\n3\n\"The One Where Rachel Tells...\"\nSheldon Epps\nSherry Bilsing & Ellen Plummer\nOctober 11, 2001 (2001-10-11)\n227403\n29.20[2]\n\n\n\nChandler and Monica prepare to leave for their honeymoon as Rachel prepares to tell the father of her baby. Phoebe and Joey try to get into Monica and Chandler's apartment by telling Mr. Treeger there is a gas leak. However, not all goes to plan when Treeger, who could not find Monica and Chandler's key, orders firefighters to break down the door.\nNote: There was a subplot of Chandler and Monica's honeymoon that was completely shot and filmed but ultimately never aired. It involved Chandler playfully joking about bombs when preparing to board first-class. The airport security mistake Chandler's joke as a real threat then take him and Monica to interrogation. Towards the end of the episode they're determined not to be a threat to the aircraft, but shortly after their release Joey calls Monica and pretends that there is a gas leak in their apartment in an attempt to cover for the broken door. When Joey asked her whether they'll charge them for the damage of breaking down the door, she sarcastically replied, \"No, I want you to stand there and wait for the entire place to blow up!\", causing the authorities to re-interrogate the couple. Following 9/11, the writers felt the humor of this subplot was off color and quickly replaced it with a story about Chandler and Monica getting jealous over another newly married couple who got free perks by arriving just before they did. The cut scenes from this episode were later shown as a special feature on the 2004 UK version of the DVDs.\n\n\n174\n4\n\"The One with the Videotape\"\nKevin S. Bright\nScott Silveri\nOctober 18, 2001 (2001-10-18)\n227406\n25.58[2]\n\n\nRoss and Rachel disagree over who came onto whom when they hooked up, with Rachel (and the group) sure that Ross was the initiator of their pregnancy-causing sex and Ross being sure that Rachel hit on him first. He wants to prove it and accidentally reveals that he has the encounter on videotape. Rachel goes from being disgusted to being intrigued, and everyone watches the tape where they find out that Ross was right because Rachel used Joey's patented \"story that leads to having sex\". Monica and Chandler meet another couple while on their honeymoon.\n\n\n175\n5\n\"The One with Rachel's Date\"\nGary Halvorson\nBrian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nOctober 25, 2001 (2001-10-25)\n227404\n25.64[2]\n\n\n\nPhoebe begins dating a guy who works for Monica, causing a problem when Phoebe wants to dump him on the same day Monica plans to fire him. A guy at Chandler's work thinks that Chandler's name is Toby. Rachel goes on a date with Joey's costar, despite being pregnant, much to Ross' annoyance.\nNote: This episode is dedicated to the memory of Richard Cox, Sr., father of Courteney Cox.\n\n\n176\n6\n\"The One with the Halloween Party\"\nGary Halvorson\nMark Kunerth\nNovember 1, 2001 (2001-11-01)\n227405\n26.96[2]\n\n\nMonica and Chandler are throwing a Halloween Party. At the party Phoebe runs into her sister's fiance, Eric (Sean Penn), and finds herself attracted to him as they bond over what a total liar Ursula is. Ross and Chandler arm wrestle ineffectually, as Ross laments that his goofy \"Spudnik\" outfit makes him look like feces. Rachel asks if she can be the person who hands out candy to the trick-or-treaters, as she says 'ever since I got pregnant, I have had the strongest maternal instincts', only to find out she isn't as maternal as she thought.\n\n\n177\n7\n\"The One with the Stain\"\nKevin S. Bright\nR. Lee Fleming Jr.\nNovember 8, 2001 (2001-11-08)\n227407\n24.24[2]\n\n\nChandler hires a maid to help Monica but she thinks the maid is stealing her clothes. Eric broke up with Ursula and wants to date Phoebe but she reminds him too much of her sister. Ross attempts to secure the apartment of a dying Dutch woman for Rachel, while Joey tries to convince Rachel to continue living with him.\n\n\n178\n8\n\"The One with the Stripper\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nAndrew Reich & Ted Cohen\nNovember 15, 2001 (2001-11-15)\n227408\n26.54[2]\n\n\nRachel's having dinner with her dad to tell him that she's pregnant, and Rachel is intimidated and lies about Ross being unsupportive, leading to Mr. Green threatening Ross and nearly ruining his budding romance with Mona. Meanwhile Monica hires a stripper, who turns out to be a hooker, for Chandler because he never got to have a bachelor party.\n\n\n179\n9\n\"The One with the Rumor\"\nGary Halvorson\nShana Goldberg-Meehan\nNovember 22, 2001 (2001-11-22)\n227410\n24.24[2]\n\n\nMonica invites a high school friend, Will (Brad Pitt) to her Thanksgiving dinner. Rachel finds out that Will (who was a loser like Ross in high school and is now a gorgeous guy) and Ross started a rumor about Rachel having both male and female \"reproductive parts\" during their senior year of high school. Joey tries to eat an entire turkey because 'he's a Tribbiani'. Chandler and Phoebe avoid helping Monica by sitting on the couch and watching a game.\n\n\n180\n10\n\"The One with Monica's Boots\"\nKevin S. Bright\nStory by : Robert Carlock\nTeleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nDecember 6, 2001 (2001-12-06)\n227409\n22.44[2]\n\n\n\nMonica buys very expensive boots and promises Chandler to wear them all the time. After a while they are killing Monica's feet but she doesn't dare to tell Chandler. Joey's youngest sister Dina (Marla Sokoloff) is pregnant and comes to Rachel for advice. Phoebe finds out that Sting's son is in Ben's class so she goes to see Sting's wife (real wife (Trudie Styler) pretending to want to talk about Ben and Jack in order to get tickets to Sting's concert.\nNote: In this episode, Ross tells Phoebe Ben is 7. However this episode is set in December 2001, and as Ben was born in May 1995, Ben would only be 6 at the time.\n\n\n181\n11\n\"The One with Ross's Step Forward\"\n\"The One with The Creepy Holiday Card\"\nGary Halvorson\nRobert Carlock\nDecember 13, 2001 (2001-12-13)\n227411\n23.85[2]\n\n\nRoss freaks out when Mona wants to send out joint Christmas cards and wants to have \"the talk\". Chandler tries to get out of spending time with his boss. Rachel has hormonal problems as a result of pregnancy and becomes \"erotically charged\".\n\n\n182\n12\n\"The One Where Joey Dates Rachel\"\nDavid Schwimmer\nSherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Plummer\nJanuary 10, 2002 (2002-01-10)\n227412\n25.53[2]\n\n\nNow that Rachel can't go on dates any more due to her pregnancy, Joey decides to take her on a date. But instantly, he begins to have a crush on Rachel, something that even he is scared about. Monica and Chandler get a Ms. Pac-Man arcade game from Phoebe as a late wedding present. After Phoebe hogs the game, Chandler becomes a pro by repeatedly playing and putting swear words as his initials, however Monica wants them to be removed as Ben would be coming over to play on it. After Ross gets to teach an advanced class, he struggles to get to the class on time.\n\n\n183\n13\n\"The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath\"\nBen Weiss\nVanessa McCarthy\nJanuary 17, 2002 (2002-01-17)\n227413\n29.24[2]\n\n\nMonica sways Chandler's dislike of baths but he soon becomes addicted to them. Phoebe, who thinks Joey has a crush on her, is shocked to discover that Joey actually likes Rachel; Ross and Rachel debate over potential names for their baby and find out the baby's sex.\n\n\n184\n14\n\"The One with the Secret Closet\"\nKevin S. Bright\nBrian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nJanuary 31, 2002 (2002-01-31)\n227414\n28.64[2]\n\n\nChandler becomes obsessed with finding out what is behind the door of Monica's secret closet. Phoebe feels betrayed when she discovers Monica has been using a different massage therapist. Ross feels left out after missing the baby's first kick especially when Joey is mistaken for the father. Joey, feeling bad about the situation, suggests that Rachel should move in with Ross even though he wanted Rachel to live with him.\n\n\n185\n15\n\"The One with the Birthing Video\"\nKevin S. Bright\nDana Klein Borkow\nFebruary 7, 2002 (2002-02-07)\n227415\n28.64[2]\n\n\nPhoebe gives a birthing video to Rachel. Chandler, mistaking the tape for porn, watches it and is horrified after watching it with Monica, which kills the mood for Valentine's Day. Ross struggles to tell Mona that Rachel is now living with him, and she breaks up with him over his dishonesty. Joey is depressed and in an effort to lighten his mood, Phoebe lends him a dog to cheer him up. However Joey ends up subduing the dog with his depression, and in the end tells Ross about his feelings for Rachel.\n\n\n186\n16\n\"The One Where Joey Tells Rachel\"\nBen Weiss\nAndrew Reich & Ted Cohen\nFebruary 28, 2002 (2002-02-28)\n227416\n27.52[2]\n\n\nRoss, shocked at Joey's declaration, avoids him, but eventually convinces him to tell Rachel. Joey confesses his love for Rachel, but Rachel politely and lovingly turns him down. Phoebe is convinced that a British man called Don is Monica's soulmate.\n\n\n187\n17\n\"The One with the Tea Leaves\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : R. Lee Fleming Jr.\nTeleplay by : Steven Rosenhaus\nMarch 7, 2002 (2002-03-07)\n227417\n26.30[2]\n\n\nPhoebe determines through tea leaves that she'll soon meet the man of her dreams, which leads her to a disastrous date and then a pleasant meeting with a charming man at the dry cleaners. Rachel invents a crazy work problem to reduce the awkwardness of hanging out with Joey, since he confessed his feelings for her. Ross tries to retrieve his 'faded salmon' shirt from Mona's apartment.\n\n\n188\n18\n\"The One in Massapequa\"\n\"The One with the Zesty Guy\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : Peter Tibbals\nTeleplay by : Mark Kunerth\nMarch 28, 2002 (2002-03-28)\n227418\n22.05[2]\n\n\nMonica botches an attempt at giving a heartfelt speech for her parents' 35th anniversary party. Phoebe dates Parker (Alec Baldwin), who's very enthusiastic about everything and ultimately annoys the entire group including herself. Ross and Rachel have to pretend to be married and Ross' \"wedding toast\" stirs feelings in Rachel.\n\n\n189\n19\n\"The One with Joey's Interview\"\nGary Halvorson\nDoty Abrams\nApril 4, 2002 (2002-04-04)\n227424\n22.59[2]\n\n\nJoey prepares for an interview with Soap Opera Digest, although he's afraid of saying something stupid that may jeopardize his career. (In a previous episode, in an interview, he said he writes a lot of his own lines, which led to his firing from Days of Our Lives.) Joey enlists his friends to make sure things go well. This is the fourth of Friends' six clip shows.\n\n\n190\n20\n\"The One with the Baby Shower\"\nKevin S. Bright\nSherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Plummer\nApril 25, 2002 (2002-04-25)\n227421\n22.24[2]\n\n\nPhoebe and Monica prepare for Rachel's baby shower and forget to invite Rachel's mother. During the shower Monica tries desperately to seek forgiveness from Sandra, but to no avail. Rachel realizes she has no idea how to look after the baby after the birth, so her mother insists on staying with her for eight weeks, much to her and Ross' annoyance. Monica eventually gives Rachel the confidence to be a mom and lets Sandra know she's furious at her spitefulness. Joey auditions for a job as a host for a new game show called \"Bamboozled\" that makes absolutely no sense, and Chandler and Ross help him practice.\n\n\n191\n21\n\"The One with the Cooking Class\"\nGary Halvorson\nStory by : Dana Klein Borkow\nTeleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones\nMay 2, 2002 (2002-05-02)\n227419\n23.97[2]\n\n\nMonica's cooking skills get a bad review in The Post. After confronting the critic who wrote it, she decides to join a cooking class, with Joey in tow. Rachel gets jealous when Ross meets a girl who flirts with him at the baby department store. Phoebe helps Chandler prepare for an interview by stopping his natural instinct to make immature jokes.\n\n\n192\n22\n\"The One Where Rachel is Late\"\nGary Halvorson\nShana Goldberg-Meehan\nMay 9, 2002 (2002-05-09)\n227420\n24.32[2]\n\n\nJoey invites Chandler to his movie's premiere but Chandler falls asleep during it. Rachel is very frustrated with the fact that she's eight days late, and will try anything to induce labor, which leads to a bet between Monica and Phoebe.\n\n\n193\n\n194\n23\n\n24\n\"The One Where Rachel Has a Baby\"\nKevin S. Bright\nScott Silveri\n\nMarta Kauffman & David Crane\nMay 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)[a]\n227422\n\n227423\n34.91[2]\n\n\nRoss and Rachel arrive at the hospital. Judy Geller gives Ross her mother's engagement ring to propose to Rachel with. Monica and Chandler decide to have a baby. After forty-seven hours of labor, Rachel has her and Ross' baby, Emma as \"River Of Tears\" by Eric Clapton plays in the background. Joey finds Ross' engagement ring. Rachel thinks he's proposing and says \"Okay\". Monica and Chandler try for a baby in the hospital.\n\n"
] | [
"\"The One Where Rachel Has a Baby\"",
"May 16, 2002"
] |
3290096170852363061 | The Flash (season 4) | The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flash ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refusing to grieve Barry . A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force , and tracks down Caitlin for help . Against Iris ' direction , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls . Wally engages the Samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the Samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai , who is revealed to be a robot . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car , caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris 's instructions , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others '' . 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank , and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 , and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team , due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus , and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) TBA TBD 77 8 TBA TBA TBA November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) TBA TBD This episode continues the crossover event `` Crisis on Earth - X '' that will begin on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , followed by Arrow season 6 episode 8 and conclude on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Captain Cold Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , was revealed not to be returning to the series , although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton 's availability permits . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , Julian is revealed to have returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , will reprise her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Emily Bett Rickards will appear as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' November 14 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 13 reviews . Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` Mixed Signals '' Candice Patton Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 405 ) `` Girls Night Out '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 406 ) `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 407 ) `` Therefore I Am '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- flash , the on cw '' . 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With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Candice Patton '' . TVLine . October 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. 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-5393029313764447683 | List of How I Met Your Mother characters | List of How I Met Your Mother characters - wikipedia List of How I Met Your Mother characters Jump to : navigation , search This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From left to right : Ted , Robin , Barney , Marshall , Lily . The American sitcom How I Met Your Mother premiered on CBS on September 19 , 2005 . Created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , the show is presented from the perspective of Ted Mosby in 2030 ( `` Future Ted '' ) as he tells his children how he met the titular mother . The show lasted for nine seasons and 208 episodes ; the finale first aired on March 31 , 2014 . The main characters are : Ted , a romantic searching for `` The One '' ; Barney Stinson , a womanizer ; Robin Scherbatsky , a journalist who moved to New York in 2005 ; and Marshall Eriksen and Lily Aldrin , a long - term couple . Although the show is based around The Mother , her first appearance is not until the season - eight finale . Many of the main character 's relatives appear throughout the show , such as Lily 's father or Barney 's brother . They may also be seen in family gatherings , such as Barney and Robin 's wedding or Marshall 's father 's funeral . Ted 's children and Marvin W. Eriksen ( son of Marshall and Lily ) appear in the background of many episodes without being crucial to many plots . Ranjit , Carl the Bartender , and several other characters often appear because they work in places the main cast frequent ( such as MacLaren 's Pub ) . Characters in relationships with Ted , Barney , or Robin often appear in several episodes within a short period of time , such as Victoria , Nora , or Kevin . Minor characters such as the Slutty Pumpkin or Mary the Paralegal may only appear in one or two episodes , but still play a crucial role in the episodes in which they appear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Ted Mosby 2.2 Robin Scherbatsky 2.3 Barney Stinson 2.4 Lily Aldrin 2.5 Marshall Eriksen 2.6 The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) 3 Secondary characters 3.1 Penny and Luke Mosby 3.2 Marvin W. Eriksen 3.3 Ranjit Singh 3.4 Carl MacLaren 3.5 Wendy 3.6 Victoria 3.7 Judy Eriksen 3.8 James Stinson 3.9 Zoey Pierson 3.10 Patrice 3.11 Marvin Eriksen 3.12 Nora 3.13 Mickey Aldrin 3.14 Linus 3.15 Stella Zinman 3.16 Kevin Venkataraghavan 3.17 Quinn Garvey 3.18 Sandy Rivers 3.19 Marcus Eriksen 3.20 Loretta Stinson 3.21 Arthur Hobbs 3.22 Virginia Mosby 3.23 Alfred Mosby 3.24 Daphne 3.25 Brad Morris 3.26 The Captain 3.27 Nick Podarutti 3.28 Robin Sr . 3.29 Bilson 3.30 Scooter 3.31 Gary Blauman 3.32 Don Frank 3.33 Doug Martin 3.34 Jeanette Peterson 3.35 Becky 3.36 Curtis 3.37 Claudia and Stuart Bowers 3.38 The Doppelgängers 4 Guest stars 5 Other characters 6 Notes 7 References Cast ( edit ) Season S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 Character Main Characters Ted Mosby Josh Radnor Robin Scherbatsky Cobie Smulders Barney Stinson Neil Patrick Harris Lily Aldrin Alyson Hannigan Marshall Eriksen Jason Segel Tracy McConnell Cristin Milioti Future Ted Bob Saget ( voice , credited ) Character Secondary characters Arthur Hobbs Bob Odenkirk Bob Odenkirk Bob Odenkirk Becky Laura Bell Bundy Laura Bell Bundy Bilson Bryan Callen Bryan Callen Brad Morris Joe Manganiello Joe Manganiello Joe Manganiello The Captain Kyle MacLachlan Kyle MacLachlan Carl MacLaren Joe Nieves Joe Nieves Claudia Bowers Virginia Williams Virginia Williams Virginia Williams Virginia Williams Curtis Roger Bart Daphne Sherri Shepherd Don Frank Benjamin Koldyke Doug Martin Will Sasso Will Sasso Will Sasso Gary Blauman Taran Killam Taran Killam Taran Killam James Stinson Wayne Brady Wayne Brady Wayne Brady Jeanette Peterson Abby Elliott Judy Eriksen Suzie Plakson Suzie Plakson Suzie Plakson Kevin Venkataraghavan Kal Penn Kal Penn Linus Robert Belushi Loretta Stinson Megan Mullally Frances Conroy Frances Conroy Lucy Zinman Darcy Rose Byrnes Luke Mosby David Henrie Marcus Eriksen Ned Rolsma Ned Rolsma Gibson Sjobek ( young ) Marvin W. Eriksen Uncredited Jake Elliott August Maturo Spencer Ralston Marvin Eriksen Bill Fagerbakke Bill Fagerbakke Mickey Aldrin Chris Elliott Nick Podarutti Michael Trucco Michael Trucco Nora Nazanin Boniadi Nazanin Boniadi Patrice Ellen D. Williams Penny Mosby Lyndsy Fonseca Quinn Garvey Becki Newton Robin Scherbatsky Sr . Eric Braeden Ray Wise Ranjit Singh Marshall Manesh Sandy Rivers Alexis Denisof Alexis Denisof Scooter David Burtka David Burtka David Burtka Stella Zinman Sarah Chalke Sarah Chalke Stuart Bowers Matt Boren Matt Boren Matt Boren Matt Boren Victoria Ashley Williams Ashley Williams Virginia Mosby Cristine Rose Cristine Rose Cristine Rose Wendy the Waitress Charlene Amoia Zoey Pierson Jennifer Morrison Jennifer Morrison Notes : ^ 1 `` The Mother '' was played by various stunt actresses ( including Jennifer Birmingham and the show 's director , Pamela Fryman ) throughout the series until Cristin Milioti assumed the role for the season 8 finale . ^ 2 Cristin Milioti was promoted to series regular in season 9 after a brief guest appearance in season 8 . ^ 3 Scenes featuring David Henrie and Lyndsy Fonseca were recycled footage beginning with season 3 , although unreleased footage filmed in 2006 was used in season 9 . ^ 4 Marvin W. Eriksen has been played by several actors , some uncredited , at different ages varying from babyhood to adulthood . Main characters ( edit ) Ted Mosby ( edit ) Main article : Ted Mosby Josh Radnor Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Josh Radnor , Theodore Evelyn `` Ted '' Mosby ( born on April 25 , 1978 ) is a romantic , originally searching for `` The One '' and often discussing destiny and `` The Universe '' controlling things . Ted grew up in Shaker Heights , Ohio with parents Virginia Mosby and Alfred Mosby . He is an architect who graduated from Wesleyan University , where he met Marshall and Lily . Ted also serves as the show 's narrator from the future , voiced by Bob Saget , as he tells his children a detailed story , with the premise of explaining how he met their mother . A brief history of Ted includes being left at the altar , taking a job as an architecture professor and designing the new headquarters for Goliath National Bank . Ted has dated many people and been in several long - term relationships . Ted has an on - again , off - again relationship with Robin . Ted also dated Victoria , Stella , Zoey and Jeanette . Ted finally gets to meet his wife - to - be , Tracy , on the day of Barney and Robin 's wedding , after accidentally teaching one of her college classes , owning her yellow umbrella for a short time , and dating her roommate . When he ran into Tracy 's roommate ( Cindy ) , it led to Tracy 's band performing at Barney and Robin 's wedding . In the finale , it is discovered his wife died six years earlier . His children claim his story was not about their mother but about Robin ; they urge him to get back together with her and he does , bringing the iconic blue French horn with him . Robin Scherbatsky ( edit ) Main article : Robin Scherbatsky Cobie Smulders Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Cobie Smulders , Robin ( born on July 23 , 1980 ) works as a news reporter for various stations , ending up at World Wide News . She is originally from Vancouver , British Columbia and is a fan of the Vancouver Canucks . Robin was named after her father , who she has some issues with as he wanted a male child . She and Ted have an on - again , off - again relationship there was some sexual tension between them throughout the third season , most obviously when Robin brought home her boyfriend Gael from a trip to Argentina . The subject of four episodes , Robin was a teen pop singer named Robin Sparkles . Her first boyfriend was Simon , who starred in her second music video . In season 4 , Robin moves in with Ted after leaving her short - lived job in Japan . During `` The Leap '' , she and Barney pursue a relationship , but it soon ends . Robin is frequently made fun of for her tendency to laugh while lying , as well as her references to places and history exclusive to Canada , such as Mount Waddington or Danby 's . Though she has stated explicitly that she does not like children , Future Ted mentioned that she eventually grew to like them and even became close to Ted 's children . After being unemployed for a while , Robin found out that she would be deported from America if she did not get a job . Barney helped her land a job for an early morning show in `` The Possimpible '' . Soon after she started she got a co-host named Don whom she originally disliked . However , she grew to like him and they dated for a while . In `` False Positive '' , Robin worked as a researcher for World Wide News and eventually moved up to co-anchor after hosting a New Year 's Eve show . It is revealed in the season 7 finale that Robin married Barney . They divorce after three years of marriage . In 2030 , Robin is shown to be living with her dogs in New York when she gets asked out by Ted , a six - year widower by then . Barney Stinson ( edit ) Main article : Barney Stinson Neil Patrick Harris Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris , Barnabus `` Barney '' Stinson is a former womanizer . He is known for wearing suits , playing laser tag , performing magic tricks , and overusing catchphrases such as `` Suit up ! '' , `` Legend - wait - for - it - dary '' and `` Challenge accepted ! '' . Barney is the writer of the Bro Code and the Playbook , documenting rules for best friends ( `` bros '' ) and his favorite moves to use on women . Barney was raised by a single mother , Loretta , along with his older brother James . He spent very little time with his father as a child . In season 6 , Barney 's father Jerome returns to his life hoping to make amends for abandoning him as a child . As a young adult , Barney was a long - haired hippie with plans to join the Peace Corps . Soon after his rejection , he saw a flier for a sale on suits , thus beginning his suit addiction . Shortly after , he met Ted Mosby at a urinal and announced that he would `` teach ( Ted ) how to live '' , thus beginning his life with Ted 's group of friends . In season 4 , Barney falls in love with Robin and spends the next season hiding it from her . The two get together in season 5 , but the relationship is short - lived . After their breakup , Barney returns to one - night stands , but sometimes shows regret in ending his relationship with Robin . In `` Desperation Day '' , Robin introduces him to her friend Nora . Barney and Nora have a brief relationship , but it ends because Barney is unwilling to let himself be honest with her about his feelings . Later , they get back together but Barney cheats on Nora with Robin . In `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Barney gets married at some point in the future ; in `` The Magician 's Code '' , the bride is revealed to be Robin . However , Barney and Robin get divorced in 2016 . Barney goes back to having one - night stands , and eventually impregnates a woman . The birth of his daughter , Ellie , effectively causes him to change his ways for good . Lily Aldrin ( edit ) Main article : Lily Aldrin Alyson Hannigan Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Alyson Hannigan , Lily is a kindergarten teacher . She is married to Marshall and grew up in Brooklyn , New York . Like Ted and Marshall , she is a graduate of Wesleyan University and dreams of being an artist ; she has painted naked paintings of Marshall and Barney . Lily has a huge debt problem because of her impulsive shopping ; she is able to hide this from Marshall until they apply for a mortgage in `` Dowisetrepla '' . She is very manipulative , having caused several of Ted 's relationships to end when she disliked his date . It has been shown many times that she can not keep a secret , with a few exceptions : she hides her second pregnancy and keeps Ted 's move to Chicago a secret from everyone but Marshall . Another ongoing joke in the show is her implied bisexuality . Prior to college , Lily dated Scooter . At college , she met Ted and started dating Marshall . She and Marshall were together for 9 years and engaged for almost a year before Lily broke up with Marshall to move to San Francisco for a summer to concentrate on her art . Marshall was so hurt that they stayed separated for a few months after she returned to New York . They eventually get married at the end of season 2 . They move into an apartment in `` Dowisetrepla '' ; previously , they had been living with Ted . They consider children for years before feeling `` ready '' . Lily announces in the season 6 finale that she is pregnant and their first child was revealed to be male in `` Mystery vs. History '' . In the episode `` Good Crazy '' , Lily goes into labor five weeks early and in the episode `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' , gives birth to Marvin . In season eight , Lily accepts a job as The Captain 's art consultant . The Captain later asks her to move to Italy to search for and purchase artwork for his collection ; she and Marshall agree to move there . However , this is the cause of disagreement between the couple for most of the season when Marshall accepts an offer to be a judge without consulting Lily . Lily is revealed to be pregnant with a second child in `` Daisy '' , followed by third child a few years later in `` Last Forever '' . Marshall Eriksen ( edit ) Main article : Marshall Eriksen Jason Segel Appears in all 208 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Jason Segel , Marshall ( born in 1978 ) met Ted and Lily during their freshman year at Wesleyan University . He and Lily began dating during college and got married at the end of season 2 . Marshall is a Columbia Law School graduate originally from Minnesota . Even though he stands at 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) , he is the shortest male member of his family . Marshall became a lawyer because he was interested in environmental protection laws . He accepts a job at a corporate law firm , before joining the legal team at Goliath National Bank , where Barney also works . Marshall is also very good at various games and believes in the paranormal , specifically Sasquatch and the Loch Ness Monster . It is revealed in `` Last Cigarette Ever '' that in the future , he and Lily have a son . In early 2011 , after being told Marshall and Lily are capable of having a baby , Marshall 's dad has a fatal heart attack and dies . For several months after this , he is upset and his friends make an effort to be nicer to him . His first son , born in the episode `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' is named Marvin , after Marshall 's father . Marshall was able to arrive just in time to witness the birth . Marshall eventually is accepted to his dream job , being a judge , after committing to move to Italy with Lily . This leads to constant strife between the couple through most of the final season . However , throughout the first half of the last season , Marshall is on a car ride from Minnesota to Long Island after missing his flight to Barney and Robin 's wedding . In this process , Marshall meets The Mother . The Mother ( Tracy mcconnell ) ( edit ) Main article : The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Cristin Milioti Appears in eight episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character , appears in 14 episodes from `` Something New '' to `` Last Forever '' Portrayed by Cristin Milioti , the Mother is the title character of the series ; Ted 's narration of the series is based around how he met her . While several clues about the Mother are revealed throughout the series ( including the story of the yellow umbrella ) , she is not fully seen until the season - eight finale , `` Something New '' . Season 9 reveals more about the Mother through several flashforwards throughout the season and the 200th episode , `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , which shows the years 2005 through 2013 from her perspective . In that episode , it is revealed that her boyfriend Max died on her 21st birthday and that she refrained from dating in the years following ; her first boyfriend after Max , Louis , proposed to her the night before Barney and Robin 's wedding , but she rejected , allowing herself to move on . It is the highest rated episode of the series on IMDb . Ted is shown meeting The Mother in the series finale at the Farhampton train station following Barney and Robin 's wedding . They date , get engaged , and have two children called Luke and Penny . In the original ending of the show , The Mother is shown to have been deceased in 2024 . Many fans of the show had become emotionally attached to The Mother . In many scenes throughout the show , it was shown how incredibly perfect Ted and Tracy were for each other and how nice she was to everyone . Her death in the series finale was met with considerable dissatisfaction by many viewers . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition received over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Secondary characters ( edit ) Penny and Luke Mosby ( edit ) First Appearance : `` Pilot '' ; Last Appearance : `` Last Forever '' Penny and Luke are Ted 's children , teenagers in 2030 as Ted narrates the story of how he met their mother . Penny is portrayed by Lyndsy Fonseca while Luke is portrayed by David Henrie . Georgina Bays , the daughter of Carter Bays , has portrayed Ted 's daughter as an infant . Penny and Luke as young children are portrayed by Katie Silverman and Dexter Cross in `` Rally '' . The names of Ted 's children were unknown until `` Unpause '' . Before he had met their mother , Ted had repeatedly expressed the desire to name them Luke and Leia . The children initially appear only in the framing narrative , though Penny appears as an infant in `` Trilogy Time '' , `` Lobster Crawl '' and `` Unpause '' . Both Penny and Luke appear as young children in `` Rally '' , when they greet their parents on New Year 's Day in 2022 . Since the actors playing Ted 's children were going to age quickly , stock footage of them was shot in 2006 , to be used in later episodes . Additionally , footage for the series finale was shot and the actors were made to sign non-disclosure agreements ; Fonseca said in 2013 that she did not `` remember what the secret was '' , although Henrie thought he remembered . A season nine promotional video was filmed with the same actors , now adults , joking that they have been listening to Ted tell the story for eight years , and was first shown at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con . Marvin W. Eriksen ( edit ) Appears in 27 episodes from `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' to `` Daisy '' Marvin Wait - for - it Eriksen is the son of Lily and Marshall . In `` Challenge Accepted '' , Lily discovers she is pregnant after a long - running storyline of Marshall and Lily trying to have kids . Marvin is born in `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' ; Marshall arrives just in time for the birth . Barney helped Marshall arrive in the hospital , in return for choosing the middle name of the baby : `` Wait - for - it '' . Marvin appears in many episodes after that , usually causing Marshall and Lily to become stressed and sleep deprived . In `` Who Wants to be a Godparent ? '' , Ted , Barney and Robin all become godparents of Marvin . `` Bedtime Stories '' is based around Marvin going to sleep . Marvin has been played by twins , and several actors have been credited as playing him ; Jake Elliott , August Maturo and Spencer Ralston have played the part of Marvin during various flashforwards . Craig Thomas said that they were `` tending to the fact that ( Marshall and Lily ) have a baby more than other shows have '' , although Marvin `` does n't take over the show . '' Ranjit singh ( edit ) Appears in 22 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Played by Marshall Manesh , Ranjit is a cab driver from Bangladesh . He drives the main characters around during several significant moments of their lives ; for instance , he drives Marshall and Lily in a limo shortly after they are married and helps Ted with a `` two - minute date '' in `` Ten Sessions '' . In `` The Sexless Innkeeper '' , he and his wife Falguni go on a double date with Marshall and Lily , although they do not enjoy it . He also appears in episodes such as `` The Limo '' , `` Rabbit or Duck '' , `` The Goat '' and `` Three Days of Snow '' . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Future Ted reveals that Ranjit became rich through investments and bought a limo service . Ranjit is the only recurring character to appear in all nine seasons . Carl MacLaren ( edit ) Appears in 20 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Last Forever '' Played by Joe Nieves , Carl is the bartender at MacLaren 's , which is frequented by the main characters . Carl 's last name is MacLaren and he owns the bar . Carl eventually has a son who helps him at MacLaren 's . Joe Nieves received the part after the scene he was supposed to be in was cut from the pilot but no one had told him , and he turned up on set in a police officer costume . As no one wanted to tell him that they had cut his scene , they gave him the role of Carl . Carl is named after one of the assistants to the producers . Wendy ( edit ) Appears in 17 episodes from `` Return of the Shirt '' to `` Garbage Island '' Played by Charlene Amoia , Wendy is a waitress from MacLaren 's bar . Characterized as sweet and somewhat naive , she is well liked by the main characters . Barney once had a brief relationship with her . It is also revealed in `` Garbage Island '' that Wendy the Waitress falls in love and is later married to Marshall 's ex-co worker Meeker ( Daniel G. O'Brien ) who found out at the time they both hate Marshall after his `` Go Green '' fiasco . She and Meeker have three kids . Victoria ( edit ) Appears in 16 episodes from `` The Wedding '' to `` Sunrise '' Played by Ashley Williams . A baker at The Buttercup Bakery , Victoria meets Ted in `` The Wedding '' at the wedding reception of Ted 's friends , for whom Victoria had baked the wedding cake . They agree to spend the evening together anonymously in order to preserve the memory of the night , despite their attraction to one another . However , Ted quickly finds her and they begin an intense romantic relationship . The relationship is complicated when Victoria is offered a cooking fellowship in Germany and they attempt to remain together in a long - distance relationship . However , Ted kisses Robin and they break up . Victoria reappears in Ted 's life seven years later , when she is catering the Architect 's Ball that Ted is attending at the end of `` The Naked Truth '' . During their reunion , Ted apologizes for cheating on her and she accepts his apology . However , he becomes upset when he learns that she began dating Klaus , whom she met not long after arriving in Germany , almost immediately after they broke up . During their ensuing argument , they begin to remember what they loved about their relationship together and end up kissing . Victoria responds to the kiss with the revelation that Klaus intends to propose to her soon and she and Ted part on amicable terms , though she also warns Ted that his existing relationships with Robin and Barney are stopping him from finding his true love . In `` The Magician 's Code '' , Ted , having recently reconciled with Robin , follows her suggestion to contact Victoria in hopes of learning if she ever got married . When they meet , Ted is stunned to see that Victoria has secretly run away from her wedding to Klaus . Recalling his own experience at being left at the altar by Stella , Ted attempts to have Victoria return to her wedding to at least inform Klaus that she has run away , but they learn that Klaus has also run away from the wedding , as he has realized that he and Victoria are not meant to be together . Ted and Victoria 's renewed relationship is short - lived ; when Ted proposes to her , she presents an ultimatum : he must end his friendship with Robin to be with her . Unwilling to give up his friendship with Robin , Victoria breaks up with him . She is later revealed to have returned to Germany and sends him Robin 's locket , which she had taken with her . Bays and Thomas planned to have Victoria as a backup Mother in case CBS decided to cancel the series after season 2 . Another possible storyline was Williams wearing a fat suit to portray Victoria having become , according to Bays , `` enormously fat '' because of her baking career . Victoria was described as Ted 's best girlfriend by People magazine . Judy Eriksen ( edit ) Appears in 15 episodes from `` Belly Full of Turkey '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Suzie Plakson , Judy Eriksen is the mother of Marshall . Married to the late Marvin Eriksen , she has three children : Marvin , Marcus and Marshall . She lives in St. Cloud , Minnesota and is known to have a tense , sometimes adversarial relationship with Lily , leaving Marshall torn as he loves Lily , but has trouble understanding how she could dislike his mother . In `` The Over-Correction , '' she begins a sexual relationship with Lily 's father , Mickey . James Stinson ( edit ) Appears in 13 episodes from `` Single Stamina '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Wayne Brady , James is Barney 's gay African - American half - brother ; they are very alike and act as each other 's `` wingmen '' . This changes when James meets Tom , his future husband . Barney tries to stop his brother from marrying but changes his mind when he learns that they are adopting a baby . James marries Tom and they have a son named Eli . In the season 6 episode `` Cleaning House , '' James finds out his father is Sam Gibbs after he and Barney discover an unsent letter that their mother Loretta addressed to him . At the end of `` The Rebound Girl '' , it is revealed that James and Tom have adopted an infant daughter named Sadie . In `` Coming Back '' , James announces that he is getting a divorce after Tom discovered him cheating . Robin wins James ' wedding ring in `` The Poker Game '' and refuses to give it back because James has been saying that she and Barney should not get married . Barney initially stands by his brother , but then realizes that James ' selfishness is what caused his own marriage to fail . James reveals that Gary Blauman was one of the guys that he cheated on Tom with in `` Gary Blauman '' . Future Ted explains to his children that James and Tom did eventually get back together , and raised Eli and Sadie as a happy family . Zoey Pierson ( edit ) Appears in 13 episodes from `` Architect Of Destruction '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by Jennifer Morrison . One of Ted 's girlfriends . Ted first meets Zoey when she was an activist protesting the destruction of a historic New York building , in `` Architect of Destruction '' . At first Ted is attracted to her , even though he is the architect responsible for the building 's demolition . However , when she discovers this fact , she turns on him , and the two develop a mutually antagonistic relationship . In `` Natural History '' , Ted meets her rich husband , who calls himself The Captain , at a black - tie event at a museum . Zoey spends Thanksgiving hanging out with the gang in `` Blitzgiving '' because her husband is spending it with his daughter ; surprisingly , it is Ted who convinces the group to let her do so , after deducing that she is hurting by her stepdaughter 's rejection of her . Zoey is ( by marriage ) a van Smoot , whose family is shown to have owned the mansion in which Marshall and Lily were married , and an apartment in the Alberta building . In `` Oh Honey '' , Zoey divorces the Captain and Zoey gets together with Ted . However , they break up in `` Landmarks '' due to tensions caused by the Arcadian . She appears in `` Challenge Accepted '' , where she unsuccessfully tries reuniting with Ted . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Future Ted reveals that Zoey continued campaigning for various causes . Patrice ( edit ) Appears in 12 episodes from `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Ellen D. Williams , Patrice is a World Wide News employee , often shouted down by Robin who is annoyed by her efforts to be best friends . In season 8 , Patrice joins Barney 's `` The Robin '' play by pretending to date him . In `` Gary Blauman '' , it is shown that Patrice later moves on to becoming a radio talk show host . Marvin Eriksen ( edit ) Appears in 12 episodes from `` Belly Full of Turkey '' to `` Sunrise '' Played by Bill Fagerbakke , Marvin Eriksen is : Judy 's husband ; the father of Marvin , Marcus and Marshall ; father - in - law of Lily ; grandfather of Marshall and Lily 's three children and Marcus and Sarah 's children , Marcus Jr. and Martin . He was very close to Marshall and the rest of his family prior to his passing in early 2011 . After `` Last Words '' , set at Marvin 's funeral , Carter Bays stated that they intended to bring back Bill Fagerbakke as Marshall 's father in future episodes during flashbacks . He later appeared in five episodes as a `` ghost '' imagined by Marshall . Nora ( edit ) Appears in 11 episodes from `` Desperation Day '' to `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' Played by Nazanin Boniadi , Nora is an English co-worker of Robin 's who meets Barney the day before Valentine 's Day . Though he is interested in her , Barney is reluctant to admit it , despite Robin 's encouragement . During his first formal date with Nora , she reveals her wishes to eventually marry and settle down and invites him to meet her parents , both of which Barney accepts as things he wants . At the end of their date , however , he tells her that his words were a lie and criticizes Nora 's dreams , which seemingly ends the relationship . Though Barney is convinced that he was lying to her , he later realizes that he does want to marry and settle down . He gets a second chance with Nora , when he convinces her that he will be honest in their relationship . They start dating but break up in `` Tick Tick Tick '' after Barney confesses to cheating on her with Robin . Mickey Aldrin ( edit ) Appears in 11 episodes from `` Slapsgiving 2 : Revenge of the Slap '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Chris Elliott , Mickey Aldrin is Lily 's father . Obsessed with attempting to launch Aldrin Games , his unsuccessful board game creator business , he was frequently absent , distant , and unreliable throughout her childhood . He and Lily did not have a close relationship during the first few seasons . As the series progressed he gradually redeems himself . He eventually moves in with Marshall and Lily at Lily 's grandparents ' home in Long Island . Once there he refuses to leave his childhood home , despite being unwelcome ; he does eventually agree to leave at Lily and Marshall 's insistence , although they let him stay after he makes pancakes for them . From then on his eccentric hobbies make him an occasional nuisance in the household , eventually accidentally burning the house down after Marshall and Lily had returned to the apartment . This leads to him joining them in Manhattan and despite Lily 's expectations , he proves very helpful in looking after his grandson Marvin W. Eriksen . He reveals that he had taken much better care of Lily prior to her going to school ; only when she started kindergarten and he found himself at loose ends did he go to the racetrack on a whim , where he developed a gambling addiction . Linus ( edit ) Appears in 11 season 9 episodes from `` Coming Back '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Robert Belushi , Linus is a bartender at the Farhampton Inn . Lily pays him $100 to make sure she always has a drink in her hand during the weekend of Barney and Robin 's wedding . Throughout season 9 , he is constantly seen handing her drinks followed by Lily saying `` Thank you , Linus '' . It is revealed in `` Daisy '' that these drinks are non-alcoholic as Lily is pregnant . Stella zinman ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` Ten Sessions '' to `` Sunrise '' Played by Sarah Chalke , Stella is Ted 's dermatologist , who removes his ill - advised butterfly tattoo . He attempts to convince her to date him over the course of the episode `` Ten Sessions '' . Stella initially refuses , wanting to focus on her daughter Lucy , but eventually agrees to go on a two - minute lunch date . They start dating soon after . In the last episode of season three , Ted proposes to Stella , and in the season - four premiere , she accepts . In `` Shelter Island '' , after her sister 's wedding falls apart , Ted and she agree to take over the wedding . She ends up leaving Ted at the altar and getting back together with Tony , her ex-boyfriend and father of Lucy . She later appears in `` Right Place Right Time '' , where she is still with Tony . Kevin venkataraghavan ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by Kal Penn , Kevin is originally introduced as Robin 's therapist but later becomes her boyfriend . She cheats on him with Barney , although he never discovers this . He proposed to Robin before she told him of her infertility . He still wanted to marry her , suggesting they could adopt or use a surrogate but when Robin made it clear to him that she did not want to have any children , they broke up . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Future Ted says that Kevin ended up with Jeanette . Quinn garvey ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` The Drunk Train '' to `` The Bro Mitzvah '' Played by Becki Newton , Quinn is a romantic interest for Barney in season 7 , as she has a scheming personality similar to him . Barney becomes interested in her without realizing she is a stripper at the Lusty Leopard , despite being a frequent patron . Quinn initially scams Barney out of a large amount of money , but gives Barney a chance . Due to Barney 's insecurity , she quits her job as a stripper and accommodates most of his demands regarding his apartment when she moves in with him . Barney proposes to her in `` The Magician 's Code '' . However , due to their inability to trust one another , they break up in `` The Pre-Nup '' . Quinn makes a brief return in `` The Bro Mitzvah '' . Sandy rivers ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` Nothing Good Happens After 2 A.M. '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by Alexis Denisof , Alyson Hannigan 's real life husband , Sandy is a narcissistic lecherous anchorman . He debuts as Robin 's colleague at Metro News One and spares no opportunity to ask her out . Ted and Marshall make fun of him during his segments . He resigns from the network to take up a job at CNN but recommends Robin to succeed him as lead anchor . Sandy and Robin cross paths again in season 6 as colleagues at World Wide News , where he is often seen hitting on young female interns . Sandy 's inappropriate behavior ruins his career in the US and he does not change his ways even as he anchors a news show in Russia . Marcus Eriksen ( edit ) Appears in 10 episodes from `` Belly Full of Turkey '' to `` Something New '' Marcus Eriksen is one of Marshall 's brothers , known for pranking Marshall . He and the rest of his brothers often played roughly with each other . In `` Who Wants to be a Godparent ? '' , Marcus left his wife and two children for his dream job of being a bartender . Marcus is often seen at family events such as his father 's funeral . Loretta Stinson ( edit ) Appears in 9 episodes from `` The Stinsons '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Frances Conroy , Loretta is Barney 's mother . Prior to her first proper appearance , she appeared from the neck down voiced by Megan Mullally in `` Single Stamina '' and `` Showdown '' . Loretta had a very promiscuous lifestyle and neither Barney nor James know who their real fathers are until they are adults . She also tends to tell ridiculous lies to her sons to cover up bad news , such as saying Barney 's father is Bob Barker . So that his mother would not worry about him , Barney hired actors to pretend to be his family ; when he is forced to reveal the truth in `` The Stinsons '' , Loretta is not upset . She returns in `` Cleaning House '' : the gang go to her home as she is planning to move . Though she had hidden the identities of James and Barney 's fathers so that she could be both mother and father to them , she eventually discloses who both of their fathers are . Arthur hobbs ( edit ) Appears in 9 episodes from `` The Chain of Screaming '' to `` The Pre-Nup '' Played by Bob Odenkirk , Arthur is a boss at Goliath National Bank and was also Marshall 's boss at Nicholson , Hewitt & West . Due to his habit of screaming at his employees , he is nicknamed `` Artillery Arthur . '' He has a dog named Tugboat . Virginia Mosby ( edit ) Appears in 8 episodes from `` Brunch '' to `` Sunrise '' Played by Cristine Rose . Virginia is Ted 's mother , married to Alfred for 30 years before they get divorced . She marries Clint in `` Home Wreckers '' . Barney jokes on several occasions that he had sex with Virginia , although it is revealed in `` Unpause '' that they only shared a kiss . Alfred Mosby ( edit ) Appears in `` Brunch '' and Last Words Played by Michael Gross . Alfred is Ted 's father , married to Virginia for 30 years before they get divorced . He shares similar views on romance to Ted , being described as a `` head - in - the - clouds romantic '' by Virginia . Daphne ( edit ) Appears in 8 season 9 episodes from `` The Locket '' to `` Mom and Dad '' Played by Sherri Shepherd . When she , Marshall and Marvin get kicked off a plane , they spend the first half of season 9 travelling together . Marshall gets to know Daphne through the journey ; she has a daughter and is worried that she is not a good mother . Brad Morris ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Ted Mosby : Architect '' to `` Twelve Horny Women '' Played by Joe Manganiello , Brad is a friend of Marshall from law school . Brad and Marshall begin to hang out after they both discover they are single , following breakups with their respective girlfriends , Kara and Lily . The bromance between Brad and Marshall becomes increasingly awkward after they go to brunch and a musical together . Eventually , Brad gets back together with his girlfriend . He attends Marshall 's bachelor party and wedding and gets punched in the face by Barney when he tries to kiss Robin , although he bears no hard feelings . He appears in `` The Stamp Tramp '' , claiming to be in need of help but later revealing that he is the opposition lawyer in a big court case , putting Marshall 's job at risk . The trial takes place in `` Twelve Horny Women '' and Gruber Pharmaceuticals are found guilty but only have to pay $25,000 , because the judge is biased due to his attraction to Brad ; this leads to Marshall becoming a judge , as he realizes that is the position from which to effect the most change . His image appears in a flash forward in `` Rally '' when a news report shows him leading in exit polls over Marshall for New York State Supreme Court Judge in 2020 . The Captain ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Natural History '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Kyle MacLachlan , George van Smoot ( known by his nickname `` The Captain '' ) is introduced as Zoey Pierson 's husband at a gala at the Natural History Museum . He is obsessed with boats , an interest that Zoey does not share . Despite the Captain 's frightening demeanor , such as the murderous look he has in his eyes , he proves to be generous , if rather eccentric ; he is also seen to be somewhat shy because of the apparent age gap between him and most of Zoey 's peers . While he comes to like Ted , Ted 's fear of the Captain is exacerbated by the fact that Ted and Zoey are attracted to one another . Zoey eventually divorces the Captain and leaves him for Ted . A year after Ted breaks up with Zoey , the Captain unexpectedly runs into Ted , Robin and Lily at a gallery show . He reveals that he holds no hard feelings for Ted regarding his divorce with Zoey . During the gallery show , Lily 's advice about artwork , while initially dismissed by the Captain , proves to be invaluable and the Captain ends up hiring Lily as his new art consultant in `` The Ashtray '' . He announces his intention to move to Rome for a year and asks for Lily and her family to accompany him ; following a fight between Marshall and Lily , they do live in Italy for a year . The Captain has three Olympic gold medals in fencing and ends up engaged to Becky . Nick podarutti ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Hopeless '' to `` Splitsville '' Played by Michael Trucco , Nick is a love interest of Robin . They originally met in a clothes shop and later came face - to - face in a bar called `` Hopeless '' . Each had a crush on the other . Although Nick was supposed to be a recurring character in season 7 , Michael Trucco could not return as he was playing Justin Patrick in the second season of Fairly Legal . Instead , he began dating Robin in season 8 . Nick is characterized as overly emotional and unintelligent , and in `` Splitsville '' , Robin begins to get annoyed by these traits ( Nick 's groin injury prevents the two from having sex , so she begins to notice his personality more ) . They break up in the same episode , after Barney makes an impassioned speech about being in love with Robin ; although he tells her that he was lying , it is later revealed he was telling the truth . Robin Sr. ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Happily Ever After '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Eric Braeden in `` Happily Ever After '' and Ray Wise in all other appearances , Robin Charles Scherbatsky Sr. is an overbearing father who wanted a son . When the baby ( Robin ) turned out to be a girl , he raises her as a son , teaching her stereotypically male activities such as hunting . Robin Sr expresses his disappointment of his daughter over the years ; he has very little contact with her , becoming married without telling her . The two eventually reconcile . Bilson ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Life Among the Gorillas '' to `` The Leap '' Played by Bryan Callen . He works for Goliath National Bank as Barney and Marshall 's co-worker and fires Ted when he designed an Employee Termination Room that was too `` inspired '' . Scooter ( edit ) Appears in 7 episodes from `` Best Prom Ever '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by David Burtka , Neil Patrick Harris ' real life husband , Scooter is Lily 's old high - school boyfriend and is obsessed with her . They broke up during their high - school prom after being in a relationship for a long time . Scooter appears over several seasons , during which he fails to win back Lily at her wedding , works as a waiter in a fine - dining restaurant and as a cafeteria server at her school . A flashback shows that Lily intimidated Scooter into hanging out with her during her days as a bully in 1994 . Scooter eventually marries Lily 's doppelganger , Jasmine the stripper . Gary Blauman ( edit ) Appears in 6 episodes from `` Life Among the Gorillas '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' Played by Taran Killam , Cobie Smulders ' real life husband , Gary was Barney and Marshall 's coworker until he quit . In `` The Chain of Screaming '' , Barney claims his life went downhill after being fired and that he eventually died . However , Blauman appears in later episodes ; he inexplicably starts hanging out with Bilson when the two of them start working for Goliath National Bank . In `` Gary Blauman '' , it is revealed that he slept with Barney 's brother James , in an affair leading to Tom and James nearly getting divorced . Don Frank ( edit ) Appears in 6 episodes from `` The Playbook '' to `` Doppelgangers '' Played by Benjamin Koldyke , Don is Robin 's boyfriend and co-anchor in season 5 , despite Robin originally disliking him . Robin decides to move into his apartment in `` Twin Beds '' . She is offered a job in Chicago but decides to stay for him . When offered the same job , Don accepts . In `` Unfinished '' , a drunken Robin is shown calling him , leaving death threats as she never got over their breakup . Doug Martin ( edit ) Appears in 6 episodes from `` Pilot '' to `` Tailgate '' Played by Will Sasso , Doug is an angry , violent bartender who beats up three men for sitting in the gang 's booth . Although he appears in the background of several significant events , he is only pointed out by Future Ted in `` The Fight '' . Jeanette peterson ( edit ) Appears in 5 episodes from `` P.S. I Love You '' to `` Gary Blauman '' Played by Abby Elliott , Jeanette is the last person Ted dates before The Mother . A New York Police Department officer who stalks Ted for roughly a year and a half after he was featured in a magazine , Jeanette is described by the gang as `` crazy '' after she messes up Ted 's apartment , destroys Barney 's Playbook and throws Robin 's locket off a bridge . It is revealed in `` Gary Blauman '' that she ended up with Kevin the psychiatrist . Becky ( edit ) Appears in 5 episodes from `` Subway Wars '' to `` Daisy '' Played by Laura Bell Bundy , Becky is Robin 's replacement co-anchor for Don Frank at the morning talk show Come On , Get Up New York ! , and starts to eclipse Robin in the show . Her hyperactivity and cheerfulness wins over the production staff , but Robin dislikes her as she fails to remain professional on camera . In `` Canning Randy '' , she does a commercial about boats , giving her the nickname `` Boats Boats Boats '' . She marries The Captain . Curtis ( edit ) Appears in 5 season 9 episodes from `` Coming Back '' to `` Vesuvius '' Played by Roger Bart . He is the front desk clerk at the Farhampton Inn , who works there until at least 2024 . He is unintentionally condescending to Ted upon learning he is single . When The Mother shows up at the inn in the middle of the night , he gives her a key to Robin 's mother 's empty room . Claudia and Stuart bowers ( edit ) First Appearance : `` The Wedding '' ; Last Appearance : `` The Poker Game '' Claudia and Stuart are played by Virginia Williams and Matt Boren . Claudia and Stuart are about to get married when they make their first appearance . While Stuart is an easy - going , sensitive , and plain - looking man , Claudia is an attractive , blunt and somewhat high - strung woman ; despite their differences , they have a good relationship . As their wedding approaches , Claudia becomes increasingly stressed and refuses to allow Ted to bring Robin as a last - minute date to the wedding . Ted persuades Stuart , behind Claudia 's back , to allow him to bring Robin . Claudia and Stuart argue over this and break up before the wedding , although Marshall manages to convince them to get back together . The couple make minor recurring appearances afterward . Stuart attends Marshall 's bachelor party in `` Bachelor Party '' and briefly appears in `` Intervention '' . In `` Baby Talk '' , he and Claudia are seen to have a daughter named Esther . Stuart makes another appearance in `` The Over-Correction '' , where Ted blames him for failing to return Ted 's red cowboy boots . In `` The Poker Game '' , Stuart claims to have given Marshall and Lily a coffeemaker for their wedding , when it was really Ted 's present . In that episode it is also revealed that Stuart has been cheating on Claudia . The doppelgängers ( edit ) In `` Double Date '' , Ted mentions that the group has seen people who look exactly like them . This theme of five doppelgängers , one for each of the main characters ( excluding The Mother ) , continues throughout several episodes . The first three doppelgängers are seen in `` Double Date '' . `` Moustache Marshall '' appears on an advert on the side of a bus , and is spotted by Barney in MacLaren 's . `` Lesbian Robin '' is seen in the streets of New York . `` Stripper Lily '' ( known by the name `` Jasmine '' ) works at the Lusty Leopard and also appears in `` 46 Minutes '' and `` Gary Blauman '' , eventually marrying Scooter . `` Mexican Wrestler Ted '' is discovered in `` Robots Versus Wrestlers '' . Barney 's doppelgänger is the most significant ; Lily and Marshall want a sign from `` the universe '' that they are ready to have children , and agree to start trying once they see Barney 's double . In `` Doppelgangers '' , Marshall meets a cab driver who he thinks is Barney 's doppelgänger , but who turns out to be Barney in disguise . Lily then sees a pretzel vendor and thinks he is the double ; in reality , the vendor looks nothing like Barney but they begin to try to have children as Marshall claims it means that Lily is subconsciously ready to have kids . Barney 's real doppelgänger , Doctor John Stangel , is revealed in `` Bad News '' . He is a fertility doctor , making Lily uncomfortable as she is convinced he is Barney in disguise . Guest stars ( edit ) As themselves Maury Povich in `` Subway Wars '' : a recurring joke in the episode is that the gang see Maury Povich everywhere and he appears in many scenes that occur simultaneously . Regis Philbin , along with Marshall , tries to track down `` The Best Burger in New York '' . He also hosts the fictional show Million Dollar Heads or Tails . Heidi Klum , Alessandra Ambrosio , Marissa Miller , Miranda Kerr and Adrianna Lima of Victoria 's Secret appear in `` The Yips '' . Marshall imagines a conversation between him and pictures of Kim Kardashian , Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag on the front page of his magazine in `` Benefits '' . Scenes were shot on November 12 , 2008 . Boyz II Men ( Wanya Morris , Nathan Morris and Shawn Stockman ) sing `` You Just Got Slapped '' at the end of `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' . Their appearance was described as `` a decent surprise '' by one critic ; another said their cameo `` did n't make sense '' ; a third described it as `` way random '' . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic reads a fan letter from Ted in `` Noretta '' . Ralph Macchio and William Zabka appear in `` The Bro Mitzvah '' as a surprise at Barney 's bachelor party ; William Zabka also appears in 6 other episodes from `` The Broken Code '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' , attending Barney 's wedding . Emmit Smith guest stars in `` Monday Night Football '' : Barney meets him when he tries to find out the Super Bowl result . One critic said his `` 60 - second bit was not funny '' . Jim Nantz appears in `` Perfect Week '' and `` Last Forever -- Part 2 '' ; in both episodes , Barney imagines being interviewed by him . In `` Perfect Week '' , his appearance was complimented by Donna Bowman from The A.V. Club . Frank Viola phones Marshall , who is unable to speak to him because of a jinx , in `` The Final Page -- Part 1 '' . Nick Swisher , a former New York Yankee , walks into MacLaren 's during `` Perfect Week '' . This attracts the attention of the girl Barney was trying to pick up . His appearance on the show was first announced in December 2009 ; his episode aired in February 2010 . Funk musician George Clinton appears in `` Where Were We ? '' , in a scene imagined by Marshall . Robin Pierson said Clinton 's scene was `` pure silliness '' and Marshall 's imaginings were `` just a stupid excuse to give Clinton a part on the show '' . Game show host Bob Barker appears in `` Showdown '' , hosting The Price is Right in which Barney competes . Barney claims Bob Barker is his father , a lie told by his mother . Staci Krause said `` Barney 's emotional closing words to Bob Barker almost brought tears to ( her ) eyes '' . Pierson said `` the writers handled ( Barney 's storyline ) beautifully '' . Tim Gunn appears in 5 episodes from `` Girls Versus Suits '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . First appearing in the 100th episode of the show , he is Barney 's tailor and in season 9 , goes to Farhampton during Barney 's wedding weekend . Tim Gunn designs Barney 's wedding tux ; they play poker together in `` The Poker Game '' and in `` Sunrise '' , a drunk Barney takes Justin and Kyle to Tim Gunn to be fitted for suits . Brian Zoromski said Gunn `` seemed a little bit stilted in his delivery '' ; however , Hannigan said he was `` more popular than Britney Spears '' and that she `` ( wanted ) him back in every episode '' . He was third in a list of best guest stars in the show by Bustle . Alex Trebek appears in `` False Positive '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' . In the former , a Christmas special , he hosts the fictional game show Million Dollar Heads or Tails ; it was announced Trebek would appear in the show on December 13 by TV Guide on November 17 , 2014 . Later , Trebek appeared alongside a number of Canadian guest stars in `` P.S. I Love You '' in an episode centered around `` Robin Sparkles '' . Alan Thicke appears in 5 episodes from `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' to `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' . In the Robin Sparkles music video `` Sandcastles in the Sand , '' he was cast as Sparkles ' dad . In `` The Rough Patch '' , he was hired by Lily to help with a plan to break Robin and Barney up ; one critic said about the episode `` anything Alan Thicke - related was funny '' while another said the highlight of the episode was Thicke telling Barney that he and Robin once worked together on a Canadian variety show . It was revealed in `` Glitter '' that Thicke worked with Robin and Jessica Glitter in the variety show `` Space Teens '' . Thicke appeared in `` P.S. I Love You '' , where he beats Barney easily in a fight , after Barney mistakenly thinks Robin had a crush on Thicke as a teenager . Thicke 's final appearance on the show was in `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' , where he sings a Crash Test Dummies song . However , Thicke also appeared on a website made specifically for the show , CanadianSexActs.org , featured in the episode `` Old King Clancy '' . Jason Priestley , Paul Schaeffer , Geddy Lee , Dave Coulier , k.d. Lang , Luc Robitaille and Steven Page appear in a fictional documentary during `` P.S. I Love You '' ; it was announced these Canadian guest stars would appear in a Robin Sparkles - related episode on January 7 , 2013 , roughly a month before the episode aired . As characters Abby Played by Britney Spears ; appears in `` Ten Sessions '' and `` Everything Must Go '' . Abby is Stella 's receptionist . Very energetic and scatterbrained , she developed an obsessive crush on Ted while he was pursuing Stella . Barney ended up sleeping with her . It was announced Spears would appear on the show in March 2008 ; most critics complimented her acting in `` Ten Sessions '' , with Segel noting that she improvised a few `` really good '' lines . However , her scenes in `` Everything Must Go '' were described as `` rushed and awkward '' , and her character as `` silly '' . An article in Bustle ranked her top in a list of guest stars on How I Met Your Mother . Amy Played by Mandy Moore ; appears in `` Wait for It '' . A girl who Ted meets at MacLaren 's shortly after breaking up with Robin . After committing theft and trespassing in someone else 's home , she takes an intoxicated Ted to get a tattoo , a butterfly on his lower back which his friends call a `` tramp stamp '' . She was described by IGN as `` fantastic in her brief role '' ; Joel Keller of TV Squad originally said Moore `` does n't pull ( her hard - ass role ) off '' , although later said that she was n't too bad . Moore described her kiss with Radnor as `` unbelievably awkward '' , although Radnor said `` she was a really good fake kisser '' . Anita Appleby Played by Jennifer Lopez ; appears in `` Of Course '' . Anita has written a book about dating , encouraging women to `` train '' men and refrain from sex until they have had seventeen dates with a person ; after being interviewed by Robin on the news , Robin hires her to seduce Barney . Gael Played by : Enrique Iglesias , the guy Robin appears with when returning from Argentina after the breakup with Ted . He appears in the first two episodes of the third season , `` Wait For It '' and `` We 're Not from Here '' . Genevieve Scherbatsky Played by Tracey Ullman , Robin 's mother appears in three episodes of season 9 from `` Vesuvius '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . Honey Played by Katy Perry ; appears in `` Oh Honey '' . She is Zoey van Smoot 's cousin , the gullible character who Barney eventually sleeps with . As Future Ted can not recall her real name , she is referred to as `` Honey '' . Perry 's appearance was described as a `` gimmick '' , but still praised . Jessica Glitter Played by Nicole Scherzinger ; appears in `` Glitter '' . She plays an old friend of Robin 's from Canada . Glitter was her character 's name on a Canadian TV show called `` Space Teens '' where she and Robin used math to complete missions in space . Tiffany Played by Carrie Underwood ; appears in `` Hooked '' . Ted is said to be `` on the hook '' for this girl : he is infatuated with her while she is just friends with him . Brian Zoromski of The A.V. Club described her acting as `` decent '' , especially for a `` singer turned actor '' . Other characters ( edit ) `` Blah Blah '' / Carol Played by Abigail Spencer ; appears in `` How I Met Everyone Else '' and `` Gary Blauman '' . She meets Ted on World of Warcraft and when she is introduced to the gang , they spend the night wondering whether she is crazy . Ted calls her `` blah blah '' upon recounting the story to his children in `` How I Met Everyone Else '' , as he can not remember the girl 's name ; this joke was called `` ridiculously funny '' by one critic . She appears again in `` Gary Blauman '' , where Ted suddenly remembers that her name was Carol . Mrs. Buckminster Played by Jane Carr ; appears in `` Nannies '' . She is a `` delightful '' nanny but Marshall and Lily can not afford her salary . Barney tries to pay , but Lily realises she feels uncomfortable leaving Marvin with a stranger . Carly Whittaker Played by Ashley Benson ; appears in `` Ring Up ! '' . She is Barney 's half - sister , whom Ted briefly dates . Cathy Played by Lindsay Price ; appears in `` Spoiler Alert '' . Ted is happy dating Cathy until his friends point out that she never stops talking . Once Ted realises this , it starts to annoy him and they eventually break up . Cindy Played by Rachel Bilson ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Girls Versus Suits '' to `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . She is a PhD candidate who dates Ted . Her roommate turns out to be The Mother . Cindy turns out to be a lesbian and marries Casey . Cindy , who first appears in the show 's 100th episode , `` is very important to the ultimate story '' according to Bays . Coat - Check Girl Played by Jayma Mays ; appears in `` Okay Awesome '' and `` The Time Travelers '' . Ted meets this girl at a dance club , but never calls her ; several years later , he imagines her dropping by at MacLaren 's . Darren Played by Andrew Rannells ; appears in `` Bass Player Wanted '' and `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . Tracy invited him to join her band , and he quickly began to take over it , culminating in him firing Tracy . Darren tries to ruin friendships between Ted and Barney , and Lily and Robin ; one critic said `` his shit - starting added an edge to everybody 's dynamic . '' Daryl Played by Seth Green in `` The Final Page -- Part 1 '' . A friend from their college days , Daryl became obsessed with Lily and Marshall . He runs a successful business selling Hacky Sacks . Max Nicholson said `` Daryl 's `` Hackmigos '' bit was a little bizarre , but funny . '' Garrison Cootes Played by Martin Short ; appears in 3 episodes from `` The Naked Truth '' to `` The Burning Beekeeper '' . He is Marshall 's `` workaholic boss '' and an `` environmental pixie '' at the Natural Resources Defense Council . It was announced that Short would appear on the show playing Marshall 's boss in June 2011 . Genevieve Scherbatsky Played by Tracey Ullman ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Vesuvius '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . She is Robin 's mother , but the gang know very little about her until she is finally seen in season 9 . Nicholson described her scene in `` Vesuvius '' as `` an appearance that fans have been waiting to see since the season began '' . Hammond Druthers Played by Bryan Cranston ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Aldrin Justice '' to `` Platonish '' . Druthers is a condescending architect who is Ted 's boss at their architecture firm . Druthers designs a building in Spokane , Washington that , according to Ted and Lily , looks like an erect penis ; their client accepts Ted 's design instead . Druthers is then forced to work under Ted . It was announced in 2013 that Cranston would return to the show . In the ninth season ( during `` Platonish '' ) , Druthers offers Ted a new job but Ted declines ; an editor for Vulture criticized Cranston 's appearance in this episode . Janice Aldrin Played by Meagen Fay ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Bachelor Party '' to `` The Sexless Innkeeper '' . Janice is Lily 's mother , who divorced Lily 's father ( Mickey ) in 1985 . She and Lily do not have a good relationship . Jen Played by Lindsay Sloane ; appears in `` Double Date '' . Ted and Jen are set up on a blind date in 2002 and again in 2009 . Jefferson Coatsworth Played by John Cho ; appears in `` I 'm Not That Guy '' . He interviews Marshall for the Nicholson , Hewitt & West law firm . Jenkins Played by Amanda Peet ; appears in `` Jenkins '' . Jenkins is a lawyer at Goliath National Bank . She kisses Marshall when drunk and is attacked by Lily when she finds out . Jerome Whittaker Played by John Lithgow ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Legendaddy '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . Barney begins to wonder who his real father is after James meets his own biological father in `` Cleaning House '' . Though Barney refuses Loretta 's initial offer to reveal his father , he discovers in `` Natural History '' that it is Jerome , although Barney was told as a child that Jerome was his uncle . Barney is disappointed that Jerome is a `` lame suburban dad '' . Jerome has a wife named Cheryl and two children : J.J. ( Jerome Junior ) and Carly . Kara Played by Aisha Kabia ; appears in `` Ted Mosby : Architect '' and `` World 's Greatest Couple '' . Marshall 's friend from law school and Brad 's old girlfriend . Karen Played by Laura Prepon ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Sorry , Bro '' to `` Say Cheese '' , as well as being mentioned in several others . Ted 's first real girlfriend , Karen is depicted as highly sarcastic and snooty , which results in Marshall and Lily loathing her . The feeling is mutual , as Karen also has a low opinion of Ted 's friends . Karen enjoys berets , Bordeaux wine and Baudelaire 's erotic poetry . While Ted is deeply in love with her , Karen cheats on him every time she wants to break up . Karen is often described by critics as `` Ted 's worst girlfriend '' . Katie Scherbatsky Played by Lucy Hale ; appears in 4 episodes from `` First Time in New York '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . Katie visits Robin ( her sister ) in New York and Robin reacts badly when she discovers Katie is planning to lose her virginity to a boy named Kyle . Bustle ranked her second in a list of best guest stars in the series . Klaus Played by Thomas Lennon ; appears in `` Farhampton '' and `` The Pre-Nup '' . Klaus is Victoria 's fiancé . They were classmates at Victoria 's culinary fellowship in Germany but enter a relationship roughly a day after Ted and Victoria break up . He appears on - screen in `` Farhampton '' as Victoria 's groom , but both of them get cold feet at their wedding . The failure of the wedding sends Klaus into a spiral and he briefly stays at Ted 's apartment . Professor Lewis Played by Jane Seymour ; appears in `` Aldrin Justice '' . Professor Lewis is Marshall 's recently divorced law professor who is considered a `` cougar '' by Barney . He has sex with her several times . Liddy Gates Played by Mircea Monroe ; appears in `` Romeward Bound '' . She is Barney and Robin 's wedding planner , and has a `` ridonkulous '' body according to Ted and Barney . Mary Played by Erinn Bartlett ; appears in `` Mary the Paralegal '' . Although she is a paralegal , Barney tells Ted she is a prostitute . After initially refusing , Ted tries to have sex with Mary but when he calls her a prostitute she slaps him . Maggie Wilks Played by JoAnna Garcia Swisher ; appears in `` The Window '' . She is described by Ted as so perfect that every person that meets her falls in love with her . Ted tries three times to start a relationship with her , between her long - term relationships with other men , but fails each time as when he arrives she is already dating another man . Marissa Heller Played by Darby Stanchfield ; appears in `` Robots Versus Wrestlers '' . She used to live in Ted and Marshall 's apartment and they occasionally receive mail supposed to go to her . Mrs. Matsen Played by Renee Taylor ; appears in 3 episodes from `` As Fast As She Can '' to `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 2 '' . She is Ted 's neighbor and helps Marshall reunite Ted and Zoe in `` Oh Honey '' . Max Played by Geoff Stults ; appears in `` Subway Wars '' and `` Architect of Destruction '' . He dated Robin briefly . ' Crazy ' Meg Played by April Bowlby ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Dowisetrepla '' to `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' . A girl who appears obsessed with commitment , Meg initially hooks up with Barney in an apartment that Marshall and Lily later buy , but was arrested for trespassing when Barney leaves her there . In `` The Rough Patch '' , she is part of Lily 's plan to break up Robin and Barney , with whom she is still obsessed . Naomi the ' Slutty Pumpkin ' Played by Katie Holmes ; appears in `` The Slutty Pumpkin Returns '' , after being the subject of `` Slutty Pumpkin '' . After meeting her at a Halloween party ten years earlier , Ted believed that they were very compatible but lost the candy bar where she had written her phone number . For years , Ted wore the same costume and attended the same party in hopes of running into her again . By chance , he finally finds her costume and tracks her down , but finds that they are not as well - matched as they believed . They break up . Nate `` Scooby '' Scooberman Played by Robbie Amell ; appears in `` A Change of Heart '' and `` The Exploding Meatball Sub '' . Robin finds this enthusiastic guy in the park and is slow to realize his dog - like qualities . Nora Zinman Played by Danneel Ackles ; appears in `` Shelter Island '' . Nora is Stella 's sister . After her fiancé ran off , Stella offered to take over her sister 's wedding with Ted . Penelope Played by Amy Acker ; appears in `` Come On '' . A girl who hooked up with Barney twice , Penelope tries to teach Ted how to do a rain dance . PJ Played by Ryan Sypek ; appears in `` Mosbius Designs '' . For a brief time , he is Ted 's office assistant and dates Robin . Punchy Played by Chris Romano ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' to `` The Best Man '' . Adam `` Punchy '' Punciarello is Ted 's high school buddy . Ted experiences `` revertigo '' when he 's around Punchy : he acts the way he was in high school . The gang attends Punchy 's wedding in `` The Best Man '' . Randy Wharmpess Played by Will Forte ; appears in `` Rebound Bro '' and `` Canning Randy '' . An employee of Goliath National Bank 's legal department , Randy worships Barney . Randy 's ineffectiveness results in his sacking , but is rehired as Marshall feels guilty . Randy then resorts to destroying Marshall 's office to get fired again , wanting a severance package so he can establish a new microbrewery for his signature beer . Rhonda French Played by Stephanie Faracy ; appears in `` The Yips '' . A friend of Loretta Stinson , Rhona is known as the `` man - maker '' as she has made many men lose their virginity , including Barney . Sam Gibbs Played by Ben Vereen ; appears in 4 episodes from `` Cleaning House '' to `` The End of the Aisle '' . He is James Stinson 's father , who was absent from his childhood as Loretta did not want him around . James meets him at the age of 37 . Sam officiates at Barney and Robin 's wedding . Sarah O'Brien Played by Beth Lacke ; appears in `` Matchmaker '' . She is an engaged dermatologist deemed to be extremely compatible with Ted by Love Solutions , a dating service . Sascha Played by Carla Toutz ; appears in `` Sweet Taste of Liberty '' . An airport security officer , Sascha invites Barney and Ted back to her house for an incredibly disappointing `` party '' . Shelly Played by Eva Amurri ; appears in `` The Playbook '' and `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' . Shelly is a teacher who works at Lily 's school . After she sees Ted stuffing himself with chicken wings , Lily waits three years before trying to fix them up again . However , Barney sleeps with her before Ted can meet her . Simon Tremblay Played by James Van Der Beek ; appears in 3 episodes from `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' to `` Bedtime Stories '' . Robin 's Canadian ex-boyfriend , who broke up with her to date Louise Marsh . Years later , he visits Robin in New York and they briefly date ; he breaks up with her a second time , again to date Louise Marsh . He later becomes engaged to Louise and Robin steals and eats his wedding cake . Dr. Sonya Played by Vicki Lewis ; appears in three episodes from `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' to `` The Magician 's Code -- Part One '' . She is Lily 's doctor and helps her give birth to Marvin , as well as being the doctor who tells Robin she is infertile . Stacy Gusar Played by Janet Varney ; appears in `` Little Boys '' . Barney and Ted try to sleep with her in order to determine who has the most `` game '' . Steve Biel Played by Kevin Heffernan ; appears in `` I 'm Not That Guy '' . He is a porn star who performs under the name `` Ted Mosby '' . Steve ' Blitz ' Henry Played by Jorge Garcia ; appears in `` Blitzgiving '' and `` Gary Blauman '' . He is a college friend of Ted and Marshall , who gets his nickname from the curse he has : amazing events occur whenever he leaves . He passes the curse on to several other characters , including Barney and Ted , before the curse gets passed back to him . He makes numerous allusions to Jorge Garcia 's Lost character . Tom Played by Jai Rodriguez ; appears in `` The Rebound Girl '' and `` Gary Blauman '' . Tom marries James Stinson and they adopt two children , Eli and Sadie . James cheats on Tom and they almost get divorced . Lucy Zinman Played by Darcy Rose Byrnes . Daughter of Stella and Tony , she is often seen happily around Ted and her parents . Appears in 5 episodes from `` Rebound Bro '' to `` Happily Ever After '' Tony Grafanello Played by Jason Jones ; appears in three episodes from `` Shelter Island '' to `` As Fast As She Can '' . He dated Stella and they have a child together . Stella leaves Ted at the altar and gets back together with Tony . Feeling guilty for `` stealing '' Stella , Tony gets Ted a college teaching position . Subsequently , Tony made a movie about their love triangle called The Wedding Bride , and two sequels were later released . Ted is infuriated at his portrayal as a stereotypical , over-the top antagonist , although his friends find it hilarious and , at times , quite accurate . Trudy Played by Danica McKellar ; appears in `` The Pineapple Incident '' and `` Third Wheel '' . She ends up in Ted 's bed after he gets really drunk . In a later episode , Ted tries to have a threesome with her and another girl , although it is never said whether he did or not . Professor Vinick Played by Peter Gallagher ; appears in `` The Final Page -- Part 1 '' . He told Ted he 'd never make it as an architect , damaging Ted 's self - esteem and causing him to bear a grudge . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marvin appeared in `` Desperation Day '' , `` Noretta '' , `` Tailgate '' , `` The Pre-Nup '' and `` Sunrise '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TCA : ' HIMYM ' Series Finale Scene With The Kids Shot In ' 06 '' . Deadline . PMC . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Fans Are Not Happy With The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Series Finale '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel . `` How I Met Your Mother Series Finale : Twitter Erupts With Angry Fans ' Rage '' . US magazine . Jump up ^ Marseca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Grubb , Brian . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana . `` Alternate Ending for ' How I Met Your Mother ' Leaks Online '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . RollingStone . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . RollingStone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ `` Final `` How I Met Your Mother '' scene filmed 8 years ago `` . CBS News . Associated Press . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Farewell , How I Met Your Mother : Ted 's ' Daughter ' and ' Son ' Spill 7 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Kids Lose It In Funny Final Season Trailer '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Magician 's Code -- Part 1 '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 7 . Episode 23 . May 14 , 2012 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Creators Share 6 Plans for the ( Possibly Final ) Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : How I Met Your Mother : Season 1 ( DVD ) . 2005 . Universal Product Code . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Carter Bays of How I Met Your Mother : The TV Squad Interview '' . TV Squad . AOL . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Platinum Rule '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 3 . Episode 11 . December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Climax to CBS series filmed 8 years ago '' . Yahoo TV . Associated Press . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TCA : ' HIMYM ' Series Finale Scene With The Kids Shot In ' 06 '' . Deadline.com . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Exclusive : How I Met Your Mother Boss on ( Spoiler ) 's Return : ' She 's Part of the Endgame ' '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nate ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` All of Ted 's Girlfriends on How I Met Your Mother , Ranked '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Stamina '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 10 . November 27 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Something Borrowed '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 21 . May 7 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Robots Versus Wrestlers '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 22 . May 10 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Mikey ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Carter Bays talks ' Last Words ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' exec defends recent story arc '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vesuvius '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 19 . March 3 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ Carlson , Meghan ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Review : Where 's Maury ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regis Philbin to Guest on How I Met Your Mother '' . TV Guide . August 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Underwear Models Flock to ' HIMYM ' '' . Chicago Tribune . October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Beauty of a ' Mother ' as Six Victoria 's Secret Supermodels Guest Star on CBS ' `` How I Met Your Mother , '' Monday , Nov. 26 '' ( Press release ) . CBS . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristin Dos Santos ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Kim Kardashian Joins Speidi on HIMYM '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kamer , Foster ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Great Moments in TV Cameos : Boyz II Men , on `` How I Met Your Mother , '' Singing The Slap Song ( Video ) `` . Complex . Rich Antoniello . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phoebe ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Recap : Slappy Seconds '' . Vulture . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Gold ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Slapsgiving 3 : Slappointment in Slapmarra '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Noretta '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' scoop : William Zabka returns for final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Billy Zabka on How I Met Your Mother , the Zabkatage , and Sweeping the Leg '' . Vulture . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Monday Night Football '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` The Perfect Week '' `` . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` The Final Page , Part One '' / `` The Final Page , Part Two '' `` . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Yankee Slugger Nick Swisher Heads to ' HIMYM ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Allison ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Yankee champ Nick Swisher to guest on How I Met Your Mother '' . HuffPost TV . AOL . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Robin ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Episode 1 - Where Were We '' . The TV Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Showdown '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Robin ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` Episode 20 - Showdown '' . The TV Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' 100th episode review - Sepinwall on TV '' . NJ.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hefa , Kiran ; Shultz , Cara ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Revisit the Stars Who Played Themselves on How I Met Your Mother '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Girls vs. Suits Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eng , Joyce ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Singing Suits : How I Met Your Mother Throws `` a Little Party '' for 100th Episode `` . TV Guide . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Primeau , Jamie ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` 35 Best ' How I Met Your Mother ' Guest Stars -- Including Some You Totally Forgot About '' . Bustle . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' host Trebek for ' HIMYM ' role '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Kate ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Alex Trebek to Guest Star on How I Met Your Mother '' . TV Guide . CBS Corporation . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Alex Trebek to cameo on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ( Cue : Sean Connery mom jokes now ) '' . PopWatch / Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Robin Sparkles Returns With Alex Trebek And More Canadians ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adds Slew of Canadian Guest Stars for ' Robin Sparkles ' Episode '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Max ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Canadian Stars Invade How I Met Your Mother '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Rough Patch '' `` . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : The Rough Patch Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Glitter '' `` . The A.V. Club . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` P.S. I Love You '' `` . The A.V. Club . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vitcavage , Adam ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Review : `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' ( Episode 9.12 ) `` . Paste . Wolfgang 's Vault . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Canada , Alan Thicke and a mystery couple at ' The Rehearsal Dinner ' '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lasser , Josh ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : How they do it in Canada ' '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Canadian Sex Acts '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orloff , Brian ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Britney to guest star on How I Met Your Mother '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Brit shines ! '' . New York Post . Jesse Angelo . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Britney Spears beings rehab of image with wacky cameo on CBS sitcom '' . New York Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Britney Spears has ' Great comic timing , ' say the stars of ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Everything Must Go '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Robin ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Episode 19 - Everything Must Go '' . The TV Critic . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Stacy ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Wait for It '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother season three -- An early look '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( September 24 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Wait For It ( season premiere ) '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` Moore Felt `` Awkward '' Kissing Radnor on ' How I Met Your Mother ' `` . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Of Course Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Gill ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tracey Ullman interview : ' I was a one - hit wonder in 1984 and I 'm still here ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Oh Honey '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' review : Katy Perry was a Honey , and Jennifer Morrison just as sweet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Oh Honey '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't cha wish your girlfriend had a wig like me ? Nicole Scherzinger goes back to the Eighties for cameo How I Met Your Mother '' . Daily Mail . November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Glitter '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Brian ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Hooked Review '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` How I Met Everyone Else '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorren , Martha ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Says Goodbye to Patrice , Ranjit , and More ... But Way Too Quickly '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phoebe ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Recap : Child 's Play '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peloquin , Bill ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` '' How I Met Your Mother '' -- Nannies episode review `` . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kornowski , Liat ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 8 , Episode 14 Recap : Ted Robs The Cradle By Dating Ashley Benson '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` The best ' How I Met Your Mother ' episodes : ' The Pineapple Incident , ' ' Slap Bet ' and 9 more '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Casts Rachel Bilson , Tim Gunn , Kenny Rogers In Its Fifth Season '' . Paste . Wolfgang 's Vault . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' star Jayma Mays returning to ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Becki Newton and Jayma Mays return '' . Zap2It . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phoebe ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Recap : The Gang 's All Here '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` The Final Page '' Review `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arbeiter , Michael . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Recap : The Burning Beekeeper '' . Hollywood . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Field Trip '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Martin Short Joins How I Met Your Mother '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Vesuvius '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Bryan Cranston Returns In ' Platonish ' '' . The Huffington Post . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Phoebe ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Recap : Clocking Robin '' . Vulture . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gossett , Eric ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Ted Mosby 's 10 Best & Worst Girlfriend '' . Paste . Wolfgang 's Vault . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Ranking Ted Mosby 's Girlfriends On How I Met Your Mother '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ducky Tie '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 7 . Episode 3 . September 26 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Jorge Garcia makes a Thanksgiving visit '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Amid all the fun , there 's even a wink - wink reference to those unlucky `` Lost '' numbers and the island . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_How_I_Met_Your_Mother_characters&oldid=801660935 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Lists of American comedy - drama television series characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Íslenska Italiano Magyar Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 01 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the receptionist in how i met your mother | [
"Played by Britney Spears; appears in \"Ten Sessions\" and \"Everything Must Go\". Abby is Stella's receptionist. Very energetic and scatterbrained, she developed an obsessive crush on Ted while he was pursuing Stella. Barney ended up sleeping with her. It was announced Spears would appear on the show in March 2008;[68] most critics complimented her acting in \"Ten Sessions\",[69][70] with Segel noting that she improvised a few \"really good\" lines.[71] However, her scenes in \"Everything Must Go\" were described as \"rushed and awkward\",[72] and her character as \"silly\".[73] An article in Bustle ranked her top in a list of guest stars on How I Met Your Mother.[52]"
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"Britney Spears"
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-6965951147278018739 | Ron Perlman | Ron Perlman - wikipedia Ron Perlman For the American businessman , see Ronald Perelman . Ron Perlman Perlman in December 2016 Ronald Perlman ( 1950 - 04 - 13 ) April 13 , 1950 ( age 68 ) Washington Heights , New York , U.S. Education Lehman College B.A. University of Minnesota M.F.A. Occupation Actor , voice actor Years active 1975 -- present Spouse ( s ) Opal Stone ( m . 1981 ) Children Ronald Perlman ( born April 13 , 1950 ) is an American actor and voice actor . He played the role of Vincent on the television series Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 -- 1990 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe Award , the comic book character Hellboy in both Hellboy ( 2004 ) and its sequel Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) , and Clay Morrow on the television series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 2013 ) . Perlman is known as a collaborator of Hellboy director Guillermo del Toro , having roles in the del Toro films Cronos ( 1993 ) , Blade II ( 2002 ) , and Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) . He is also known for his voice - over work as the narrator of the post-apocalyptic game series Fallout , Clayface on Batman : The Animated Series , Slade on the animated series Teen Titans , The Lich on Adventure Time , and The Stabbington Brothers in Disney 's animated film Tangled ( 2010 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film and television 2.2 Voice - over work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Stage 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ronald Perlman was born in Washington Heights , New York . His mother , Dorothy ( née Rosen ) , was a municipal employee , and his father , Bertram `` Bert '' Perlman , was a jazz drummer and television repairman . Perlman said in 1988 , `` It was not a bad childhood but I had a perception of myself that was ... I was terribly overweight as a young kid , and it was sort of a low self image . '' He cited this experience as one thing that attracts him to roles where he portrays `` these sorts of deformed people who are very endearing '' . His parents are Jewish ( their families were from Hungary and Poland ) . Perlman had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony . Perlman was educated in New York , graduating from George Washington High School in 1967 and Lehman College in 1971 . He has said that he and his father were `` very close '' and that it was his father , after seeing Perlman in a college production of Guys and Dolls , who told him that he `` had to '' pursue a career as an actor . Perlman later said that his father essentially `` gave ( him ) permission to be an actor '' . He attended the University of Minnesota , where he graduated with a master 's degree in theater arts in 1973 . Career ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Perlman at the 41st Primetime Emmy Awards in September 1989 . Perlman started his career as a stage actor , appearing in various productions , and made his feature film debut in Jean - Jacques Annaud 's film Quest for Fire ( 1981 ) . Annaud later revealed that when he contacted Perlman to ask him about playing Salvatore in The Name of the Rose ( 1986 ) , Perlman was thinking of abandoning his career . After various minor and supporting roles in films and television series , his breakthrough role came when he played Vincent on the television series Beauty and the Beast , opposite Linda Hamilton from 1987 to 1990 . This earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series in 1989 . He went on to play roles in many films and television series throughout the 1980s and 1990s as well as the 2000s . His most notable film appearances were in films such as The Name of the Rose ( 1986 ) , Romeo is Bleeding ( 1993 ) , The Adventures of Huck Finn ( 1993 ) , Police Academy : Mission to Moscow ( 1994 ) , The Last Supper ( 1995 ) , The Island of Dr. Moreau ( 1996 ) , Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) , Enemy at the Gates ( 2001 ) , Blade II and Star Trek : Nemesis ( both 2002 ) and two Stephen King story - to - movie adaptations , Sleepwalkers and Desperation . His appearances on television series include Highlander : The Series , The Outer Limits , The Magnificent Seven , and the Amazon series Hand of God . He played his first leading film role in 1995 , when he played `` One '' in Jean - Pierre Jeunet and Marc Caro 's French - language The City of Lost Children . In 2003 , Perlman starred in a commercial for Stella Artois beer . This commercial , which was called `` Devil 's Island '' , won a Silver Award at the 2003 British Advertising Awards . He got another leading film role in 2004 when he played the title role in the comic book adaptation Hellboy . Perlman reprised his role as Hellboy in the straight to DVD animated features Hellboy : Sword of Storms ( 2006 ) and Hellboy : Blood and Iron ( 2007 ) as well as Hellboy II : The Golden Army , released on July 11 , 2008 . In 2008 , Perlman joined the cast of the television series Sons of Anarchy on FX playing Clay Morrow , the national president of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club . Voice - over work ( edit ) Perlman also has a successful career as a voice actor in addition to his onscreen acting . Having portrayed characters in numerous video games and animated series and in voice - over work in television commercials . These include Casper High English teacher and vice-principal Mr. Lancer in Danny Phantom , The Lich in Adventure Time , Kurtis Stryker in Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm , Justice in Afro Samurai and various characters in DC Comics based series such as the villainous Slade , a version of DC character Deathstroke in the Teen Titans animated series and again in Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox , Clayface in Batman : The Animated Series and The New Batman Adventures , Jax - Ur in Superman : The Animated Series , Orion in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited , Sozin in Avatar : The Last Airbender , several villains ( Killer Croc , Rumor and Bane ) in The Batman , Doctor Double X in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , and Sinestro in Green Lantern : The Animated Series . His video game credits include Fleet Admiral Lord Terrence Hood in the games Halo 2 and Halo 3 , Jagger Valance in The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay , and Batman in Justice League Heroes . He is well known by Fallout fans for narrating the introductory movies in the series , including uttering the famous phrase `` War . War never changes . '' He also voices `` Slade '' in the 2008 Turok game , and Emil Blonsky / Abomination in Incredible Hulk : Ultimate Destruction , Conan for the PS3 and Xbox 360 , and voices the fast - talking Mayor Hoodoo Brown in the Neversoft game Gun . He also made an appearance in Payday 2 as `` Rust '' , part of the `` Biker Pack '' DLC . Perlman also provided the narration for the introduction to UFC on FOX 13 . Personal life ( edit ) Perlman married his wife , jewelry designer Opal , on February 14 , 1981 . They have two children : daughter Blake Amanda Perlman ( born 1984 ) and son Brandon Avery Perlman ( born 1990 ) . His son produces electronic music under the stage name Delroy Edwards . Perlman is spiritual but not religious , and described himself as a lifelong Democrat in November 2016 . He has volunteered as an actor with the Young Storytellers Program . On November 9 , 2016 , Perlman announced via Facebook his intention to run for U.S. President in 2020 . On June 26 , 2018 , Perlman claimed to have peed on his hand before a requested handshake with Harvey Weinstein at a charity event . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Quest for Fire Amoukar Nominated -- Genie Award for Best Performance by a Foreign Actor 1984 The Ice Pirates Zeno 1986 The Name of the Rose Salvatore 1992 Sleepwalkers Captain Soames 1993 Cronos Angel De La Guardia 1993 Romeo Is Bleeding Jack 's attorney 1993 When the Bough Breaks Dr. Douglas Eben 1993 The Adventures of Huck Finn Pap Finn 1994 Double Exposure John McClure 1994 Police Academy : Mission to Moscow Konstantine Konali 1994 Sensation Detective Pantella 1995 The City of Lost Children One 1995 Fluke Sylvester 1995 The Last Supper Norman Arbuthnot The Island of Dr. Moreau Sayer of the Law 1997 Prince Valiant Boltar 1997 Tinseltown Cliff 1997 Alien Resurrection Johner 1998 I Woke Up Early the Day I Died Cemetery Caretaker 1998 Frogs for Snakes Gascone 1998 The Protector Dr. Ramsey Krago 1998 An American Tail : The Treasure of Manhattan Island Mr. Grasping ( voice ) Direct - to - video 1999 Happy , Texas Marshal Nalhober 2000 The Trial of Old Drum Charles Burden Sr . 2000 Titan A.E. Sam Tucker ( voice ) 2000 Operation Sandman Dr. Harlan Jessup 2000 The King 's Guard Lord Morton 2000 Price of Glory Nick Everson 2000 Bread and Roses Himself Uncredited cameo 2000 Stroke Schumaker 2001 Down Mitchell 2001 Enemy at the Gates Koulikov 2002 Blade II Dieter Reinhardt 2002 Night Class Morgan 2002 Crime and Punishment Dusharo 2002 Star Trek : Nemesis Reman Viceroy 2002 Shakedown Christopher ' St. Joy ' Bellows Direct - to - DVD 2002 L'Chayim , Comrade Stalin ! Narrator 2003 Boys on the Run Captain 2003 Rats Dr. William Winslow 2003 Hoodlum & Son ' Ugly ' Jim McCrae 2003 Absolon Murchison 2003 Two Soldiers Colonel McKellog Short film 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action VP for Never Learning Comic Book : The Movie Himself Cameo Direct - to - DVD Hellboy Hellboy Quiet Kill Detective Sergeant Perry 2005 The Second Front General von Binding 2005 Missing in America Red 2005 Tarzan II Kago ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2005 Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? Hotep ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2006 Local Color Curtis Sunday 2006 How to Go Out on a Date in Queens Vito 2006 Desperation Collie Entragian 2006 The Last Winter Ed Pollack Nominated -- Gotham Award for Best Ensemble Cast 2006 Five Girls Father Drake 2006 Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! Captain Skunkbeard / Biff Wellington ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2006 Hellboy : Sword of Storms Hellboy ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2007 In the Name of the King : A Dungeon Siege Tale Norick 2007 Hellboy : Blood and Iron Hellboy ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2007 Battle for Terra Elder Vorin ( voice ) 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Redcap ( voice ) Uncredited 2008 Uncross the Stars Bobby Walden 2008 Hellboy II : The Golden Army Hellboy Nominated -- Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor Nominated -- Scream Award for Best Superhero 2008 Outlander Gunnar 2008 Spirit of the Forest Oak ( voice ) 2008 Mutant Chronicles Brother Samuel 2009 The Devil 's Tomb Wesley 2009 Dark Country Deputy Thompson Direct - to - DVD 2009 I Sell The Dead Father Duffy 2009 The Job Jim Killer by Nature Dr. Julian Acts of Violence Priest Bill Tangled The Stabbington Brothers ( voices ) Bunraku Nicola The Legend of Secret Pass Parker ( voice ) Season of the Witch Felson 2011 The Littlest Angel God ( voice ) 2011 Conan the Barbarian Corin 2011 Drive Nino 2011 Elwood Louie the Jaw Short film ; also executive producer 2012 The Scorpion King 3 : Battle for Redemption Horus Direct - to - DVD 2012 Bad Ass Mayor Williams 2012 The Punisher : Dirty Laundry Big Mike Short film 2012 Crave Pete 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Phil 2012 The Savoy King : Chick Webb & the Music That Changed America Gene Krupa ( voice ) Documentary 2013 Pacific Rim Hannibal Chau 2013 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Slade Wilson / Deathstroke ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2013 Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Polyphemus ( voice ) 2014 The Virginian Judge Henry Direct - to - DVD 2014 Tbilisi , I Love You American motorcyclist 2014 13 Sins Chilcoat 2014 Before I Disappear Bill 2014 Kid Cannabis Barry Lerner 2014 Dermaphoria Anslinger 2014 The Book of Life Xibalba ( voice ) 2014 Skin Trade Viktor Dragovic 2014 Poker Night Calabrese 2015 Moonwalkers Kidman 2015 Stonewall Ed Murphy 2016 Chuck Al Braverman 2016 Howard Lovecraft and the Frozen Kingdom Shoggoth ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2016 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Gnarlack 2017 Sergio and Sergei Peter Also executive producer 2017 Howard Lovecraft and the Undersea Kingdom Shoggoth ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2017 Pottersville Sheriff Jack Also producer 2018 The Escape of Prisoner 614 The Sheriff Also executive producer 2018 Robodog Marshall ( voice ) Post-production 2018 Asher Asher Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 Ryan 's Hope Dr. Bernie Marx 2 episodes 1985 The Fall Guy Thug Episode : `` Split Image '' 1985 Our Family Honor Bausch Episode : `` Pilot '' 1985 MacGruder and Loud Attorney Episode : `` The Very Scary Man '' 1985 Our Family Honor Bausch Episode : `` Split Image '' 1986 The Insiders Episode : `` Den of Thieves '' 1986 Miami Vice John Ruger Episode : `` Walk - Alone '' 1987 -- 1990 Beauty and the Beast Vincent 55 episodes Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama ( 1989 ) Q Award for Best Actor in a Quality Drama Series ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Nominated -- Q Award for Best Actor in a Quality Drama Series ( 1990 ) A Stoning in Fulham County Jacob Shuler Television film 1992 Blind Man 's Bluff Frank Cerrillo Television film 1992 -- 1993 Batman : The Animated Series Clayface / Driller ( voices ) 4 episodes 1993 The Untouchables Snake Episode : `` Railroaded '' 1993 Bonkers Sergeant Francis Q. Grating ( voice ) 17 episodes 1993 Animaniacs Satan / Sgt . Sweete ( voices ) 2 episodes 1993 Arly Hanks Jim - Bob Buchanan Television film 1994 The Cisco Kid Lt. Col. Delacroix Television film 1994 Aladdin Arbutus ( voice ) Episode : `` Garden of Evil '' 1994 Mighty Max Goar ( voice ) Episode : `` Tar Wars '' 1994 The Little Mermaid Apollo ( voice ) Episode : `` Heroes '' 1995 Tiny Toon Adventures Mr. Scratch ( voice ) Episode : `` Night Ghoulery '' 1995 Fantastic Four Wizard / Hulk ( voices ) 2 episodes 1995 Iron Man Dr. Bruce Banner / The Hulk ( voice ) Episode : `` Hulk Buster '' 1995 Original Sins Chas Bradley Television film 1995 Mr. Stitch Doctor Frederick Texarian Television film 1995 The Adventures of Captain Zoom in Outer Space Lord Vox of Vestron Television film Phantom 2040 Graft ( voice ) 22 episodes Wing Commander Academy Daimon Karnes ( voice ) 2 episodes Duckman Roland Thompson ( voice ) Episode : `` They Craved Duckman 's Brain ! '' Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm Kurtis Stryker / Scorpion ( voice ) 13 episodes 1996 -- 1998 Hey Arnold ! Mickey Kaline ( voice ) 2 episodes Highlander : The Series The Messenger Episode : `` The Messenger '' 1997 Tracey Takes On ... Stuart Episode : `` Secrets '' 1997 Perversions of Science 40132 Episode : `` The Exile '' 1997 The Second Civil War Alan Manieski Television film 1997 -- 1999 Superman : The Animated Series Jax - Ur ( voice ) 3 episodes 1997 -- 1998 The New Batman Adventures Clayface ( voice ) 4 episodes 1998 -- 2000 The Magnificent Seven Josiah Sanchez 22 episodes 1998 Godzilla Leviathan Alien / Ship Captain ( voice ) Episode : `` Leviathan '' 1998 The Outer Limits Lt. Col. Brandon Grace Episode : `` Black Box '' 1998 A Town Has Turned to Dust Jerry Paul Television film 1998 Houdini Booking Agent Television film 1999 Family Law Roy Episode : `` The List '' 1999 Men in Black : The Series Javkor ( voice ) Episode : `` The Puppy Love Syndrome '' 1999 Supreme Sanction The Director Television film 1999 Primal Force Frank Brodie Television film 2000 The Wild Thornberrys Wild Horse ( voice ) Episode : `` Horse Sense '' 2000 Jackie Chan Adventures Karl ( voice ) Episode : `` Shell Game '' 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Leader ( voice ) Episode : `` Haunted Moon '' 2000 Operation Sandman Dr. Harlan Jessup Television film 2000 The Trial of Old Drum Charles Burden Sr . Television film 2001 Charmed Mr Kelleman Episode : `` Wrestling with Demons '' 2001 The Legend of Tarzan Colonel Nikolas Rokoff ( voice ) Episode : `` Tarzan and the Lost Treasure '' 2001 The Tick Fiery Blaze Episode : `` Couples '' 2003 Static Shock Heavyman ( voice ) Episode : `` The Parent Trap '' 2003 Justice League Clayface / Orion ( voices ) 4 episodes 2003 -- 2006 Teen Titans Slade ( voice ) 18 episodes 2004 -- 2007 Danny Phantom Mr. Lancer ( voice ) 19 episodes 2005 What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Joe / Frozen Fiend ( voice ) Episode : `` Diamonds Are a Ghouls Best Friend '' 2005 -- 2008 The Batman Killer Croc / Bane / Rumor ( voices ) 4 episodes 2006 Masters of Horror Dwayne Burcell Episode : `` Pro-Life '' 2006 Desperation Collie Entragian Television film 2006 Justice League Unlimited Orion ( voice ) Episode : `` Flash and Substance '' 2007 Afro Samurai Justice ( voice ) English dub 2 episodes 2007 Kim Possible Warhawk ( voice ) 2 episodes 2007 Avatar : The Last Airbender Firelord Sozin ( voice ) Episode : `` The Avatar and the Firelord '' 2008 -- 2013 Sons of Anarchy Clay Morrow 75 episodes 2008 -- 2010 Chowder Arbor ( voice ) 3 episodes 2009 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Gha Nachkt ( voice ) 2 episodes 2009 Robot Chicken Tony Stark / Handy Ball ( voices ) Episode : `` Tell My Mom '' 2009 -- 2012 1000 Ways to Die Narrator 45 episodes 2010 , 2014 Archer Ramon Limon ( voice ) 2 episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold Doctor Double X ( voice ) Episode : `` A Bat Divided '' 2011 -- 2012 American Dad ! Monster Hunter / Colonel ( voices ) 2 episodes 2011 -- 2017 Adventure Time The Lich ( voice ) 10 episodes 2012 DC Nation Shorts Slade / Alfred Pennyworth ( voices ) 3 episodes 2013 Green Lantern : The Animated Series Sinestro ( voice ) Episode : `` Prisoner of Sinestro '' 2014 -- 2017 Hand of God Judge Pernell Harris 20 episodes ; also executive producer 2015 The Blacklist Luther Braxton 2 episodes 2015 SuperMansion Blazar ( voice ) 2 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Armaggon ( voice ) 3 episodes 2016 Turbo FAST Darryl ( voice ) Episode : `` Keep on Truckin ' '' 2016 Maron Mel 2 episodes 2016 Trollhunters Bular ( voice ) 11 episodes 2017 Tangled : The Series The Stabbington Brothers ( voices ) Episode : `` Cassandra v. Eugene '' 2017 StartUp Wes Chandler 10 episodes 2018 Final Space John Goodspeed ( voice ) 4 episodes 2018 Transformers : Power of the Primes Optimus Primal 7 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Notes 1994 The Adventures of Batman & Robin Clayface Sega CD version Uncredited 1995 Chronomaster Rene Korda 1997 Fallout Narrator , Butch Harris 1998 Fallout 2 Narrator 2001 Icewind Dale : Heart of Winter Wylfdene 2001 Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel Narrator 2003 Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu Clayface , Matt Hagen 2003 True Crime : Streets of LA Misha , Additional Voices 2003 Lords of EverQuest Lord Skass The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay Jagger Valance Halo 2 Lord Hood 2005 Narc Captain Joe Kowalski 2005 Gun Mayor Hoodoo Brown 2005 The Incredible Hulk : Ultimate Destruction Emil Blonsky / The Abomination 2005 The Outfit Tommy Mac 2006 Teen Titans Slade 2006 Justice League Heroes Bruce Wayne / Batman 2007 Halo 3 Lord Hood 2007 Conan Conan the Barbarian 2008 Turok Slade 2008 Hellboy : The Science of Evil Hellboy 2008 Fallout 3 Narrator 2009 Afro Samurai Justice English dub 2009 Tom Clancy 's H.A.W.X 2 Dagger Fallout : New Vegas Narrator Tangled : The Video Game Stabbington Brotherl 2013 Payday 2 Rust 2014 Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff Himself 2015 Call of Duty : Black Ops III Floyd Campbell 2015 Fallout 4 Anchorman 2016 Payday 2 Rust 2016 Lego Dimensions Gnarlack / The Lich Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A Country Scandal Vengerovich Knickerbocker Theatre 1975 -- 1976 Measure for Measure Lucio Knickerbocker Theatre 1976 -- 1977 The Architect and the Emperor of Assyria The Emperor National & European tours 1979 -- 1980 Teibele and Her Demon Beadle Treitel Brooks Atkinson Theatre 1984 La Tragedie de Carmen Lincoln Center 1990 -- 1991 A Few Good Men Lt. Col. Nathan Jessep Music Box Theatre Bus Stop Dr. Gerald Lyman Circle in the Square Theatre References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alumni of Notable Achievement : College of Liberal Arts : University of Minnesota '' . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Perlman Film Reference biography '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Easy Street ( the Hard Way ) '' . google.ca . Jump up ^ Gary Collins ( 1988 ) . `` Hour Magazine -- on Ron Perlman 's success on the series Beauty & The Beast '' . YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Larry Fessenden ( 2008 ) . `` Ron Perlman on Becoming an Actor '' . Glass Eye Pix . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew . `` Movies Movie Times Tickets Online MoviesTrailers -- Moviefone.com '' . Screened.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Perlman , Ron ( 2015 ) . Easy Street ( the hard Way ) : A Memoir . Da Capo Press . pp. 29 , 67 . ISBN 0306824183 . Jump up ^ Golden Globe Awards official website , last accessed October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stella Artois beer commercial entitled Devil 's Island '' . YouTube . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` British Advertising Awards -- Silver Honours 2003 '' . 2003 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Perlman stars in a British Advertising Award winning Stella Artois beer commercial '' . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon TV Commercial , ' The Truth ' '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Interviewly '' . 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ron Perlman ( @ perlmutations ) ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` I am a lifelong Democrat . Because I believe that when Government is at its best , it is meant to help the average Joe ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Ron Perlman Announces Intention to Run for President in 2020 , Seemingly Beats You to Being Able to Laugh About Any of This '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Perlman Says He Peed On His Hand Before Handshake With Harvey Weinstein '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Spinoff ' Fantastic Beasts ' Casts Ron Perlman ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ Nikara Johns @ NikaraJohns . `` Dana Delany to Star in Amazon Pilot ' Hand of God ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Perlman cast as a ' Blacklist ' villain : Why not a romantic comedy ? '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Fallout 4 '' . 10 November 2015 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Ron Perlman stars in Payday 2 's Biker Packs DLC , out this week '' . pcgamer . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ron Perlman . Ron Perlman on IMDb Ron Perlman at the Internet Broadway Database Ron Perlman at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Ron Perlman at the TCM Movie Database Ron Perlman at AllMovie hide Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Mike Connors ( 1969 ) Peter Graves ( 1970 ) Robert Young ( 1971 ) Peter Falk ( 1972 ) James Stewart ( 1973 ) Telly Savalas ( 1974 ) Robert Blake / Telly Savalas ( 1975 ) Richard Jordan ( 1976 ) Edward Asner ( 1977 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1978 ) Edward Asner ( 1979 ) Richard Chamberlain ( 1980 ) Daniel J. Travanti ( 1981 ) John Forsythe ( 1982 ) John Forsythe ( 1983 ) Tom Selleck ( 1984 ) Don Johnson ( 1985 ) Edward Woodward ( 1986 ) Richard Kiley ( 1987 ) Ron Perlman ( 1988 ) Ken Wahl ( 1989 ) Kyle MacLachlan ( 1990 ) Scott Bakula ( 1991 ) Sam Waterston ( 1992 ) David Caruso ( 1993 ) Dennis Franz ( 1994 ) Jimmy Smits ( 1995 ) David Duchovny ( 1996 ) Anthony Edwards ( 1997 ) Dylan McDermott ( 1998 ) James Gandolfini ( 1999 ) Martin Sheen ( 2000 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2001 ) Michael Chiklis ( 2002 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2003 ) Ian McShane ( 2004 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2005 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2006 ) Jon Hamm ( 2007 ) Gabriel Byrne ( 2008 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2009 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2010 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2011 ) Damian Lewis ( 2012 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2013 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2014 ) Jon Hamm ( 2015 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 2016 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2017 ) BNE : XX1093067 BNF : cb14033820w ( data ) GND : 136749097 ISNI : 0000 0001 2129 5213 LCCN : n95120263 NKC : js20030707001 NLA : 42315592 SNAC : w6xd4r0z SUDOC : 073302392 VIAF : 84229375 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_Perlman&oldid=850278708 '' Categories : 1950 births Living people American people of Jewish descent Ashkenazi Jews American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American people of Hungarian - Jewish descent American people of Polish - Jewish descent Best Drama Actor Golden Globe ( television ) winners Jewish American male actors Lehman College alumni Male actors from New York City New York ( state ) Democrats People from Washington Heights , Manhattan University of Minnesota alumni Wizarding World cast members 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors United States presidential candidates , 2020 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Articles with dead external links from October 2011 Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 22 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor that plays hell boy | [
"Ronald Perlman (born April 13, 1950) is an American actor and voice actor. He played the role of Vincent on the television series Beauty and the Beast (1987–1990), for which he won a Golden Globe Award, the comic book character Hellboy in both Hellboy (2004) and its sequel Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008), and Clay Morrow on the television series Sons of Anarchy (2008–2013).\n"
] | [
"Ronald Perlman"
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2481170967038004190 | Full Metal Jacket | Full Metal Jacket - wikipedia Full Metal Jacket Jump to : navigation , search For the type of bullet , see Full metal jacket bullet . Full Metal Jacket Theatrical release poster Directed by Stanley Kubrick Produced by Stanley Kubrick Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick Michael Herr Gustav Hasford Based on The Short - Timers by Gustav Hasford Starring Matthew Modine Vincent D'Onofrio R. Lee Ermey Adam Baldwin Arliss Howard Dorian Harewood Kevyn Major Howard Ed O'Ross Music by Abigail Mead Cinematography Douglas Milsome Edited by Martin Hunter Production companies Natant Harrier Films Distributed by Warner Bros. ( United States ) Columbia -- Cannon -- Warner ( United Kingdom ) Release date June 17 , 1987 ( 1987 - 06 - 17 ) ( Beverly Hills ) June 26 , 1987 ( 1987 - 06 - 26 ) ( United States ) September 11 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 11 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 116 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $46.4 million ( North America ) Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 British - American war film directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick . The screenplay by Kubrick , Michael Herr , and Gustav Hasford was based on Hasford 's novel The Short - Timers ( 1979 ) . Its storyline follows a platoon of U.S. Marines through their training , primarily focusing on two privates , Joker and Pyle , who struggle to get through camp under their foul - mouthed drill instructor , Gunnery Sergeant Hartman , and the experiences of two of the platoon 's Marines in the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War . The film 's title refers to the full metal jacket bullet used by soldiers . The film was released in the United States on June 26 , 1987 . Full Metal Jacket received critical acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay for Kubrick , Herr , and Hasford . In 2001 , the American Film Institute placed it at No. 95 in their `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' poll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Home video 6.3 Critical reception 6.4 Accolades 7 Differences between novel and screenplay 7.1 Adaptation of novel to film 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) During the Vietnam War , a group of new U.S. Marine Corps recruits arrive at Parris Island , South Carolina , for basic training . After having their heads shaved , they meet Senior Drill Instructor Gunnery Sergeant Hartman , who employs forceful methods to turn the recruits into combat - ready Marines . Among the recruits are Privates `` Joker '' , `` Cowboy '' , and the overweight , bumbling Leonard Lawrence , who earns the nickname `` Gomer Pyle '' after incurring Hartman 's wrath . Unresponsive to Hartman 's harsh discipline , Pyle is eventually assigned to Joker 's squad . Pyle improves with Joker 's help , but his progress halts when Hartman discovers a contraband jelly doughnut in Pyle 's foot locker . Believing the recruits have failed to improve Pyle , Hartman adopts a collective punishment policy : every mistake Pyle makes will earn punishment for the rest of the platoon , with Pyle being spared . In retaliation for Pyle 's failures , the platoon hazes him with a blanket party , restraining him in his bunk while beating him with bars of soap wrapped in towels and used like blackjacks . After this incident , Pyle reinvents himself as a model Marine . This impresses Hartman but worries Joker , who recognizes signs of mental breakdown in Pyle , such as him talking to his M14 rifle . Following their graduation , the recruits receive their Military Occupational Specialty assignments ; Joker is assigned to Basic Military Journalism , while most of the others ( including Cowboy and Pyle ) are assigned to Infantry . During the platoon 's final night on Parris Island , Joker discovers Pyle , who is suffering from severe mental breakdown , in the bathroom , loading his rifle with live ammunition . Joker attempts to calm Pyle , who executes drill commands and loudly recites the Rifleman 's Creed . The noise awakens the platoon as well as Hartman , who angrily confronts Pyle and orders him to surrender the rifle . Pyle shoots Hartman dead and then kills himself . In January 1968 , Joker , now a sergeant , is a war correspondent in South Vietnam for Stars and Stripes with Private First Class Rafterman , a combat photographer . Rafterman wants to go into combat , as Joker claims he has done . At the Marine base , Joker is mocked for his lack of the thousand - yard stare , indicating his lack of war experience . They are interrupted by the start of the Tet Offensive as the North Vietnamese Army unsuccessfully attempts to overrun the base . The following day , the journalism staff is briefed about enemy attacks throughout South Vietnam . Joker is sent to Phu Bai , accompanied by Rafterman . They meet the Lusthog Squad , where Cowboy is now a sergeant . Joker accompanies the squad during the Battle of Huế , where platoon commander `` Touchdown '' is killed by the enemy . After the Marines declare the area secure , a team of American news journalists and reporters enters Huế and interviews various Marines about their experiences in Vietnam and their opinions about the war . While patrolling Huế , Crazy Earl , the squad leader , is killed by a booby trap , leaving Cowboy in command . The squad becomes lost and Cowboy orders Eightball to scout the area . A Viet Cong sniper wounds Eightball and the squad medic , Doc Jay , is also wounded while attempting to save him against orders . Cowboy learns that tank support is unavailable and orders the team to prepare for withdrawal . The squad 's machine gunner , Animal Mother , disobeys Cowboy and attempts to save his comrades . He discovers there is only one sniper , but Doc Jay and Eightball are killed when Doc Jay attempts to indicate the sniper 's location . While maneuvering toward the sniper , Cowboy is shot and killed . Animal Mother assumes command of the squad and leads an attack on the sniper . Joker discovers the sniper , a teenaged girl , and attempts to shoot her , but his rifle jams and alerts her to his presence . Rafterman shoots the sniper , mortally wounding her . As the squad converges , the sniper begs for death , prompting an argument about whether or not to kill her . Animal Mother decides to allow a mercy killing only if Joker performs it . After some hesitation , Joker shoots her . The Marines congratulate him on his kill as Joker stares into the distance , displaying the thousand - yard stare . The Marines march toward their camp , singing the `` Mickey Mouse March '' . Joker states that despite being `` in a world of shit '' , he is glad to be alive and no longer afraid . Cast ( edit ) Matthew Modine as Private / Sergeant James T. `` Joker '' Davis Vincent D'Onofrio as Private Leonard `` Gomer Pyle '' Lawrence , an overweight , slow - witted recruit who becomes the focus of Hartman 's attention . D'Onofrio was required to gain 70 pounds ( 32 kg ) , which broke the record for the largest weight gained for a role , set by Robert De Niro for Raging Bull . R. Lee Ermey as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman , a Parris Island drill instructor ; Ermey served as a U.S. Marine drill instructor during the Vietnam War and used this experience to ad lib much of his dialogue . Arliss Howard as Private / Sergeant Robert `` Cowboy '' Evans Adam Baldwin as Sergeant `` Animal Mother '' Dorian Harewood as Corporal `` Eightball '' Kevyn Major Howard as Private First Class `` Rafterman '' Ed O'Ross as Lieutenant Walter J. `` Touchdown '' Schinoski John Terry as Lieutenant Lockhart Bruce Boa as Marine Corps Colonel ( at massacre site ) Kieron Jecchinis as Sergeant `` Crazy Earl '' John Stafford as Doc Jay Tim Colceri as a helicopter door gunner ; he was initially cast to play Hartman , a role which ultimately went to Ermey . Peter Edmund as Private `` Snowball '' Brown Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Kubrick contacted Michael Herr , author of the Vietnam War memoir Dispatches ( 1977 ) , in the spring of 1980 to discuss working on a film about the Holocaust , but he eventually discarded that in favor of a film about the Vietnam War . They met in England , and the director told Herr that he wanted to do a war film but had yet to find a story to adapt . Kubrick discovered Gustav Hasford 's novel The Short - Timers ( 1979 ) while reading the Virginia Kirkus Review . Herr received it in bound galleys and thought that it was a masterpiece . In 1982 , Kubrick read the novel twice , concluding that it `` was a unique , absolutely wonderful book '' , and decided , along with Herr , to adapt it for his next film . According to Kubrick , he was drawn to the book 's dialogue , finding it `` almost poetic in its carved - out , stark quality '' . In 1983 , Kubrick began conducting research for the film , watching past footage and documentaries , reading Vietnamese newspapers on microfilm from the Library of Congress , and studying hundreds of photographs from the era . Initially , Herr was not interested in revisiting his Vietnam War experiences , and Kubrick spent three years persuading him to participate in what the author describes as `` a single phone call lasting three years , with interruptions . '' In 1985 , Kubrick contacted Hasford to work on the screenplay with him and Herr , and often talked to Hasford on the phone three to four times a week , for hours at a time . Kubrick had already written a detailed treatment , and Kubrick and Herr got together at Kubrick 's home every day , breaking down the treatment into scenes . From that , Herr wrote the first draft . The filmmaker worried that the book 's title might be misread by audiences as referring to people who only did half a day 's work and changed it to Full Metal Jacket after discovering the phrase while going through a gun catalogue . After the first draft was completed , Kubrick phoned in his orders , and Hasford and Herr mailed their submissions to him . Kubrick read and edited them , and then the team repeated the process . Neither Hasford nor Herr knew how much he had contributed to the screenplay , which led to a dispute over the final credits . Hasford remembers , `` We were like guys on an assembly line in the car factory . I was putting on one widget and Michael was putting on another widget and Stanley was the only one who knew that this was going to end up being a car . '' Herr says the director was not interested in making an anti-war film , but `` he wanted to show what war is like . '' At some point , Kubrick wanted to meet Hasford in person , but Herr advised against this , describing The Short - Timers author as a `` scary man '' and believing he and Kubrick would not `` get on '' . Nonetheless , Kubrick insisted , and they all met at Kubrick 's house in England for dinner . It did not go well , and Hasford did not meet with Kubrick again . Casting ( edit ) Through Warner Bros. , Kubrick advertised a national casting search in the United States and Canada . The director used videotape to audition actors and received over 3,000 submissions . His staff screened all of the tapes , leaving 800 of them for Kubrick to review personally . Former U.S. Marine Drill Instructor Ermey , originally hired as a technical advisor , asked Kubrick if he could audition for the role of Hartman . Kubrick had seen Ermey 's portrayal of Drill Instructor Staff Sergeant Loyce in The Boys in Company C ( 1978 ) and told the Marine that he was not vicious enough to play the character . Ermey improvised insulting dialogue against a group of Royal Marines who were being considered for the part of background Marines , to demonstrate his ability to play the character , as well as to show how a Drill Instructor goes about breaking down the individuality of new recruits . Upon viewing the videotape of these sessions , Kubrick gave Ermey the role , realizing he `` was a genius for this part . '' Kubrick also incorporated the 250 - page transcript of Ermey 's rants into the script . Ermey 's experience as a Drill Instructor during the Vietnam era proved invaluable . Kubrick estimated that Ermey wrote 50 % of his own dialogue , especially the insults . While Ermey practiced his lines in a rehearsal room , a production assistant would throw tennis balls and oranges at him . Ermey had to catch the ball and throw it back as quickly as possible , while at the same time saying his lines as fast as he could . Any hesitation , slur , or missed line would necessitate starting over . Twenty error - free runs were required . `` ( He ) was my drill instructor '' , Ermey said of the production assistant . The original casting plan envisaged Anthony Michael Hall starring as Private Joker . After eight months of negotiations , a deal between Kubrick and Hall fell through . Kubrick offered Bruce Willis a role , but the actor had to turn it down because he was to start filming of the first six episodes of his TV series Moonlighting . Vincent D'Onofrio heard of the auditions for the film from Matthew Modine . Using a rented video camera and dressed in army fatigues , D'Onofrio recorded his audition for the part of Private Pyle . Despite Kubrick 's saying that Pyle was `` the hardest part to cast in the whole movie '' , he quickly responded to D'Onofrio , telling the actor he had won the part . Filming ( edit ) Kubrick shot the film in England : in Cambridgeshire , on the Norfolk Broads , and at the former Millennium Mills , Beckton Gas Works , Newham ( east London ) and the Isle of Dogs . A former RAF and then British Army base , Bassingbourn Barracks doubled as the Parris Island Marine boot camp . A British Army rifle range near Barton , outside Cambridge , was used in the scene where Hartman congratulates Private Pyle for his shooting skills . Kubrick worked from still photographs of Huế , taken in 1968 , and found an area owned by British Gas that closely resembled it and was scheduled to be demolished . The disused Beckton Gas Works , a few miles from central London , were filmed to represent Huế after attacks . Kubrick had buildings blown up , and the film 's art director used a wrecking ball to knock specific holes in certain buildings over the course of two months . Originally , Kubrick had a plastic replica jungle flown in from California , but once he looked at it he was reported to have said , `` I do n't like it . Get rid of it '' . The open country was filmed in the Cliffe marshes , and along the River Thames , supplemented with 200 imported Spanish palm trees and 100,000 plastic tropical plants from Hong Kong . Kubrick acquired four M41 tanks from a Belgian army colonel ( a fan ) and Westland Wessex helicopters painted Marine green to represent Marine Corps Sikorsky H - 34 Choctaw helicopters . Although the Wessex was a licensed derivative of the Sikorsky H - 34 , the Wessex substituted two gas turbine engines for the H - 34 's radial ( piston ) engine . This resulted in a much longer and less rounded nose than that of the Vietnam era H - 34 . Kubrick also obtained a selection of rifles , M79 grenade launchers , and M60 machine guns from a licensed weapons dealer . Modine described the shoot as difficult : Beckton Gas Works was a toxic and environmental nightmare for the entire film crew . Asbestos and hundreds of other chemicals poisoned the earth and air . Modine documents details of shooting at Beckton in his book , Full Metal Jacket Diary ( 2005 ) . During the `` Boot Camp '' sequence of the film , Modine and the other recruits had to endure the rigors of Marine Corps training , including having Ermey yelling at them for 10 hours a day during the shooting of the Parris Island scenes . To ensure the actors ' reactions to Ermey were as authentic and fresh as possible , Ermey and the recruits did not rehearse together . For film continuity , each recruit had to have his head shaved once a week . At one point during filming , Ermey had a car accident , broke all of his ribs on one side , and was out for four - and - half months . Cowboy 's death scene shows a building in the background that resembles the famous alien monolith in Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) . Kubrick described the resemblance as an `` extraordinary accident '' . During filming , Hasford contemplated taking legal action over the writing credits . Originally , the filmmakers intended for Hasford to receive an `` additional dialogue '' credit , but he fought for and eventually received full credit . The writer took two friends and visited the set dressed as extras , only to be mistaken by a crew member for Herr when Hasford identified himself as the writer whose work the film was based on . Kubrick 's daughter Vivian -- who appears uncredited as a news - camera operator at the mass grave -- shadowed the filming of Full Metal Jacket . She shot 18 hours of behind - the - scenes footage for a potential `` making - of '' documentary similar to her earlier film documentary on Kubrick 's The Shining ( 1980 ) . In this case , she did not complete such a documentary . Snippets of her work can be seen in the documentary Stanley Kubrick 's Boxes ( 2008 ) . Themes ( edit ) Compared to Kubrick 's other works , the themes of Full Metal Jacket have received little attention from critics and reviewers . Michael Pursell 's essay `` Full Metal Jacket : The Unravelling of Patriarchy '' ( 1988 ) was an early , in - depth consideration of the film 's two - part structure and its criticism of masculinity , arguing that the film shows `` war and pornography as facets of the same system '' . Most reviews have focused on military brainwashing themes in the boot camp training section of the film , while seeing the latter half of the film as more confusing and disjointed in content . Rita Kempley of The Washington Post wrote , `` it 's as if they borrowed bits of every war movie to make this eclectic finale . '' Roger Ebert said , `` The movie disintegrates into a series of self - contained set pieces , none of them quite satisfying . '' Julian Rice , in his book Kubrick 's Hope ( 2008 ) , sees the second part of the film as continuing the psychic journey of Joker in trying to come to grips with human evil . Tony Lucia , in his July 5 , 1987 , review of Full Metal Jacket for the Reading Eagle , looked at the themes of Kubrick 's career , suggesting `` the unifying element may be the ordinary man dwarfed by situations too vast and imposing to handle '' . Lucia specifically refers to the `` military mentality '' in this film . He said further that the theme covered `` a man testing himself against his own limitations '' , and he concluded : `` ' Full Metal Jacket ' is the latest chapter in an ongoing movie which is not merely a comment on our time or a time past , but on something that reaches beyond . '' British critic Gilbert Adair wrote : `` Kubrick 's approach to language has always been reductive and uncompromisingly deterministic in nature . He appears to view it as the exclusive product of environmental conditioning , only very marginally influenced by concepts of subjectivity and interiority , by all the whims , shades and modulations of personal expression '' . Michael Herr wrote of his work on the sceenplay : `` The substance was single - minded , the old and always serious problem of how you put into a film or a book the living , behaving presence of what Jung called The Shadow , the most accessible of archetypes , and the easiest to experience ... War is the ultimate field of Shadow - activity , where all of its other activities lead you . As they expressed it in Vietnam , ' Yea , though I walk through the Valley of the Shadow of Death , I will fear no Evil , for I am the Evil ' . '' In a 2009 review , Dan Schneider alleged that Kubrick took the idea of a recruit being broken down in boot camp and driven to suicide from the epic film series , The Human Condition . Music ( edit ) Kubrick 's daughter , Vivian Kubrick , under the alias `` Abigail Mead '' , wrote the film 's score . According to an interview which appeared in the January 1988 issue of Keyboard Magazine , the film was scored mostly with a Fairlight CMI synthesizer ( the then - current Series III edition ) and a Synclavier . For the period music , Kubrick went through Billboard 's list of Top 100 Hits for each year from 1962 -- 1968 and tried many songs , but `` sometimes the dynamic range of the music was too great , and we could n't work in dialogue . '' Johnnie Wright -- `` Hello Vietnam '' The Dixie Cups -- `` Chapel of Love '' Sam the Sham & The Pharaohs -- `` Wooly Bully '' Chris Kenner -- `` I Like It Like That '' Nancy Sinatra -- `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' The Trashmen -- `` Surfin ' Bird '' Goldman Band -- `` Marines ' Hymn '' The Rolling Stones -- `` Paint It Black '' ( end credits ) A single , `` Full Metal Jacket ( I Wanna Be Your Drill Instructor ) '' , credited to Mead and Nigel Goulding , was released to promote the film . It incorporates Ermey 's drill cadences from the film . The single reached number two in the UK pop charts . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Full Metal Jacket received a limited release on June 26 , 1987 , in 215 theaters . Its opening weekend saw it accrue $2,217,307 , an average of $10,313 per theater , ranking it the number 10 film for the June 26 -- 28 weekend . It took a further $2,002,890 for a total of $5,655,225 before entering wide release on July 10 , 1987 , at 881 theaters -- an increase of 666 . The July 10 -- 12 weekend saw the film gross $6,079,963 , an average of $6,901 per theater , and rank as the number 2 grossing film . Over the next four weeks the film opened in a further 194 theaters to its widest release of 1,075 theaters before closing two weeks later with a total gross of $46,357,676 , making it the number 23 highest - grossing film of 1987 . Home video ( edit ) The film was released on Blu - ray on October 23 , 2007 , in the US and other countries . On April 9 , 2012 , Warner Home Video announced they would release the 25th anniversary edition on Blu - ray on August 7 , 2012 . Critical reception ( edit ) R. Lee Ermey ( pictured ) was praised by several critics for his performance as Hartman . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews to give the film a score of 95 % based on reviews from 75 critics and an average rating of 8.3 out of 10 . The summary states , `` Intense , tightly constructed , and darkly comic at times , Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket may not boast the most original of themes , but it is exceedingly effective at communicating them . '' Another aggregator Metacritic gave it a score of 76 out of 100 , which indicates a `` generally favorable '' response , based on 19 reviews . Reviewers generally reacted favorably to the cast , Ermey in particular , and the film 's first act in recruit training , but several reviews were critical of the latter part of the film set in Vietnam and what was considered a `` muddled '' moral message in the finale . It ranks # 95 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills . Richard Corliss of Time called the film a `` technical knockout '' , praising `` the dialogue 's wild , desperate wit ; the daring in choosing a desultory skirmish to make a point about war 's pointlessness '' , and `` the fine , large performances of almost every actor '' , believing , at the time , that Ermey and D'Onofrio would receive Oscar nominations . Corliss also appreciated `` the Olympian elegance and precision of Kubrick 's filmmaking '' . Empire 's Ian Nathan awarded the film 3 out of 5 stars , saying it is `` inconsistent '' and describing it as `` both powerful and frustratingly unengaged '' . Nathan felt that after leaving the opening act following the recruit training , the film becomes `` bereft of purpose '' , but he summarized his review by calling it a `` hardy Kubrickian effort that warms on you with repeated viewings '' . Nathan also praised Ermey 's `` staggering performance '' . Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it `` harrowing , beautiful and characteristically eccentric '' . Canby echoed praise for Ermey , calling him `` the film 's stunning surprise ... he 's so good -- so obsessed -- that you might think he wrote his own lines '' . Canby also said D'Onofrio's performance should be noted with `` admiration '' , and he called Modine `` one of the best , most adaptable young film actors of his generation '' . Canby concluded : Full Metal Jacket was `` a film of immense and very rare imagination '' . Jim Hall , writing for Film4 in 2010 , awarded the film 5 out of 5 stars and added to the praise for Ermey , saying his `` performance as the foul - mouthed Hartman is justly celebrated and it 's difficult to imagine the film working anything like as effectively without him '' . The review also preferred the opening training to the later Vietnam sequence , calling it `` far more striking than the second and longer section '' . Film4 commented that the film ends abruptly but felt `` it demonstrates just how clear and precise the director 's vision could be when he resisted a fatal tendency for indulgence '' . Film4 concluded : `` Full Metal Jacket ranks with Dr. Strangelove as one of Kubrick 's very best . '' Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader called it `` Elliptical , full of subtle inner rhymes ... and profoundly moving , this is the most tightly crafted Kubrick film since Dr. Strangelove , as well as the most horrific . '' Variety called the film an `` intense , schematic , superbly made '' drama `` loaded with vivid , outrageously vulgar military vernacular that contributes heavily to the film 's power '' , but felt that it never develops `` a particularly strong narrative . '' The cast performances were all labeled `` exceptional '' with Modine being singled out as `` embodying both what it takes to survive in the war and a certain omniscience . '' Gilbert Adair , writing in a review for Full Metal Jacket , commented that `` Kubrick 's approach to language has always been of a reductive and uncompromisingly deterministic nature . He appears to view it as the exclusive product of environmental conditioning , only very marginally influenced by concepts of subjectivity and interiority , by all whims , shades and modulations of personal expression '' . Not all reviews were positive . Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert held a dissenting view , calling the film `` strangely shapeless '' and awarding it 2.5 stars out of 4 . Ebert called it `` one of the best - looking war movies ever made on sets and stage '' but felt this was not enough to compete with the `` awesome reality of Platoon , Apocalypse Now and The Deer Hunter . '' Ebert also criticized the film 's second act set in Vietnam , saying the `` movie disintegrates into a series of self - contained set pieces , none of them quite satisfying '' and concluded that the film 's message was `` too little and too late '' , having been done by other Vietnam War films . However , Ebert also gave praise to Ermey and D'Onofrio , saying `` these are the two best performances in the movie , which never recovers after they leave the scene . '' This certain review angered Gene Siskel on their television show At The Movies ; he accused Ebert for liking Benji the Hunted ( which came out the same week ) more than Full Metal Jacket . Their difference in opinion was parodied on the television show The Critic , where Siskel taunts Ebert with `` coming from the guy who liked Benji the Hunted ! '' Time Out London also disliked the film saying `` Kubrick 's direction is as steely cold and manipulative as the régime it depicts '' , and felt that the characters were underdeveloped , adding `` we never really get to know , let alone care about , the hapless recruits on view . '' British television channel Channel 4 voted it number 5 on its list of the greatest war films ever made . In 2008 , Empire placed Full Metal Jacket number 457 on its list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . Accolades ( edit ) Full Metal Jacket was nominated for eleven awards worldwide between 1987 and 1989 including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , two BAFTA Awards for Best Sound and Best Special Effects , and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor for Ermey . Ultimately it won five awards , three from organisations outside of the United States : Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom . The film won Best Foreign Language Film from the Japanese Academy , Best Producer from the David di Donatello Awards , Director of the Year from the London Critics Circle Film Awards , and Best Director and Best Supporting Actor from the Boston Society of Film Critics Awards , for Kubrick and Ermey respectively . Of the five awards won , four were awarded to Kubrick . Year Award Recipient Result Ref . BAFTA Awards Best Sound Nigel Galt , Edward Tise and Andy Nelson Nominated Best Special Effects John Evans Nominated 60th Academy Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Stanley Kubrick , Michael Herr and Gustav Hasford Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics Awards Best Director Stanley Kubrick Won Best Supporting Actor R. Lee Ermey Won David di Donatello Awards Best Producer -- Foreign film Stanley Kubrick Won Golden Globes Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture R. Lee Ermey Nominated London Critics Circle Film Awards Director of the Year Stanley Kubrick Won Writers Guild of America Best Adapted Screenplay Stanley Kubrick , Michael Herr , Gustav Hasford Nominated Kinema Junpo Awards Best Foreign Language Film Director Stanley Kubrick Won Awards of the Japanese Academy Best Foreign Language Film Stanley Kubrick Nominated Differences between novel and screenplay ( edit ) Adaptation of novel to film ( edit ) See also : The Short - Timers § Film adaptation Film scholar Greg Jenkins has done a detailed analysis of the adaptation of the novel as a screenplay . The novel is in three parts . The film greatly expands the relatively brief section in Part I , about the boot camp on Parris Island , and essentially discards Part III . This gives the film a twofold structure , telling two largely independent stories connected by the same characters acting in each . Jenkins believes this structure is a development of concepts that Kubrick has had since the 1960s . At that time , Kubrick talked about wanting to explode the usual conventions of narrative structure . Sergeant Hartman ( renamed from the book 's Gerheim ) has an expanded role in the film . In the film , Private Pyle 's incompetence is presented as weighing negatively on the rest of the platoon and in the film , unlike the novel , he is the only under - performing recruit . The film omits `` Hartman 's '' disclosure to other troops that he thinks Pyle might be mentally unstable , a `` Section 8 '' . In contrast , Hartman praises Pyle , saying that he is `` born again hard '' . Jenkins says that the character of Hartman could not have been portrayed as having a warmer social relationship with the troops , as that would have upset the balance of the film , which depends on the spectacle of ordinary soldiers coming to grips with Hartman as a force of nature embodying a killer culture . Various episodes in the book have been cut from the screenplay or conflated with others . For example , Cowboy 's introduction of the `` Lusthog Squad '' has been both markedly shortened and supplemented by material from other sections of the book . Although the book 's final , third section was largely dropped , elements from this section were inserted into other episodes of the film . For instance , the climactic episode with the sniper is a conflation of two episodes in the book , from Parts II and III . Jenkins thinks the film presents this passage more dramatically but in less gruesome detail than in the novel . The film often has a more tragic tone than the book , which relies on callous humor . Joker in the film remains a model of humane thinking , as evidenced by his moral struggle in the sniper episode and elsewhere . He works to overcome his own meekness , rather than to compete with other Marines . The film omits the book 's showing his eventual domination over Animal Mother . The film also omits the death of the character Rafterman . Jenkins believed this allowed viewers to reflect on Rafterman 's personal growth in the film and speculate on his future growth after the war . Jenkins also believed Rafterman 's death would not have fit the plot of the screenplay . See also ( edit ) Paths of Glory Road to Eternity Charles Whitman Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Military history portal United Kingdom portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FULL METAL JACKET '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . 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Jump up ^ Dan Schneider ( 2009 ) . `` DVD Review Of The Human Condition '' . Jump up ^ `` Official singles Chart results matching : full metal jacket ( i wan na be your drill instructor ) '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket 1987 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket DVD Blu - ray '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ronald Epstein ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) . `` WHV Press Release : Full Metal Jacket 25th Anniversary Blu - ray Book '' . Home Theater Forum . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Undeclared War Over Full Metal Jacket '' . The Daily Beast . RTST , INC . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket '' . Metacritic . October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ( 29 June 1987 ) . `` Cinema : Welcome To Viet Nam , the Movie : II Full Metal Jacket '' . Time . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Metal Jacket '' . Variety . 31 December 1986 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Hall ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Fast & Furious 5 '' . Film4 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nathan , Ian . `` Full Metal Jacket '' . Empire . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) '' . Time Out London . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI list of America 's most heart - pounding movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 26 June 1987 ) . `` Kubrick 's ' Full Metal Jacket , ' on Vietnam '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket '' . Jump up ^ Duncan 2003 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Review : In ' Max , ' a Shellshocked Dog Reverts to His Heroic Self '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Critic TV Show Quotes , Retrojunk , Accessed January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 's 100 Greatest War Movies of All Time '' . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 60th Academy Awards ( 1988 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Nominations 1987 '' . bafta.org . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards Search '' . goldenglobes.org . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` David di Donatello Awards '' . daviddidonatello.it . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BSFC Past Award Winners '' . BSFC . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1997 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1997 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1997 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins 1997 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1997 , p. 147 . Bibliography Baxter , John ( 1997 ) . Stanley Kubrick : A Biography . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 638445 - 8 . Duncan , Paul ( 2003 ) . Stanley Kubrick : The Complete Films . Taschen GmbH . ISBN 978 - 3836527750 . Jenkins , Greg ( 1997 ) . Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation : Three Novels , Three Films . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3097 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Full Metal Jacket . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Full Metal Jacket Full Metal Jacket on IMDb Full Metal Jacket at AllMovie Full Metal Jacket at Box Office Mojo Full Metal Jacket at Rotten Tomatoes Full Metal Jacket at Metacritic ( hide ) Stanley Kubrick Feature films Fear and Desire ( 1953 ) Killer 's Kiss ( 1955 ) The Killing ( 1956 ) Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) Lolita ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1980 ) Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ) Short films Day of the Fight ( 1951 ) Flying Padre ( 1951 ) The Seafarers ( 1953 ) Related films World Assembly of Youth ( 1952 ) Strangers Kiss ( 1983 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures ( 2001 ) Dark Side of the Moon ( 2002 ) Colour Me Kubrick ( 2005 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Boxes ( 2008 ) Room 237 ( 2012 ) S Is for Stanley ( 2016 ) Related topics Archive Bibliography Filmography and awards Influence Interpretations of 2001 Personal life Political and religious beliefs Recurring cast members Unrealized projects People Alan Conway Anthony Frewin Jan Harlan Christiane Kubrick Vivian Kubrick Ruth Sobotka VIAF : 316753488 GND : 4403279 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_Metal_Jacket&oldid=806202633 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s war films American films American war drama films British films British war drama films Anti-war films about the Vietnam War Films based on American novels Films set in South Carolina Films set in the 1960s Films set in Vietnam Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Murder - suicide in films United States Marine Corps in films Vietnam War films Warner Bros. films Films directed by Stanley Kubrick Films produced by Stanley Kubrick Screenplays by Stanley Kubrick Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 12 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the joker in full metal jacket | [
"\nMatthew Modine as Private/Sergeant James T. \"Joker\" Davis\nVincent D'Onofrio as Private Leonard \"Gomer Pyle\" Lawrence, an overweight, slow-witted recruit who becomes the focus of Hartman's attention. D'Onofrio was required to gain 70 pounds (32 kg), which broke the record for the largest weight gained for a role, set by Robert De Niro for Raging Bull.[6][7]\nR. Lee Ermey as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman, a Parris Island drill instructor; Ermey served as a U.S. Marine drill instructor during the Vietnam War and used this experience to ad lib much of his dialogue.[8][full citation needed]\nArliss Howard as Private/Sergeant Robert \"Cowboy\" Evans\nAdam Baldwin as Sergeant \"Animal Mother\"\nDorian Harewood as Corporal \"Eightball\"\nKevyn Major Howard as Private First Class \"Rafterman\"\nEd O'Ross as Lieutenant Walter J. \"Touchdown\" Schinoski\nJohn Terry as Lieutenant Lockhart\nBruce Boa as Marine Corps Colonel (at massacre site)\nKieron Jecchinis as Sergeant \"Crazy Earl\"\nJohn Stafford as Doc Jay\nTim Colceri as a helicopter door gunner; he was initially cast to play Hartman, a role which ultimately went to Ermey.[8][full citation needed]\nPeter Edmund as Private \"Snowball\" Brown\n"
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"Matthew Modine"
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774732310153219410 | Shake a Tail Feather | Shake a Tail Feather - Wikipedia Shake a Tail Feather Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Shake Ya Tailfeather . `` Shake a Tail Feather '' Single by The Five Du - Tones Released 1963 Format Single Recorded 1963 Genre Soul Length 2 : 24 Label One - DERFUL ! Songwriter ( s ) Otha Hayes , Verlie Rice , Andre Williams `` Shake a Tail Feather '' ( Otha Hayes , Verlie Rice , and Andre Williams ) is a song originally recorded in 1963 by the Chicago - based group The Five Du - Tones . ( This version was featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 film Hairspray ) . A 1967 version by James & Bobby Purify reached # 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Cover versions ( edit ) `` Shake a Tail Feather '' has been covered by many other artists over the years . Ray Charles covered and performed the song during his scenes in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers in a version that included calls for various 1960s dances , such as the Twist , the Monkey , The Fly , The Swim , The Frug and the Mashed Potato , The Boogaloo to be performed by a crowd gathered outside Ray 's Music Exchange . The song was covered by The Cheetah Girls for the 2005 Walt Disney Pictures film , Chicken Little . The Kingsmen included the song on their 1966 The Kingsmen Up And Away album . The Monkees performed the song in 1968 on the band 's television special , 33 ⁄ Revolutions Per Monkee . Hanson included the song in a medley with `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' on their 1998 release , Live from Albertane . Japanese garage punk band Teengenerate recorded the song for their 1994 10 '' vinyl release `` Audio Recording '' . In 2012 , one of the songwriters , Andre Williams included the song on his 2012 Alive album , Life . In November 2013 The Overtones recorded the song for their album Saturday Night at the Movies . Other artists who have recorded the song include Ike & Tina Turner ( as re-created in the film What 's Love Got to Do with It ) , Mitch Ryder , Gerry & The Pacemakers , Tommy James and the Shondells , and The Romantics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( The Five Du - Tones > Overview ) ) ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1992 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 5th Edition . Billboard Books . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Ike and Tina Turner shake your tail feather '' . YouTube . 2008 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mike Hale ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Cigars ? Cigarettes ? Catty Rivalries ? '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Later the actress Karen LeBlanc does a pretty fair Tina Turner imitation on `` Shake a Tail Feather '' and `` I Want to Be Made Over . '' Tommy James and the Shondells Tommy James John Golden Bobby Guy Glenn Wyka Studio albums Hanky Panky It 's Only Love I Think We 're Alone Now Gettin ' Together Mony Mony Crimson & Clover Cellophane Symphony The Best of Tommy James and The Shondells Travelin ' Singles `` Hanky Panky '' `` Say I Am ( What I Am ) '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Ya ! Ya ! '' `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' `` Mirage '' `` Gettin ' Together '' `` Mony Mony '' `` Do Something to Me '' `` Crimson and Clover '' `` Sweet Cherry Wine '' `` Crystal Blue Persuasion '' `` Ball of Fire '' `` She '' `` Gotta Get Back to You '' Cover Songs `` California Sun '' `` Good Lovin ' '' `` I 'll Go Crazy '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Shake a Tail Feather '' `` Shout '' Book This pop song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1960s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shake_a_Tail_Feather&oldid=793955757 '' Categories : Songs written by Andre Williams 1963 songs 1963 singles 1967 singles The Five Du - Tones songs James & Bobby Purify songs Ray Charles songs The Blues Brothers songs Tina Turner songs Ike & Tina Turner songs Tommy James and the Shondells songs The Cheetah Girls songs Bell Records singles Pop song stubs 1960s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 23 : 08 . About Wikipedia | who sang the original shake your tail feather | [
"\"Shake a Tail Feather\" (Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, and Andre Williams) is a song originally recorded in 1963 by the Chicago-based group The Five Du-Tones.[1] (This version was featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 film Hairspray). A 1967 version by James & Bobby Purify reached #25 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2]"
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"The Five Du-Tones"
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-7762935873270222486 | Hamilton (musical) | Hamilton ( musical ) - Wikipedia Hamilton ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Broadway musical . For the 2015 Broadway cast recording , see Hamilton ( album ) . For the 2016 album inspired by the show , see The Hamilton Mixtape . Hamilton An American Musical Broadway promotional poster Music Lin - Manuel Miranda Lyrics Lin - Manuel Miranda Book Lin - Manuel Miranda Basis Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow Premiere January 20 , 2015 : The Public Theater , New York City Productions 2013 Workshop 2015 Off - Broadway 2015 Broadway 2016 Chicago 2017 First U.S. Tour 2017 West End 2018 Second U.S. Tour Awards List of awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Off - Broadway Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Score Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Musical Obie Award for Best New American Theatre Work Pulitzer Prize for Drama Drama League Award for Distinguished Production of a Musical Broadway.com Audience Award for Favorite Musical Cast members perform musical selections at the White House , 2016 . L-R : Lin - Manuel Miranda , Phillipa Soo , Leslie Odom , Jr. , and Christopher Jackson Hamilton : An American Musical is a sung - and rapped - through musical about the life of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton , with music , lyrics , and book by Lin - Manuel Miranda , inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow . Incorporating hip - hop , rhythm and blues , pop music , soul music , traditional - style show tunes , and color - conscious casting of non-white actors as the Founding Fathers and other historical figures , the musical achieved both critical acclaim and box office success . The musical made its Off - Broadway debut at The Public Theater in February 2015 , where its engagement was sold out . The show transferred to Broadway in August 2015 at the Richard Rodgers Theatre . On Broadway , it received enthusiastic critical reception and unprecedented advance box office sales . In 2016 , Hamilton received a record - setting 16 Tony nominations , winning 11 , including Best Musical , and was also the recipient of the 2016 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . The prior off - Broadway production of Hamilton won the 2015 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical as well as seven other Drama Desk Awards out of 14 total nominated categories . The Chicago production of Hamilton began preview performances at the CIBC Theatre in September 2016 and officially opened the following month . The West End production of Hamilton opened at the Victoria Palace Theatre in London in December 2017 , winning seven Olivier Awards in 2018 , including Best New Musical . The first U.S. national tour of the show began performances in March 2017 . A second U.S. tour opened in February 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act I 1.2 Act II 2 Roles and principal casts 2.1 Original production casts 2.2 Broadway cast replacements 2.3 Other notable production cast replacements 3 Musical numbers 3.1 Recordings 3.1. 1 Original Broadway cast album ( 2015 ) 3.1. 2 The Hamilton Mixtape ( 2016 ) 3.1. 3 The Hamilton Instrumentals ( 2017 ) and Hamiltunes 3.1. 4 Hamildrops ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 4 Background 5 Productions 5.1 Off - Broadway ( 2015 ) 5.2 Broadway ( 2015 -- present ) 5.3 Chicago ( 2016 -- present ) 5.4 U.S. touring productions ( 2017 -- present ) 5.5 West End ( 2017 -- present ) 5.6 Puerto Rico ( 2019 ) 6 Box office and business 6.1 Opening and box office records 6.2 Ticket lottery and Ham4Ham 7 Critical response 8 Honors and awards 8.1 Original Off - Broadway production 8.2 Original Broadway production 8.3 Original West End production 8.4 Accolades 9 Concept 9.1 Casting diversity 9.2 Historical accuracy 9.2. 1 Chronology and events 9.2. 2 Critical analysis and scholarship 9.3 Use in education 10 Legacy and impact 10.1 $10 bill 10.2 Hamilton : The Revolution 10.3 Hamilton 's America 10.4 Hamilton : The Exhibition 10.5 2016 Vice President -- elect Pence controversy 10.6 Parodies 11 Film adaptation 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Synopsis The play has two acts , telling Hamilton 's story through major events : Act I The musical begins with the company summarizing Alexander Hamilton 's early life as an orphan in the Caribbean ( `` Alexander Hamilton '' ) . After arriving in New York in 1776 , Hamilton meets Aaron Burr , John Laurens , the Marquis de Lafayette , and Hercules Mulligan ( `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' ) , and impresses them with his rhetorical skills ( `` My Shot '' ) . They affirm their revolutionary goals to each other ( `` The Story of Tonight '' ) . `` The Schuyler Sisters '' , Angelica , Eliza , and Peggy , are then introduced . King George then insists on his authority ( `` You 'll Be Back '' ) . During the New York and New Jersey campaign Hamilton accepts a position as George Washington 's aide - de-camp ( `` Right Hand Man '' ) instead of field command . Hamilton marries Eliza Schuyler ( `` Helpless '' ) as her sister Angelica suppresses her feelings for the sake of their happiness ( `` Satisfied '' ) . Burr reflects on Hamilton 's swift rise while considering his own career and more cautious style ( `` Wait For It '' ) . Hamilton 's friend Laurens duels General Charles Lee , with Hamilton and Burr as their seconds . Laurens injures Lee and Lee yields ( `` Ten Duel Commandments '' ) . Hamilton is temporarily suspended by Washington over the duel but recalled to help plan the final Siege of Yorktown ( `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' ) . Soon after the victory at Yorktown , Hamilton 's son Philip is born , while Burr has a daughter , Theodosia ( `` Dear Theodosia '' ) . Hamilton receives word that Laurens has been killed in a seemingly pointless battle and throws himself into his work ( `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' ) . He co-authors the Federalist Papers and is selected as Secretary of the Treasury by newly - elected President Washington ( `` Non-Stop '' ) . Act II In 1789 , Thomas Jefferson and Hamilton debate the merits of Hamilton 's financial plans during a Cabinet meeting . Washington pulls Hamilton aside , and tells him to figure out a compromise to win over Congress ( `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' ) . While working on this compromise Hamilton begins an affair with Maria Reynolds , making him vulnerable to her husband 's blackmail ( `` Say No To This '' ) . Hamilton , Jefferson and James Madison create the Compromise of 1790 over a private dinner , exchanging Hamilton 's financial plan for placing the country 's permanent capital on the Potomac River . Burr is envious of Hamilton 's sway in the government and wishes he had similar power ( `` The Room Where It Happens '' ) . In another Cabinet meeting , Jefferson and Hamilton argue over whether the United States should assist France in its conflict with Britain . Washington ultimately agrees with Hamilton 's argument for remaining neutral ( `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' ) . Washington decides to retire from the presidency and Hamilton assists in writing a farewell address ( `` One Last Time '' ) . John Adams becomes the second President and fires Hamilton , who publishes an inflammatory critique of the new president as a response ( `` The Adams Administration '' ) . Hamilton 's affair with Reynolds becomes public ( `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' ) , damaging his relationship with Eliza ( `` Burn '' ) . Their son Philip dies at age 19 in a duel with George Eacker ( `` Blow Us All Away '' ) , causing a reconciliation between Alexander and Eliza ( `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' ) . Hamilton 's endorsement of Jefferson in the presidential election of 1800 results in further animosity between Hamilton and Burr . Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel via an exchange of letters ( `` Your Obedient Servant '' ) . Hamilton dies with his wife and Angelica at his side . Burr laments that even though he survived , he is cursed to be the villain who killed Alexander Hamilton ( `` The World Was Wide Enough '' ) . The close of the musical is a reflection on historical memory and `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' . Roles and principal casts Original production casts Character Vassar Workshop Off - Broadway Broadway Chicago First U.S. Tour West End Second U.S. Tour Puerto Rico Alexander Hamilton Lin - Manuel Miranda Miguel Cervantes Michael Luwoye Jamael Westman Joseph Morales Lin - Manuel Miranda Eliza Hamilton Ana Nogueira Phillipa Soo Ari Afsar Solea Pfeiffer Rachelle Ann Go Shoba Narayan TBA Aaron Burr Utkarsh Ambudkar Leslie Odom Jr . Joshua Henry Giles Terera Nik Walker TBA Angelica Schuyler Anika Noni Rose Renée Elise Goldsberry Karen Olivo Emmy Raver - Lampman Rachel John Ta'Rea Campbell TBA Marquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson Daveed Diggs Chris De'Sean Lee Jordan Donica Jason Pennycooke Kyle Scatliffe TBA George Washington Christopher Jackson Jonathan Kirkland Isaiah Johnson Obioma Ugoala Marcus Choi TBA King George III Joshua Henry Brian d'Arcy James Jonathan Groff Alexander Gemignani Rory O'Malley Michael Jibson Jon Patrick Walker TBA John Laurens / Philip Hamilton Javier Muñoz Anthony Ramos José Ramos Rubén J. Carbajal Cleve September Elijah Malcomb TBA Peggy Schuyler / Maria Reynolds Presilah Nunez Jasmine Cephas Jones Samantha Marie Ware Amber Iman Christine Allado Danielle Sostre TBA Hercules Mulligan / James Madison Joshua Henry Okieriete Onaodowan Wallace Smith Mathenee Treco Tarinn Callender Fergie L. Philippe TBA Alexander Hamilton ( alternate ) N / A Javier Muñoz Joseph Morales Ryan Alvarado Ash Hunter Julius Thomas III TBA Broadway cast replacements Alexander Hamilton : Javier Muñoz , Michael Luwoye Aaron Burr : Brandon Victor Dixon ; Daniel Breaker Angelica Schuyler : Mandy Gonzalez Marquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson : Seth Stewart ; James Monroe Iglehart John Laurens / Philip Hamilton : Jordan Fisher King George III : Andrew Rannells ; Rory O'Malley ; Taran Killam ; Brian d'Arcy James ; Euan Morton Other notable production cast replacements Aaron Burr -- Chicago : Wayne Brady ; Daniel Breaker Angelica Schuyler -- Chicago : Montego Glover Musical numbers Act I `` Alexander Hamilton '' -- Full company ( except King George III ) `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , Lafayette , and Mulligan `` My Shot '' -- Hamilton , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Burr , Company `` The Story of Tonight '' -- Hamilton , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Company `` The Schuyler Sisters '' -- Angelica , Eliza , Peggy , Burr , and Company `` Farmer Refuted '' -- Seabury , Hamilton `` You 'll Be Back '' -- King George III `` Right Hand Man '' -- Washington , Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , and Company `` A Winter 's Ball '' -- Burr , Hamilton , and Men `` Helpless '' -- Eliza , Hamilton , Angelica , and Women `` Satisfied '' -- Angelica , Eliza , Hamilton , and Company `` The Story of Tonight ( Reprise ) '' -- Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Burr , Hamilton `` Wait for It '' -- Burr and Company `` Stay Alive '' -- Eliza , Angelica , Hamilton , Washington , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Lee , and Company `` Ten Duel Commandments '' -- Laurens , Hamilton , Lee , Burr , and Company `` Meet Me Inside '' -- Washington , Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , and Company `` That Would Be Enough '' -- Eliza and Hamilton `` Guns and Ships '' -- Lafayette , Burr , Washington , and Company `` History Has Its Eyes on You '' -- Washington and Company `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' -- Hamilton , Lafayette , Laurens , Mulligan , Washington , and Company `` What Comes Next ? '' -- King George III `` Dear Theodosia '' -- Burr and Hamilton `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' -- Laurens , Eliza , Hamilton † `` Non-Stop '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Eliza , Angelica , Washington , and Company Act II `` What 'd I Miss '' -- Jefferson , Burr , Madison , Washington , Hamilton , and Company `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' -- Jefferson , Hamilton , Washington , and Madison `` Take a Break '' -- Eliza , Philip , Hamilton , and Angelica `` Say No to This '' -- Hamilton , Maria Reynolds , James Reynolds , and Company `` The Room Where It Happens '' -- Burr , Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , and Company `` Schuyler Defeated '' -- Philip , Eliza , Hamilton , and Burr `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' -- Washington , Jefferson , Hamilton , and Madison `` Washington on Your Side '' -- Burr , Jefferson , and Madison `` One Last Time '' -- Washington , Hamilton , and Company ‡ `` I Know Him '' -- King George III `` The Adams Administration '' -- Burr , Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , and Company `` We Know '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Jefferson , and Madison `` Hurricane '' -- Hamilton and Company `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' -- Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , Burr , Angelica , and Company `` Burn '' -- Eliza `` Blow Us All Away '' -- Philip , Hamilton , Eacker , Dolly , Martha and Company `` Stay Alive ( Reprise ) '' -- Philip , Hamilton , Eliza , Doctor , and Company `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' -- Angelica , Hamilton , Eliza , and Company `` The Election of 1800 '' -- Jefferson , Madison , Burr , Hamilton , and Company `` Your Obedient Servant '' -- Burr and Hamilton `` Best of Wives and Best of Women '' -- Eliza and Hamilton `` The World Was Wide Enough '' -- Burr , Hamilton , and Company `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' -- Eliza , Washington , Burr , Jefferson , Madison , Angelica , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , and Company † `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' , a second reprise to `` The Story of Tonight '' , does not appear on the original Broadway cast recording . Miranda explained that it was `` more of a scene than a song , the only scene in the ( sung - through ) show '' , and he wanted to reserve the impact of `` at least one revelation '' that could be experienced more fully onstage . ‡ Previously titled `` One Last Ride '' in the Off - Broadway production . Recordings Original Broadway cast Album ( 2015 ) The original Broadway cast recording for Hamilton was made available to listeners by NPR on September 21 , 2015 . It was released by Atlantic Records digitally on September 25 , 2015 , and physical copies were released on October 16 , 2015 . The cast album has also been released on vinyl . The album debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , the highest entrance for a cast recording since 1963 . It went on to reach number 3 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Billboard Rap albums chart . The original cast recording has won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . The Hamilton Mixtape ( 2016 ) The Hamilton Mixtape , a collection of remixes , covers , and samples of the musical 's songs , was released on December 2 , 2016 . The Mixtape debuted in the number 1 spot on the Billboard 200 . The Hamilton Instrumentals ( 2017 ) and Hamiltunes The Hamilton Instrumentals , an instrumental edition of the original Broadway cast recording without the cast 's vocals , was released on June 30 , 2017 . In conjunction with the release , the producers of Hamilton announced that they were officially authorizing free sing - along programs for fans , and offering organizers the Hamiltunes name and logo to promote the events . A series of unauthorized Hamilton sing - alongs under that name , starting with Hamiltunes L.A. in early 2016 , had already taken place in Los Angeles , San Francisco , and Washington D.C. , with spinoff events nationwide . Hamildrops ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda announced a new series of 13 Hamilton - related recordings called Hamildrops , releasing once a month from December 2017 to December 2018 . The first release , on December 15 , 2017 , was `` Ben Franklin 's Song '' by The Decemberists , containing lyrics Miranda wrote during development of Hamilton for an unused song that was never set to music . Miranda had long imagined Benjamin Franklin singing in a `` Decemberist - y way '' , and ultimately sent the lyrics to Colin Meloy , who set them to music . The second release , on January 25 , 2018 , was `` Wrote My Way Out ( Remix ) '' , a remixed version of a song on The Hamilton Mixtape , featuring Royce Da 5'9 `` , Joyner Lucas , Black Thought and Aloe Blacc . The third release , on March 2 , 2018 , was `` The Hamilton Polka '' by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , a polka medley of some of the songs from the musical . A fan of Yankovic since childhood , Miranda became friends with him after they tried to develop a musical together . About the origin of the song , Yankovic said , `` Lin pitched it to me as a polka medley way more hesitantly than ( he ) should have . He was like , ' Would you want to do a polka medley ? ' I was like , ' Of course I do ! ' '' Since Yankovic was busy working on his new tour , he would n't be able to release the song on February , so he suggested calling March 2nd `` February 30th '' . Miranda said it was `` the most perfect ' Weird Al ' creative problem solving possible . '' The fourth release , on March 19 , 2018 , was `` Found / Tonight '' by Lin - Manuel Miranda and Ben Platt . A mash - up of the songs `` You Will Be Found '' from the stage musical Dear Evan Hansen and `` The Story of Tonight '' from Hamilton , part of the proceeds were destinated to the initiative March for Our Lives , created after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting . Miranda said the song was his way `` of helping to raise funds and awareness for ( the efforts of the students in Parkland , Florida ) , and to say Thank You , and that we are with you so let 's keep fighting , together . '' Platt added that he hoped the song could `` play some small part in bringing about real change ( in gun control laws ) '' . Background Play media Lin - Manuel Miranda performs at the White House Poetry Jam in 2009 . External audio Lin - Manuel Miranda Talks ' Hamilton ' : Once A ' Ridiculous ' Pitch , Now A Revolution , interview with Scott Simon , NPR , April 9 , 2016 While on vacation from performing in his hit Broadway show In the Heights , Lin - Manuel Miranda read a copy of Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow , a biography of Alexander Hamilton . After finishing the first few chapters , Miranda began to envision the life of Hamilton as a musical , and researched whether a stage musical of Hamilton 's life had been created . All he found was that a play of Hamilton 's story had been done on Broadway in 1917 , starring George Arliss as Alexander Hamilton . ( Arliss reprised the role in a 1931 feature film adaptation , Alexander Hamilton , but to date there is no record of Miranda having seen it . ) Miranda therefore began a project entitled The Hamilton Mixtape . On May 12 , 2009 , Miranda was invited to perform music from In the Heights at the White House Evening of Poetry , Music and the Spoken Word . Instead , he performed the first song from The Hamilton Mixtape , a rough version of what would later become `` Alexander Hamilton '' , Hamilton 's opening number . He spent a year after that working on `` My Shot '' , another early number from the show . Miranda performed in a workshop production of the show , then titled The Hamilton Mixtape , at the Vassar Reading Festival on July 27 , 2013 . The workshop production was directed by Thomas Kail and musically directed by Alex Lacamoire . The workshop consisted of the entirety of the first act of the show and three songs from the second act . The workshop was accompanied by Lacamoire on the piano . Of the original workshop cast , only three principal cast members played in the Off - Broadway production : Miranda , Daveed Diggs , and Christopher Jackson . Most of the original Off - Broadway cast moved to Broadway , except Brian d'Arcy James , who was replaced by Jonathan Groff as King George III . Productions Off - Broadway promotional poster . Off - Broadway ( 2015 ) External video Interview with Ron Chernow ( conducted by Harold Holzer ) on the adaptation of his book into the play , February 25 , 2016 , C - SPAN Directed by Thomas Kail and choreographed by Andy Blankenbuehler , the musical received its world premiere Off - Broadway at The Public Theater , under the supervision of the Public 's Artistic Director Oskar Eustis , with previews starting on January 20 , 2015 and officially opening on February 17 . The production was extended twice , first to April 5 and then to May 3 . Chernow served as historical consultant to the production . The show opened to universal acclaim according to review aggregator Did He Like It . Broadway ( 2015 -- present ) Hamilton premiered on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre ( also home to Miranda 's 2008 Broadway debut In the Heights ) on July 13 , 2015 in previews , and opened on August 6 , 2015 . The production is produced by Jeffrey Seller and features scenic design by David Korins , costumes by Paul Tazewell , lighting by Howell Binkley and sound by Nevin Steinberg , who all reprised their roles from the off - Broadway production . The production was critically acclaimed by many theater analysts . Chicago ( 2016 -- present ) Hamilton opened at the CIBC Theatre in Chicago on October 19 , 2016 , following previews from September 27 , 2016 . It is currently booking through January 20 , 2019 . Near the beginning of its run , lead producer Jeffrey Seller said the show may be in residence for two years or more . On its opening , attended by author Miranda , the Chicago production received strongly positive reviews . Miranda praised the Chicago casts ' performance during a later television interview . Us touring productions ( 2017 -- present ) Plans for a national tour of Hamilton emerged near the end of January 2016 . The tour was initially announced with over 20 stops , scheduled from 2017 through at least 2020 . Tickets to the tour 's run in San Francisco -- its debut city -- sold out within 24 hours of release ; the number of people who entered the online waiting room to purchase tickets surpassed 110,000 . The first national touring production began preview performances at San Francisco 's SHN Orpheum Theatre on March 10 , 2017 and officially opened on March 23 . The production ran in San Francisco until August 5 , when it transferred to Los Angeles ' Hollywood Pantages Theatre for a run from August 11 to December 30 , 2017 . Just days after the first U.S. tour began performances in San Francisco , news emerged that a second U.S. tour of Hamilton would begin in Seattle for a six - week limited engagement before touring North America concurrently with the first tour . To distinguish the first and second touring productions , the production team has labeled them , respectively , the `` Angelica tour '' and the `` Philip tour '' . The second national tour began preview performances at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle on February 6 , 2018 before officially opening on February 15 , 2018 . The Angelica tour alone requires 14 truckloads of cargo and a core group of over 60 traveling cast , crew , and musicians . The production team insisted that each tour must be able to duplicate the original Broadway show 's choreography , which literally revolves around two concentric turntables on the stage . This led to the construction of four portable sets , two for each tour , so that one set can be assembled well in advance at the next stop while the tour is still playing at the last stop . West End ( 2017 -- present ) Hamilton at the Victoria Palace , London , in December 2017 . Cameron Mackintosh produced a London production which re-opened the Victoria Palace Theatre on December 21 , 2017 , following previews from December 6 . Initial principal casting was announced on January 26 , 2017 . The London production received strongly positive reviews . Puerto Rico ( 2019 ) It was announced on November 8 , 2017 that Hamilton would play the University of Puerto Rico 's Teatro UPR in San Juan , beginning in January 2019 , with Lin - Manuel Miranda reprising his performance as Alexander Hamilton . The Teatro UPR stage had suffered damage following Hurricane Maria in September and October 2017 , and is set to undergo restorations and repairs prior to Hamilton 's 2019 bow . Box Office and business Opening and Box Office records Hamilton 's off - Broadway engagement at The Public Theater was sold out , and when the musical opened on Broadway , it had a multimillion - dollar advance in ticket sales , reportedly taking in $30 million before its official opening . By September 2015 , the show was sold out for most of its Broadway engagement . It was the second - highest - grossing show on Broadway for the Labor Day week ending September 6 , 2015 ( behind only The Lion King ) . Hamilton set a Broadway box office record for the most money grossed in a single week in New York City in late November 2016 , when it grossed $3.3 million for an eight performance week , becoming the first show to break $3 million in eight performances . Ticket lottery and Ham4Ham Hamilton , like other Broadway musicals , offers a ticket lottery before every show . Initially , twenty - one front row seats ( and occasional standing room tickets ) were offered in each lottery . Hamilton creator Lin - Manuel Miranda began preparing and hosting outdoor mini-performances shortly before each daily drawing , allowing lottery participants to experience a part of the show even when they did not win tickets . These were dubbed the `` Ham4Ham '' shows , because lottery winners were given the opportunity to purchase two tickets at the reduced price of one Hamilton ( $10 bill ) each . The online theatrical journal HowlRound characterized Ham4Ham as an expression of Miranda 's cultural background : Ham4Ham follows a long tradition of Latina / o ( or the ancestors of present - day Latina / os ) theatremaking that dates back to when the events in Hamilton were happening ... The philosophy behind this is simple . If the people wo n't come to the theatre , then take the theatre to the people . While El Teatro Campesino 's ' taking it to the streets ' originated from a place of social protest , Ham4Ham does so to create accessibility , tap into social media , and ultimately generate a free , self - functioning marketing campaign . In this way , Ham4Ham falls into a lineage of accessibility as a Latina / o theatremaking aesthetic . As a result of the Ham4Ham shows , Hamilton 's lottery process drew unusually large crowds of people that created a significant congestion problem for West 46th Street . To avoid increasingly dangerous crowding and traffic conditions , an online ticket lottery began operating in early January 2016 . On the first day of the online lottery , more than 50,000 people entered , resulting in the website crashing . Following Miranda 's departure from the show on July 9 , 2016 , Rory O'Malley , then playing King George III , took over as the host of Ham4Ham . The Ham4Ham show officially ended on August 31 , 2016 , after over a year of performances . The online lottery continued , with an official mobile app released in August 2017 that expanded the lottery by offering tickets for touring productions of Hamilton as well as the Broadway show . Critical response Marilyn Stasio , in her review of the Off - Broadway production for Variety , wrote , `` The music is exhilarating , but the lyrics are the big surprise . The sense as well as the sound of the sung dialogue has been purposely suited to each character . George Washington , a stately figure in Jackson 's dignified performance , sings in polished prose ... But in the end , Miranda 's impassioned narrative of one man 's story becomes the collective narrative of a nation , a nation built by immigrants who occasionally need to be reminded where they came from . '' The Hamilton cast and crew greets President Barack Obama on July 18 , 2015 . In his review of the Off - Broadway production , Jesse Green in New York wrote , `` The conflict between independence and interdependence is not just the show 's subject but also its method : It brings the complexity of forming a union from disparate constituencies right to your ears ... Few are the theatergoers who will be familiar with all of Miranda 's touchstones . I caught the verbal references to Rodgers and Hammerstein , Gilbert and Sullivan , Sondheim , West Side Story , and 1776 , but other people had to point out to me the frequent hat - tips to hip - hop ... Whether it 's a watershed , a breakthrough , and a game changer , as some have been saying , is another matter . Miranda is too savvy ( and loves his antecedents too much ) to try to reinvent all the rules at once ... Those duels , by the way -- there are three of them -- are superbly handled , the highlights of a riveting if at times overbusy staging by the director Thomas Kail and the choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler . '' Although giving a positive review , Elisabeth Vincentelli , of the New York Post ( which was founded by Hamilton himself ) , wrote that Hamilton and Burr 's love / hate relationship `` fails to drive the show -- partly because Miranda lacks the charisma and intensity of the man he portrays '' , and that `` too many of the numbers are exposition - heavy lessons , as if this were ' Schoolhouse Rap ! ' The show is burdened with eye - glazingly dull stretches , especially those involving George Washington . '' Reviewing the Broadway production in The New York Times , Ben Brantley wrote , `` I am loath to tell people to mortgage their houses and lease their children to acquire tickets to a hit Broadway show . But Hamilton , directed by Thomas Kail and starring Mr. Miranda , might just about be worth it ... Washington , Jefferson , Madison -- they 're all here , making war and writing constitutions and debating points of economic structure . So are Aaron Burr and the Marquis de Lafayette . They wear the clothes ( by Paul Tazewell ) you might expect them to wear in a traditional costume drama , and the big stage they inhabit has been done up ( by David Korins ) to suggest a period - appropriate tavern , where incendiary youth might gather to drink , brawl and plot revolution . '' In Time Out New York , David Cote wrote , `` I love Hamilton . I love it like I love New York , or Broadway when it gets it right . And this is so right ... A sublime conjunction of radio - ready hip - hop ( as well as R&B , Britpop and trad showstoppers ) , under - dramatized American history and Miranda 's uniquely personal focus as a first - generation Puerto Rican and inexhaustible wordsmith , Hamilton hits multilevel culture buttons , hard ... The work 's human drama and novelistic density remain astonishing . '' Cote chose Hamilton as a Critics ' Pick , and gave the production five out of five stars . In an issue of Journal of the Early Republic , Andrew Schocket wrote that while Hamilton makes bold choices to stray away from what he calls the `` American Revolution Rebooted '' genre , it remains `` forged in the mold of this genre , and despite its casting and hip - hop delivery , is more representative of it than we might think . '' In the same issue , Marvin McAllister noted that the production 's heavy hip - hop influence works so well because `` Miranda elevates the form through this marriage with musical theater storytelling , and in the process , ennobles the culture and the creators . '' A review in The Economist summed up the response to Hamilton as `` near - universal critical acclaim '' . Barack Obama joked that admiration for the musical is `` the only thing Dick Cheney and I agree on '' . Honors and Awards Original Off - Broadway production Year Award Category Nominee Result 2015 Lucille Lortel Awards Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Director Thomas Kail Won Outstanding Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Leslie Odom , Jr . Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Won Brian d'Arcy James Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Outstanding Costume Design Paul Tazewell Won Outstanding Lighting Design Howell Binkley Won Outstanding Sound Design Nevin Steinberg Won Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Off - Broadway Musical Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Outstanding New Score Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Thomas Kail Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Nominated Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated Distinguished Performance Daveed Diggs Nominated Lin - Manuel Miranda Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Leslie Odom , Jr . Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Thomas Kail Won Outstanding Music Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Outstanding Lyrics Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Won Outstanding Orchestrations Alex Lacamoire Nominated Outstanding Set Design David Korins Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Paul Tazewell Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated Outstanding Sound Design in a Musical Nevin Steinberg Won Special Award ‡ Andy Blankenbuehler Won New York Drama Critics ' Circle Awards Best Musical Won Off Broadway Alliance Awards Best New Musical Won Theatre World Awards Outstanding Debut Performance Daveed Diggs Won Clarence Derwent Awards Most Promising Female Performer Phillipa Soo Won Obie Awards Best New American Theatre Work Lin - Manuel Miranda , Thomas Kail , Andy Blankenbuehler , Alex Lacamoire Won Edgerton Foundation New American Play Awards Won ‡ Blankenbuehler received a Special Drama Desk Award for `` his inspired and heart - stopping choreography in Hamilton , which is indispensible ( sic ) to the musical 's storytelling . His body of work is versatile , yet a dynamic and fluid style is consistently evident . When it 's time to ' take his shot , ' Blankenbuehler hits the bull 's - eye . '' Original Broadway production Year Award Category Nominee Result 2016 Tony Awards Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Best Original Score Won Best Actor in a Musical Nominated Leslie Odom , Jr . Won Best Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Won Jonathan Groff Nominated Christopher Jackson Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Best Scenic Design of a Musical David Korins Nominated Best Costume Design of a Musical Paul Tazewell Won Best Lighting Design of a Musical Howell Binkley Won Best Direction of a Musical Thomas Kail Won Best Choreography Andy Blankenbuehler Won Best Orchestrations Alex Lacamoire Won Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Won Distinguished Performance Daveed Diggs Nominated Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Pulitzer Prize Drama Won Grammy Awards Best Musical Theater Album Daveed Diggs , Renée Elise Goldsberry , Jonathan Groff , Christopher Jackson , Jasmine Cephas Jones , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Leslie Odom , Jr. , Okieriete Onaodowan , Anthony Ramos & Phillipa Soo ( principal soloists ) ; Alex Lacamoire , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Bill Sherman , Ahmir Thompson & Tariq Trotter ( producers ) ; Lin - Manuel Miranda ( composer & lyricist ) Won Fred and Adele Astaire Awards Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show Nominated Best Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Won Best Male Dancer Daveed Diggs Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Duo , Group or Collaboration Original Broadway Cast Nominated Dramatists Guild of America Awards Frederick Loewe Award for Dramatic Composition Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Edward M. Kennedy Prize Drama Inspired by American History Won Broadway.com Audience Awards Favorite New Musical Won Favorite Leading Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Leslie Odom Jr . Nominated Favorite Leading Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Won Favorite Breakthrough Performance ( female ) Won Jasmine Cephas Jones Nominated Favorite Featured Actress in a Musical Nominated Renee Elise Goldsberry Won Favorite Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Nominated Christopher Jackson Nominated Anthony Ramos Nominated Jonathan Groff Won Favorite Diva Performance Won Favorite Funny Performance Won Daveed Diggs Nominated Favorite Breakthrough Performance Won Anthony Ramos Nominated Okieriete Onaodowan Nominated Favorite Onstage Pair Lin - Manuel Miranda & Leslie Odom Jr . Won Lin - Manuel Miranda & Phillipa Soo Nominated Favorite Replacement ( Male ) Andrew Rannells Nominated Rory O'Malley Nominated Favorite New Song `` Alexander Hamilton '' Nominated `` My Shot '' Nominated `` The Schuyler Sisters '' Nominated `` Satisfied '' Won `` The Room Where It Happens '' Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Soundtrack Nominated Billboard Music Award Top Soundtrack / Cast Album Won Original West End production Year Award Category Nominee Result 2018 Critics ' Circle Theatre Award The Peter Hepple Award for Best Musical Won Laurence Olivier Awards Best New Musical Won Outstanding Achievement in Music Alex Lacamoire and Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Best Actor in a Musical Giles Terera Won Jamael Westman Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Michael Jibson Won Jason Pennycooke Nominated Cleve September Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical Rachel John Nominated Best Costume Design Paul Tazewell Nominated Best Lighting Design Howell Binkley Won Best Sound Design Nevin Steinberg Won Best Director Thomas Kail Nominated Best Theatre Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Won Accolades External video Presentation to Lin - Manuel Miranda of the Special Achievement Award from the board of the George Washington Book Prize , December 14 , 2015 , C - SPAN Publication Accolade Rank Billboard 25 Best Albums of 2015 Rolling Stone 50 Best Albums of 2015 8 Concept The names of many main characters , including that of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , are given a unique melodic motif that is repeated throughout the musical Hamilton in various keys , tempos , and timbres depending on the context . This is one example of how Hamilton weaves melodic and lyrical reprises into later songs in the score in order to cue an emotional response . According to an article in The New Yorker , the show is `` an achievement of historical and cultural reimagining '' . The costumes and set reflect the period , with `` velvet frock coats and knee britches . The set ... is a wooden scaffold against exposed brick ; the warm lighting suggests candlelight '' . The musical is mostly sung and rapped all the way through , with little dialogue isolated outside of the musical score . Casting Diversity Miranda said that the portrayal of Hamilton , Thomas Jefferson , George Washington , and other white historical figures by black and Hispanic actors should not require any substantial suspension of disbelief by audience members . `` Our cast looks like America looks now , and that 's certainly intentional '' , he said . `` It 's a way of pulling you into the story and allowing you to leave whatever cultural baggage you have about the founding fathers at the door . '' He noted `` We 're telling the story of old , dead white men but we 're using actors of color , and that makes the story more immediate and more accessible to a contemporary audience . '' The pro-immigration message of Hamilton is at the forefront , as the show revolves around the life of one of the Founding Fathers of America , Alexander Hamilton , and how he made his mark in American politics as an immigrant . Instead of being characterized as a white person , Alexander Hamilton 's immigrant status would be referenced throughout the whole show , alongside with the virtue and prowess of Hamilton ( `` by working a lot harder , by being a lot smarter , by being a self - starter '' , described in the show 's opening ) , in order to foster a positive image of immigrants . Alongside this , the casting of Black , Latino , and Asian American leads allowed audiences to literally view America as a nation of immigrants , with the intention of showing how irrelevant the Founding Fathers ' whiteness is to their claim on the country . `` Hamilton is a story about America , and the most beautiful thing about it is ... it 's told by such a diverse cast with a such diverse styles of music , '' according to Renee Elise Goldberry , who played Angelica Schuyler . `` We have the opportunity to reclaim a history that some of us do n't necessarily think is our own . '' Miranda has stated that he is `` totally open '' to women playing the Founding Fathers . Casting for the British production is expected to feature predominantly black British artists . Historical accuracy Chronology and events Although Hamilton was based on true events , Miranda did use some dramatic license in retelling the story . For example , while Angelica did have a strong relationship with Hamilton , it was exaggerated in the show . During `` Satisfied '' , Angelica explains why Hamilton is not suitable for her despite wanting him . In particular , she states , `` I 'm a girl in a world in which my only job is to marry rich . My father has no sons so I 'm the one who has to social climb for one . '' In actuality , Angelica had less pressure on her to do this . Philip Schuyler actually had fifteen children , including two sons who survived into adulthood ( one of whom was New York State Assemblyman Philip Jeremiah Schuyler ) , and Angelica had eloped with John Barker Church three years before she met Hamilton at her sister 's wedding , when she was already mother of two of her eight children with Church . Miranda stated that he chose to do this because it is stronger dramatically if Angelica is available but can not marry him . In addition , in Act I , Burr 's role in Hamilton 's life is overstated , and much of the early interactions between the two men in the show are fictionalized . For example , while Burr was present at the Battle on Monmouth , Burr did not serve as Charles Lee 's second in his duel with John Laurens as seen in `` Ten Duel Commandments '' ; Lee 's second was Evan Edwards . Hamilton also never approached Burr to help write the Federalist Papers as portrayed in `` Non-Stop '' . During Act I , the character of Aaron Burr says that `` ... Martha Washington named her feral tomcat after him ! ( Hamilton ) '' , to which Alexander Hamilton replies : `` That 's true ! '' In fact it is false . The idea of Hamilton as a serial adulterer has been one of the biggest mischaracterizations of the real Alexander Hamilton for centuries , with celebrated authors repeating the story over and over again , notwithstanding that the sexual connotation of tomcat as a womanizer did not appear in dictionaries until the first half of the 20th century . The `` tomcat '' story has been previously discredited by author Stephen Knott , and refuted by historian and author Michael E. Newton at the `` Alexander Hamilton Discoveries and Findings '' talk held by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society at Liberty Hall ( Kean University ) as part of the 2016 CelebrateHAMILTON events . In Act II , there are multiple inaccuracies throughout Hamilton 's decline , probably due to time constraints and narrative arc . While it is true that John Adams and Hamilton did not particularly get along , John Adams did not fire Hamilton as told in the show . Hamilton tendered his resignation from his position as Secretary of the Treasury on December 1 , 1794 , two years before Adams became president . However , Hamilton remained close friends with Washington and highly influential in the political sphere . In addition , Jefferson , Madison and Burr did not approach Hamilton about his affair , it was actually James Monroe , Frederick Muhlenberg and Abraham Venable in December 1792 . Monroe was a close friend of Jefferson 's and shared the information of Hamilton 's affair with him . In the Summer of 1797 , journalist James Callender broke the story of Hamilton 's infidelity . Hamilton blamed Monroe , and the altercation nearly ended in a duel . With nothing left to do , Hamilton then published The Reynolds Pamphlet . In `` Blow Us All Away '' , George Eacker and Philip Hamilton engage in a duel , before the events of the 1800 presidential election . The duel actually occurred in 1801 , with Philip Hamilton dying on November 24 . In the song , Eacker fires on Philip at the count of seven , while what happened in real - life was quite the opposite ; both men refused to fire for over a minute before Eacker shot Philip in the hips . Lastly , it was not the presidential election of 1800 that led to Burr and Hamilton 's duel . Burr did become Jefferson 's vice-president , but when Jefferson decided to not run with Burr for reelection in 1804 , Burr opted to run for Governor of New York instead . Burr lost to Morgan Lewis in a landslide . Afterwards , a letter was published in the Albany Register from Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler , claiming that Hamilton called Burr , `` a dangerous man , and one who ought not be trusted with the reins of government '' , and that he knew of `` a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr '' . This led to the letters between Burr and Hamilton as seen in the show in `` Your Obedient Servant '' . Critical Analysis and scholarship The show has been critiqued for a simplistic depiction of Hamilton and vilification of Jefferson . Joanne B. Freeman , a history professor at Yale , contrasted the show 's Hamilton to the `` real Hamilton ( who ) was a mass of contradictions : an immigrant who sometimes distrusted immigrants , a revolutionary who placed a supreme value on law and order , a man who distrusted the rumblings of the masses yet preached his politics to them more frequently and passionately than many of his more democracy - friendly fellows '' . Australian historian Shane White found the framing of the show 's story `` troubling '' , stating that he and many historian colleagues `` would like to imagine that Hamilton is a last convulsion of the founding father mythology '' . According to White , Miranda 's depiction of the founding of the United States `` infuses new life into an older view of American history '' that centered on the Founding Fathers , instead of joining the many historians who were `` attempting to get away from the Great Men story '' by incorporating `` ordinary people , African - Americans , Native Americans and women '' into a `` more inclusive and nuanced '' historical narrative in which Hamilton has a `` cameo rather than leading role '' . Rutgers University professor Lyra Monteiro criticized the show 's multi-ethnic casting as obscuring a complete lack of identifiable enslaved or free persons of color as characters in the show . Monteiro identified other commentators , such as Ishmael Reed , who criticized the show for making Hamilton and other historical personages appear more progressive on racial injustice than they really were . According to Reed , `` ( Hamilton 's ) reputation has been shored up as an abolitionist and someone who was opposed to slavery , '' which Reed stated was untrue . In The Baffler , policy analyst Matt Stoller criticized the musical 's portrayal of Hamilton as an idealist committed to democratic principles , in contrast to what he characterized as the historical record of Hamilton 's reactionary , anti-democratic politics and legacy . For example , Stoller cited Hamilton as a leader involved in the Newburgh conspiracy ( a military coup plot against the Continental Congress in 1783 ) ; his development of a national financial system which , in Stoller 's view , empowered the plutocratic elite ; and his use of military force , indefinite detention , and mass arrests against dissenters during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1791 . In 2007 , history writer William Hogeland criticized Chernow 's biography of Hamilton on similar grounds in the Boston Review . Use in Education KQED News wrote of a `` growing number of intrepid U.S. history teachers ... who are harnessing the Hamilton phenomenon to inspire their students '' . The Cabinet rap battles provide a way to engage students with topics that have traditionally been considered uninteresting . An elective course for 11th and 12th graders on the musical Hamilton was held at the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in New York . KQED News added that `` Hamilton is especially galvanizing for the student who believes that stories about 18th century America are distant and irrelevant '' as it shows the Founding Fathers were real humans with real feeling and real flaws , rather than `` bloodless , two - dimensional cutouts who devoted their lives to abstract principles '' . A high school teacher from the Bronx noted his students were `` singing these songs the way they might sing the latest release from Drake or Adele '' . One teacher focused on Hamilton 's ability to write his way out of trouble and toward a higher plane of existence : `` skilled writing is the clearest sign of scholarship -- and the best way to rise up and alter your circumstance . '' Hamilton 's producers have made a pledge to allow 20,000 New York City public high school students from low - income families to get subsidized tickets to see Hamilton on Broadway by reducing their tickets to $70 for students , and the Rockefeller Foundation provided $1.5 million to further lower ticket prices to $10 per student . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History created a study guide to accompany the student - ticket program . Through a private grant , over the course of the 2017 school year nearly 20,000 Chicago Public School students got to see a special performance of the show , and some got to perform original songs on stage prior to the show . The website EducationWorld writes that Hamilton is `` being praised for its revitalization of interest in civic education '' . Northwestern University announced plans to offer course work in 2017 inspired by Hamilton , in history , Latino studies , and interdisciplinary studies . In 2016 , Moraine Valley Community College started a Hamilton appreciation movement , Straight Outta Hamilton , hosting panels and events that talk about the musical itself and relate them to current events . Legacy and impact $10 bill In 2015 , the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced a redesign to the $10 bill , with plans to replace Hamilton with a then - undecided woman from American history . Because of Hamilton 's surging popularity , almost exclusively due to the musical , United States Treasury Secretary Jack Lew reversed the plans to replace Hamilton 's portrait , instead deciding to replace Andrew Jackson with Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill . Hamilton : the Revolution External video Presentation by Jeremy McCarter on Hamilton : The Revolution , June 11 , 2016 , C - SPAN On April 12 , 2016 , Miranda and Jeremy McCarter 's book , Hamilton : The Revolution , was released , detailing Hamilton 's journey from an idea to a successful Broadway musical . It includes an inside look at not only Alexander Hamilton 's revolution , but the cultural revolution that permeates the show . It also has footnotes from Miranda and stories from behind the scenes of the show . Hamilton 's America After premiering on the New York Film Festival on October 1 , 2016 , PBS ' Great Performances exhibited on October 21 , 2016 the documentary Hamilton 's America . Directed by Alex Horwitz , it `` delves even deeper into the creation of the show , revealing Miranda 's process of absorbing and then adapting Hamilton 's epic story into groundbreaking musical theater . Further fleshing out the story is newly shot footage of the New York production with its original cast , trips to historic locations such as Mt . Vernon and Valley Forge with Miranda and other cast members , and a surprising range of interviews with prominent personalities , experts , politicians , and musicians . '' The film featured interviews with American historians and Hamilton authorities Ron Chernow and Joanne B. Freeman . Hamilton : the Exhibition Hamilton : The Exhibition is a planned traveling interactive museum , which will focus on the history concerning the life of Alexander Hamilton and also the musical . It is to debut in Chicago in November 2018 . 2016 Vice President -- elect Pence controversy Following a performance on November 18 , 2016 , with Vice President - elect Mike Pence in the audience , Brandon Victor Dixon addressed Pence from the stage with a statement jointly written by the cast , show creator Lin - Manuel Miranda and producer Jeffrey Seller . Dixon began by quieting the audience , and stated : Vice President - elect Pence , we welcome you and we truly thank you for joining us here at Hamilton : An American Musical , we really do . We , sir , -- we -- are the diverse America who are alarmed and anxious that your new administration will not protect us , our planet , our children , our parents , or defend us and uphold our inalienable rights , sir . But we truly hope that this show has inspired you to uphold our American values and to work on behalf of all of us . All of us . Again , we truly thank you truly for seeing this show , this wonderful American story told by a diverse group of men and women of different colors , creeds and orientations . Pence listened to the expression of concern about President - elect Donald Trump 's upcoming administration and later expressed that he was not offended . However , Trump demanded an apology for what he described , on Twitter , as the cast having `` harassed '' Pence . This led to an online campaign called `` # BoycottHamilton '' , which became widely mocked as the show was already sold - out months in advance . Trump was criticized by The Washington Post , who noted the division between white and non-white America in the 2016 Presidential election and suggested Trump could have offered `` assurances that he would be a president for all Americans -- that he would respect everybody regardless of race or gender or creed '' ; instead , as Presidential historian Robert Dallek expressed , Trump 's Twitter response was a `` striking act of divisiveness by an incoming president struggling to heal the nation after a bitter election '' , with the Hamilton cast a proxy for those fearful of Trump 's policies and rhetoric . Jeffrey Seller , the show 's lead producer , said that while Trump has not seen Hamilton or inquired about tickets , he is `` welcome to attend '' . Parodies In April 2016 , Jeb ! The Musical , subtitled An American Disappointment , appeared on the Internet with Jeb Bush in the place of Alexander Hamilton , with political figures like Donald Trump and Chris Christie holding supporting roles . A staged reading , given `` just as much preparation as Jeb 's campaign '' , was staged at Northwestern University in June of that year . The parody was crowdsourced , with contributions coming from a range of writers . A number of writers were drawn from Yale University , Boston University , McGill University and the University of Michigan . These writers met in a Facebook group named `` Post Aesthetics '' . In 2016 , Gerard Alessandrini , creator of Forbidden Broadway , wrote the revue Spamilton , which premiered at the Triad Theater in New York and also played at the Royal George Theatre in Chicago . It parodies Hamilton and other Broadway shows and caricatures various Broadway stars . On October 12 , 2016 , the American sitcom Modern Family released the episode `` Weathering Heights '' . The episode features a scene where Manny applies for college . To do so he records a parody of `` Alexander Hamilton '' as part of his application , complete with rewritten lyrics to accompany to his own life . It is revealed that most of the other applications are also Hamilton parodies . Film adaptation On February 14 , 2017 , Miranda confirmed that a film adaptation of Hamilton will happen , but stated , `` Who knows when ? '' . See also Musical theatre portal Book : Hamilton ( musical ) 1776 , a 1969 musical about the signing of the Declaration of Independence Assassins , a 1990 musical about several plots to assassinate U.S. presidents Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson , a 2010 historical rock musical about America 's seventh President , Andrew Jackson , and the founding of the Democratic Party References ^ Jump up to : Brantley , Ben ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Hamilton , ' Young Rebels Changing History and Theater '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Donaldson , Kayleigh ( 2017 ) . `` How to Make a Hamilton Movie '' . Screen Rant . ^ Jump up to : Cote , David ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Theater Review : Hamilton '' . Time Out New York . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mead , Rebecca . `` All About the Hamiltons '' Archived November 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The New Yorker , February 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( March 2016 ) . `` Hamilton : Casting After Colorblindness '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Hamilton is not , by the common definition , colorblind . It does not merely allow for some of the Founding Fathers to be played by people of color . It insists that all of them be . ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` History in the Making -- Revolutionary Musical ' Hamilton ' Opens on Broadway Tonight '' . Playbill . ^ Jump up to : Paulson , Michael ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` In the Heights : ' Hamilton ' Reaches Top Tier at Broadway Box Office '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Viagas , Robert ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Leads Announced for Chicago ' Hamilton ' '' . Playbill . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , Alice ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton London tickets : tout - beating ticket strategy , prices and how to buy them in today 's general sale '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton -- Official Broadway Site -- Get Tickets '' . Hamilton . August 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 25 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : BWW News Desk ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking News : HAMILTON to Kick Off Second National Tour in the Pacific Northwest '' . BroadwayWorld . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Page for the Music of Hamilton : The Musical '' . atlanticrecords.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Boroff , Philip ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Hip - Hop Hero Alexander Hamilton , Supertutors Eye Broadway '' . Bloomberg Muse . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` ' Hamilton ' Ends Sold - Out Off - Broadway Run Tonight -- Broadway Revolution Is Next '' Archived July 6 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , May 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` The Revolution Is Coming ! Meet the Full Cast of Broadway 's Hamilton ! '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Breaking News : Joshua Henry , Michael Luwoye and Rory O'Malley Will Go ' Non-Stop ' in HAMILTON National Tour ; Cast Announced ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rachelle Ann Go & More West End Favorites Tapped for Hamilton in London 's West End '' . Broadway.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In the Room Where It Happens ! Joseph Morales & Nik Walker to Headline the Blockbuster Hamilton Tour '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lin - Manuel Miranda Will Star in Hamilton in Puerto Rico Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Javier Muñoz Takes Over Title Role in Broadway 's Hamilton Tonight '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , Andy ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Story of Tonight ! Michael Luwoye Is Hamilton 's New Leading Man '' . Broadway.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber , Imogen ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Victor Dixon & Lexi Lawson Get Their Shot in Hamilton on Broadway '' . Broadway.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway 's Hamilton to Welcome Daniel Breaker ; Montego Glover Set for Chicago Production '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber , Imogen ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Mandy Gonzalez Sets Date to Replace Renee Elise Goldsberry in Broadway 's Hamilton '' . broadway.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McPhee . `` What 'd He Miss ? Seth Stewart Is Hamilton 's New Marquis de Lafayette & Thomas Jefferson on Broadway '' broadway.com , September 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Breaking News : The Man Is Non-Stop ! Tony Winner James Monroe Iglehart Will Join HAMILTON on Broadway '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Recording Artist Jordan Fisher to Make Broadway Debut in HAMILTON ; Anthony Ramos to Depart Next Month '' Archived October 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . broadwayworld.com , October 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : Andrew Rannells Will Inherit King George 's Crown in ' Hamilton ' on Broadway '' Archived October 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , broadwayworld.com , October 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jonathan Groff departing ' Hamilton , ' Rory O'Malley to replace him '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Non-Stop ! Alysha Deslorieux , Taran Killam , Anthony Lee Medina and More Will Join Broadway 's HAMILTON This Winter '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , David . `` It 's Official ! Brian d'Arcy James Sets Hamilton Return Date '' . TheaterMania.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euan Morton Is Hamilton 's Next King George on Broadway '' . Playbill . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` It 's Official ! Wayne Brady Will Play ' Aaron Burr ' in Chicago 's HAMILTON '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Daniel Breaker Will Be Next ' Aaron Burr ' in Chicago 's HAMILTON '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Morgan ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Montego Glover and Gregory Treco to join Chicago ' Hamilton ' cast '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Dominick , Nora . `` Hamilton 's Lin - Manuel Miranda Shares a Scene Not on the Cast Album '' . Broadway World . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Lin - Manuel ; McCarter , Jeremy ( 12 April 2016 ) . Hamilton : The Revolution . Grand Central Publishing . pp. 206 -- 207 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 6753 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Frannie . `` First Listen : Cast Recording , ' Hamilton ' '' . NPR . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ; Gioia , Michael ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Two - Disc Hamilton Broadway Cast Album Will Hit Stores in October '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ; Hetrick , Adam ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Hamilton Cast Recording Show Album Today '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Jessica . `` Man , The Man Is Non-Stop : How Hamilton Made Billboard History '' Archived October 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , ThinkProgress , October 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Nick Jonas Debuts at No. 2 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart , Drake 's ' Views ' Steady at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Broadway Cast Album to Hit # 1 on Billboard Rap Chart '' . Playbill.com . November 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Hamilton and Fun Home Cast Albums Among Grammy Award Nominees '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` ' Hamilton Mixtape Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Top 200 Chart '' Playbill , December 11 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Cox , Gordon ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton Drops Instrumental Album , Officially Endorses Fan Sing - Alongs '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bonney , Mary ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton Sing - Along Brings Broadway to LA '' . LA Music Blog . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ritzel , Rebecca ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Now everyone can have a chance to star in Hamilton '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda Announces ' Hamildrops ' Series , Promising New Monthly ' Hamilton ' Content for the Next Year '' . billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ben Franklin 's Song '' . The Decemberists . December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lin - Manuel Miranda Drops ' Wrote My Way Out ' Remix ft . Royce D 5'9 & More '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , ' Weird Al ' Yankovic Talk New ' Hamilton Polka ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Kreps ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , Ben Platt Release New Song for March for Our Lives '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lin - Manuel Miranda Performs at the White House Poetry Jam '' . White House . May 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton ( play ) 1917 '' Archived September 6 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . IBDB , accessed August 12 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Viagas , Robert . `` Beach Read to Broadway ! How Lin - Manuel Miranda Turned a History Book into ' Hamilton ' '' Playbill , August 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ Scholet , Nicole . `` ' Hamilton Mixtape ' Unveiled at Vassar Reading Festival '' Archived July 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . the-aha-society.com , August 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Review : In ' Hamilton , ' Lin - Manuel Miranda Forges Democracy Through Rap '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Revolutionaries , Turn Up ! Lin - Manuel Miranda 's ' Hamilton ' Will Head To Broadway This Summer '' Archived February 25 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , February 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Despite Buzz of a Broadway Transfer , ' Hamilton ' Announces Another Off - Broadway Extension '' Playbill , February 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Public Theater '' Archived September 27 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . publictheater.org , accessed September 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Off - Broadway Reviews '' . Did He Like It . Did He Like It . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . Download the Revolution ! Hamilton Broadway Cast Album Released Today '' Playbill , September 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Backstage on Broadway ' Hamilton ' Opens to Rave Reviews '' Archived August 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . pix11.com Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Broadway Reviews '' Archived August 18 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Did He Like It Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Chicago Will Get Its Own Hamilton Production in Fall 2016 '' Archived January 19 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , December 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ Hawbaker , KT . `` New block of ' Hamilton ' tickets to go on sale May 8 '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` ' Hamilton ' tickets go on sale in Chicago today with eye - popping prices '' Archived June 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Chicago Tribune , June 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Broadway Smash ' Hamilton ' Opens in Chicago '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Hamilton ' makes the most of its Chicago shot '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Hedy ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Hype and hoopla justified for ' Hamilton ' in Chicago '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Tracy . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda gives shout out to Chicago ' Hamilton ' cast on ' The View ' '' Archived November 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Chicago Tribune , November 16 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Vankin , Deborah ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' hits Hollywood : Here 's what it took to get the landmark musical to L.A. '' Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : tronc , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 100,000 people in digital line for ' Hamilton ' tickets '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roundups , Review . `` Review Roundup : Critics Weigh - In on the New National Tour of HAMILTON '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jessie . `` Here 's what the critics had to say about Hamilton '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ; Gioia , Michael ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Opens with Multi-Million Dollar Advance '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadway Box - Office Analysis , Aug. 24 -- 30 : A New Miss Turnstiles Brings a Boost to on the Town '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadway Box - Office Analysis , Sept. 7 -- 13 : ' Mamma Mia ! ' Fans Thank Them For the Music '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Broadway Box - Office Analysis : Two New Shows Make a Splash and Audiences Flock to Revisit ' Old Times ' '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ The Broadway League ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` Historical Grosses for ' Hamilton ' '' . BroadwayWorld . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 13 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Hits a New High : The Most Money Grossed in a Week on Broadway '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Show Is Nonstop '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boffone , Trevor ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Ham4Ham : Taking Hamilton to the Streets '' . HowlRound . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , David ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton 's # Ham4Ham Ticket Lottery Will Go Digital '' . TheaterMania . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Sarah ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` 50K vied for $10 ' Hamilton ' tickets , crashed site '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ivie , Devon ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` In a True Georgian - Era Power Move , Rory O'Malley Succeeds Lin - Manuel Miranda As Ham4Ham Host '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton Hosts Final Live # Ham4Ham Concert Today '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton : There 's an App for That '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stasio , Marilyn ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Off Broadway Review : Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Jesse ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Theater Review : Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Hamilton Is Worth Way More Than $10 '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincentelli , Elisabeth ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda creates an ambitious musical portrait with Hamilton '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schocket , Andrew M. ( 2018 ) . Romano , Renee C. ; Potter , Claire Bond , eds. Hamilton and the American Revolution on Stage and Screen . Historians on Hamilton : How a Blockbuster Musical Is Restaging America 's Past . Rutgers University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 9033 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schocket , Andrew M. ( June 2017 ) . `` The American Revolution Rebooted : Hamilton and Genre in Contemporary Culture '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Early Republic . 37 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 294 . doi : 10.1353 / jer. 2017.0023 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Marvin ( June 2017 ) . `` Toward a More Perfect Hamilton '' . Journal of the Early Republic . 37 ( 2 ) : 279 -- 288 . doi : 10.1353 / jer. 2017.0024 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Patriotism on Broadway '' . The Economist . December 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Near - universal critical acclaim ... Jump up ^ Fabian , Jordan ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Obama : ' Hamilton ' is the only thing Dick Cheney and I agree on '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Playbill Staff ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Hamilton , The Nether , Into the Woods Earn Lortel Award Nominations '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ; Viagas , Robert ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Outer Critics Circle Nominees Announced ; Something Rotten ! Leads the Pack '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Drama League Awards Nominations Announced ; More Than 45 Will Vie for Distinguished Performance Honor '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Drama Desk Nominations Announced ; Hamilton Tops the List '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Hamilton and Between Riverside and Crazy Win 2015 New York Drama Critics ' Circle Awards '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Off Broadway Alliance Awards Nominations Announced -- HAMILTON , INTO THE WOODS , CLINTON , BETWEEN RIVERSIDE & CRAZY & More ... '' BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Broadway Siblings Megan and Robert Fairchild Among 71st Annual Theatre World Award Winners '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Phillipa Soo and Josh Grisetti Named Most Promising Performers by Actors ' Equity '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` HAMILTON , Darko Tresnjak , Ayad Akhtar & More Win 2015 Obie Awards -- Full List ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` THE OLDEST BOY , BRIGHT STAR , POCATELLO , HAMILTON and More Among 2015 Edgerton Foundation New Play Award Winners '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Hamilton Tops Tony Awards With 11 Wins '' Archived January 30 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , June 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Drama League Awards Nominations Announced '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Savion Glover and Jane Krakowski Among 2016 Astaire Award Winners '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Creed , Empire Top NAACP Image Award Nominations ; Full List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda & More Receive Dramatists Guild of America Awards Today '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton Wins Kennedy Prize for Historical Drama '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 BBMAs Announce Non-Televised Award Recipients '' . Billboard Music Awards . May 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Full list of Critics ' Circle Theatre Award winners at thestage.co.uk Jump up ^ Stage , Guardian ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Olivier awards 2018 : complete list of nominations '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard. com 's 25 Best Albums of 2015 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Albums of 2015 '' . Rolling Stone . December 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank . `` Review . ' Hamilton ' '' Archived September 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Hollywood Reporter , February 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Paulsen , M. ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Heads to Broadway in a Hip - Hop Retelling '' Archived October 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times , retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Frank . `` ' Hamilton 's ' Lin - Manuel Miranda on Finding Originality , Racial Politics ( and Why Trump Should See His Show ) '' Archived October 29 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The Hollywood Reporter , August 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Mandell , Jonathan . `` Why Hamilton is Not the Revolution You Think it is '' . HowlRound . Emerson College . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blay , Zeba ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` No , The ' Hamilton ' Casting Call For ' Non-White ' Actors Is Not Reverse Racism '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why History Has Its Eyes on Hamilton 's Diversity '' . TIME.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' casting call wants women to play Washington and Burr '' . March 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ staff , Guardian ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton : first cast members revealed for West End production '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` The Lovesick Colonel '' Jump up ^ Genius ( November 2 , 2015 ) . Hamilton : Lin - Manuel Miranda On The Play 's Historical Inaccuracies . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Satsified Lyrics and Commentary '' . Genius . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carra , Mallory ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` How Historically Accurate Is ' Hamilton ' ? A Breakdown of the Musical 's Events & What Really Happened So Long Ago '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` A Frenzy of Valor '' Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` Publius '' Jump up ^ `` A Winter 's Ball '' . www.genius.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knott , Stephen F. `` ' Hamilton : An American Musical ' echoes John and Abigail Adams 's accusations that Alexander Hamilton was a serial adulterer . He was n't '' . thefederalist.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hamilton Tale Too Tall ? Group Disputes Tomcat Story '' . www.nytimes.com . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Rubino , Jennifer . `` Hamilton myths disproved at Kean presentation '' . www.unionnewsdaily.com . Union News Daily . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . `` Letter from Alexander Hamilton to George Washington , 1 December 1794 '' . Founders Online . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton ( 1789 -- 1795 ) '' . www.treasury.gov . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . `` Printed Version of the `` Reynolds Pamphlet '' , 1797 `` . Founders Online . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` Too Near The Sun '' Jump up ^ Serratore , Angela . `` Alexander Hamilton 's Adultery and Apology '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` A World Full of Folly '' Jump up ^ Flemming , Thomas ( 1999 ) . Duel : Alexander Hamilton , Aaron Burr , and the Future of America . New York : Basic Books . pp. 233 -- 284 . ISBN 0465017371 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumna 's Research Guided Fiery Lyrics and Duels of Broadway Hit ' Hamilton ' '' . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Joanne B. ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` How Hamilton Uses History '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , Shane . `` The Other New York Hamilton '' . Observer . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Monteiro , Lyra D. ( February 2016 ) . `` Race - Conscious Casting and the Erasure of the Black Past in Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Hamilton '' ( PDF ) . The Public Historian ( Review Essays ) . 38 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 98 . doi : 10.1525 / tph. 2016.38. 1.89 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ishmael ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hamilton : the Musical ' : Black Actors Dress Up like Slave Traders ... and It 's Not Halloween '' . CounterPunch . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stoller , Matt ( 2017 ) . `` ' The Hamilton Hustle ' : Why liberals have embraced our most dangerously reactionary founder '' . The Baffler . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , William ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` ' Inventing Alexander Hamilton ' -- The Troubling Embrace of the Founder of American Finance '' . Boston Review . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Teachers Are Using ' Hamilton ' the Musical in the Classroom '' . MindShift . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton , ' The Biggest Thing on Broadway , Is Being Taught in Classrooms All Over '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Teachers Captivate Students by Using ' Hamilton ' the Musical in the Classroom '' . Education World . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marcius , Chelsia Rose ; Chapman , Ben . `` NYC high school students to see ' Hamilton ' on Broadway '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schussler , Jennifer ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' and History : Are They in Sync ? '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Morgan ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` A packed ' Hamilton ' matinee -- all Chicago Public School students and their teachers '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Education World : Broadway Musical ' Hamilton ' Revitalizes Civic Education '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Inspires New Courses at Northwestern University '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Co-Author Jeremy McCarter To Speak at Moraine Valley '' . Palos , IL Patch . March 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harms , Eric . `` One Book , One College -- Moraine Valley Community College '' . onebook.morainevalley.edu . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Change for a $20 : Tubman Ousts Jackson '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton : The Revolution ' Races Out of Bookstores , Echoing the Musical 's Success '' . The New York Times . May 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Became ' The Place Where it Happened ' as 3.6 Million Watched HAMILTON 'S AMERICA on PBS Stations Last Weekend '' . PBS . October 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katherine Brooks . `` Inside The History Documentary Every ' Hamilton ' Fan Will Want To See '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) . `` For Those Still Hungering for ' Hamilton , ' a New Indulgence '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Treviño , Julissa ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Hamilfans , Rejoice : Exhibition on the Revolutionary Musical Is Slated to Open This Fall '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Eliot ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Pence 's ' Hamilton ' Recollection Conflicts with Donald Trump 's Take '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Pence : ' I was n't offended ' by message of ' Hamilton ' cast '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , Sam ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Really Upset Mike Pence Got Booed At ' Hamilton ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Cast 's Appeal to Pence Ignites Showdown With Trump '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wang , Amy B. ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Pence says he ' was n't offended ' by ' Hamilton ' as Trump continues to demand an apology '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rucker , Philip ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Trump and Pence vs. ' Hamilton ' cast : A collision of two Americas '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mele , Christopher ; Healy , Patrick ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Had Some Unscripted Lines for Pence . Trump Was n't Happy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Internet wrote a full - length , Jeb Bush - inspired version of Hamilton '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schramm , Michael ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Crowdsourced Jeb ! musical is ingenious parody of Broadway hit Hamilton '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' parody ' Jeb ! An American Disappointment ' spoofs presidential campaign '' . AM New York . April 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Facebook event for the staged reading '' . June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silberling , Amanda . `` UPDATE : HOW FACEBOOK 'S LARGEST MEME GROUP WAS OVERTHROWN IN ONE CLICK '' . Paper . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vine , Hannah . `` Photos ! Spamilton the Hamilton Parody Celebrates Opening Night '' Archived March 5 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Spamilton Extends Again , Will Continue Friendly Roast Off - Broadway Through December '' Archived March 5 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , BroadwayWorld.com , September 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Family ' Recap : Nathan Fillion Makes a Guest Appearance as Vain Weatherman Rainer Shine '' . ew.com . October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lin - Manuel Miranda Says Hamilton Movie Is in the Works '' . Screen Rant . February 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Further reading Miranda , Lin - Manuel ; McCarter , Jeremy ( 2016 ) . Hamilton : The Revolution . Hachette . ISBN 9781455539741 . Thelwell , Chinua ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 9 : Who tells your story ? Hamilton , Future aesthetics and Haiti '' . In Thelwell , Chinua . Theater and Cultural Politics for a New World : An Anthology . Routledge . ISBN 9781317398790 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hamilton ( musical ) Find more aboutHamilton ( musical ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Hamilton at the Internet Broadway Database Hamilton at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 miniseries ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category Hamilton : An American Musical Songs Act 1 `` Alexander Hamilton '' `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' `` My Shot '' `` The Story of Tonight '' `` The Schuyler Sisters '' `` Farmer Refuted '' `` You 'll Be Back '' `` Right Hand Man '' `` A Winter 's Ball '' `` Helpless '' `` Satisfied '' `` The Story of Tonight ( Reprise ) '' `` Wait for It '' `` Stay Alive '' `` Ten Duel Commandments '' `` Meet Me Inside '' `` That Would Be Enough '' `` Guns and Ships '' `` History Has Its Eyes On You '' `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' `` What Comes Next ? '' `` Dear Theodosia '' `` Non-Stop '' Act 2 `` What 'd I Miss '' `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' `` Take a Break '' `` Say No to This '' `` The Room Where It Happens '' `` Schuyler Defeated '' `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' `` Washington on Your Side '' `` One Last Time '' `` I Know Him '' `` The Adams Administration '' `` We Know '' `` Hurricane '' `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' `` Burn '' `` Blow Us All Away '' `` Stay Alive ( Reprise ) '' `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' `` The Election of 1800 '' `` Your Obedient Servant '' `` Best of Wives and Best of Women '' `` The World Was Wide Enough '' `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Related Alexander Hamilton Cast album The Hamilton Mixtape Lin - Manuel Miranda Ron Chernow Awards for Hamilton Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Merrily We Roll Along ( 2001 ) Our House ( 2003 ) Jerry Springer : The Opera ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) Billy Elliot ( 2006 ) Caroline , or Change ( 2007 ) Hairspray ( 2008 ) Jersey Boys ( 2009 ) Spring Awakening ( 2010 ) Legally Blonde ( 2011 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2012 ) Top Hat ( 2013 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2014 ) Sunny Afternoon ( 2015 ) Kinky Boots ( 2016 ) Groundhog Day ( 2017 ) Hamilton ( 2018 ) Obie Award for plays The Blacks ( 1961 ) Who 'll Save the Plowboy ? ( 1962 ) Six Characters in Search of an Author ( 1963 ) Home Movies ( 1964 ) The Old Glory ( 1965 ) The Indian Wants the Bronx ( 1968 ) What the Butler Saw ( 1970 ) The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel ( 1971 ) Bad Habits / The Hot l Baltimore / When You Comin ' Back , Red Ryder ? ( 1973 ) Short Eyes ( 1974 ) For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf ( 1975 ) Sister Mary Ignatius Explains It All For You ( 1979 ) FOB ( 1980 ) Cloud Nine ( 1982 ) Spunk ( 1989 ) Floyd Collins / Love ! Valour ! Compassion ! ( 1995 ) How I Learned to Drive / Rent / The Vagina Monologues ( 1996 ) Golden Child / Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 1998 ) Bug / The Romance of Magno Rubio ( 2003 ) A Very Merry Unauthorized Children 's Scientology Pageant ( 2004 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Circle Mirror Transformation and The Aliens ( 2010 ) The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity ( 2011 ) 4000 Miles ( 2012 ) Detroit / Grimly Handsome ( 2013 ) Appropriate and An Octoroon ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Guards at the Taj ( 2016 ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ? ( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013 ) The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Cost of Living ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical 1950 -- 1975 South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) No Award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score 1947 - 1975 Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_(musical)&oldid=842392426 '' Categories : Hamilton ( musical ) 2015 musicals Biographical musicals Broadway musicals Cultural depictions of George III Cultural depictions of George Washington Cultural depictions of Marquis de Lafayette Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton Cultural depictions of James Madison Drama Desk Award - winning musicals Musicals inspired by real - life events Off - Broadway musicals Plays about the American Revolution Plays set in New York City Plays set in the 18th century Plays set in the 19th century Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning musicals Rap operas Sung - through musicals Tony Award for Best Musical Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages with timeline metadata Articles with IBDb links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 04 : 37 . 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"\n\nCharacter\nVassar Workshop[13]\nOff-Broadway[14]\nBroadway[15]\nChicago[8]\nFirst U.S. Tour[16]\nWest End[17]\nSecond U.S. Tour[18]\nPuerto Rico[19]\n\n\nAlexander Hamilton\nLin-Manuel Miranda\nMiguel Cervantes\nMichael Luwoye\nJamael Westman\nJoseph Morales\nLin-Manuel Miranda\n\n\nEliza Hamilton\nAna Nogueira\nPhillipa Soo\nAri Afsar\nSolea Pfeiffer\nRachelle Ann Go\nShoba Narayan\nTBA\n\n\nAaron Burr\nUtkarsh Ambudkar\nLeslie Odom Jr.\nJoshua Henry\nGiles Terera\nNik Walker\nTBA\n\n\nAngelica Schuyler\nAnika Noni Rose\nRenée Elise Goldsberry\nKaren Olivo\nEmmy Raver-Lampman\nRachel John\nTa'Rea Campbell\nTBA\n\n\nMarquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson\nDaveed Diggs\nChris De'Sean Lee\nJordan Donica\nJason Pennycooke\nKyle Scatliffe\nTBA\n\n\nGeorge Washington\nChristopher Jackson\nJonathan Kirkland\nIsaiah Johnson\nObioma Ugoala\nMarcus Choi\nTBA\n\n\nKing George III\nJoshua Henry\nBrian d'Arcy James\nJonathan Groff\nAlexander Gemignani\nRory O'Malley\nMichael Jibson\nJon Patrick Walker\nTBA\n\n\nJohn Laurens / Philip Hamilton\nJavier Muñoz\nAnthony Ramos\nJosé Ramos\nRubén J. Carbajal\nCleve September\nElijah Malcomb\nTBA\n\n\nPeggy Schuyler / Maria Reynolds\nPresilah Nunez\nJasmine Cephas Jones\nSamantha Marie Ware\nAmber Iman\nChristine Allado\nDanielle Sostre\nTBA\n\n\nHercules Mulligan / James Madison\nJoshua Henry\nOkieriete Onaodowan\nWallace Smith\nMathenee Treco\nTarinn Callender\nFergie L. Philippe\nTBA\n\n\nAlexander Hamilton (alternate)\nN/A\nJavier Muñoz\nJoseph Morales\nRyan Alvarado\nAsh Hunter\nJulius Thomas III\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"Jonathan Groff"
] |
2028267678206897306 | Sana Dalawa ang Puso | Sana Dalawa ang Puso - wikipedia Sana Dalawa ang Puso Sana Dalawa ang Puso Genre Romantic comedy Drama Created by Henry King Quitain Olivia Lamasan Developed by Malou Santos Des M. De Guzman Joan Habana Written by Generiza Francisco Ceres Helga Barrios Directed by Rory B. Quintos Mae Czarina Cruz - Alviar Nuel C. Naval Dado C. Lumibao Frasco Santos Mortiz Julius Ruslin Alfonso Starring Jodi Sta . Maria Richard Yap Robin Padilla Opening theme Sana Dalawa ang Puso Ko by Jona Composer ( s ) Bodjie Dasig Country of origin Philippines Original language ( s ) Filipino No. of seasons No. of episodes 98 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marie Kris Macas Cinematography Anthony Bernard Garcia Editor ( s ) Ray Ann Endaya Arjay Felizarta Godwin Lucena Running time 30 - 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Star Creatives Release Original network ABS - CBN Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) -- present External links Website Sana Dalawa ang Puso ( lit . Wish There Were Two Hearts ) , ( English : Two Hearts ) is a 2018 Filipino romantic drama television series starring Jodi Sta . Maria in a dual role with Richard Yap and Robin Padilla . The series premiered on ABS - CBN 's PrimeTanghali noontime block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel on January 29 , 2018 , replacing Ikaw Lang ang Iibigin . The series will mark the Sta . Maria - Yap reunion on television four years after the long - running pre-noontime drama Be Careful With My Heart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 2.3 Extended Cast 2.4 Guest Cast 2.5 Special Participation 3 Production 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References Plot ( edit ) Sana Dalawa ang Puso follows the story of Mona Bulalayao and Lisa Laureano ( both played by Jodi Sta . Maria ) , two different women with identical faces ; both facing challenging ordeals in their lives . Lisa is a strict and hardworking boss in the Laureano Group of Companies , her family 's business . Her world suddenly turns upside down when her father , Juancho Laureano ( Christopher de Leon ) , betroths her to their rival 's son , Martin Co ( Richard Yap ) . In avoid the arranged marriage , she hides with one of her workers , Leo Tabayoyong ( Robin Padilla ) . Her look - alike Mona , on the other hand , works as a bet collector in cockfights and is struggling to save her father , Ramon Bulalayao ( Edgar Mortiz ) , from peril after the latter gets involved in a networking scam . What will happen when the two cross paths ? Will they be able to solve each other 's problems ? Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Jodi Sta . Maria as Ramona `` Mona '' Bulalayao Co / Elisabeth `` Lisa '' Laureano Tabayoyong Richard Yap as Martin Co Robin Padilla as Leonardo `` Leo '' Tabayoyong Supporting cast ( edit ) Christopher de Leon as Juancho Laureano Alma Moreno as Lena Bulalayao Edgar Mortiz as Ramon Bulalayao Boboy Garovillo as Miguel Co Pinky Amador as Adele Laureano Ylona Garcia as Tadhana `` Tads '' Tabayoyong Nikki Valdez as Kimberly `` Kim '' Torres Bayani Agbayani as Victory `` Oyo '' Domingo Ryan Bang as Chot Jeon Jae Kitkat as Libereta `` Leb '' Manatad Miles Ocampo as Christina `` Tinay '' Tabayoyong Elia Ilano as Tamarra `` TamTam '' Tabayoyong Annali `` Ali '' Forbes as Theresa `` Tisay '' Tabayoyong Markus Paterson as Patrick Sovichel Henz Villaraiz as Carlos `` Cocoy '' Mendiola Aliya Parcs as Rachel Sovichel Carla Martinez as Teresa `` Resa '' Co William Lorenzo as Jason Peter Chua Extended Cast ( edit ) Ariel Ureta as Jacob Pinky Marquez as Joana Arlene Muhlach as Baby Junjun Quintana as Steve Kim Molina as Amy Marc Acueza as Jason Helga Krapf as Belle Hannah Ledesma as Georgina Hyubs Azarcon as Dongs Gerard Acao as George Kiray Celis as Anya Angelo Ilagan as Ian Heaven Peralejo as Sitti Raine Salamante Brace Arquiza Ashley Colet Jeremy Glinoga Joaquin Reyes Anna Vicente as Emily CK Kieron as Ethan Angelou Alayon Via Antonio Hiyasmin Neri Luis Hontiveros Alexander Diaz as Jacinto Lito Pimentel Guest Cast ( edit ) Evangeline Pascual Simon Ibarra Jojo Alejar Lorenzo Mara as Arnel Bea Rose Santiago Cindy Miranda Loren Burgos Boom Labrusca as Marlon Fernandez Paolo Paraiso as Anthony Falconia Victor Silayan as Donnie Pamintuan Special Participation ( edit ) Patrick Garcia as young Juancho Jana Agoncillo as young Lisa and Mona Leo Martinez as Mr. Supapi Pilita Corrales as Leonora Chavez Production ( edit ) The writers for the series are Generiza Reyes - Francisco who wrote the hit primetime series The Legal Wife and Ceres Helga Barrios for hit comedy romance drama series Got to Believe of Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla . Reception ( edit ) The pilot episode of the show gained positive reception by the audience , as it not only trended no . 1 in the Philippines , but also in ratings with 19.9 % , claiming the top spot in the daytime programming slot and the 7th spot in overall programming based on Kantar Media . Kantar Media National TV Ratings ( 11 : 30AM PST ) Pilot Episode Finale Episode Peak Average 19.9 % 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2018 TBD 20.7 % 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 and 000000002018 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2018 TBD See also ( edit ) List of programs broadcast by ABS - CBN List of drama series of ABS - CBN References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Julie Bonifacio ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` Jodi Sta . Maria will have Richard Yap and Robin Padilla as leading men in teleserye '' . PEP.ph . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL TV RATINGS ( January 29 , 2018 - WEDNESDAY '' . Jump up ^ `` Maraming Salamat , Kapamilya ! ! # SanaDalawaAngPusoIdol # SanaDalawaAngPuso '' . hide ABS - CBN ( current and upcoming original programming ) Newscast Bandila ( since 2006 ) News Patrol ( since 2005 ) TV Patrol ( since 1987 ) TV Patrol Weekend ( since 2010 ) Umagang Kay Ganda ( since 2007 ) Drama Ang Probinsyano ( since 2015 ) Araw Gabi ( since 2018 ) Asintado ( since 2018 ) Bagani ( since 2018 ) The Blood Sisters ( since 2018 ) Dok Ricky , Pedia ( since 2017 ) Ipaglaban Mo ! ( since 2014 ) MMK ( since 1991 ) Sana Dalawa ang Puso ( since 2018 ) Since I Found You ( since 2018 ) Wansapanataym ( since 1997 ) Variety ASAP ( since 1995 ) It 's Showtime ( since 2009 ) Reality Your Face Sounds Familiar Kids ( season 2 ) ( new season ; since 2018 ) Game I Can See Your Voice ( since 2017 ) Comedy Banana Sundae ( since 2008 ) Goin ' Bulilit ( since 2005 ) Home Sweetie Home ( since 2014 ) Talk Gandang Gabi , Vice ! 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Oka Tokat Ang Munting Paraiso Esperanza Familia Zaragoza Labs Ko Si Babe Mara Clara Marinella Mula sa Puso Saan Ka Man Naroroon Valiente 2000s debuts ' Til Death Do Us Part Basta 't Kasama Kita Bituin Bituing Walang Ningning Calla Lily Crazy for You Dahil May Isang Ikaw Darating ang Umaga Dyosa Eva Fonda Gulong ng Palad Hiram I Love Betty La Fea Iisa Pa Lamang Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin It Might Be You Kahit Isang Saglit Kambal sa Uma Pablo S. Gomez 's Kampanerang Kuba Kapalaran Katorse Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay Kokey Krystala Kung Fu Kids Mars Ravelo 's Lastikman Ligaw na Bulaklak Lobo Lovers in Paris Maging Sino Ka Man Maging Sino Ka Man : Ang Pagbabalik Maid in Heaven Mangarap Ka Margarita Maria Flordeluna Marina May Bukas Pa Mga Anghel na Walang Langit My Girl Nagsimula sa Puso Only You Palos Carlo J. Caparas ' Panday Pangako Sa ' Yo Pangarap na Bituin Carlo J. Caparas ' Pieta Precious Hearts Romances Presents Princess Sarah Prinsesa ng Banyera Recuerdo de Amor Rounin Sa Dulo Ng Walang Hanggan Sa Piling Mo Sa Puso Ko Iingatan Ka Sana Maulit Muli Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas Sarah the Teen Princess Sineserye Presents Spirits Super Inggo Tayong Dalawa Vietnam Rose Walang Kapalit The Wedding Ysabella 2010s debuts 1DOL 100 Days to Heaven A Beautiful Affair A Love to Last Rod Santiago 's Agua Bendita All Of Me And I Love You So Angelito : Ang Bagong Yugto Angelito : Batang Ama Annaliza Apoy Sa Dagat Aryana Bagito Be Careful With My Heart Be My Lady The Better Half Born for You Bridges of Love Budoy Bukas Na Lang Kita Mamahalin Dahil Sa Pag - ibig Doble Kara Dolce Amore Dream Dad Carlo J. Caparas ' Dugong Buhay Mars Ravelo 's Dyesebel E-Boy FlordeLiza Forevermore Jim Fernandez 's Galema : Anak ni Zuma The Good Son Got to Believe The Greatest Love Green Rose Guns and Roses Habang May Buhay Hanggang Saan Hawak Kamay Honesto Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala Ikaw Ay Pag - Ibig Ikaw Lamang Ikaw Lang ang Iibigin Imortal Ina , Kapatid , Anak Pablo S. Gomez 's Inday Bote Juan dela Cruz Pablo S. Gomez 's Juanita Banana Kahit Konting Pagtingin Kahit Puso'y Masugatan Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw Kokey at Ako Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo La Luna Sangre Langit Lupa The Legal Wife Little Champ Lorenzo 's Time Gilda Olvidado 's Magkano Ang Iyong Dangal ? Magkaribal Magpahanggang Wakas Emil Cruz Jr. 's Mara Clara Maria la del Barrio Maria Mercedes May Isang Pangarap Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin Mirabella Elena M. Patron 's Momay Moon of Desire Wenn Deramas ' Mula Sa Puso Muling Buksan Ang Puso Salvador Royales ' Mundo Man ay Magunaw Pablo S. Gomez 's Mutya My Binondo Girl My Dear Heart My Little Juan My Super D Nasaan Ka Elisa ? Ricky Lee 's Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita Nathaniel Ningning Noah Oh My G ! Oka2kat On the Wings of Love Pangako Sa ' Yo ( 2015 ) Pasión de amor Princess and I The Promise of Forever Pure Love Pusong Ligaw Reputasyon Rosalka Rubi Sabel Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon The Story of Us Tanging Yaman Till I Met You Tubig at Langis Two Wives Wako Wako Walang Hanggan Walang Iwanan We Will Survive Wildflower You 're My Home Current FPJ 's Ang Probinsyano ( since 2015 ) Araw Gabi ( since 2018 ) Asintado ( since 2018 ) Bagani ( since 2018 ) The Blood Sisters ( since 2018 ) Sana Dalawa ang Puso ( since 2018 ) Since I Found You ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Ang Halik Mo ( 2018 ) Nostalgia ( 2018 ) Playhouse ( 2018 ) The General 's Daughter ( 2018 ) https://pinoytambayan.live/pinoy-channel/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sana_Dalawa_ang_Puso&oldid=845930576 '' Categories : 2018 Philippine television series debuts ABS - CBN telenovelas ABS - CBN television drama filmed in high definition Philippine drama television series Philippine telenovelas Philippine television series Romantic comedy television series Television series by Star Creatives Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 03 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is playing rachel in sana dalawa ang puso | [
"Aliya Parcs as Rachel Sovichel"
] | [
"Aliya Parcs"
] |
-7785592577648277422 | Salvador Dalí | Salvador Dalí - wikipedia Salvador Dalí For other uses , see Salvador Dalí ( disambiguation ) . This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Dalí and the second or maternal family name is Domènech . The Most Illustrious Salvador Dalí OCIII OIC LH Dalí photographed by Carl Van Vechten on 29 November 1939 Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech ( 1904 - 05 - 11 ) 11 May 1904 Figueres , Catalonia , Spain 23 January 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) ( aged 84 ) Figueres , Catalonia , Spain Resting place Crypt at Dalí Theatre and Museum , Figueres Nationality Spanish Education San Fernando School of Fine Arts , Madrid , Spain Known for Painting , drawing , photography , sculpture , writing , film , jewelry Notable work The Persistence of Memory ( 1931 ) Soft Construction with Boiled Beans ( Premonition of Civil War ) ( 1936 ) Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening ( 1944 ) Galatea of the Spheres ( 1952 ) Crucifixion ( Corpus Hypercubus ) ( 1954 ) Movement Cubism , Dada , Surrealism Spouse ( s ) Gala Dalí ( Elena Ivanovna Diakonova ) ( m . 1934 ; d . 1982 ) Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech , 1st Marquess of Dalí de Púbol ( 11 May 1904 -- 23 January 1989 ) , known professionally as Salvador Dalí ( / ˈdɑːli , dɑːˈli / Catalan : ( səɫβəˈðo ðəˈɫi ) ; Spanish : ( salβaˈðoɾ ðaˈli ) ) , was a prominent Spanish surrealist born in Figueres , Catalonia , Spain . Dalí was a skilled draftsman , best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work . His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters . His best - known work , The Persistence of Memory , was completed in August 1931 . Dalí 's expansive artistic repertoire included film , sculpture , and photography , at times in collaboration with a range of artists in a variety of media . Dalí attributed his `` love of everything that is gilded and excessive , my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes '' to an `` Arab lineage '' , claiming that his ancestors were descended from the Moors . Dalí was highly imaginative , and also enjoyed indulging in unusual and grandiose behavior . His eccentric manner and attention - grabbing public actions sometimes drew more attention than his artwork , to the dismay of those who held his work in high esteem , and to the irritation of his critics . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Madrid , Barcelona and Paris 1.3 1929 to World War II 1.4 World War II 1.5 Later years in Spain 1.6 Final years and death 1.6. 1 Exhumation 2 Symbolism 2.1 Science 3 Endeavors outside painting 3.1 Sculptures and other objects 3.2 Theatre and film 3.3 Fashion and photography 3.4 Architecture 3.5 Literary works 3.6 Graphic arts 3.7 Publicity 4 Politics and personality 5 Sexuality 6 Legacy 7 Honours 8 List of selected works 9 Dalí museums and permanent exhibitions 10 Major temporary exhibitions 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Other sources 15 External links Biography ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) The Dalí family in 1910 : from the upper left , aunt Maria Teresa , mother , father , Salvador Dalí , aunt Caterina ( later became second wife of father ) , sister Anna Maria and grandmother Anna Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech was born on 11 May 1904 , at 8 : 45 am GMT , on the first floor of Carrer Monturiol , 20 ( presently 6 ) , in the town of Figueres , in the Empordà region , close to the French border in Catalonia , Spain . In the summer of 1912 , the family moved to the top floor of Carrer Monturiol 24 ( presently 10 ) . Dalí 's older brother , who had also been named Salvador ( born 12 October 1901 ) , had died of gastroenteritis nine months earlier , on 1 August 1903 . His father , Salvador Dalí i Cusí , was a middle - class lawyer and notary whose strict disciplinary approach was tempered by his wife , Felipa Domenech Ferrés , who encouraged her son 's artistic endeavors . When he was five , Dalí was taken to his brother 's grave and told by his parents that he was his brother 's reincarnation , a concept which he came to believe . Of his brother , Dalí said , `` ( we ) resembled each other like two drops of water , but we had different reflections . '' He `` was probably a first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute . '' Images of his long - dead brother would reappear embedded in his later works , including Portrait of My Dead Brother ( 1963 ) . Dalí also had a sister , Anna Maria , who was three years younger . In 1949 , she published a book about her brother , Dalí as Seen by His Sister . His childhood friends included future FC Barcelona footballers Sagibarba and Josep Samitier . During holidays at the Catalan resort of Cadaqués , the trio played football ( soccer ) together . Dalí attended drawing school . In 1916 , he also discovered modern painting on a summer vacation trip to Cadaqués with the family of Ramon Pichot , a local artist who made regular trips to Paris . The next year , Dalí 's father organized an exhibition of his charcoal drawings in their family home . He had his first public exhibition at the Municipal Theatre in Figueres in 1919 , a site he would return to decades later . In February 1921 , Dalí 's mother died of breast cancer . Dalí was 16 years old ; he later said his mother 's death `` was the greatest blow I had experienced in my life . I worshipped her ... I could not resign myself to the loss of a being on whom I counted to make invisible the unavoidable blemishes of my soul . '' After her death , Dalí 's father married his deceased wife 's sister . Dalí did not resent this marriage , because he had great love and respect for his aunt . Madrid , Barcelona and Paris ( edit ) Dalí ( left ) and fellow surrealist artist Man Ray in Paris on 16 June 1934 In 1922 , Dalí moved into the Residencia de Estudiantes ( Students ' Residence ) in Madrid and studied at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando . A lean 1.72 metres ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) tall , Dalí already drew attention as an eccentric and dandy . He had long hair and sideburns , coat , stockings , and knee - breeches in the style of English aesthetes of the late 19th century . At the Residencia , he became close friends with ( among others ) Pepín Bello , Luis Buñuel , and Federico García Lorca . The friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion , but Dalí rejected the poet 's sexual advances . Dalí with Federico García Lorca , Turó Park de la Guineueta , Barcelona , 1925 However it was his paintings , in which he experimented with Cubism , that earned him the most attention from his fellow students . His only information on Cubist art had come from magazine articles and a catalog given to him by Pichot , since there were no Cubist artists in Madrid at the time . In 1924 , Dalí , still unknown to the public , illustrated a book for the first time . It was a publication of the Catalan poem Les bruixes de Llers ( `` The Witches of Llers '' ) by his friend and schoolmate , poet Carles Fages de Climent . Dalí also experimented with Dada , which influenced his work throughout his life . Dalí held his first solo exhibition at Galeries Dalmau in Barcelona , from 14 to 27 November 1925 . At the time Dalí was not yet immersed in the Surrealist style for which he would later become famous . The exhibition among the public and critics was well received . The following year he exhibited again at Galeries Dalmau , from 31 December 1926 to 14 January 1927 , with support of the art critic Sebastià Gasch ( es ) . Dalí was expelled from the Academy in 1926 , shortly before his final exams , when he was accused of starting an unrest . His mastery of painting skills at that time was evidenced by his realistic The Basket of Bread , painted in 1926 . That same year , he made his first visit to Paris , where he met Pablo Picasso , whom the young Dalí revered . Picasso had already heard favorable reports about Dalí from Joan Miró , a fellow Catalan who introduced him to many Surrealist friends . As he developed his own style over the next few years , Dalí made a number of works heavily influenced by Picasso and Miró . Some trends in Dalí 's work that would continue throughout his life were already evident in the 1920s . Dalí devoured influences from many styles of art , ranging from the most academically classic , to the most cutting - edge avant - garde . His classical influences included Raphael , Bronzino , Francisco de Zurbarán , Vermeer and Velázquez . He used both classical and modernist techniques , sometimes in separate works , and sometimes combined . Exhibitions of his works in Barcelona attracted much attention along with mixtures of praise and puzzled debate from critics . Dalí grew a flamboyant moustache , influenced by 17th - century Spanish master painter Diego Velázquez . The moustache became an iconic trademark of his appearance for the rest of his life . 1929 to World War II ( edit ) Salvador Dalí In 1929 , Dalí collaborated with surrealist film director Luis Buñuel on the short film Un Chien Andalou ( An Andalusian Dog ) . His main contribution was to help Buñuel write the script for the film . Dalí later claimed to have also played a significant role in the filming of the project , but this is not substantiated by contemporary accounts . Also , in August 1929 , Dalí met his lifelong and primary muse , inspiration , and future wife Gala , born Elena Ivanovna Diakonova . She was a Russian immigrant ten years his senior , who at that time was married to surrealist poet Paul Éluard . In the same year , Dalí had important professional exhibitions and officially joined the Surrealist group in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris . His work had already been heavily influenced by surrealism for two years . The Surrealists hailed what Dalí called his paranoiac - critical method of accessing the subconscious for greater artistic creativity . Meanwhile , Dalí 's relationship with his father was close to rupture . Don Salvador Dalí y Cusi strongly disapproved of his son 's romance with Gala , and saw his connection to the Surrealists as a bad influence on his morals . The final straw was when Don Salvador read in a Barcelona newspaper that his son had recently exhibited in Paris a drawing of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ , with a provocative inscription : `` Sometimes , I spit for fun on my mother 's portrait '' . Outraged , Don Salvador demanded that his son recant publicly . Dalí refused , perhaps out of fear of expulsion from the Surrealist group , and was violently thrown out of his paternal home on 28 December 1929 . His father told him that he would be disinherited , and that he should never set foot in Cadaqués again . The following summer , Dalí and Gala rented a small fisherman 's cabin in a nearby bay at Port Lligat . He bought the place , and over the years enlarged it by buying the neighbouring fishermen cabins , gradually building his much beloved villa by the sea . Dalí 's father would eventually relent and come to accept his son 's companion . In 1931 , Dalí painted one of his most famous works , The Persistence of Memory , which introduced a surrealistic image of soft , melting pocket watches . The general interpretation of the work is that the soft watches are a rejection of the assumption that time is rigid or deterministic . This idea is supported by other images in the work , such as the wide expanding landscape , and other limp watches shown being devoured by ants . Dalí and Gala , having lived together since 1929 , were married in 1934 in a semi-secret civil ceremony . They later remarried in a Catholic ceremony in 1958 . In addition to inspiring many artworks throughout her life , Gala would act as Dalí 's business manager , supporting their extravagant lifestyle while adeptly steering clear of insolvency . Gala seemed to tolerate Dalí 's dalliances with younger muses , secure in her own position as his primary relationship . Dalí continued to paint her as they both aged , producing sympathetic and adoring images of his muse . The `` tense , complex and ambiguous relationship '' lasting over 50 years would later become the subject of an opera , Jo , Dalí ( I , Dalí ) by Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel . Dalí was introduced to the United States by art dealer Julien Levy in 1934 . The exhibition in New York of Dalí 's works , including Persistence of Memory , created an immediate sensation . Social Register listees feted him at a specially organized `` Dalí Ball '' . He showed up wearing a glass case on his chest , which contained a brassiere . In that year , Dalí and Gala also attended a masquerade party in New York , hosted for them by heiress Caresse Crosby , the inventor of the brassiere . For their costumes , they dressed as the Lindbergh baby and his kidnapper . The resulting uproar in the press was so great that Dalí apologized . When he returned to Paris , the Surrealists confronted him about his apology for a surrealist act . While the majority of the Surrealist artists had become increasingly associated with leftist politics , Dalí maintained an ambiguous position on the subject of the proper relationship between politics and art . Leading surrealist André Breton accused Dalí of defending the `` new '' and `` irrational '' in `` the Hitler phenomenon '' , but Dalí quickly rejected this claim , saying , `` I am Hitlerian neither in fact nor intention '' . Dalí insisted that surrealism could exist in an apolitical context and refused to explicitly denounce fascism . Among other factors , this had landed him in trouble with his colleagues . Later in 1934 , Dalí was subjected to a `` trial '' , in which he was formally expelled from the Surrealist group . To this , Dalí retorted , `` I myself am surrealism '' . In 1936 , Dalí took part in the London International Surrealist Exhibition . His lecture , titled Fantômes paranoiaques authentiques , was delivered while wearing a deep - sea diving suit and helmet . He had arrived carrying a billiard cue and leading a pair of Russian wolfhounds , and had to have the helmet unscrewed as he gasped for breath . He commented that `` I just wanted to show that I was ' plunging deeply ' into the human mind . '' In 1936 , Dalí , aged 32 , was featured on the cover of Time magazine . Also in 1936 , at the premiere screening of Joseph Cornell 's film Rose Hobart at Julien Levy 's gallery in New York City , Dalí became famous for another incident . Levy 's program of short surrealist films was timed to take place at the same time as the first surrealism exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art , featuring Dalí 's work . Dalí was in the audience at the screening , but halfway through the film , he knocked over the projector in a rage . `` My idea for a film is exactly that , and I was going to propose it to someone who would pay to have it made '' , he said . `` I never wrote it down or told anyone , but it is as if he had stolen it '' . Other versions of Dalí 's accusation tend to the more poetic : `` He stole it from my subconscious ! '' or even `` He stole my dreams ! '' In this period , Dalí 's main patron in London was the very wealthy Edward James . He had helped Dalí emerge into the art world by purchasing many works and by supporting him financially for two years . They also collaborated on two of the most enduring icons of the Surrealist movement : the Lobster Telephone and the Mae West Lips Sofa . Meanwhile , Spain was going through a civil war ( 1936 -- 1939 ) , with many artists taking a side or going into exile . In 1938 , Dalí met Sigmund Freud thanks to Stefan Zweig . Dalí started to sketch Freud 's portrait , while the 82 - year - old celebrity confided to others that `` This boy looks like a fanatic . '' Dalí was delighted upon hearing later about this comment from his hero . Later , in September 1938 , Salvador Dalí was invited by Gabrielle Coco Chanel to her house `` La Pausa '' in Roquebrune on the French Riviera . There he painted numerous paintings he later exhibited at Julien Levy Gallery in New York . At the end of the 20th century , `` La Pausa '' was partially replicated at the Dallas Museum of Art to welcome the Reeves collection and part of Chanel 's original furniture for the house . Also in 1938 , Dalí unveiled Rainy Taxi , a three - dimensional artwork , consisting of an actual automobile with two mannequin occupants . The piece was first displayed at the Galerie Beaux - Arts in Paris at the Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme , organised by André Breton and Paul Éluard . The Exposition was designed by artist Marcel Duchamp , who also served as host . At the 1939 New York World 's Fair , Dalí debuted his Dream of Venus surrealist pavilion , located in the Amusements Area of the exposition . It featured bizarre sculptures , statues , and live nude models in `` costumes '' made of fresh seafood , an event photographed by Horst P. Horst , George Platt Lynes and Murray Korman . Like most attractions in the Amusements Area , an admission fee was charged . In 1939 , André Breton coined the derogatory nickname `` Avida Dollars '' , an anagram for `` Salvador Dalí '' , a phonetic rendering of the French phrase avide à dollars , meaning `` eager for dollars '' . This was a derisive reference to the increasing commercialization of Dalí 's work , and the perception that Dalí sought self - aggrandizement through fame and fortune . The Surrealists , many of whom were closely connected to the French Communist Party at the time , expelled him from their movement . Some surrealists henceforth spoke of Dalí in the past tense , as if he were dead . The Surrealist movement and various members thereof ( such as Ted Joans ) would continue to issue extremely harsh polemics against Dalí until the time of his death , and beyond . World War II ( edit ) In 1940 , as World War II tore through Europe , Dalí and Gala retreated to the United States , where they lived for eight years splitting their time between New York and Monterey , California . They were able to escape because on June 20 , 1940 , they were issued visas by Aristides de Sousa Mendes , Portuguese consul in Bordeaux , France . Salvador and Gala Dalí crossed into Portugal and subsequently sailed on the Excambion from Lisbon to New York in August 1940 . Dalí 's arrival in New York was one of the catalysts in the development of that city as a world art center in the post-war years . After the move , Dalí returned to the practice of Catholicism . `` During this period , Dalí never stopped writing '' , wrote Robert and Nicolas Descharnes . Dalí worked prolifically in a variety of media during this period , designing jewelry , clothes , furniture , stage sets for plays and ballet , and retail store display windows . In 1939 , while working on a window display for Bonwit Teller , he became so enraged by unauthorized changes to his work that he shoved a decorative bathtub through a plate glass window . Dali spent the winter of 1940 -- 41 at Hampton Manor , the residence of bra designer and patron of the arts Caresse Crosby , near Bowling Green in Caroline County , Virginia . During his time there , he spent his time on various projects . He was described as a `` showman '' by residents in the local newspaper . In 1941 , Dalí drafted a film scenario for Jean Gabin called Moontide . In 1942 , he published his autobiography , The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí . He wrote catalogs for his exhibitions , such as that at the Knoedler Gallery in New York in 1943 . Therein he attacked some often - used surrealist techniques by proclaiming , `` Surrealism will at least have served to give experimental proof that total sterility and attempts at automatizations have gone too far and have led to a totalitarian system ... Today 's laziness and the total lack of technique have reached their paroxysm in the psychological signification of the current use of the college '' ( collage ) . He also wrote a novel , published in 1944 , about a fashion salon for automobiles . This resulted in a drawing by Edwin Cox in The Miami Herald , depicting Dalí dressing an automobile in an evening gown . In The Secret Life , Dalí suggested that he had split with Luis Buñuel because the latter was a Communist and an atheist . Buñuel was fired ( or resigned ) from his position at the Museum of Modern Art ( MOMA ) , supposedly after Cardinal Spellman of New York went to see Iris Barry , head of the film department at MOMA . Buñuel then went back to Hollywood where he worked in the dubbing department of Warner Brothers from 1942 to 1946 . In his 1982 autobiography Mon Dernier soupir ( My Last Sigh , 1983 ) , Buñuel wrote that , over the years , he had rejected Dalí 's attempts at reconciliation . An Italian friar , Gabriele Maria Berardi , claimed to have performed an exorcism on Dalí while he was in France in 1947 . In 2005 , a sculpture of Christ on the Cross was discovered in the friar 's estate . It had been claimed that Dalí gave this work to his exorcist out of gratitude , and two Spanish art experts confirmed that there were adequate stylistic reasons to believe the sculpture was made by Dalí . Later years in Spain ( edit ) Portrait of Dalí by Allan Warren , 1972 In 1948 Dalí and Gala moved back into their house in Port Lligat , on the coast near Cadaqués . For the next three decades , he would spend most of his time there painting , taking time off and spending winters with his wife in Paris and New York . His acceptance and implicit embrace of Franco 's dictatorship were strongly disapproved of by other Spanish artists and intellectuals who remained in exile . In 1959 , André Breton organized an exhibit called Homage to Surrealism , celebrating the fortieth anniversary of Surrealism , which contained works by Dalí , Joan Miró , Enrique Tábara , and Eugenio Granell . Breton vehemently fought against the inclusion of Dalí 's Sistine Madonna in the International Surrealism Exhibition in New York the following year . Late in his career Dalí did not confine himself to painting , but explored many unusual or novel media and processes : for example , he experimented with bulletist artworks . Many of his late works incorporated optical illusions , negative space , visual puns and trompe l'œil visual effects . He also experimented with pointillism , enlarged half - tone dot grids ( a technique which Roy Lichtenstein would later use ) , and stereoscopic images . He was among the first artists to employ holography in an artistic manner . In Dalí 's later years , young artists such as Andy Warhol proclaimed him an important influence on pop art . Dalí also developed a keen interest in natural science and mathematics . This is manifested in several of his paintings , notably from the 1950s , in which he painted his subjects as composed of rhinoceros horn shapes . According to Dalí , the rhinoceros horn signifies divine geometry because it grows in a logarithmic spiral . He linked the rhinoceros to themes of chastity and to the Virgin Mary . Dalí was also fascinated by DNA and the tesseract ( a four - dimensional cube ) ; an unfolding of a hypercube is featured in the painting Crucifixion ( Corpus Hypercubus ) . At some point , Dalí had a glass floor installed in a room near his studio in Lligat . He made extensive use of it to study foreshortening , both from above and from below , incorporating dramatic perspectives of figures and objects into his paintings . He also delighted in using the room for entertaining guests and visitors to his house and studio . In many of his paintings , Dalí used anamorphosis , a form of eccentric and exaggerated perspective which distorts objects beyond recognition ; however , when seen from a particular skewed viewpoint , a legible depiction emerges . He used the power of this technique to conceal `` secret '' or `` forbidden '' images in plain sight . Dalí 's post -- World War II period bore the hallmarks of technical virtuosity and an intensifying interest in optical effects , science , and religion . He became an increasingly devout Catholic , while at the same time he had been inspired by the shock of Hiroshima and the dawning of the `` atomic age '' . Therefore , Dalí labeled this period `` Nuclear Mysticism '' . In paintings such as The Madonna of Port Lligat ( first version , 1949 ) and Corpus Hypercubus ( 1954 ) , Dalí sought to synthesize Christian iconography with images of material disintegration inspired by nuclear physics . His Nuclear Mysticism works included such notable pieces as La Gare de Perpignan ( 1965 ) and The Hallucinogenic Toreador ( 1968 -- 70 ) . In 1960 , Dalí began work on his Theatre and Museum in his home town of Figueres ; it was his largest single project and a main focus of his energy through 1974 , when it opened . He continued to make additions through the mid-1980s . Dalí continued to indulge in publicity stunts and self - consciously outrageous behavior . To promote his 1962 book The World of Salvador Dalí , he appeared in a Manhattan bookstore on a bed , wired up to a machine that traced his brain waves and blood pressure . He would autograph books while thus monitored , and the book buyer would also be given the paper chart recording . In 1968 , Dalí filmed a humorous television advertisement for Lanvin ( fr ) chocolates . In this , he proclaims in French `` Je suis fou du chocolat Lanvin ! '' ( `` I 'm crazy about Lanvin chocolate ! '' ) while biting a morsel , causing him to become cross-eyed and his moustache to swivel upwards . In 1969 , he designed the Chupa Chups logo , founded by Enric Bernat , in addition to facilitating the design of the advertising campaign for the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest and creating a large on - stage metal sculpture that stood at the Teatro Real in Madrid . In the television programme Dirty Dalí : A Private View broadcast on Channel 4 on June 3 , 2007 , art critic Brian Sewell described his acquaintance with Dalí in the late 1960s , which included lying down in the fetal position without trousers in the armpit of a figure of Christ and masturbating for Dalí , who pretended to take photos while fumbling in his own trousers . Final years and death ( edit ) Church of Sant Pere in Figueres , site of Dalí 's baptism , first communion , and funeral Dalí 's crypt at the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres displays his name and preferred title In 1968 , Dalí had bought a castle in Púbol for Gala ; and starting in 1971 she would retreat there alone for weeks at a time . By Dalí 's own admission , he had agreed not to go there without written permission from his wife . His fears of abandonment and estrangement from his longtime artistic muse contributed to depression and failing health . In 1980 at age 76 , Dalí 's health took a catastrophic turn . His right hand trembled terribly , with Parkinson - like symptoms . His near - senile wife allegedly had been dosing him with a dangerous cocktail of unprescribed medicine that damaged his nervous system , thus causing an untimely end to his artistic capacity . In 1982 , King Juan Carlos bestowed on Dalí the title of Marqués de Dalí de Púbol ( Marquess of Dalí de Púbol ) in the nobility of Spain , hereby referring to Púbol , the place where he lived . The title was in first instance hereditary , but on request of Dalí changed to life only in 1983 . Gala died on 10 June 1982 , at the age of 87 . After Gala 's death , Dalí lost much of his will to live . He deliberately dehydrated himself , possibly as a suicide attempt ; there are also claims that he had tried to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do . He moved from Figueres to the castle in Púbol , which was the site of her death and her grave . In May 1983 , Dalí revealed what would be his last painting , The Swallow 's Tail , a work heavily influenced by the mathematical catastrophe theory of René Thom . In 1984 , a fire broke out in his bedroom under unclear circumstances . It was possibly a suicide attempt by Dalí , or possibly simple negligence by his staff . Dalí was rescued by friend and collaborator Robert Descharnes and returned to Figueres , where a group of his friends , patrons , and fellow artists saw to it that he was comfortable living in his Theater - Museum in his final years . There have been allegations that Dalí was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that would later , even after his death , be used in forgeries and sold as originals . It is also alleged that he knowingly sold otherwise - blank lithograph paper which he had signed , possibly producing over 50,000 such sheets from 1965 until his death . As a result , art dealers tend to be wary of late works attributed to Dalí . In November 1988 , Dalí entered the hospital with heart failure ; a pacemaker had been implanted previously . On 5 December 1988 , he was visited by King Juan Carlos , who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dalí . Dalí gave the king a drawing , Head of Europa , which would turn out to be Dalí 's final drawing . In early January 1989 , Dali was returned to the Teatro - Museo and on his return he made his last public appearance . He was taken in a wheelchair to a room where press and TV were waiting and made a brief statement , saying : When you are a genius , you do not have the right to die , because we are necessary for the progress of humanity . On the morning of 23 January 1989 , while his favorite record of Tristan and Isolde played , Dalí died of heart failure at the age of 84 . He is buried in the crypt below the stage of his Theatre and Museum in Figueres . The location is across the street from the church of Sant Pere , where he had his baptism , first communion , and funeral , and is only three blocks from the house where he was born . The Gala - Salvador Dalí Foundation currently serves as his official estate . The US copyright representative for the Gala - Salvador Dalí Foundation is the Artists Rights Society . In 2002 , the Society made news when it asked Google to remove a customized version of its logo put up to commemorate Dalí , alleging that portions of specific artworks under its protection had been used without permission . Google complied with the request , but denied that there was any copyright violation . Exhumation ( edit ) On 26 June 2017 it was announced that a judge in Madrid had ordered the exhumation of Dali 's body in order to obtain samples for a paternity suit at the Teatro - Museo Dalí . Maria Pilar Abel Martínez , who works as a psychic and tarot card reader from Figueres , Girona , born in 1956 , had stated that her mother , a maid , had been having an affair with the painter in 1955 . Ms Abel claimed that several times , often in front of others , her mother had told her that Dalí was her father . At the time of the alleged affair , Dalí was married to Gala . The exhumation took place on the evening of 20 July , and it was extracted the tibia , femur , nails and the molars . According to an exhumer , Dali 's trademark moustache was still intact . Embalmed by Narcís Bardalet on Wednesday 6 September 2017 the Dali Foundation stated that the tests carried out proved conclusively that the two are not related . Joan Manuel Sevillano , manager of the Fundación Gala Salvador Dalí , affirmed the exhumation was inappropriate . After the denied resolution Pilar Abel was required to pay the cost of the exhumation . Even so , she did n't trust the resolution , and she asserted that the paternity she claimed was denied . If proved to be the daughter of Dalí , Abel could have been `` entitled to a quarter of Dali 's estate '' . Symbolism ( edit ) Dalí employed extensive symbolism in his work . For instance , the hallmark `` melting watches '' that first appear in The Persistence of Memory suggest Einstein 's theory that time is relative and not fixed . The idea for clocks functioning symbolically in this way came to Dalí when he was staring at a runny piece of Camembert cheese on a hot August day . The elephant is also a recurring image in Dalí 's works . It appeared in his 1944 work Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening . The elephants , inspired by Gian Lorenzo Bernini 's sculpture base in Rome of an elephant carrying an ancient obelisk , are portrayed `` with long , multijointed , almost invisible legs of desire '' along with obelisks on their backs . Coupled with the image of their brittle legs , these encumbrances , noted for their phallic overtones , create a sense of phantom reality . `` The elephant is a distortion in space '' , one analysis explains , `` its spindly legs contrasting the idea of weightlessness with structure . '' `` I am painting pictures which make me die for joy , I am creating with an absolute naturalness , without the slightest aesthetic concern , I am making things that inspire me with a profound emotion and I am trying to paint them honestly . '' -- Salvador Dalí , in Dawn Ades , Dalí and Surrealism . The egg is another common Dalíesque image . He connects the egg to the prenatal and intrauterine , thus using it to symbolize hope and love ; it appears in The Great Masturbator and The Metamorphosis of Narcissus . The Metamorphosis of Narcissus also symbolized death and petrification . There are also giant sculptures of eggs in various locations at Dalí 's house in Port Lligat as well as at the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres . Various other animals appear throughout his work as well : ants point to death , decay , and immense sexual desire ; the snail is connected to the human head ( he saw a snail on a bicycle outside Freud 's house when he first met Sigmund Freud ) ; and locusts are a symbol of waste and fear . Both Dalí and his father enjoyed eating sea urchins , freshly caught in the sea near Cadaqués . The radial symmetry of the sea urchin fascinated Dalí , and he adapted its form to many art works . Other foods also appear throughout his work . Science ( edit ) References to Dalí in the context of science are made in terms of his fascination with the paradigm shift that accompanied the birth of quantum mechanics in the twentieth century . Inspired by Werner Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle , in 1958 he wrote in his `` Anti-Matter Manifesto '' : `` In the Surrealist period , I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world and the world of the marvelous , of my father Freud . Today , the exterior world and that of physics has transcended the one of psychology . My father today is Dr. Heisenberg . '' In this respect , The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory , which appeared in 1954 , in harking back to The Persistence of Memory and in portraying that painting in fragmentation and disintegration , summarizes Dalí 's acknowledgment of the new science . Endeavors outside painting ( edit ) Dalí was a versatile artist . Some of his more popular works are sculptures and other objects , and he is also noted for his contributions to theatre , fashion , and photography , among other areas . Sculptures and other objects ( edit ) Homage to Newton ( 1985 ) . Signed and numbered cast no . 5 / 8 . Bronze with dark patina . Size : 388 x 210 x 133cm . UOB Plaza , Singapore . Dalí 's homage to Isaac Newton , with an open torso and suspended heart to indicate `` open - heartedness , '' and an open head indicating `` open - mindedness '' -- two very important qualities for scientific discovery and successful human endeavors Two of the most popular objects of the surrealist movement were Lobster Telephone and Mae West Lips Sofa , completed by Dalí in 1936 and 1937 , respectively . Surrealist artist and patron Edward James commissioned both of these pieces from Dalí ; James inherited a large English estate in West Dean , West Sussex when he was five and was one of the foremost supporters of the surrealists in the 1930s . `` Lobsters and telephones had strong sexual connotations for ( Dalí ) '' , according to the display caption for the Lobster Telephone at the Tate Gallery , `` and he drew a close analogy between food and sex . '' The telephone was functional , and James purchased four of them from Dalí to replace the phones in his retreat home . One now appears at the Tate Gallery ; the second can be found at the German Telephone Museum in Frankfurt ; the third belongs to the Edward James Foundation ; and the fourth is at the National Gallery of Australia . The wood and satin Mae West Lips Sofa was shaped after the lips of actress Mae West , whom Dalí apparently found fascinating . West was previously the subject of Dalí 's 1935 painting The Face of Mae West . The Mae West Lips Sofa currently resides at the Brighton and Hove Museum in England . Between 1941 and 1970 , Dalí created an ensemble of 39 pieces of jewelry ; many pieces are intricate , and some contain moving parts . The most famous assemblage , The Royal Heart , is made of gold and is encrusted with 46 rubies , 42 diamonds , and four emeralds , created in such a way that the center `` beats '' much like a real heart . Dalí himself commented that `` Without an audience , without the presence of spectators , these jewels would not fulfill the function for which they came into being . The viewer , then , is the ultimate artist . '' The `` Dalí -- Joies '' ( `` The Jewels of Dalí '' ) collection can be seen at the Dalí Theater Museum in Figueres , Catalonia , Spain , where it is on permanent exhibition . Dalí took a stab at industrial design in the 1970s with a 500 - piece run of the upscale Suomi tableware by Timo Sarpaneva that Dalí decorated for the German Rosenthal porcelain maker 's `` Studio Linie '' . A sundial painted by Dali , 27 Rue Saint - Jacques , Paris Theatre and film ( edit ) In theatre , Dalí constructed the scenery for Federico García Lorca 's 1927 romantic play Mariana Pineda . For Bacchanale ( 1939 ) , a ballet based on and set to the music of Richard Wagner 's 1845 opera Tannhäuser , Dalí provided both the set design and the libretto . Bacchanale was followed by set designs for Labyrinth in 1941 and The Three - Cornered Hat in 1949 . Dalí became intensely interested in film when he was young , going to the theatre most Sundays . He was part of the era where silent films were being viewed and drawing on the medium of film became popular . He believed there were two dimensions to the theories of film and cinema : `` things themselves '' , the facts that are presented in the world of the camera ; and `` photographic imagination '' , the way the camera shows the picture and how creative or imaginative it looks . Dalí was active in front of and behind the scenes in the film world . He is credited as co-creator of Luis Buñuel 's surrealist film Un Chien Andalou , a 17 - minute French art film co-written with Luis Buñuel that is widely remembered for its graphic opening scene simulating the slashing of a human eyeball with a razor . This film is what Dalí is known for in the independent film world . Un Chien Andalou was Dalí 's way of creating his dreamlike qualities in the real world . Images would change and scenes would switch , leading the viewer in a completely different direction from the one they were previously viewing . The second film he produced with Buñuel was entitled L'Age d'Or , and it was performed at Studio 28 in Paris in 1930 . L'Age d'Or was `` banned for years after fascist and anti-Semitic groups staged a stink bomb and ink - throwing riot in the Paris theater where it was shown '' . Although negative aspects of society were being thrown into the life of Dalí which affected the commercial success of his artwork , it did not hold him back from expressing his own ideas and beliefs in his art . Both of these films , Un Chien Andalou and L'Age d'Or , have had a tremendous impact on the independent surrealist film movement . `` If Un Chien Andalou stands as the supreme record of Surrealism 's adventures into the realm of the unconscious , then L'Âge d'Or is perhaps the most trenchant and implacable expression of its revolutionary intent '' . Dalí worked with other famous filmmakers , such as Alfred Hitchcock . The most well - known of his film projects is probably the dream sequence in Hitchcock 's Spellbound , which heavily delves into themes of psychoanalysis . Hitchcock needed a dreamlike quality to his film , which dealt with the idea that a repressed experience can directly trigger a neurosis , and he knew that Dalí 's work would help create the atmosphere he wanted in his film . He also worked on a documentary called Chaos and Creation , which has a lot of artistic references thrown into it to help one see what Dalí 's vision of art really is . Dalí also worked with Walt Disney on the short film production Destino . Completed in 2003 by Baker Bloodworth and Walt 's nephew Roy E. Disney , it contains dreamlike images of strange figures flying and walking about . It is based on Mexican songwriter Armando Dominguez ' song `` Destino '' . When Disney hired Dalí to help produce the film in 1946 , they were not prepared for the quantity of work that lay ahead . For eight months , they worked on it continuously , until their efforts had to stop when they realized they were in financial trouble . However , it was eventually finished 48 years later , and shown in various film festivals . The film consists of Dalí 's artwork interacting with Disney 's character animation . Dalí completed only one other film in his lifetime , Impressions of Upper Mongolia ( 1975 ) , in which he narrated a story about an expedition in search of giant hallucinogenic mushrooms . The imagery was based on microscopic uric acid stains on the brass band of a ballpoint pen on which Dalí had been urinating for several weeks . In the mid-1970s , film director Alejandro Jodorowsky cast Dali in the role of the Padishah Emperor in a production of Dune , based on the novel by Frank Herbert . According to the 2013 documentary on the film , Jodorowsky 's Dune , Jodorowsky met Dali in the King Cole Bar in the St. Regis hotel in Manhattan to discuss the role . Dali expressed interest in the film but required as a condition of appearing that he be made the highest - paid actor in Hollywood . Jodorowsky accordingly cast Dali as the emperor , but he planned to cut Dali 's screen time to mere minutes , promising he be the highest - paid actor on a per minute basis . The film was ultimately never made . In the year 1927 , Dali began to write the libretto for an opera , which he called Être Dieu ( To Be God ) . He wrote this together with Federico Garcia Lorca one afternoon in the Café Regina Victoria in Madrid . In 1974 , for a recording in Paris , the opera was adapted by the Spanish writer Manuel Vazquez Montalban , who wrote the libretto , while the music was created by Igor Wakhevitch . During the recording , however , Dali refused to follow the text written by Montalban , and instead , began to improvise in the belief that `` Salvador Dali never repeats himself . '' Fashion and photography ( edit ) Dali Atomicus , photo by Philippe Halsman ( 1948 ) , shown before support wires were removed from the image Dalí built a repertoire in the fashion and photography businesses as well . His cooperation with Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli was well - known , when Dalí was commissioned to produce a white dress with a lobster print . Other designs Dalí made for her include a shoe - shaped hat , and a pink belt with lips for a buckle . He was also involved in creating textile designs and perfume bottles . In 1950 , Dalí created a special `` costume for the year 2045 '' with Christian Dior . Photographers with whom he collaborated include Man Ray , Brassaï , Cecil Beaton , and Philippe Halsman . With Man Ray and Brassaï , Dalí photographed nature ; with the others , he explored a range of obscure topics , including ( with Halsman ) the Dalí Atomica series ( 1948 ) -- inspired by his painting Leda Atomica -- which in one photograph depicts `` a painter 's easel , three cats , a bucket of water , and Dalí himself floating in the air . '' One of Dalí 's most unorthodox artistic creations may have been an entire persona , in addition to his own . At a French nightclub in 1965 , Dalí met Amanda Lear , a fashion model then known as Peki D'Oslo . Lear became his protégée and muse , later writing about their affair in her authorized biography My Life With Dalí ( 1986 ) . Transfixed by the mannish , larger - than - life Lear , Dalí masterminded her successful transition from modeling to the music world , advising her on self - presentation and helping spin mysterious stories about her origin as she took the disco - art scene by storm . According to Lear , she and Dalí were united in a `` spiritual marriage '' on a deserted mountaintop . She was referred to as Dalí 's `` Frankenstein '' , and some observers believed Lear 's assumed name was a pun on the French phrase `` L'Amant Dalí '' , or `` Lover of Dalí '' . Lear took the place of an earlier muse , Ultra Violet ( Isabelle Collin Dufresne ) , who had left Dalí 's side to join The Factory of Andy Warhol . Both former apprentices would go on to successfully promote their own careers in the arts . On April 10 , 2005 , they joined a panel discussion `` Reminiscences of Dalí : A Conversation with Friends of the Artist '' as part of a symposium `` The Dalí Renaissance '' for a major retrospective Dalí show at the Philadelphia Museum of Art . Their conversation is recorded in the 236 - page exhibition catalog The Dalí Renaissance : New Perspectives on His Life and Art after 1940 . Architecture ( edit ) Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres also holds the crypt where Dalí is buried Architectural achievements include his Port Lligat house near Cadaqués , as well as his Theatre and Museum in Figueres . A major work outside of Spain was the temporary Dream of Venus surrealist pavilion at the 1939 New York World 's Fair , which contained within it a number of unusual sculptures and statues , including live performers posing as statues . Literary works ( edit ) Under the encouragement of poet Federico García Lorca , Dalí attempted an approach to a literary career through the means of the `` pure novel '' . In his only novel Hidden Faces ( 1944 ) , Dalí describes , in vividly visual terms , the intrigues and love affairs of a group of dazzling , eccentric aristocrats who , with their luxurious and extravagant lifestyle , symbolize the decadence of the 1930s . The Comte de Grandsailles and Solange de Cléda pursue an awkward love affair , but property transactions , interwar political turmoil , the French Resistance , his marriage to another woman and her responsibilities as a landowner and businesswoman drive them apart . It is variously set in Paris , rural France , Casablanca in North Africa and Palm Springs in the United States . Secondary characters include aging widow Barbara Rogers , her bisexual daughter Veronica , Veronica 's sometime female lover Betka , and Baba , a disfigured US fighter pilot . The novel concludes at the end of the Second World War , with Solange dying before Grandsailles can return to his former property and reunite with her . The novel was written in New York , and translated by Haakon Chevalier . His other , nonfictional literary works include The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí ( 1942 ) , Diary of a Genius ( 1952 -- 63 ) , and Oui : The Paranoid - Critical Revolution ( 1927 -- 33 ) . Graphic arts ( edit ) The artist worked extensively in the graphic arts , producing many etchings and lithographs . While his early work in printmaking is equal in quality to his important paintings , as he grew older he would sell the rights to images but not be involved in the print production itself . In addition , a large number of fakes were produced in the 1980s and 1990s , thus further confusing the Dalí print market . Publicity ( edit ) After his arrival in the United States , Dalí engaged in heavy self - promotion . Later , Dali Museum executive director Hank Hine appreciated his `` ingenious self - promotion '' during the 2016 VR exhibition Disney and Dalí : Architects of the Imagination . While many of his stunts were seen as antics by art critics at the time , they were later interpreted as performances . His status as an extravagant artist was put to use in several publicity campaigns for Lanvin chocolates , `` If you got it , flaunt it ! '' for Braniff International Airlines ( 1968 ) , and Iberia Airlines . Politics and personality ( edit ) Dalí in the 1960s sporting his characteristic flamboyant moustache . Photographed holding his pet ocelot Salvador Dalí 's politics played a significant role in his emergence as an artist . In his youth , he embraced both anarchism and communism , though his writings tell anecdotes of making radical political statements more to shock listeners than from any deep conviction . This was in keeping with Dalí 's allegiance to the Dada movement . As he grew older his political allegiances changed , especially as the Surrealist movement went through transformations under the leadership of the Trotskyist writer André Breton , who is said to have called Dalí in for questioning on his politics . In his 1970 book Dalí by Dalí , Dalí declared himself to be both an anarchist and monarchist . With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) , Dalí fled from the fighting and refused to align himself with any group . He did the same during World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) , for which he was heavily criticized ; George Orwell accused him of `` scuttling off like a rat as soon as France is in danger '' after Dalí had prospered in France during the pre-war years . `` When the European War approaches he has one preoccupation only : how to find a place which has good cookery and from which he can make a quick bolt if danger comes too near '' , Orwell observed . In a notable 1944 review of Dalí 's autobiography , Orwell wrote , `` One ought to be able to hold in one 's head simultaneously the two facts that Dalí is a good draughtsman and a disgusting human being '' . After his return to Catalonia post World War II , Dalí moved closer to the authoritarian regime of Francisco Franco . Some of Dalí 's statements were supportive , congratulating Franco for his actions aimed `` at clearing Spain of destructive forces '' . Dalí , having returned to the Catholic faith and becoming increasingly religious as time went on , may have been referring to the Republican atrocities during the Spanish Civil War . Dalí sent telegrams to Franco , praising him for signing death warrants for prisoners . He even met Franco personally , and painted a portrait of Franco 's granddaughter . He also once sent a telegram praising the Conducător , Romanian Communist leader Nicolae Ceauşescu , for his adoption of a scepter as part of his regalia . The Romanian daily newspaper Scînteia published it , without suspecting its mocking aspect . One of Dalí 's few possible bits of open disobedience was his continued praise of Federico García Lorca even in the years when Lorca 's works were banned . Dalí , a colorful and imposing presence with his ever -- present long cape , walking stick , haughty expression , and upturned waxed moustache , was famous for having said that `` every morning upon awakening , I experience a supreme pleasure : that of being Salvador Dalí '' . The entertainer Cher and her husband Sonny Bono , when young , came to a party at Dalí 's expensive residence in New York 's Plaza Hotel and were startled when Cher sat down on an oddly shaped sexual vibrator left in an easy chair . In the 1960s , he gave the actress Mia Farrow a dead mouse in a bottle , hand - painted , which her mother , actress Maureen O'Sullivan , demanded be removed from her house . Dali 's religious views were a matter of interest . In interviews Dali revealed his mysticism . In his later years , while still remaining a Roman Catholic , Dalí also claimed to be an agnostic . In his 1942 autobiography The Secret Life of Salvador Dali , he sums up his life story with an impassioned defense of the Catholic Church and religion in general . In one passage he states `` I believe , above all , in the real and unfathomable force of the philosophic Catholicism of France and in that of the militant Catholicism of Spain . '' Dali also had great respect for the Jesuit priest and philosopher Teilhard de Chardin and was fascinated by his Omega Point theory ( a theory wherein the universe evolves towards an ultimate state of complexity and spiritual consciousness ) . Dali 's 1959 painting The Ecumenical Council is said to represent the `` interconnectedness '' of the Omega Point . When signing autographs for fans , Dalí would always keep their pens . Salvador Dalí frequently traveled with his pet ocelot Babou , even bringing it aboard the luxury ocean liner SS France . He was also known to avoid paying tabs at restaurants by drawing on the checks he wrote . His theory was the restaurant would never want to cash such a valuable piece of art , and he was usually correct . Besides visual puns , Dalí shared in the surrealist delight in verbal puns , obscure allusions , and word games . He often spoke in a bizarre combination of French , Spanish , Catalan , and English which was sometimes amusing as well as arcane . For instance , during an interview with journalist Jacobo Zabludovsky , he gave an unintelligible microphone test which he later stated was in Catalan . His copious writings freely mixed words from different languages with terms entirely of his own devising . When interviewed by Mike Wallace on his 60 Minutes television show , Dalí kept referring to himself in the third person , as the `` Divino Dalí '' ( Divine Dalí ) , and told the startled Wallace matter - of - factly that he did not believe in his death . On January 27 , 1957 , he was the mystery guest on the US panel show What 's My Line ? and signed the chalkboard with thick white paint . His answers were misleading and prompted guidance from host John Daly . Dali appeared in public on a number of occasions with an anteater , notably on a lead in Paris in 1969 and on The Dick Cavett Show on March 6 , 1970 when he carried a small anteater on - stage . On the show , he surprised fellow guest Lillian Gish by flinging the anteater onto her lap . Sexuality ( edit ) During his childhood , Dalí 's father would force him to look at grotesque images of advanced - stage untreated sexually transmitted diseases . This led the young Dalí to develop a fear of and obsession with sex , decay , and castration . These became frequent themes in his various works , most famously in his 1929 painting The Great Masturbator . In 1922 , Dalí attended the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando where he met Spanish poet Federico García Lorca , an openly gay man . Dalí is rumored to have had an affair with Lorca and a lifelong love and obsession with him after Lorca 's assassination in 1936 . Although Dalí denied this in his autobiography , various accounts from those close to him along with exchanged letters do hint at an attempted love affair between the two . In his later years , Dalí admitted to finding himself drawn towards men , as long as they were androgynous and feminine . In 1929 , when Dalí met his future wife , Gala , he was said to still be a virgin because of his fear of being touched and of female genitalia . He was reputed to be a voyeur deriving sexual gratification from watching his wife and others perform sexual acts ( candaulism ) and the couple were known to throw large orgies at their mansion . Their open marriage gave Gala the freedom to have multiple affairs until her death , but ambiguity and rumors continued to surround Dalí 's own sexual preferences . Despite his grandiose public image , Dalí had a sense of inadequacy in regard to his sexual self . In spite of his fears that masturbation would lead to impotence , homosexuality , and insanity , throughout his life Dalí regularly practiced self - gratification in front of a mirror . It is believed that Dalí solely engaged in masturbation and nothing else , because of his fear of physical contact . Legacy ( edit ) In Carlos Lozano 's biography , Sex , Surrealism , Dalí , and Me , produced with the collaboration of Clifford Thurlow , Lozano makes it clear that Dalí never stopped being a surrealist . As Dalí said of himself : `` the only difference between me and the surrealists is that I am a surrealist '' . Salvador Dalí has been cited as a major inspiration by many modern artists , such as Damien Hirst , Jeff Koons , and most other modern surrealists . Salvador Dalí 's manic expression and famous moustache have made him something of a cultural icon for the bizarre and surreal . He has been portrayed on film by Robert Pattinson in Little Ashes ( 2008 ) , and by Adrien Brody in Midnight in Paris ( 2011 ) . He was also parodied in a series of painting skits on Captain Kangaroo as `` Salvador Silly '' ( played by Cosmo Allegretti ) and in a Sesame Street muppet skit as `` Salvador Dada '' ( an orange gold Anything Muppet performed by Jim Henson ) . The Salvador Dalí Desert in Bolivia and the Dali crater on the planet Mercury are named for him . Heraldry of the 1st Marquess of Dalí de Púbol Honours ( edit ) 1964 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic 1972 : Associate member of the Royal Academy of Science , Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium 1981 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III 1982 : Created 1st Marqués de Dalí de Púbol , by King Juan Carlos Member of the Legion of Honour Associate member of the Académie des Beaux - Arts of the Institut de France List of selected works ( edit ) Main article : List of works by Salvador Dalí Dalí produced over 1,500 paintings in his career in addition to producing illustrations for books , lithographs , designs for theatre sets and costumes , a great number of drawings , dozens of sculptures , and various other projects , including an animated short film for Disney . He also collaborated with director Jack Bond in 1965 , creating a movie titled Dalí in New York . Below is a chronological sample of important and representative work , as well as some notes on what Dalí did in particular years . 1910 Landscape Near Figueras 1913 Vilabertin 1916 Fiesta in Figueras ( begun 1914 ) 1917 View of Cadaqués with Shadow of Mount Pani 1918 Crepuscular Old Man ( begun 1917 ) 1919 Port of Cadaqués ( Night ) ( begun 1918 ) and Self - portrait in the Studio 1920 The Artist 's Father at Llane Beach and View of Portdogué ( Port Aluger ) 1921 The Garden of Llaner ( Cadaqués ) ( begun 1920 ) and Self - portrait 1922 Cabaret Scene and Night Walking Dreams 1923 Self Portrait with L'Humanite and Cubist Self Portrait with La Publicitat 1924 Still Life ( Syphon and Bottle of Rum ) ( for García Lorca ) and Portrait of Luis Buñuel 1925 Large Harlequin and Small Bottle of Rum and a series of fine portraits of his sister Anna Maria , most notably Figure at a Window 1926 The Basket of Bread , Girl from Figueres and Girl with Curls 1927 Composition with Three Figures ( Neo-Cubist Academy ) and Honey is Sweeter than Blood ( his first important surrealist work ) 1929 Un Chien Andalou ( An Andalusian Dog ) film in collaboration with Luis Buñuel , The Lugubrious Game , The Great Masturbator , The First Days of Spring , and The Profanation of the Host 1930 L'Age d'Or ( The Golden Age ) film in collaboration with Luis Buñuel 1931 The Persistence of Memory ( his most famous work , featuring the `` melting clocks '' ) , The Old Age of William Tell , and William Tell and Gradiva 1932 The Spectre of Sex Appeal , The Birth of Liquid Desires , Anthropomorphic Bread , and Fried Eggs on the Plate without the Plate . The Invisible Man ( begun 1929 ) completed ( although not to Dalí 's own satisfaction ) 1933 Retrospective Bust of a Woman ( mixed media sculpture collage ) and Portrait of Gala With Two Lamb Chops Balanced on Her Shoulder , Gala in the Window 1934 The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table and A Sense of Speed 1935 Archaeological Reminiscence of Millet 's Angelus and The Face of Mae West 1936 Autumn Cannibalism , Lobster Telephone , Soft Construction with Boiled Beans ( Premonition of Civil War ) and two works titled Morphological Echo ( the first of which began in 1934 ) 1937 Metamorphosis of Narcissus , Swans Reflecting Elephants , The Burning Giraffe , Sleep , The Enigma of Hitler , Mae West Lips Sofa and Cannibalism in Autumn 1938 The Sublime Moment and Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach 1939 Shirley Temple , The Youngest , Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time 1940 Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire , The Face of War 1941 Honey is Sweeter than Blood 1943 The Poetry of America and Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of the New Man 1944 Galarina and Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening 1944 -- 48 Hidden Faces , a novel 1945 , Basket of Bread -- Rather Death than Shame and Fountain of Milk Flowing Uselessly on Three Shoes ; also this year , Dalí collaborated with Alfred Hitchcock on a dream sequence to the film Spellbound , to mutual dissatisfaction 1946 The Temptation of St. Anthony 1948 The Elephants 1949 Leda Atomica and The Madonna of Port Lligat . Dalí returned to Catalonia this year 1951 Christ of Saint John of the Cross and Exploding Raphaelesque Head 1951 Katharine Cornell , a portrait of the famed actress 1952 Galatea of the Spheres 1954 The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory ( begun in 1952 ) , Crucifixion ( Corpus Hypercubus ) , and Young Virgin Auto - Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity 1955 The Sacrament of the Last Supper , Lonesome Echo , record album cover for comedian Jackie Gleason 1956 Still Life Moving Fast , Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas 1957 Santiago el Grande oil on canvas on permanent display at Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton , NB , Canada 1958 The Meditative Rose 1959 The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus 1960 Composición Numérica ( de fond préparatoire inachevé ) , in acrylic and oil on canvas 1960 Dalí began work on the Teatro - Museo Gala Salvador Dalí and Portrait of Juan de Pareja , the Assistant to Velázquez 1961 El Triomf I el Rodoli de la Gala I en Dali , a composite of Dalí 's favorite graphical motifs which was gifted to his friend Fages de Climent , and later sold , leading to a cosmetic and beauty company gaining access to it and the rights to build Elevatione by Salvador Dali a luxury cosmetic and makeup company in 2013 . 1963 -- 1964 They Will All Come from Saba a work in water color depicting the Magi , at St. Petersburg 's Dalí Museum 1965 Dalí donated a gouache , ink and pencil drawing of the Crucifixion to the Rikers Island jail in New York City . The drawing hung in the inmate dining room from 1965 to 1981 . 1965 Dalí in New York 1967 Tuna Fishing 1969 Chupa Chups logo 1969 Improvisation on a Sunday Afternoon , television collaboration with the British progressive rock group Nirvana 1970 The Hallucinogenic Toreador , purchased in 1969 by Reynolds and Eleanor Morse before it was completed 1972 Gala , Elena Ivanovna Diakonova -- dit. , GALA Bronze sculpture , piece unique 1973 Les Diners de Gala , an ornately illustrated cookbook 1976 Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea 1977 Dalí 's Hand Drawing Back the Golden Fleece in the Form of a Cloud to Show Gala Completely Nude , Very Far Away Behind the Sun ( stereoscopical pair of paintings ) 1981 Femme à la tête de rose In 1935 Dali painted the Woman with the head of roses homage to the verse of René Crevel appeared in the surrealist magazine `` Le Minotaure '' : < < `` But it appears and it is spring . A ball of flowers will serve as his head . His is both the hive and the bouquet ... > > . Decades later , he made it an elevated sculpture and Supported by crutches. This beautiful phytomorphic creature expresses both grace and rigidity , femininity and animality . 1983 The Swallow 's Tail , Dalí 's final painting 1983 Dali Universal Tarot Deck Posthumous 2003 Destino , an animated short film originally a collaboration between Dalí and Walt Disney , is released . Production on Destino began in 1945 . Dalí Museums and permanent exhibitions ( edit ) The largest collection of Dalí 's work is at the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres , Catalonia , Spain . The Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg , Florida , contains the collection of Reynolds and Eleanor Morse , and holds over 1500 works by Dalí , including seven large `` masterworks '' . Other significant collections include the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid ; the Salvador Dalí Gallery in San Juan Capistrano , California ; the museum Dalí - Die Ausstellung am Potsdamer Platz in Berlin , Germany ; Espace Dalí in Montmartre , Paris , France ; and Dalí Universe in London , England . The unlikeliest venue for Dalí 's work was the Rikers Island jail in New York City . A sketch of the Crucifixion that he donated to the jail in 1965 , hung in the inmate dining room for 16 years before it was moved to the prison lobby for safekeeping . The drawing was stolen from that location in March 2003 and has not been recovered . Dalí Theatre and Museum -- Figueres , Catalonia , Spain Salvador Dalí House - Museum - Port Lligat , Catalonia , Spain Gala Dalí House - Museum - Púbol , Catalonia , Spain Salvador Dali Museum -- St Petersburg , Florida , US Dalí Universe -- Venice , Italy ( permanently closed ) Espace Dalí -- Paris , France Dalí - Die Ausstellung am Potsdamer Platz , museum with permanent exhibition - Berlin , Germany Museum - Gallery Xpo : Salvador Dali , permanent exhibition - Bruges , Belgium Art Bank , private exhibition - Pargas , Finland Dali17 , permanent exhibition - Monterey , California , US Major temporary exhibitions ( edit ) The Dalí Renaissance : New Perspectives on His Life and Art after 1940 ( 2005 ) Philadelphia Museum of Art Gallery ( edit ) Gala in the Window ( 1933 ) , Marbella The Rainbow ( 1972 ) , M.T. Abraham Foundation Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas ( 1956 ) , Puerto José Banús Plaza de Dalí ( Dalí Square ) , Madrid Perseo ( Perseus ) , Marbella Children at Dalí exhibition in Sakıp Sabancı Museum , Istanbul See also ( edit ) Book : Key artists Little Ashes List of Spanish artists Salvador Dalí and Dance Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dali '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Dali '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Phelan , Joseph ; The Salvador Dalí Show '' . Artcyclopedia.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dalí , Salvador . ( 2000 ) Dalí : 16 Art Stickers , Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41074 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ian Gibson ( 1997 ) . The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí . W.W. Norton & Company . Gibson found out that `` Dalí '' ( and its many variants ) is an extremely common surname in Arab countries like Morocco , Tunisia , Algeria or Egypt . On the other hand , also according to Gibson , Dalí 's mother 's family , the Domènech of Barcelona , had Jewish roots . Jump up ^ Saladyga , Stephen Francis ( 2006 ) . `` The Mindset of Salvador Dalí '' . Lamplighter . Niagara University . Archived from the original on 6 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Meisler , Stanley ( April 2005 ) . `` The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí '' . Smithsonian.com . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Birth certificate and `` Dalí Biography '' . Dalí Museum . Dalí Museum . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ País , Ediciones El ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Dalí recupera su casa natal , que será un museo en 2010 '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian Gibson ( 1997 ) . The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí . W.W. Norton & Company . Jump up ^ Dalí , The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí , 1948 , London : Vision Press , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Llongueras , Lluís. ( 2004 ) Dalí , Ediciones B -- Mexico . ISBN 84 - 666 - 1343 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Rojas , Carlos . Salvador Dalí , Or the Art of Spitting on Your Mother 's Portrait , Penn State Press ( 1993 ) . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00842 - 3 . Jump up ^ Salvador Dalí . SINA.com . Retrieved on July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Salvador Dalí biography on astrodatabank.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Dalí , Secret Life , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Dalí Biography 1904 -- 1989 -- Part Two '' . artelino.com . Archived from the original on 25 October 2006 . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ van Charli , Luca ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Salvador Dali Played Football ? '' . Medium . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Dalí , Secret Life , pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ As listed in his prison record of 1924 , aged 20 . However , his hairdresser and biographer , Luis Llongueras , stated Dalí was 1.74 metres ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) tall . Jump up ^ For more in - depth information about the Lorca - Dalí connection see Lorca - Dalí : el amor que no pudo ser and The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí , both by Ian Gibson . ^ Jump up to : Bosquet , Alain , Conversations with Dalí , 1969 . p. 19 -- 20 . ( PDF ) ( of García Lorca ) ' S.D. : He was homosexual , as everyone knows , and madly in love with me . He tried to screw me twice ... I was extremely annoyed , because I was n't homosexual , and I was n't interested in giving in . Besides , it hurts . So nothing came of it . But I felt awfully flattered vis - à - vis the prestige . Deep down I felt that he was a great poet and that I owe him a tiny bit of the Divine Dalí 's asshole . He eventually bagged a young girl , and she replaced me in the sacrifice . Failing to get me to put my ass at his disposal , he swore that the girl 's sacrifice was matched by his own : it was the first time he had ever slept with a woman . ' Jump up ^ Fèlix Fanés , Salvador Dalí : The Construction of the Image , 1925 - 1930 , Yale University Press , 2007 , ISBN 0300091796 Jump up ^ Exposició Salvador Dalí , Galeries Dalmau , 14 -- 28 November 1925 , exhibition catalogue Jump up ^ Elisenda Andrés Pàmies , Les Galeries Dalmau , un projecte de modernitat a la ciutat de Barcelona , 2012 - 13 , Facultat d'Humanitats , Universitat Pompeu Fabra Jump up ^ Exposició de Salvador Dalí , Galeries Dalmau , Passeig de Gràcia , 31 December 1926 -- 14 January 1927 , exhibition catalogue ( other version ) ^ Jump up to : Salvador Dalí : Olga 's Gallery . Retrieved on July 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paintings Gallery No. 5 '' . Dali-gallery.com . Archived from the original on 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Nicola , and Libby Anson . The A -- Z of Art : The World 's Greatest and Most Popular Artists and Their Works . California : Thunder Bay Press , 1996 . Online citation . Jump up ^ `` Phelan , Joseph '' . Artcyclopedia.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Koller , Michael ( January 2001 ) . `` Un Chien Andalou '' . Senses of Cinema ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Shelley , Landry . `` Dalí Wows Crowd in Philadelphia '' . Unbound ( The College of New Jersey ) Spring 2005 . Retrieved on July 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Ian ( 1997 ) . The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 238 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19380 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gala Biography '' . Dalí . Gala - Salvador Dalí Foundation . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Clocking in with Salvador Dalí : Salvador Dalí 's Melting Watches ( PDF ) from the Salvador Dalí Museum . Retrieved on August 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador Dalí , La Conquête de l'irrationnel ( Paris : Éditions surréalistes , 1935 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Carré d'Art , Jean - Pierre Thiollet , Paris , Anagramme , 2008 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Amengual , Margalida ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` An opera on the relationship between Salvador Dalí and Gala arrives at Barcelona 's Liceu '' . Catalan News Agency ( CNA ) . Intracatalònia , SA . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Current Biography 1940 , pp. 219 -- 220 Jump up ^ Luis Buñuel , My Last Sigh : The Autobiography of Luis Buñuel , Vintage 1984 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 4387 - 3 Jump up ^ Greeley , Robin Adèle ( 2006 ) . Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War , Yale University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11295 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clements , Paul ( 2016 ) . The Creative Underground : Art , Politics and Everyday Life . Taylor and Francis . ISBN 9781317501282 . Jump up ^ Jackaman , Rob . ( 1989 ) The Course of English Surrealist Poetry Since the 1930s , Edwin Mellen Press . ISBN 0 - 88946 - 932 - 6 . Jump up ^ Current Biography 1940 , p219 Jump up ^ `` Program Notes by Andy Ditzler ( 2005 ) and Deborah Solomon , Utopia Parkway : The Life of Joseph Cornell ( New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux , 2003 ) '' . Andel.home.mindspring.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dali Lobster Telephone '' . National Gallery of Australia . August 1994 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Salvador Dalí Exhibition , Exhibition Catalogue -- February 16 through May 15 , 2005 Jump up ^ Fischer , John . `` Salvador Dali Exhibition '' . Philadelphia Museum of Art . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bretell , Richard R. ( 1995 ) . Impressionist paintings , drawings , and sculpture from the Wendy and Emery Reeves Collection . Dallas Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 936227 - 15 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dalí 's Biography - Gala - Salvador Dali Foundation '' . salvador-dali.org . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2006 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1937 '' . google.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo and His Circle '' . google.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffner , Ingrid , Photogr . by Eric Schaal ( 2002 ) . Salvador Dalí 's `` Dream of Venus '' : the surrealist funhouse from the 1939 World 's Fair ( 1 . ed . ) . New York , NY : Princeton Architectural Press . ISBN 978 - 1568983592 . ^ Jump up to : Artcyclopedia : Salvador Dalí . Retrieved September 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Coppens , Philip . `` Salvador Dali : painting the fourth dimension '' . PhilipCoppins.com . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmalz , David . `` A world - class Salvador Dali art collection comes to Monterey '' . Monterey County Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dali '' . Sousa Mendes Foundation . 20 June 1940 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Descharnes , Robert and Nicolas . Salvador Dalí . New York : Konecky & Konecky , 1993 . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Crowder , Bland ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` ¡ Hola , Dalí ! '' . Virginia Living . Cape Fear Publishing . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luis Buñuel , My Last Sigh : The Autobiography of Luis Buñuel ( Vintage , 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 8166 - 4387 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Dalí 's gift to exorcist uncovered Catholic News , October 14 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ignacio Javier López ( es ) . The Old Age of William Tell ( A study of Buñuel 's Tristana ) . MLN 116 ( 2001 ) : 295 -- 314 . Jump up ^ BP Editor . `` The Phantasmagoric Universe -- Espace Dalí À Montmartre '' . Bonjour Paris ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 28 May 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ades , ed. by Dawn ( 2000 ) . Dalí 's optical illusions : ( Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art , January 21 - March 26 , 2000 : Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden , April 19 - June 18 , 2000 ; Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art , July 25 - October 1 , 2000 ) . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 0300081770 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The History and Development of Holography . Holophile . Retrieved on August 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hello , Dalí '' . Carnegie Magazine . Archived from the original on 27 September 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Elliott H. King in Dawn Ades ( ed . ) , Dalí , Bompiani Arte , Milan , 2004 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dalí Bio , Art on 5th '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2006 . Retrieved July 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pitxot , Antoni ; Montse Aguer Teixidor ; photography , Jordi Puig ; translation , Steve Cedar ( 2007 ) . The Dalí Theatre - Museum . Sant Lluís , Menorca : Triangle Postals . ISBN 9788484782889 . Jump up ^ `` Figueres : Teatre Museu Dalí - History '' . Fundació Gala - Salvador Dalí. 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador Dalí at Le Meurice Paris and St Regis in New York Andreas Augustin , ehotelier.com , 2007 Jump up ^ Salvador Dali - Chocolat Lanvin $ on YouTube Jump up ^ H. Vázquez , Carlos ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cuando Dalí reinventó Chupa Chups '' . Forbes ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barud , Bibiñe ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Salvador Dalí diseñó el logo de las paletas Chupa Chups y ... no hay nada más surreal que eso '' . BuzzFeed ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agencias ( December 30 , 2003 ) . `` Enric Bernat , fundador de Chupa Chups '' . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . Mundinteractivos , S.A . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Calandria , Juan ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Madrid acoge el festival de Eurovisión de 1969 '' . Eurovision Planet ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacques ( April 26 , 2009 ) . `` 40 años de Eurovisión 1969 -- Segunda parte : Canciones 1 - 5 '' . Ole Vision ( in Spanish ) . AEV España . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scotsman review of Dirty Dalí '' . The Scotsman . UK . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Brian ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Dali I knew '' . This is London . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ian Gibson ( 1997 ) . The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí . W.W. Norton & Company . ^ Jump up to : Excerpts from the BOE -- Website Heráldica y Genealogía Hispana Jump up ^ Dalí as `` Marqués de Dalí de Púbol '' -- Boletín Oficial del Estado , the official gazette of the Spanish government Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dali - Paths to Immortality '' . History of Art . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dalí Resting at Castle After Injury in Fire '' . The New York Times . September 1 , 1984 . Retrieved July 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Décès de Robert Descharnes , l'homme qui avait sauvé Salvador Dalí ( in French ) Jump up ^ Mark Rogerson ( 1989 ) . The Dalí Scandal : An Investigation . Victor Gollancz . ISBN 0 - 575 - 03786 - 5 . Jump up ^ Etherington - Smith , Meredith , The Persistence of Memory : A Biography of Dalí p. 411 , 1995 Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80662 - 2 Jump up ^ Somatemps Catalanitat és Hispanitat , Última entrevista a Dalí : `` ¡ Viva el Rey , viva España , viva Cataluña ! '' ( video ) , published 26 March 2017 Jump up ^ El País , Dalí vuelve a casa , 17 July 1986 Jump up ^ Etherington - Smith , Meredith , The Persistence of Memory : A Biography of Dalí pp. xxiv , 411 -- 412 , 1995 Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80662 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dalí 's Museums - Gala - Salvador Dali Foundation '' . www.salvador-dali.org . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most frequently requested artists list of the Artists Rights Society '' . Artists Rights Society . Archived from the original on 31 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Verne . `` Miro v. Google 's Doodle '' . SFGATE , April 20 , 2006 . http://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2006/04/20/miro-v-googles-doodle/ . Jump up ^ `` La exhumación del cuerpo de Salvador Dalí se inicia hoy a partir de las 20 horas '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Radford , Ben ( 2018 ) . `` DNA Test : Dalí Not Father of Spanish Psychic '' . Skeptical Inquirer. 42 ( 1 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador 's Body to be Exhumed '' . bbc.co.uk. 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Redacción ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Muelas , uñas y huesos : las pruebas que demostrarán la supuesta paternidad de Dalí '' . La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Salvador Dalí 's moustache still intact , embalmer reveals after exhumation '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Salvador Dali : DNA test proves woman is not his daughter , BBC News ^ Jump up to : Josep , Fita ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` '' El bigote de Dalí sigue intacto , marcando las 10 y 10 , es un milagro `` '' . La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ) . Barcelona . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Grael , Vanessa ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` La fundación Gala Salvador Dalí carga contra la exhumación del pintor : `` Queremos una compesación patrimonial '' `` . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . Figueres . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Montañés , José Ángel ; Rodríguez , Marta ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` El ADN demuestra que Pilar Abel no es hija de Dalí '' . El Pais ( in Spanish ) . Barcelona . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ S.C. ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Pilar Abel `` no se fía '' de la cadena de custodia y recurrirá las pruebas de ADN de Dalí `` . La Razón ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Redacción ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Pilar Abel sobre la prueba de ADN : `` Siempre supe que iba a salir no '' `` . OK Diario ( in Spanish ) . Look . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Salvador Dalí , The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí ( New York : Dial Press , 1942 ) , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Michael Taylor in Dawn Adès ( ed . ) , Dalí ( Milan : Bompiani , 2004 ) , p. 342 ^ Jump up to : `` Dalí Universe Collection '' . County Hall Gallery . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salvador Dalí 's symbolism '' . County Hall Gallery . Archived from the original on 2 December 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stone , Peter ( 2007 - 05 - 07 ) . Frommer 's Barcelona ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 09692 - 5 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dali : Liquid Desire '' . ngv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Datta , Suman . `` Dalí : Explorations into the domain of science '' . The Triangle Online . College Publisher . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lobster telephone . National Gallery of Australia . Retrieved on August 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tate Collection Lobster Telephone by Salvador Dalí . Tate Online . Retrieved on August 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Owen Cheatham Foundation . Dali , a study of his art - in - jewels : the collection of the Owen Cheatham Foundation . New York : New York Graphic Society . 1959 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Faenza - Goldmedaille für SUOMI '' . Artis. 29 : 8 . 1976 . ISSN 0004 - 3842 . Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Federico García Lorca '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dalí Rotterdam Museum Boijmans . Paris Contemporary Designs . Retrieved on August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Past Exhibitions '' . Haggerty Museum of Art . Marquette University . Archived from the original on 3 September 2006 . Retrieved August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dali & Film '' Edt . Gale , Matthew . Salvador Dalí Museum Inc . St Petersburg , Florida . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L'Âge d'Or ( The Golden Age ) '' Harvard Film Archive. 2006 . April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Short , Robert . `` The Age of Gold : Surrealist Cinema , Persistence of Vision '' Vol. 3 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Elliott H. King , Dalí , Surrealism and Cinema , Kamera Books 2007 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` Jodorowsky 's Dune - Official Website of the Documentary - Synopsis '' . jodorowskysdune.com . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prose , Francine. ( 2000 ) The Lives of the Muses : Nine Women and the Artists they Inspired. Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 055525 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lear , Amanda . ( 1986 ) My Life with Dalí . Beaufort Books . ISBN 0 - 8253 - 0373 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lozano , Carlos . ( 2000 ) Sex , Surrealism , Dalí , and Me . Razor Books Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9538205 - 0 - 5 . Jump up ^ Etherington - Smith , Meredith . ( 1995 ) The Persistence of Memory : A Biography of Dalí . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80662 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Symposium announcement '' ( PDF ) . The Dalí Renaissance : An international symposium . Philadelphia Museum of Art . April 10 -- 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , edited by Michael R. ( 2008 ) . The Dalí renaissance : new perspectives on his life and art after 1940 : an international symposium . New Haven , Connecticut : Philadelphia Museum of Art , distributed by Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300136470 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Salvador Dali : Hidden faces : London : Owen : 1973 Jump up ^ `` Dali Museum Exhibition Lets You Step Inside a Surrealist Masterpiece '' . ArtfixDaily. 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Namath : A Biography , Mark Kriegel page 290 ^ Jump up to : Orwell , George `` Benefit of Clergy : Some Notes on Salvador Dalí '' . theorwellprize.co.uk . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Vicente ( December 6 , 2003 ) . `` The Jackboot of Dada : Salvador Dalí , Fascist '' . Counterpunch . Archived from the original on 3 August 2006 . Retrieved July 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Payne , Stanley G. , A History of Spain and Portugal , Vol. 2 , Ch. 26 , p. 648 -- 651 ( Print Edition : University of Wisconsin Press , 1973 ) ( Library of Iberian Resources Online , Accessed May 15 , 2007 ) '' . Libro.uca.edu . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ De la Cueva , Julio , `` Religious Persecution , Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution : On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War '' , Journal of Contemporary History , Vol XXXIII -- 3 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Fun with Franco ! '' . andrewcusack.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FRANCO AND DALI '' . Granger . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí . Smithsonian Magazine . 2005 . Retrieved August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Cher : ' Women have always been sex objects and always will be ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dalí & Mia Farrow , a Surreal Friendship '' . lidogallery . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Descharnes , Gilles Néret ( 1994 ) . Salvador Dalí , 1904 - 1989 . Benedikt Taschen . p. 166 . ISBN 9783822802984 . Dali , dualist as ever in his approach , was now claiming to be both an agnostic and a Roman Catholic . Jump up ^ Dali , Salvador ( 1993 ) ( original printing 1942 ) . The Secret Life of Salvador Dali . Dover . p. 395 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 27454 - 3 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2006 ) . Salvador Dali . Chelsea House . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 8837 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Omega Point Theory - White Gardenia interview with Frank J. Tipler on the Omega Point Theory , December 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMkp1kZN5n4&t=26s Jump up ^ National Gallery of Victoria Educational Resource . http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/dali/salvador/resources/vce_FINAL.pdf Jump up ^ Ocelot - Salvador Dali 's pet - pictures and facts . Thewebsiteofeverything.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Salvador Dali . Expert art authentication , certificates of authenticity and expert art appraisals - Art Experts . Artexpertswebsite.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dali - The Mike Wallace interview - transcript '' . Harry Ransom Center . University of Texas at Austin . 1958 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dali on Whats my Line '' . retronaut.co . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank , Priscilla ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` The Early Days Of Television Were Way More Avant - Garde Than You Give Them Credit For '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CmM19jBdrI&feature=youtu.be Jump up ^ `` dalí 's anteater ? surreal ! '' . onlineanteater.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five Sadistic and Depraved Secrets of Salvador Dalí '' . Cultura Colectiva ( in Spanish ) . 2016 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Otte , Torsten ( 2016 ) . Salvador Dali and Andy Warhol : Encounters in New York and Beyond . Scheidegger & Spiess . p. 84 . Dalí had homosexual interests at least when it came to his curiosity and voyeurism . Carlos Lozano , who was openly gay and a member of the artist 's entourage , had absolutely no doubts about this : Dalí preferred men 's bodies to women 's . Nanita Kalaschikoff also had no doubts about this : `` He loved the body of a man . He was always surrounded by beautiful boys and beautiful bodies . But he did n't like men ... He would have been with Garcia Lorca if he were homosexual because Garcia Lorca adored him and he loved Garcia Lorca Jump up ^ Brennan , Ailis. `` 11 seriously strange things you did n't know about Salvador Dali '' . British GQ . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 , Depraved Secrets Of Salvador Dali '' . Listverse. 2014 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brown , by Mick . `` My weekend with Salvador Dali '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gala & Salvator Dalí : Muses , Lovers '' . theredlist.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Dalí - Museu Berardo '' . en.museuberardo.pt . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Dali '' . www.academieroyale.be . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAJOR RETROSPECTIVE HONORS DALI IN SPAIN '' . The New York Times . April 19 , 1983 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Salvador Dalí Online Exhibit '' . MicroVision . Retrieved June 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dalí picture sprung from jail '' . BBC . March 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Sculpture is illustrated on page 144 N ° 371 of the book by Robert & Nicolas Descharnes `` Le Dur et le Mou '' Published by Editions ECCART , Paris , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 2952102308 Jump up ^ Dossier pédagogique exposition Joann Sfar - Espace Dali Pag. 28 . Dossier pédagogique exposition Joann Sfar - Espace Dali . Jump up ^ Sculpture is illustrated on page 267 of the book by Robert & Nicolas Descharnes `` Le Dur et le Mou '' Published by Editions ECCART , Paris , 2003. , ISBN 978 - 2952102308 Jump up ^ `` Dali Tarot '' . Dali Tarot . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Linde Sabler ( 2004 ) , Dalí , London : Haus Publishing , ( paperback , ISBN 978 - 1 - 904341 - 75 - 8 ) . Salvador Dali interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview April 19 , 1958 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Find more aboutSalvador Dalíat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Salvador Dalí at Encyclopædia Britannica Vita of Salvador Dalí and all infos about his museums and exhibitions Dalí 's surreal wind - powered organ lacks only a rhinoceros UbuWeb : Salvador Dalí -- Interview and bank advertisement . Salvador Dalí in the INA Archives -- A collection of interviews and footage of Dalí in the French television Salvador Dalí List of works Paintings Landscape Near Figueras ( 1910 ) Vilabertran ( 1913 ) Cabaret Scene ( 1922 ) Portrait of my father ( 1925 ) The Basket of Bread ( 1926 ) Apparatus and Hand ( 1927 ) The Lugubrious Game ( 1929 ) The First Days of Spring ( 1929 ) The Accommodations of Desire ( 1929 ) The Great Masturbator ( 1929 ) The Persistence of Memory ( 1931 ) The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table ( 1934 ) Morphological Echo ( 1934 -- 36 ) Soft Construction with Boiled Beans ( Premonition of Civil War ) ( 1936 ) The Burning Giraffe ( 1937 ) Metamorphosis of Narcissus ( 1937 ) Swans Reflecting Elephants ( 1937 ) Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach ( 1938 ) Shirley Temple , The Youngest , Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time ( 1939 ) The Face of War ( 1940 ) Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire ( 1940 ) Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of the New Man ( 1943 ) Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening ( 1944 ) Basket of Bread ( 1945 ) The Apotheosis of Homer ( 1945 ) The Temptation of St. Anthony ( 1946 ) The Elephants ( 1948 ) Cartel de Don Juan Tenorio ( 1949 ) Leda Atomica ( 1949 ) The Madonna of Port Lligat ( 1949 ) A Logician Devil ( 1951 ) Christ of Saint John of the Cross ( 1951 ) Galatea of the Spheres ( 1952 ) The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory ( 1952 -- 1954 ) The Colossus of Rhodes ( 1954 ) Crucifixion ( Corpus Hypercubus ) ( 1954 ) Young Virgin Auto - Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity ( 1954 ) The Sacrament of the Last Supper ( 1955 ) Living Still Life ( 1956 ) The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus ( 1958 -- 59 ) The Ecumenical Council ( 1959 -- 60 ) Galacidalacidesoxyribonucleicacid ( 1963 ) La Gare de Perpignan ( 1965 ) Tuna Fishing ( 1966 -- 67 ) The Hallucinogenic Toreador ( 1968 -- 1970 ) La Toile Daligram ( 1972 ) Lincoln in Dalivision ( 1977 ) The Swallow 's Tail ( 1983 ) Other artworks Lobster Telephone ( 1936 ) Mae West Lips Sofa ( 1937 ) Rainy Taxi ( 1938 ) Writings Giraffes on Horseback Salad ( 1937 ) The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí ( 1942 ) Être Dieu ( 1985 ) Films Un Chien Andalou ( 1929 ) L'Age d'Or ( 1930 ) Spellbound ( 1945 , dream sequence ) Destino ( 1946 , completed 2003 ) Set design and costumes Mariana Pineda ( 1927 production ) Museums Castle of Púbol Dalí Theatre and Museum Espace Dalí Portlligat Museum - House Salvador Dalí Museum Dalí Universe Related Gala Dalí ( wife ) Paranoiac - critical method Salvador Dalí and dance Chupa Chups Salvador Dalí ( 1966 film ) The Death of Salvador Dali ( 2005 film ) Little Ashes ( 2008 film ) `` Salvador Dalí '' ( song ) 2919 Dali ( asteroid ) Dali crater Salvador Dalí Desert Surrealism Artists Eileen Agar Jean Arp Antonin Artaud Louis Aragon Eugène Atget Jacques Baron Hans Bellmer Jacques - André Boiffard Bill Brandt Victor Brauner Fanny Brennan André Breton Emmy Bridgwater Luis Buñuel Claude Cahun Nicolas Calas Leonora Carrington Jean Cocteau Ithell Colquhoun Arthur Cravan René Crevel Gala Dalí Salvador Dalí Jean Dallaire Paul Delvaux Robert Desnos Óscar Domínguez Christian Dotremont Marcel Duchamp Marcel Duhamel Curt Echtermeyer Paul Éluard Max Ernst Leonor Fini Gordon Onslow Ford Esteban Francés Alberto Giacometti Julio González Irène Hamoir Jacques Hérold Valentine Hugo André Kertész Wifredo Lam Philip Lamantia Jacqueline Lamba Marcel Lecomte Michel Leiris Georges Limbour Dora Maar Conroy Maddox René Magritte Georges Malkine Joyce Mansour Marcel Mariën André Masson Roberto Matta Victor Mayer Oscar Mellor John Melville Robert Melville E.L.T. Mesens Lee Miller Henry Moore Max Morise Desmond Morris Joan Miró Pierre Naville Vítězslav Nezval Paul Nougé Méret Oppenheim Wolfgang Paalen Benjamín Palencia Roland Penrose Benjamin Péret Francis Ponge Jacques Prévert Raymond Queneau Man Ray Toni del Renzio Georges Sadoul Kay Sage Louis Scutenaire Kurt Seligmann Philippe Soupault André Souris Jindřich Štyrský Maurice Tabard Yves Tanguy Dorothea Tanning Kristians Tonny Toyen Tristan Tzara Albert Valentin Remedios Varo Roger Vitrac James F. Walker Unica Zürn Groups Acéphale Les Automatistes Birmingham Surrealists British Surrealist Group Bureau of Surrealist Research Chicago Imagists Chicago Surrealist Group Dau al Set Fighting Cock Society The Firesign Theatre The Goons Grup d'Elx La Mandrágora Monty Python Refus Global The Surrealist Group in Stockholm Related Surrealist Manifesto Surrealist automatism Surrealist cinema Surrealist music Surrealist techniques Surreal humour Women surrealists Dada Abstract expressionism Paranoiac - critical method BIBSYS : 10084042 BNE : XX895429 BNF : cb11898472f ( data ) CiNii : DA00680754 GND : 118523481 ISNI : 0000 0001 2136 3183 LCCN : n79021554 LNB : 000025075 MusicBrainz : efe67e58 - 8f70 - 4c1b - 9db5 - 0bcec92c2cef NDL : 00437145 NKC : jn19990210169 NLA : 36580705 NSK : 000012647 RKD : 19752 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 055475 SELIBR : 183291 SNAC : w6kt7fk1 SUDOC : 026809567 ULAN : 500009365 VIAF : 64004109 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Salvador_Dalí&oldid = 853746054 '' Categories : Salvador Dalí 1904 births 1989 deaths People from Figueres Spanish artists 20th - century Spanish painters Spanish male painters Catalan artists Catalan painters Spanish illustrators Légion d'honneur recipients Marquesses of Spain Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium Modern artists Modern painters People with Parkinson 's disease Spanish printmakers Spanish Roman Catholics Surrealist artists 20th - century Spanish sculptors Spanish sculptors Mathematical artists Nude art Federico García Lorca 1939 New York World 's Fair artists Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing French - language text Interlanguage link template link number CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with French - language external links Use mdy dates from October 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2018 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2018 Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 20 elements Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 154 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 19 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what style of painting did salvador dali use | [
"The Most IllustriousSalvador DalíOCIII OIC LH\nDalí photographed byCarl Van Vechten on 29 November 1939Born\nSalvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech(1904-05-11)11 May 1904Figueres, Catalonia, SpainDied\n23 January 1989(1989-01-23) (aged 84)Figueres, Catalonia, SpainResting place\nCrypt at Dalí Theatre and Museum, FigueresNationality\nSpanishEducation\nSan Fernando School of Fine Arts, Madrid, SpainKnown for\nPainting, drawing, photography, sculpture, writing, film, jewelryNotable work\n\nThe Persistence of Memory (1931)\nSoft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War) (1936)\nDream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening (1944)\nGalatea of the Spheres (1952)\nCrucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) (1954)\nMovement\nCubism, Dada, SurrealismSpouse(s)\nGala Dalí (Elena Ivanovna Diakonova) (m. 1934; d. 1982)",
"The Most IllustriousSalvador DalíOCIII OIC LH\nDalí photographed byCarl Van Vechten on 29 November 1939Born\nSalvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech(1904-05-11)11 May 1904Figueres, Catalonia, SpainDied\n23 January 1989(1989-01-23) (aged 84)Figueres, Catalonia, SpainResting place\nCrypt at Dalí Theatre and Museum, FigueresNationality\nSpanishEducation\nSan Fernando School of Fine Arts, Madrid, SpainKnown for\nPainting, drawing, photography, sculpture, writing, film, jewelryNotable work\n\nThe Persistence of Memory (1931)\nSoft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War) (1936)\nDream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening (1944)\nGalatea of the Spheres (1952)\nCrucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) (1954)\nMovement\nCubism, Dada, SurrealismSpouse(s)\nGala Dalí (Elena Ivanovna Diakonova) (m. 1934; d. 1982)",
"The Most IllustriousSalvador DalíOCIII OIC LH\nDalí photographed byCarl Van Vechten on 29 November 1939Born\nSalvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech(1904-05-11)11 May 1904Figueres, Catalonia, SpainDied\n23 January 1989(1989-01-23) (aged 84)Figueres, Catalonia, SpainResting place\nCrypt at Dalí Theatre and Museum, FigueresNationality\nSpanishEducation\nSan Fernando School of Fine Arts, Madrid, SpainKnown for\nPainting, drawing, photography, sculpture, writing, film, jewelryNotable work\n\nThe Persistence of Memory (1931)\nSoft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War) (1936)\nDream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening (1944)\nGalatea of the Spheres (1952)\nCrucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) (1954)\nMovement\nCubism, Dada, SurrealismSpouse(s)\nGala Dalí (Elena Ivanovna Diakonova) (m. 1934; d. 1982)"
] | [
"Cubism",
"Dada",
"Surrealism"
] |
-785319588241174181 | Extracellular matrix | Extracellular matrix - wikipedia Extracellular matrix Jump to : navigation , search Extracellular matrix Illustration depicting extracellular matrix ( basement membrane and interstitial matrix ) in relation to epithelium , endothelium and connective tissue Details Identifiers Latin Matrix Extracellularis Acronym ( s ) ECM MeSH D005109 TH H2. 00.03. 0.02001 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) In biology , the extracellular matrix ( ECM ) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells . Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages , the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures ; however , cell adhesion , cell - to - cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM . The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane . Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells ( i.e. , in the intercellular spaces ) . Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM . Basement membranes are sheet - like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest . Each type of connective tissue in animals has a type of ECM : collagen fibers and bone mineral comprise the ECM of bone tissue ; reticular fibers and ground substance comprise the ECM of loose connective tissue ; and blood plasma is the ECM of blood . The plant ECM includes cell wall components , like cellulose , in addition to more complex signaling molecules . Some single - celled organisms adopt multicellular biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances ( EPS ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Proteoglycans 1.1. 1 Heparan sulfate 1.1. 2 Chondroitin sulfate 1.1. 3 Keratan sulfate 1.2 Non-proteoglycan polysaccharide 1.2. 1 Hyaluronic acid 1.3 Proteins 1.3. 1 Collagen 1.3. 2 Elastin 1.4 Extracellular vesicles 1.5 Other 1.5. 1 Fibronectin 1.5. 2 Laminin 2 Development 3 Physiology 3.1 Stiffness and elasticity 3.1. 1 Effect on gene expression 3.1. 2 Effect on differentiation 3.1. 3 Durotaxis 4 Function 4.1 Cell adhesion 5 Clinical significance 6 In plants 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Structure ( edit ) Components of the ECM are produced intracellularly by resident cells and secreted into the ECM via exocytosis . Once secreted , they then aggregate with the existing matrix . The ECM is composed of an interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins and glycosaminoglycans ( GAGs ) . Proteoglycans ( edit ) Glycosaminoglycans ( GAGs ) are carbohydrate polymers and mostly attached to extracellular matrix proteins to form proteoglycans ( hyaluronic acid is a notable exception , see below ) . Proteoglycans have a net negative charge that attracts positively charged sodium ions ( Na ) , which attracts water molecules via osmosis , keeping the ECM and resident cells hydrated . Proteoglycans may also help to trap and store growth factors within the ECM . Described below are the different types of proteoglycan found within the extracellular matrix . Heparan sulfate ( edit ) Heparan sulfate ( HS ) is a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues . It occurs as a proteoglycan ( PG ) in which two or three HS chains are attached in close proximity to cell surface or ECM proteins . It is in this form that HS binds to a variety of protein ligands and regulates a wide variety of biological activities , including developmental processes , angiogenesis , blood coagulation , and tumour metastasis . In the extracellular matrix , especially basement membranes , the multi-domain proteins perlecan , agrin , and collagen XVIII are the main proteins to which heparan sulfate is attached . Chondroitin sulfate ( edit ) Chondroitin sulfates contribute to the tensile strength of cartilage , tendons , ligaments , and walls of the aorta . They have also been known to affect neuroplasticity . Keratan sulfate ( edit ) Keratan sulfates have a variable sulfate content and , unlike many other GAGs , do not contain uronic acid . They are present in the cornea , cartilage , bones , and the horns of animals . Non-proteoglycan polysaccharide ( edit ) Hyaluronic acid ( edit ) Hyaluronic acid ( or `` hyaluronan '' ) is a polysaccharide consisting of alternating residues of D - glucuronic acid and N - acetylglucosamine , and unlike other GAGs , is not found as a proteoglycan . Hyaluronic acid in the extracellular space confers upon tissues the ability to resist compression by providing a counteracting turgor ( swelling ) force by absorbing significant amounts of water . Hyaluronic acid is thus found in abundance in the ECM of load - bearing joints . It is also a chief component of the interstitial gel . Hyaluronic acid is found on the inner surface of the cell membrane and is translocated out of the cell during biosynthesis . Hyaluronic acid acts as an environmental cue that regulates cell behavior during embryonic development , healing processes , inflammation , and tumor development . It interacts with a specific transmembrane receptor , CD44 . Proteins ( edit ) Collagen ( edit ) Collagens are the most abundant protein in the ECM . In fact , collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and accounts for 90 % of bone matrix protein content . Collagens are present in the ECM as fibrillar proteins and give structural support to resident cells . Collagen is exocytosed in precursor form ( procollagen ) , which is then cleaved by procollagen proteases to allow extracellular assembly . Disorders such as Ehlers Danlos Syndrome , osteogenesis imperfecta , and epidermolysis bullosa are linked with genetic defects in collagen - encoding genes . The collagen can be divided into several families according to the types of structure they form : Fibrillar ( Type I , II , III , V , XI ) Facit ( Type IX , XII , XIV ) Short chain ( Type VIII , X ) Basement membrane ( Type IV ) Other ( Type VI , VII , XIII ) Elastin ( edit ) Elastins , in contrast to collagens , give elasticity to tissues , allowing them to stretch when needed and then return to their original state . This is useful in blood vessels , the lungs , in skin , and the ligamentum nuchae , and these tissues contain high amounts of elastins . Elastins are synthesized by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells . Elastins are highly insoluble , and tropoelastins are secreted inside a chaperone molecule , which releases the precursor molecule upon contact with a fiber of mature elastin . Tropoelastins are then deaminated to become incorporated into the elastin strand . Disorders such as cutis laxa and Williams syndrome are associated with deficient or absent elastin fibers in the ECM . Extracellular vesicles ( edit ) In 2016 , Huleihel et al. , reported the presence of DNA , RNA , and Matrix - bound nanovesicles ( MBVs ) within ECM bioscaffolds . MBVs shape and size were found to be consistent with previously described exosomes . MBVs cargo includes different protein molecules , lipids , DNA , fragments , and miRNAs . Similar to ECM bioscaffolds , MBVs can modify the activation state of macrophages and alter different cellular properties such as ; proliferation , migration and cell cycle . MBVs are now believed to be an integral and functional key component of ECM bioscaffolds . Other ( edit ) Fibronectin ( edit ) Fibronectins are glycoproteins that connect cells with collagen fibers in the ECM , allowing cells to move through the ECM . Fibronectins bind collagen and cell - surface integrins , causing a reorganization of the cell 's cytoskeleton to facilitate cell movement . Fibronectins are secreted by cells in an unfolded , inactive form . Binding to integrins unfolds fibronectin molecules , allowing them to form dimers so that they can function properly . Fibronectins also help at the site of tissue injury by binding to platelets during blood clotting and facilitating cell movement to the affected area during wound healing . Laminin ( edit ) Laminins are proteins found in the basal laminae of virtually all animals . Rather than forming collagen - like fibers , laminins form networks of web - like structures that resist tensile forces in the basal lamina . They also assist in cell adhesion . Laminins bind other ECM components such as collagens and nidogens . Development ( edit ) There are many cell types that contribute to the development of the various types of extracellular matrix found in plethora of tissue types . The local components of ECM determine the properties of the connective tissue . Fibroblasts are the most common cell type in connective tissue ECM , in which they synthesize , maintain , and provide a structural framework ; fibroblasts secrete the precursor components of the ECM , including the ground substance . Chondrocytes are found in cartilage and produce the cartilagenous matrix . Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation . Physiology ( edit ) Stiffness and elasticity ( edit ) The ECM can exist in varying degrees of stiffness and elasticity , from soft brain tissues to hard bone tissues . The elasticity of the ECM can differ by several orders of magnitude . This property is primarily dependent on collagen and elastin concentration , and it has recently been shown to play an influential role in regulating numerous cell functions . Cells can sense the mechanical properties of their environment by applying forces and measuring the resulting backlash . This plays an important role because it helps regulate many important cellular processes including cellular contraction , cell migration , cell proliferation , differentiation and cell death ( apoptosis ) . Inhibition of nonmuscle myosin II blocks most of these effects , indicating that they are indeed tied to sensing the mechanical properties of the ECM , which has become a new focus in research during the past decade . Effect on gene expression ( edit ) Differing mechanical properties in ECM exert effects on both cell behaviour and gene expression . Although the mechanism by which this is done has not been thoroughly explained , adhesion complexes and the actin - myosin cytoskeleton , whose contractile forces are transmitted through transcellular structures are thought to play key roles in the yet to be discovered molecular pathways . Effect on differentiation ( edit ) ECM elasticity can direct cellular differentiation , the process by which a cell changes from one cell type to another . In particular , naive mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) have been shown to specify lineage and commit to phenotypes with extreme sensitivity to tissue - level elasticity . MSCs placed on soft matrices that mimic brain differentiate into neuron - like cells , showing similar shape , RNAi profiles , cytoskeletal markers , and transcription factor levels . Similarly stiffer matrices that mimic muscle are myogenic , and matrices with stiffnesses that mimic collagenous bone are osteogenic . Durotaxis ( edit ) Main article : Durotaxis Stiffness and elasticity also guide cell migration , this process is called durotaxis . The term was coined by Lo CM and colleagues when they discovered the tendency of single cells to migrate up rigidity gradients ( towards more stiff substrates ) and has been extensively studied since . The molecular mechanisms behind durotaxis are thought to exist primarily in the focal adhesion , a large protein complex that acts as the primary site of contact between the cell and the ECM . This complex contains many proteins that are essential to durotaxis including structural anchoring proteins ( integrins ) and signaling proteins ( adhesion kinase ( FAK ) , talin , vinculin , paxillin , α - actinin , GTPases etc . ) which cause changes in cell shape and actomyosin contractility . These changes are thought to cause cytoskeletal rearrangements in order to facilitate directional migration . Function ( edit ) Due to its diverse nature and composition , the ECM can serve many functions , such as providing support , segregating tissues from one another , and regulating intercellular communication . The extracellular matrix regulates a cell 's dynamic behavior . In addition , it sequesters a wide range of cellular growth factors and acts as a local store for them . Changes in physiological conditions can trigger protease activities that cause local release of such stores . This allows the rapid and local growth factor - mediated activation of cellular functions without de novo synthesis . Formation of the extracellular matrix is essential for processes like growth , wound healing , and fibrosis . An understanding of ECM structure and composition also helps in comprehending the complex dynamics of tumor invasion and metastasis in cancer biology as metastasis often involves the destruction of extracellular matrix by enzymes such as serine proteases , threonine proteases , and matrix metalloproteinases . The stiffness and elasticity of the ECM has important implications in cell migration , gene expression , and differentiation . Cells actively sense ECM rigidity and migrate preferentially towards stiffer surfaces in a phenomenon called durotaxis . They also detect elasticity and adjust their gene expression accordingly which has increasingly become a subject of research because of its impact on differentiation and cancer progression . Cell adhesion ( edit ) Many cells bind to components of the extracellular matrix . Cell adhesion can occur in two ways ; by focal adhesions , connecting the ECM to actin filaments of the cell , and hemidesmosomes , connecting the ECM to intermediate filaments such as keratin . This cell - to - ECM adhesion is regulated by specific cell - surface cellular adhesion molecules ( CAM ) known as integrins . Integrins are cell - surface proteins that bind cells to ECM structures , such as fibronectin and laminin , and also to integrin proteins on the surface of other cells . Fibronectins bind to ECM macromolecules and facilitate their binding to transmembrane integrins . The attachment of fibronectin to the extracellular domain initiates intracellular signalling pathways as well as association with the cellular cytoskeleton via a set of adaptor molecules such as actin . Clinical significance ( edit ) See also : Regenerative medicine Extracellular matrix has been found to cause regrowth and healing of tissue . Although the mechanism of action by which extracellular matrix promotes constructive remodeling of tissue is still unknown , researchers now believe that Matrix - bound nanovesicles ( MBVs ) are a key player in the healing process . In human fetuses , for example , the extracellular matrix works with stem cells to grow and regrow all parts of the human body , and fetuses can regrow anything that gets damaged in the womb . Scientists have long believed that the matrix stops functioning after full development . It has been used in the past to help horses heal torn ligaments , but it is being researched further as a device for tissue regeneration in humans . In terms of injury repair and tissue engineering , the extracellular matrix serves two main purposes . First , it prevents the immune system from triggering from the injury and responding with inflammation and scar tissue . Next , it facilitates the surrounding cells to repair the tissue instead of forming scar tissue . For medical applications , the ECM required is usually extracted from pig bladders , an easily accessible and relatively unused source . It is currently being used regularly to treat ulcers by closing the hole in the tissue that lines the stomach , but further research is currently being done by many universities as well as the U.S. Government for wounded soldier applications . As of early 2007 , testing was being carried out on a military base in Texas . Scientists are using a powdered form on Iraq War veterans whose hands were damaged in the war . Not all ECM devices come from the bladder . Extracellular matrix coming from pig small intestine submucosa are being used to repair `` atrial septal defects '' ( ASD ) , `` patent foramen ovale '' ( PFO ) and inguinal hernia . After one year 95 % of the collagen ECM in these patches is replaced by the normal soft tissue of the heart . Extracellular matrix proteins are commonly used in cell culture systems to maintain stem and precursor cells in an undifferentiated state during cell culture and function to induce differentiation of epithelial , endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro . Extracellular matrix proteins can also be used to support 3D cell culture in vitro for modelling tumor development . A class of biomaterials derived from processing human or animal tissues to retain portions of the extracellular matrix are called ECM Biomaterial . In plants ( edit ) Plant cells are tessellated to form tissues . The cell wall is the relatively rigid structure surrounding the plant cell . The cell wall provides lateral strength to resist osmotic turgor pressure , but it is flexible enough to allow cell growth when needed ; it also serves as a medium for intercellular communication . The cell wall comprises multiple laminate layers of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of glycoproteins , including hemicellulose , pectin , and extensin . The components of the glycoprotein matrix help cell walls of adjacent plant cells to bind to each other . The selective permeability of the cell wall is chiefly governed by pectins in the glycoprotein matrix . Plasmodesmata ( singular : plasmodesma ) are pores that traverse the cell walls of adjacent plant cells . These channels are tightly regulated and selectively allow molecules of specific sizes to pass between cells . History ( edit ) The importance of the extracellular matrix has long been recognized ( Lewis , 1922 ) , but the usage of the term is more recent ( Gospodarowicz et al. , 1979 ) . See also ( edit ) Perineuronal net References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michel , Gurvan ; Thierry Tonon ; Delphine Scornet ; J. Mark Cock ; Bernard Kloareg ( October 2010 ) . `` The cell wall polysaccharide metabolism of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus . Insights into the evolution of extracellular matrix polysaccharides in Eukaryotes '' . New Phytologist. 188 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2010. 03374. x . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell ( 4 . ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Garland . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Jump up ^ Abedin , Monika ; Nicole King ( December 2010 ) . `` Diverse evolutionary paths to cell adhesion '' . Trends in Cell Biology . 20 ( 12 ) : 734 -- 742 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tcb. 2010.08. 002 . PMC 2991404 . PMID 20817460 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar ; Abbas ; Fausto . Robbins and Cotran : Pathologic Basis of Disease ( 7th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Bray D , Hopin K , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2004 ) . `` Tissues and Cancer '' . Essential cell biology . New York and London : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3481 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Colin ( October 2002 ) . `` Role of the extracellular matrix in cell - cell signalling : paracrine paradigms '' . Current Opinion in Plant Biology . 5 ( 5 ) : 396 -- 401 . doi : 10.1016 / S1369 - 5266 ( 02 ) 00286 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kostakioti , Maria ( 2013 ) . `` Bacterial Biofilms : Development , Dispersal , and Therapeutic Strategies in the Dawn of the Postantibiotic Era '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine . ^ Jump up to : Plopper G ( 2007 ) . The extracellular matrix and cell adhesion , in Cells ( eds Lewin B , Cassimeris L , Lingappa V , Plopper G ) . Sudbury , MA : Jones and Bartlett . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 3905 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , J.T. ; Lyon , M. ( 2000 ) . `` Molecular structure of Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens '' . In Iozzo , R.V. Proteoglycans : structure , biology and molecular interactions . Marcel Dekker Inc . New York , New York . pp. 27 -- 59 . ISBN 9780824703349 . Jump up ^ Iozzo , R.V. ( 1998 ) . `` Matrix proteoglycans : from molecular design to cellular function '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67 ( 1 ) : 609 -- 652 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 67.1. 609 . PMID 9759499 . Jump up ^ Hensch TK ( 2005 ) . `` Critical period mechanisms in developing visual cortex '' . Curr . Top . Dev. Biol. 69 : 215 -- 237 . doi : 10.1016 / S0070 - 2153 ( 05 ) 69008 - 4 . PMID 16243601 . ^ Jump up to : Lodish H , Berk A , Matsudaira P , Kaiser CA , Krieger M , Scott MP , Zipursky SL , Darnell J. `` Integrating Cells Into Tissues '' . Molecular Cell Biology ( 5th ed . ) . New York : WH Freeman and Company . pp. 197 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Peach RJ , Hollenbaugh D , Stamenkovic I , Aruffo A ( July 1993 ) . `` Identification of hyaluronic acid binding sites in the extracellular domain of CD44 '' . J. Cell Biol. 122 ( 1 ) : 257 -- 264 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 122.1. 257 . PMC 2119597 . PMID 8314845 . Jump up ^ Di Lullo GA , Sweeney SM , Korkko J , Ala - Kokko L , San Antonio JD ( 2002 ) . `` Mapping the ligand - binding sites and disease - associated mutations on the most abundant protein in the human , type I collagen '' . J. Biol. Chem. 277 ( 6 ) : 4223 -- 4231 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110709200 . PMID 11704682 . Jump up ^ Karsenty G , Park RW ( 1995 ) . `` Regulation of type I collagen genes expression '' . Int. Rev. Immunol. 12 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 177 -- 185 . doi : 10.3109 / 08830189509056711 . PMID 7650420 . Jump up ^ Kern B , Shen J , Starbuck M , Karsenty G ( 2001 ) . `` Cbfa1 contributes to the osteoblast - specific expression of type I collagen genes '' . J. Biol. Chem. 276 ( 10 ) : 7101 -- 7107 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M006215200 . PMID 11106645 . ^ Jump up to : Huleihel , Luai ; Hussey , George S. ; Naranjo , Juan Diego ; Zhang , Li ; Dziki , Jenna L. ; Turner , Neill J. ; Stolz , Donna B. ; Badylak , Stephen F. ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Matrix - bound nanovesicles within ECM bioscaffolds '' . Science Advances. 2 ( 6 ) : e1600502 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1600502 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . PMC 4928894 . PMID 27386584 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Plotnikov SV , Pasapera AM , Sabass B , Waterman CM ( 2012 ) . `` Force fluctuations within focal adhesions mediate ECM - rigidity sensing to guide directed cell migration '' . Cell. 151 ( 7 ) : 1513 -- 27 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2012.11. 034 . PMC 3821979 . PMID 23260139 . ^ Jump up to : Discher DE ; Janmey P. ; Wang YL ( 2005 ) . `` Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate '' . Science . 310 : 1139 -- 1143 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1116995 . PMID 16293750 . ^ Jump up to : Lo CM , Wang HB , Dembo M , Wang YL ( 2000 ) . `` Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate '' . Biophys J. 79 ( 1 ) : 144 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 00 ) 76279 - 5 . PMC 1300921 . PMID 10866943 . Jump up ^ Hadjipanayi E , Mudera V , Brown RA ( 2009 ) . `` Close dependence of fibroblast proliferation on collagen scaffold matrix stiffness '' . J. Tissue Eng. 3 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 84 . doi : 10.1002 / term. 136 . PMID 19051218 . ^ Jump up to : Engler AJ , Sen S , Sweeney HL , Discher DE ( 2006 ) . `` Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification '' . Cell. 126 ( 4 ) : 677 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.06. 044 . PMID 16923388 . Jump up ^ Wang HB , Dembo M , Wang YL ( 2000 ) . `` Substrate flexibility regulates growth and apoptosis of normal but not transformed cells '' . Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 279 ( 5 ) : 1345 -- 50 . PMID 11029281 . Jump up ^ Allen JL , Cooke ME , Alliston T ( 25 July 2012 ) . `` ECM stiffness primes the TGF pathway to promote chondrocyte differentiation '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell. 23 ( 18 ) : 3731 -- 3742 . doi : 10.1091 / mbc. E12 - 03 - 0172 . PMC 3442419 . PMID 22833566 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kanchanawong P , Shtengel G , Pasapera AM , Ramko EB , Davidson MW , Hess HF , Waterman CM ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Nanoscale architecture of integrin - based cell adhesions '' . Nature . 468 ( 7323 ) : 580 -- 584 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09621 . PMC 3046339 . PMID 21107430 . Jump up ^ Liotta LA , Tryggvason K , Garbisa S , Hart I , Foltz CM , Shafie S ( 1980 ) . `` Metastatic potential correlates with enzymatic degradation of basement membrane collagen '' . Nature . 284 ( 5751 ) : 67 -- 68 . doi : 10.1038 / 284067a0 . PMID 6243750 . Jump up ^ Wang JH , Thampatty BP , Lin JS , Im HJ ( 2007 ) . `` Mechanoregulation of gene expression in fibroblasts '' . Gene . 391 : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2007.01. 014 . PMC 2893340 . PMID 17331678 . Jump up ^ Provenzano PP ; Inman DR ; Eliceiri KW ; Keely PJ ( 2009 ) . `` Matrix density - induced mechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype , signaling and gene expression through a FAK - ERK linkage '' . Oncogene. 28 ( 49 ) : 4326 -- 4343 . doi : 10.1038 / onc. 2009.299 . PMC 2795025 . PMID 19826415 . Jump up ^ `` Pitt researchers solve mystery on how regenerative medicine works '' . EurekAlert ! . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : ' Pixie dust ' helps man grow new finger Jump up ^ HowStuffWorks , Humans Can Regrow Fingers ? In 2009 , the St. Francis Heart Center announced the use of the extracellular matrix technology in repair surgery . Archived March 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` First Ever Implantation of Bioabsorbable Biostar Device at DHZB '' . DHZB NEWS . December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . The almost transparent collagen matrix consists of medically purified pig intestine , which is broken down by the scavenger cells ( macrophages ) of the immune system . After about 1 year the collagen has been almost completely ( 90 - 95 % ) replaced by normal body tissue : only the tiny metal framework remains . An entirely absorbable implant is currently under development . Jump up ^ Kleinman , H.K. ; Luckenbill - Edds , L. ; Cannon , F.W. ; Sephel , G.C. ( October 1987 ) . `` Use of extracellularmatrix components for cell culture '' . Analytical Biochemistry . 186 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / 0003 - 2697 ( 87 ) 90538 - 0 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lewis WH ( 1922 ) . `` The adhesive quality of cells '' . Anat Rec. 23 : 387 -- 392 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 1090230708 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Gospodarowicz , D. , Vlodovsky , I. , Greenburg , G. , and Johnson , L.K. ( 1979 ) . In : Hormones and Cell Culture ( G.H. Sato and R. Ross , eds . ) , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Mecham , R.P. ( ed . ) . The extracellular matrix : an overview . New York : Springer . 2011 , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Rieger , R. ; Michaelis , A. ; Green , M.M. 1991 . Glossary of Genetics . Classical and Molecular ( Fifth edition ) . Springer - Verlag , Berlin , 553 pp. , ( 2 ) . Further reading ( edit ) ( ANAT3231 Lecture 08 Extracellular Matrix ) - Lecture about extracellular matrix from UNSW Cell Biology website . Extracellular matrix : review of its roles in acute and chronic wounds Usage of Extracellular Matrix from pigs to regrow human extremities `` The Extracellular Matrix of Animals '' , from Chapter 19 of The Molecular Biology of the Cell , 4th edition , Alberts et al . Biology , John W. Kimball . An online Biology textbook . ( 3 ) , The man who grew a finger , By Matthew Price , BBC news Sound Medicine - Heart Tissue Regeneration - July 19 interview discussing ECM and its uses in cardiac tissue repair ( requires MP3 playback ) ( broken link ) . Growing Body Parts - A December 2009 report by 60 Minutes Connective tissue Physiology Soft tissue Fibrosis Scarring Composition Cells Resident Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte Wandering cells Mast cell Macrophage Extracellular matrix Ground substance Tissue fluid Fibers Collagen fibers Reticular fibers COL3A1 Elastic fibers Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin Types Proper Loose Reticular Adipose Brown White Dense Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis Embryonic Mucoid Mesenchymal Specialized Cartilage Bone Protein : scleroproteins Extracellular matrix Collagen Fibril forming type I COL1A1 COL1A2 type II ( COL2A1 ) type III type V COL5A1 COL5A2 COL5A3 COL24A1 COL26A1 Other FACIT : type IX COL9A1 COL9A2 COL9A3 type XII ( COL12A1 ) COL14A1 COL16A1 COL19A1 COL20A1 COL21A1 COL22A1 basement membrane : type IV COL4A1 COL4A2 COL4A3 COL4A4 COL4A5 COL4A6 multiplexin : COL15A1 type XVIII COL18A1 Endostatin transmembrane : COL13A1 COL17A1 COL23A1 COL25A1 other : type VI COL6A1 COL6A2 COL6A3 COL6A5 type VII ( COL7A1 ) type VIII COL8A1 COL8A2 type X ( COL10A1 ) type XI COL11A1 COL11A2 COL27A1 COL28A1 Enzymes Prolyl hydroxylase / Lysyl hydroxylase Cartilage associated protein / Leprecan ADAMTS2 Procollagen peptidase Lysyl oxidase Laminin alpha LAMA1 LAMA2 LAMA3 LAMA4 LAMA5 beta LAMB1 LAMB2 LAMB3 LAMB4 gamma LAMC1 LAMC2 LAMC3 Other ALCAM Elastin Tropoelastin Vitronectin FRAS1 FREM2 Decorin FAM20C ECM1 Matrix gla protein Tectorin TECTA TECTB Other Keratin / Cytokeratin Gelatin Reticulin Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extracellular_matrix&oldid=835472676 '' Categories : Extracellular matrix Matrices ( biology ) Tissues ( biology ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 22 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which tissue contains high levels of extracellular matrix | [
"The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane.[4] Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM.[5] Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest. Each type of connective tissue in animals has a type of ECM: collagen fibers and bone mineral comprise the ECM of bone tissue; reticular fibers and ground substance comprise the ECM of loose connective tissue; and blood plasma is the ECM of blood.",
"The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane.[4] Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM.[5] Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest. Each type of connective tissue in animals has a type of ECM: collagen fibers and bone mineral comprise the ECM of bone tissue; reticular fibers and ground substance comprise the ECM of loose connective tissue; and blood plasma is the ECM of blood.",
"The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane.[4] Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM.[5] Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest. Each type of connective tissue in animals has a type of ECM: collagen fibers and bone mineral comprise the ECM of bone tissue; reticular fibers and ground substance comprise the ECM of loose connective tissue; and blood plasma is the ECM of blood."
] | [
"bone tissue",
"loose connective tissue",
"blood"
] |
-5877092914674850631 | Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 | Indian Vice-Presidential election , 2017 - wikipedia Indian Vice-Presidential election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 ← 2012 5 August 2017 2022 → Turnout 98.21 Nominee Venkaiah Naidu Gopal Krishna Gandhi Party BJP Independent Alliance NDA UPA Home state Andhra Pradesh Delhi Electoral vote 516 244 Percentage 67.89 % 32.11 % Vice President before election Mohammad Hamid Ansari INC Elected Vice President Venkaiah Naidu BJP The elections to the next Vice-President of India , were held on 5 August 2017 . The announcement was made by the Election Commission of India . Rajya Sabha Secretary - General Shumsher K. Sheriff served as the Returning Officer for the 15th Vice-Presidential election . Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari , completed his second term on 10 August 2017 . Venkaiah Naidu won the election and took oath as 13th Vice-President of India on 11 August 2017 at Darbar Hall , Rashtrapati Bhawan , New Delhi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Election process 3 Candidates 3.1 NDA Candidate 3.2 UPA Candidate 4 Results 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Outgoing Vice President Hamid Ansari The Vice President of India is the exofficio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of the Indian parliament ) and functions as its speaker . He also assumes the post of the President of India in case a vacancy and stays in the post for a maximum period of six months and performs all the functions of the President . The Vice President also has a term of five years . During the election , the outgoing vice president was Mohammad Hamid Ansari . He was elected to the post in 2007 and re-elected in 2012 . His term ends on 10th August 2017 . The Election Commission of India announced that the election would be held on 5th August and the result would be declared on the same day . vice Election process ( edit ) The Vice President is elected by an electoral college which includes members of the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Indian parliament ) and the members of the Lok Sabha ( lower house of the Indian parliament ) . The nominated members of the mentioned houses are also eligible to vote in the election process . In the election , voting will be done by a secret ballot and the members of parliament will use a `` special pen '' to mark their preference . For the 2017 election , the electoral college consists of Rajya Sabha members : 233 elected and 12 nominated Lok Sabha members : 543 elected and 2 nominated . Candidates ( edit ) A candidate participating in the election needs the support of at least 20 electors who would be the proposers of the candidate and needs to get another additional support of at least 20 seconders . The candidate also has to deposit ₹ 15000 ( $233 ) as a security deposit . Two candidates were nominated for the election . One candidate was nominated by the National Democratic Alliance and another by United Progressive Alliance . NDA candidate ( edit ) Venkaiah Naidu was nominated by National Democratic Alliance . He was the then Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation of India . He had also served as a party president of Bharatiya Janata Party . Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that Naidu was a `` fitting candidate '' for the post . According to Indian Express leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party felt that if Naidu got elected then it would act as a morale booster for the party in south Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . Besides the parties of the NDA , YSR Congress party , AIADMK and Telangana Rashtra Samiti parties also pledged to support Naidu . News18 wrote that Naidu was expected to get 489 votes compared to 394 votes required to win the election . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 - 07 - 01 ) 1 July 1949 ( age 68 ) Nellore , Andhra Pradesh Minister of Information and Broadcasting ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Minister of Urban Development ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Minister of Rural Development ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Rajya Sabha Member from Karnataka ( 1998 - 2016 ) Member , Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly ( 1978 - 1983 ) President of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Minister of Parliamentary Affairs ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Andhra Pradesh 18 July 2017 Upa candidate ( edit ) Gopalkrishna Gandhi was the candidate nominated by the United Progressive Alliance and had the support of 18 opposition parties . He is the grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari , two prominent figures of Indian freedom movement . A former diplomat , Gandhi is an alumni of St. Stephen 's College and has also served as India 's envoy to Sri Lanka , Norway and South Africa . He has also held the post of Governor of West Bengal and presided over the state during Nandigram violence . Gandhi had the support of Indian National Congress , Janata Dal ( United ) , Rashtriya Janata Dal , Nationalist Congress Party and the Left Front . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Gopalkrishna Gandhi ( 1946 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1946 ( age 71 ) Delhi 24th Governor of West Bengal ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Delhi 11 July 2017 Results ( edit ) Following the election , Venkaiah Naidu was elected 13th Vice-President of India . He has sworn - in to the office on 11 August 2017 . Of 790 seats in Parliament , 5 seats were vacant during the election . e d Results of the Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 Candidate Party Electoral Votes % of Votes Venkaiah Naidu BJP 516 67.89 Gopalkrishna Gandhi Independent 244 32.11 Total 760 100.00 Valid Votes 760 96.82 Invalid Votes 11 1.40 Turnout 771 98.22 Abstentions 14 1.78 Electors 785 See also ( edit ) List of Vice-Presidents of India Indian presidential election , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Election to the Office of the Vice-President , 2017 ( 15th Vice-Presidential Election ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Terms of the Houses '' . eci.nic.in . Election Commission of India / National Informatics Centre . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President -- Election , Powers and Functions '' . OM ABC . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the Vice-President of India is elected : Know what it will take Venkaiah Naidu or Gopalkrishna Gandhi to win '' . Financial Express . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission issues notification for vice president polls '' . New Indian Express . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is the procedure to elect the vice president : All you need to know '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-Presidential Election 2017 : Venkaiah Naidu is NDA 's nominee , to take on Opposition 's Gopalkrishna Gandhi '' . First Post . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Rajya Sabha and South in mind , NDA names Venkaiah for vice-president '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu vs Gopalkrishna Gandhi : Here 's How the 13th Vice President of India Will be Elected Today '' . News18 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu files his nomination for vice-president '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Presidential Election 2017 : Who Is Gopalkrishna Gandhi ? Vice President Candidate Known For Straight Talk '' . NDTV . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-Presidential Election LIVE updates : Counting begins , 98 per cent polling recorded '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eye On Nitish Kumar , Opposition Picks Gopalkrishna Gandhi For Vice-President '' . NDTV . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Venkaiah Naidu To Become 13th Vice-President of India External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_vice-presidential_election,_2017&oldid=801398571 '' Categories : 2017 elections in India August 2017 events in Asia Vice-presidential elections in India Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी ગુજરાતી ಕನ್ನಡ Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is going to be the next vice president of india | [
"Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari, completed his second term on 10 August 2017.[2] Venkaiah Naidu won the election and took oath as 13th Vice-President of India on 11 August 2017 at Darbar Hall, Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi."
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"Venkaiah Naidu"
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6309578679292860456 | Because of Winn-Dixie (film) | Because of Winn - Dixie ( film ) - wikipedia Because of Winn - Dixie ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Because of Winn - Dixie Theatrical release poster Directed by Wayne Wang Produced by Trevor Albert Joan Singleton Screenplay by Joan Singleton Based on Because of Winn - Dixie by Kate DiCamillo Starring AnnaSophia Robb Jeff Daniels Cicely Tyson Luke Benward Dave Matthews Eva Marie Saint Music by Rachel Portman Cinematography Karl Walter Lindenlaub Edited by Deirdre Slevin Production company Walden Media Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date January 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 26 ) ( USA Film Festival ) February 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 18 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $14 million Box office $33,589,427 Because of Winn - Dixie is a 2005 American family comedy - drama film adapted from the book of the same name by Kate DiCamillo , with the screenplay written by Joan Singleton , produced by Trevor Albert and directed by Wayne Wang . It was produced by Walden Media and released by 20th Century Fox . The role of Winn - Dixie was played by two Picardy Shepherds , a rare breed from France . It stars AnnaSophia Robb , Jeff Daniels , Cicely Tyson , Luke Benward , Dave Matthews , Eva Marie Saint , Courtney Jines , BJ Hopper , Nick Price , Elle Fanning , Harland Williams and John McConnell . The film premiered at the USA Film Festival on January 26 , 2005 and was theatrically released on February 18 , 2005 . Although it received mixed reviews from critics , it earned $33,589,574 , on a $14 million budget . Because of Winn - Dixie was released on DVD and VHS in August 9 , 2005 , by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) 10 - year - old India Opal Buloni has just moved to the fictional small town of Naomi , Florida with her father , a preacher . While in the Winn - Dixie supermarket , she encounters a scruffy Berger Picard that is wreaking havoc . Opal claims that it is her dog and names it `` Winn - Dixie '' . Winn - Dixie becomes friends with everyone he encounters , and so she makes some new friends in the process . She also rekindles her relationship with her father , and learns ten things about her mother , who abandoned them seven years ago . Opal describes the preacher as a turtle , always sticking his head into his turtle shell , and never wanting to come out into the real world . This is most likely because of how sad he is about her mother , with whom he is still in love . One of the people Opal meets is Miss Franny Block , a kind and somewhat eccentric elder librarian , who tells her many great stories , including one involving a bear . Opal also meets Gloria Dump , a blind recovering alcoholic with a tree in her backyard that has beer bottles hanging from it . She calls it a ' mistake tree ' and the bottles represent the ghosts of all the things she has done wrong . One day , fed up with Winn - Dixie , the landlord of the Bulonis ' trailer park , Mr. Alfred , orders the preacher to get rid of the dog . The preacher calls the animal pound to take Winn - Dixie away , but Opal begs her father to keep her dog . Unable to see his daughter this upset , the preacher tells the pound to return Winn - Dixie , claiming that he is not the same dog he called about . Opal gets a job at Gertrude 's Pets and befriends a worker there , Otis , a shy ex-convict with a passion for music . She also meets a girl named Sweetie Pie Thomas , who is eager to get a dog like Winn - Dixie . Later , a thunderstorm comes and Winn - Dixie , being pathologically afraid of thunderstorms , runs away . While Opal looks for him , her father wants to give up and she blames him for the loss of her mother and Winn - Dixie running away . But her father explains that he tried very hard to look for her mother . He then admits that he believes that she is never coming back . Later they go back to a party and Otis starts to sing a song on his guitar . Winn - Dixie is heard outside howling along to the song . Everyone , while singing , lets him in and welcomes him back . Cast ( edit ) AnnaSophia Robb as India Opal Buloni Jeff Daniels as `` The Preacher '' , Opal 's father , Mr. Buloni Cicely Tyson as Gloria Dump Luke Benward as Steven `` Stevie '' Dewberry Dave Matthews as Otis Eva Marie Saint as Ms. Franny Block Courtney Jines as Amanda Wilkinson BJ Hopper as Mr. Alfred Nick Price as Dunlap Dewberry Elle Fanning as Sweetie Pie Thomas Harland Williams as Policeman John McConnell as Store Manager Becca Lish as Gertrude the Parrot Lyco and Scott as Winn - Dixie Production ( edit ) The movie based on the book was released in 2005 . It was directed by Wayne Wang ; produced by Trevor Albert , Walden Media , and Joan Singleton ; distributed by 20th Century Fox ; with music composed by Rachel Portman . It stars AnnaSophia Robb as India Opal Buloni , Jeff Daniels as `` The Preacher '' , Opal 's father , Mr. Buloni , Cicely Tyson as Gloria Dump , Luke Benward as Steven `` Stevie '' Dewberry , Dave Matthews as Otis , Eva Marie Saint as Ms. Franny Block , Courtney Jines as Amanda Wilkinson , BJ Hopper as Mr. Alfred , Nick Price as Dunlap Dewberry , Elle Fanning as Sweetie Pie Thomas , Harland Williams as Policeman , John McConnell as Store Manager , Becca Lish as Gertrude the Parrot , and two dogs , Lyco and Scott as Winn - Dixie . The film was shot on location in Napoleonville , Louisiana , USA . To make sure both dogs got on well with AnnaSophia Robb , who played Opal , she was brought in early to get acquainted with the dogs and give them treats . By the time shooting started , they considered her a `` safe '' area . Winn - Dixie was played by multiple Picardy Shepherds , a rare breed from France . The DVD extra `` Diamond in the Ruff '' shows the two principal dogs , Scott and Lyco , but producer Trevor Albert mentions at 18 : 00 and 40 : 26 in the DVD feature commentary that , in all , four dogs were used . At 00 : 36 in AnnaSophia Robb 's commentary `` Meet Winn - Dixie '' she mentions that the stunt dog Tasha jumped over the flour . The film 's mouse was played by a rat . The choice was made carefully because while a mouse would have been preferable , rats are much easier to train . Director Wayne Wang wanted to use Picardy Shepherds because he thought they looked similar to the depiction of Winn - Dixie on the book cover and would appear familiar to its readers . Dogs were brought from France when none were available in the U.S. ( 08 : 55 in the DVD commentary ) . The film , like the book , is set in Naomi , Florida , even though it was filmed in Louisiana . Consequently , the police car and uniform emblems depict the state of Florida rather than the state of Louisiana . The bunny that Ottis hands Opal ( at around 56 mins ) is a Netherlands Dwarf . They only get to be between 6 and 8 inches long . The last name of Opal and her dad , Buloni ( mentioned in the dialog at 49 : 50 in the lunch meat joke ) , is shown on a sign to the left of the trailer door at 22 : 37 and elsewhere in the feature . In the scene from 10 : 45 to 11 : 03 where Winn - Dixie first arrives at the trailer , only the bottom edge of the sign is visible in the full frame version at 10 : 53 ( when seen on a computer without `` overscan '' cropping ) while in the wide screen version that edge is cropped from view . This was Jeff Daniels and Harland Williams ' second movie together ; both had previously appeared in Dumb and Dumber ( 1994 ) . The rat used for the beginning of the church scene is male , it then switches to being a female rat , and back again between shots . During the scene where the animals get loose , the same event is used twice . When Opal picks up the black and white rabbit to place in its pen , it is shown once as a close up of her ( at 33 : 41 from behind ) and once from a distance ( at 33 : 58 frontal ) . ( This can be clearly seen in the full frame version , but not in the wide screen version at 33 : 41 where the wide screen cropping of the spherical 35 mm frames crop out the body of the rabbit . Consequently , it is a goof in re-mastering the full frame version from the spherical 35 mm negatives rather than a goof in the wide screen film . Of course , it could be argued that the rabbit got out again and needed to be put into the pen a second time . ) In the scene where Opal brings Winn - Dixie into the church , when she gets up from her seat to get Winn - Dixie , there is a Bible and a purse on the chair beside her . After she returns from getting Winn - Dixie , there is somebody sitting in the seat beside her holding the Bible while the purse is on the floor between the two chairs . Opal 's hair length varies throughout the movie , from a short blunt cut , to a longer , and uneven cut , and then back to short . When it starts raining , at the start of the garden party , all of the lights strung around start to flicker and go out . Except when you see everyone standing at the house , the lights to the right can be seen still on . Opal 's hair changes from straight and flat to styled and blow - dried during the baseball game and party set - up scenes . The `` mouse '' Winn Dixie catches during the church service is a rat . Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Opal 's Blues '' -- The Be Good Tanyas `` Wo n't Give In -- The Finn Brothers `` Splish Splash '' -- Adam Schlesinger and James Iha `` Sunflower '' -- Alice Peacock `` The Clapping Song '' -- Shirley Ellis String Quartet # 17 ( `` Hunt '' ) `` Butterfly '' -- Dave Matthews `` Sunrise '' -- Norah Jones `` Cabaret '' -- Emmylou Harris `` Glory Glory '' -- AnnaSophia Robb , Jeff Daniels , Cicely Tyson , Dave Matthews , Eva Marie Saint , Courtney Jines , Nick Price , Luke Benward , Elle Fanning and B.J. Hopper `` Glory Glory '' -- Patrinell Wright and Gloria Smith `` Someday Somehow ( Have It All ) -- The Beu Sisters `` Fly '' -- Shawn Colvin `` Amazing Grace '' -- Rachel Portman Release ( edit ) The film was released in cinemas in the USA in January 26 , 2005 , and was released on DVD and VHS in August 9 , 2005 , by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 54 % based on 119 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus was : `` An old - fashioned , if bland , adaptation of Kate DiCamillo 's novel . '' At Metacritic , the film holds a score of 54 % based on 27 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Awards ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Nominee Result Young Artist Awards 2006 -- Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress -- Best Family Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical AnnaSophia Robb Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Because of Winn - Dixie -- IMDb Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 Jump up ^ Berger Picard Jump up ^ `` Because of Winn - Dixie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Because of Winn - Dixie '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Because of Winn - Dixie on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Wayne Wang Chan Is Missing ( 1982 ) Dim Sum : A Little Bit of Heart ( 1985 ) Slam Dance ( 1987 ) Eat a Bowl of Tea ( 1989 ) Life Is Cheap ... But Toilet Paper Is Expensive ( 1989 ) The Joy Luck Club ( 1993 ) Smoke ( 1995 ) Blue in the Face ( 1995 ) Chinese Box ( 1997 ) Anywhere but Here ( 1999 ) The Center of the World ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 ) Because of Winn - Dixie ( 2005 ) Last Holiday ( 2006 ) The Princess of Nebraska ( 2007 ) A Thousand Years of Good Prayers ( 2007 ) Snow Flower and the Secret Fan ( 2011 ) While the Women Are Sleeping ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Because_of_Winn-Dixie_(film)&oldid=815312096 '' Categories : English - language films 2005 films American comedy - drama films American films 20th Century Fox films Walden Media films Films shot in Louisiana Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films directed by Wayne Wang Films set in Florida Films about dogs Films about animals 2000s comedy - drama films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays gloria dump in because of winn dixie | [
"The movie based on the book was released in 2005. It was directed by Wayne Wang; produced by Trevor Albert, Walden Media, and Joan Singleton; distributed by 20th Century Fox; with music composed by Rachel Portman. It stars AnnaSophia Robb as India Opal Buloni, Jeff Daniels as \"The Preacher\", Opal's father, Mr. Buloni, Cicely Tyson as Gloria Dump, Luke Benward as Steven \"Stevie\" Dewberry, Dave Matthews as Otis, Eva Marie Saint as Ms. Franny Block, Courtney Jines as Amanda Wilkinson, BJ Hopper as Mr. Alfred, Nick Price as Dunlap Dewberry, Elle Fanning as Sweetie Pie Thomas, Harland Williams as Policeman, John McConnell as Store Manager, Becca Lish as Gertrude the Parrot, and two dogs, Lyco and Scott as Winn-Dixie.[1]"
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"Cicely Tyson"
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-8593183340559211908 | The Secret of Moonacre | The Secret of Moonacre - wikipedia The Secret of Moonacre This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Secret of Moonacre Theatrical release poster Directed by Gábor Csupó Produced by David Brown Michael Cowan Brian Donovan Meredith Garlick Monica Penders Jason Piette Screenplay by Graham Alborough Lucy Shuttleworth Based on The Little White Horse by Elizabeth Goudge Starring Ioan Gruffudd Tim Curry Natascha McElhone Juliet Stevenson Dakota Blue Richards Music by Christian Henson Cinematography David Eggby Edited by Julian Rodd Production company Velvet Octopus UK Film Council Forgan - Smith Entertainment Spice Factory LWH Films Eurofilm Stúdió Davis Films Grand Allure Entertainment Aramid Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 6 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 06 ) ( TIFF ) 6 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) ( United Kingdom ) 13 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 13 ) ( France ) 19 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) ( Hungary ) Country France United Kingdom Hungary Australia United States Language English Box office $7 million The Secret of Moonacre is a 2008 fantasy film based on the novel The Little White Horse by Elizabeth Goudge . The film was directed by Gábor Csupó and starred Dakota Blue Richards in the leading role . The film premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the United Kingdom on 6 February 2009 by Warner Bros . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Notes 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins with Maria Merryweather after her parents pass away . Her father leaves her the only thing he has left , `` The Ancient Chronicles of Moonacre Valley '' . The book tells how the Moonacre Valley was cursed by the `` Moon Princess '' , after two families fought over her `` Moon Pearls '' . Sir Benjamin , Maria 's estranged uncle , invites her and her governess , Miss Heliotrope , to live in Moonacre Manor . When she arrives , Sir Benjamin confiscates the book and tells her to stay away from the forest , and the de Noirs , the rival family in Moonacre Valley . Maria is surprised by the magic in the dilapidated manor : such as food and clothes , which appear out of nowhere ; pianos that play themselves ; glittering stars on the ceiling ; and , a Black Lion and Unicorn , which protect her and the Moon Princess . Maria and Robin , de Noir 's youngest son , find the Moon Princess ' secret grotto . But there is little time if Maria is going to stop the curse , which de Noirs ' daughter admits she tried before and failed to do herself . Cast ( edit ) Order of Appearance Dakota Blue Richards as Maria Merryweather / The Little Moon Princess Juliet Stevenson as Miss Heliotrope Augustus Prew as Robin de Noir Michael Webber as Digweed Ioan Gruffudd as Sir Benjamin Merryweather / Sir Wrolf Merryweather Tim Curry as Coeur de Noir / Sir William de Noir Andy Linden as Marmaduke Scarlet Natascha McElhone as Loveday de Noir / The Moon Princess Production ( edit ) In pre-production it was decided the film needed a different title from the book . An internet poll was run , giving fans of the book a chance to vote for their preferred title : The Moon Princess or The Secret of Moonacre . The Secret of Moonacre won . Filming started on 1 October 2007 , and took place between Hungary and London . The director Gábor Csupó chose Schossberger Castle ( hu ) to `` embody '' the Moonacre mansion . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret of Moonacre ( 2009 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret of Moonacre ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) The Secret of Moonacre at AllMovie The Secret of Moonacre on IMDb Films directed by Gábor Csupó Bridge to Terabithia ( 2007 ) Immigrants ( 2008 ) The Secret of Moonacre ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_of_Moonacre&oldid=849794498 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films American films American fantasy films Australian films Australian fantasy films British films British fantasy films French films French fantasy films Hungarian films Hungarian fantasy films Children 's fantasy films Fantasy adventure films Films based on British novels Films directed by Gábor Csupó Films shot in Budapest Films shot in Hungary Unicorns in film Warner Bros. films Films about orphans Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2015 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 11 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays loveday in the secret of moonacre | [
"Natascha McElhone as Loveday de Noir/The Moon Princess"
] | [
"Natascha McElhone"
] |
-1906783385709873373 | Danger Zone (song) | Danger Zone ( song ) - wikipedia Danger Zone ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Kenny Loggins song . For other songs with the same title , see Danger Zone ( disambiguation ) . `` Danger Zone '' Single by Kenny Loggins from the album Top Gun ( soundtrack ) B - side `` I 'm Gonna Do It Right '' Released May 13 , 1986 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single , CD Recorded January 1986 Genre Hard rock , new wave Length 3 : 36 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Giorgio Moroder Tom Whitlock Producer ( s ) Giorgio Moroder Kenny Loggins singles chronology `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1985 ) `` Danger Zone '' ( 1986 ) `` Playing with the Boys '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1985 ) `` Danger Zone '' ( 1986 ) `` Playing with the Boys '' ( 1986 ) `` Danger Zone '' is a song , with music composed by Giorgio Moroder and lyrics written by Tom Whitlock , which American singer - songwriter Kenny Loggins recorded and released in 1986 . The song was one of the hit singles from the soundtrack to the 1986 American motion picture Top Gun , the best selling soundtrack of 1986 and one of the best selling of all time . According to Allmusic.com , the album `` remains a quintessential artifact of the mid - ' 80s '' and the album 's hits `` still define the bombastic , melodramatic sound that dominated the pop charts of the era . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Overview 3 Music video 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Sales certifications 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Film producers Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson , along with music supervisor Michael Dilbeck , had over 300 songs to employ on Top Gun . Testing compositions against the dailies of the opening scenes at the aircraft carrier , nothing satisfied them , and Bruckheimer asked soundtrack producer Giorgio Moroder to write something . With the help of songwriter Tom Whitlock , he composed `` Danger Zone '' and had Joe Pizzulo record a demo . With the approval of the producers , soundtrack distributor Columbia Records requested Moroder to have `` Danger Zone '' performed by an artist signed by the label . The band Toto was originally intended to perform the track , but legal conflicts between the producers of Top Gun and the band 's lawyers prevented this . Bryan Adams was approached to allow his song `` Only the Strong Survive '' on the soundtrack and perform `` Danger Zone '' , but Adams refused any involvement , feeling that the film glorified war , and he did not want any of his work linked to it . REO Speedwagon was also approached to perform `` Danger Zone '' , but the group declined due to not being allowed to contribute any of its own compositions to the soundtrack . Corey Hart was also approached to perform `` Danger Zone , '' but he declined , preferring to write and perform his own compositions . Eventually , the film producers agreed that `` Danger Zone '' would be recorded and performed by Kenny Loggins . Whitlock went to Loggins ' Encino home , and once shown the lyrics , the singer added his own improvisations . Overview ( edit ) Dann Huff , lead singer and guitarist of the 1980s hard rock group Giant , played guitar on the song . The bass line is performed on a Yamaha DX7 synthesizer , with the drums being provided by a LinnDrum drum machine , both instruments extensively used in 1980s pop music . A tenor saxophone is added near the end of the song . The song peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week of July 26 , 1986 , kept from the top spot by Peter Gabriel 's `` Sledgehammer '' . Music video ( edit ) A music video was released in May 1986 to promote the single . The video was directed by Tony Scott and featured footage of Loggins singing , as well as clips from the film Top Gun , which Scott also directed . According to the MuchMusic network 's program Pop - Up Video , the U.S. Navy described this video as `` the most effective recruiting poster ever produced '' . Personnel ( edit ) Kenny Loggins -- vocals , guitar Dann Huff -- guitar Giorgio Moroder -- keyboards Nathan East -- bass Tom Whitlock -- synthesizer John Robinson -- drums Tom Scott -- saxophone Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 -- 87 ) Peak position Canada ( RPM ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) 45 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 42 Sales certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) On September 21 , 1989 , the song was played in an episode of the American animated series `` The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! '' . On November 21 , 1999 , the song was played in an episode of the American animated comedy series `` The Simpsons '' . On October 24 , 2005 , the song was played in an episode of the American comedy series `` How I Met Your Mother '' . On July 27 , 2008 , the song was played in an episode of the Australian television travel series `` Postcards '' . In 2009 , this song was played in the American comedy film `` 17 Again '' . On July 20 , 2010 , the song was played in an episode of the British comedy series `` Mongrels '' . On July 19 , 2012 , the song was played in an episode of the American television game show `` Take Me Out '' . On October 13 , 2013 , the song was played in an episode of the British reality television series `` Rude Tube '' . On November 11 , 2014 , the song was played in an episode of the American comedy series `` The Mindy Project '' . On March 18 , 2015 , the song was played in an episode of the American comedy series `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . On November 8 , 2015 , the song was played in an episode of the American animated comedy series `` Family Guy '' . On September 17 , 2016 , the song was played in an episode of the British television game show `` Go for It '' . On September 23 , 2017 , the song was played in an episode of the British television game show `` Cannonball '' . On April 1 , 2018 , the song was played in an episode of the American animated comedy series `` Family Guy '' . On April 4 , 2018 , the song was played in an episode of the American comedy - drama series `` Suits '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pop > Picks > Kenny Loggins -- Danger Zone ( 3 : 35 ) '' . Billboard . Vol. 96 no . 19 . May 10 , 1986 . p. 79 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Denisoff , R. Serge ; Romanowski , William D. ( 2011 - 12 - 31 ) . Risky Business : Rock in Film . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9781412833370 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Gun ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Back to the 80s : Interview with Tom Whitlock , co-writer of ' Take My Breath Away ' & more -- Kickin ' it Old School ^ Jump up to : `` Official TOTO Website - Encyclopedia '' . www.toto99.com. 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia '' . thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Kenny Loggins Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kenny Loggins -- Danger Zone '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kenny Loggins -- Danger Zone '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Danger Zone '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Select 2016 年 4 月 on the drop - down menu External links ( edit ) Kenny Loggins - Danger Zone - Official music video Top Gun soundtrack Original release `` Danger Zone '' ( Kenny Loggins ) `` Mighty Wings '' ( Cheap Trick ) `` Playing with the Boys '' ( Kenny Loggins ) `` Lead Me On '' ( Teena Marie ) `` Take My Breath Away ( Love Theme from Top Gun ) ( Berlin ) `` Hot Summer Nights '' ( Miami Sound Machine ) `` Heaven in Your Eyes '' ( Loverboy ) `` Through the Fire '' ( Larry Greene ) `` Destination Unknown '' ( Marietta ) `` Top Gun Anthem '' ( Harold Faltermeyer & Steve Stevens ) 1999 Special Edition bonus tracks `` ( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay '' ( Otis Redding ) `` Memories '' ( Harold Faltermeyer ) `` Great Balls of Fire '' ( Jerry Lee Lewis ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( The Righteous Brothers ) `` Playing with the Boys '' ( 12 '' Version ) ( Kenny Loggins ) 2006 Deluxe Edition bonus tracks `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' ( REO Speedwagon ) `` Broken Wings '' ( Mr. Mister ) `` The Final Countdown '' ( Europe ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' ( Starship ) `` The Power of Love '' ( Jennifer Rush ) Kenny Loggins Studio albums Celebrate Me Home Nightwatch Keep the Fire High Adventure Vox Humana Back to Avalon Leap of Faith Return to Pooh Corner The Unimaginable Life December More Songs from Pooh Corner It 's About Time How About Now All Join In Compilation and live albums Kenny Loggins Alive Outside : From the Redwoods Love Songs of Kenny Loggins Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow : The Greatest Hits of Kenny Loggins The Essential Kenny Loggins Soundtrack appearances Caddyshack Footloose Top Gun Over the Top Caddyshack II The Jungle Book One Fine Day Singles `` Celebrate Me Home '' `` Whenever I Call You Friend '' `` What a Fool Believes '' `` This Is It '' `` Keep the Fire '' `` I 'm Alright '' `` Do n't Fight It '' `` Heart to Heart '' `` Welcome to Heartlight '' `` Footloose '' `` I 'm Free ( Heaven Helps the Man ) '' `` Vox Humana '' `` Forever '' `` Danger Zone '' `` Playing with the Boys '' `` Nobody 's Fool '' `` Conviction of the Heart '' `` For the First Time '' Related articles Discography Loggins and Messina Blue Sky Riders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danger_Zone_(song)&oldid=841012814 '' Categories : 1986 songs 1986 singles Columbia Records singles Kenny Loggins songs Songs about the military Songs from Top Gun Songs written by Giorgio Moroder Songs written by Tom Whitlock Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 14 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was highway to the danger zone written | [
"\"Danger Zone\" is a song, with music composed by Giorgio Moroder and lyrics written by Tom Whitlock, which American singer-songwriter Kenny Loggins recorded and released in 1986. The song was one of the hit singles from the soundtrack to the 1986 American motion picture Top Gun, the best selling soundtrack of 1986 and one of the best selling of all time.[2][3] According to Allmusic.com, the album \"remains a quintessential artifact of the mid-'80s\" and the album's hits \"still define the bombastic, melodramatic sound that dominated the pop charts of the era.\"[3]"
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"1986"
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8254722708646938005 | District collector | District Collector - Wikipedia District Collector Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into Indian Administrative Service . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2016 . A District Collector , often abbreviated to Collector , is an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer in charge of revenue collection and administration of a district in India . Since District Collectors are also empowered as executive magistrates , the post is also referred to as the District Magistrate and as the office - bearer works under the supervision of a Divisional Commissioner , the post is also known as Deputy Commissioner . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Posting 3 Functions and Responsibilities 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography History ( edit ) District Administration in India is a legacy of the British Raj . District Collectors were members of the Indian Civil Service and were charged with supervising general administration in the district . Warren Hastings introduced the office of the District Collector in 1772 . Sir George Campbell , Lieutenant - Governor of Bengal from 1871 - 1874 , intended `` to render the heads of districts no longer the drudges of many departments and masters of none , but in fact the general controlling authority over all departments in each district . '' The office of the Collector during the British Raj held multiple responsibilities -- as Collector , he was the head of the revenue organization , charged with registration , alteration , and partition of holdings ; the settlement of disputes ; the management of indebted estates ; loans to agriculturists , and famine relief . As District Magistrate , he exercised general supervision over the inferior courts and in particular , directed the police work . The office was meant to achieve the `` peculiar purpose '' of collecting revenue and of keeping the peace . The Superintendent of Police , Inspector General of Jails , the Surgeon General , the Divisional Forest Officer and the Chief Engineer had to inform the Collector of every activity in their Departments . Until the later part of the nineteenth century , no native was eligible to become a District Collector . But with the introduction of open competitive examinations for the Indian Civil Services , the office was opened to natives . Anandaram Baruah , an eminent scholar of Sanskrit and the sixth Indian and the first Assamese ICS officer , became the third Indian to be appointed a District Magistrate , the first two being Romesh Chandra Dutt and Sripad Babaji Thakur respectively . The district continued to be the unit of administration after India gained independence in 1947 . The role of the District Collector remained largely unchanged , except for the separation of most judicial powers to judicial officers of the district . Later , with the promulgation of the National Extension Services and Community Development Programme by the Nehru government in 1952 , the District Collector was entrusted with the additional responsibility of implementing the Union Government 's development programs in the district . Posting ( edit ) They are posted by the State government , from among the pool of Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officers , who either are on Level 11 or Level 12 of the Pay Matrix , in the state . The members of the IAS are either directly recruited by the Union Public Service Commission or promoted from Provincial Civil Service ( PCS ) . The direct recruits are posted as Collectors after five to six years of service , whereas the promoted members from state civil services generally occupy this post after promotion to the IAS , which generally happens after two decades of service . A District Magistrate and Collector is transferred to and from the post by the State government . The office bearer is generally of the rank of Special Secretary to the State Government ( equivalent to Deputy Secretary in Government of India ) . Functions and responsibilities ( edit ) The responsibilities assigned to a District Magistrate vary from state to state , but generally , District Collectors are entrusted with a wide range of duties in the jurisdiction of the district . While the actual extent of the responsibilities varies from State to State , they generally involve - As District Election Officer : Conducting Elections in the district , be it General , Assembly or Municipal . As Collector : Land assessment Land acquisition Collection Collection of income tax dues , excise duties , irrigation dues etc . Distribution of agricultural loans Chairman of the District Bankers Coordination Committee Head of the District Industries Centre As District Magistrate : Maintenance of law and order Supervision of the police and jails Supervision of subordinate Executive magistracy Hearing cases under the preventive section of the Criminal Procedure Code Supervision of jails and certification of execution of capital sentences Arbitrator of land acquisition Disaster management during natural calamities such as floods , famines or epidemics Crisis management during riots or external aggression As Deputy Commissioner / District Commissioner : Reports to Divisional Commissioner on all matters . Acts as ex-officio chairman of the District Development Authority , in absence of Divisional Commissioner , which carries out various developmental activities . A District Magistrate and Commissioner is assisted by some IAS and PCS for carrying out day - to - day work in various fields : -- Chief Development Officer ( CDO ) / District Development Officer ( DDO ) Chief Revenue Officer ( CRO ) / District Revenue Officer ( DRO ) Additional District Magistrate ( s ) ( ADM ) ( North , West , East , South , E ( Executive ) , F / R ( Finance and Revenue ) , City , Judicial ) . City Magistrate ( CM ) and Additionally City Magistrate ( ACM ) ( I , II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII , IX , X ) . Sub-Divisional Magistrate ( s ) ( SDM ) or Deputy Collector ( s ) ( DC ) and other Executive Magistrates . Other officers from other departments at district level also report to him . See also ( edit ) Indian Administrative Service Chief Secretary ( India ) Principal Secretary ( India ) Divisional Commissioner Indian Police Service Superintendent of police ( India ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maheshwari , S.R. ( 2000 ) . Indian Administration ( 6th Edition ) . New Delhi : Orient Blackswan Private Ltd . pp. 573 -- 597 . ISBN 9788125019886 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , G.P. ( 1993 ) . Revenue administration in India : A case study of Bihar . Delhi : Mittal Publications . pp. 50 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 8170993810 . ^ Jump up to : Laxmikanth , M. ( 2014 ) . Governance in India ( 2nd Edition ) . Noida : McGraw Hill Education . pp. 6.1 -- 6.6 . ISBN 978 - 9339204785 . Jump up ^ Report of the Indian Statutory Commission Volume 1 - Survey . Presented by the Secretary of State for the Home Department to Parliament by Command of His Majesty . May , 1930 AND Volume 2 - Recommendations Presented to the Secretary of State for the Home Deparment to Parliament by Command of His Majesty . May 1930 . London : His Majesty 's Stationery Office . 1930 . p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India '' ( PDF ) . Seventh Central Pay Commission , Government of India . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Arora , Ramesh K. ( 2011 ) . Indian Public Administration : Institutions and Issues . New Age . ISBN 978 - 8122434460 . Jump up ^ `` Powers Of District Magistrate in India '' . Important India . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP '' . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Administration '' . Muzaffarnagar District . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GENERAL ADMINISTRATION '' . Ghaziabad District . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Deputy Commissioner & District Magistrate 's Office '' . Dakshin Kannada District . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power & Functions of Deputy Commissioner '' . Office of Regional Commissioner , Belagum . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Administration '' . Agra District website . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Singh , G.P. ( 1993 ) . Revenue administration in India : A case study of Bihar . Delhi : Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 8170993810 . Maheshwari , S.R. ( 2000 ) . Indian Administration ( 6th Edition ) . New Delhi : Orient Blackswan Private Ltd . ISBN 9788125019886 . Laxmikanth , M. ( 2014 ) . Governance in India ( 2nd Edition ) . Noida : McGraw Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 9339204785 . Arora , Ramesh K. ( 2011 ) . Indian Public Administration : Institutions and Issues . New Delhi : New Age International . ISBN 978 - 8122434460 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_collector&oldid=800590514 '' Categories : Civil Services of India Indian government officials Indian Administrative Service officers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles to be merged from June 2016 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 13 : 48 . About Wikipedia | who created the post of collecter in india | [
"Warren Hastings introduced the office of the District Collector in 1772. Sir George Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal from 1871-1874, intended \"to render the heads of districts no longer the drudges of many departments and masters of none, but in fact the general controlling authority over all departments in each district.\"[1][2][3]"
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"Warren Hastings"
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4927578800660872862 | Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India | Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India - wikipedia Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vasco da Gama on his arrival in India , bearing the flag used during the first voyage by sea to this part of the world : the arms of Portugal and the Cross of the Order of Christ , sponsors of the expansion movement initiated by Henry the Navigator , are seen . Painting by Ernesto Casanova The discovery of the sea route to India is the description sometimes used in Europe and among the Portuguese for the first recorded trip made directly from Europe to India via the Atlantic Ocean . It was undertaken under the command of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama during the reign of King Manuel I in 1497 -- 1499 . Considered by Europe to be one of the most remarkable voyages of the Age of Discovery , it consolidated the Portuguese maritime presence over the Indian Ocean and that country 's dominance of global trade routes . Contents 1 Preparations of the trip 2 The context 3 The navy 4 The voyage 5 Arrival in Calicut 6 Back in Portugal 7 See also 8 References Preparations of the trip ( edit ) The plan for working on the Cape Route to India was charted by Portuguese King John II as a cost saving measure in the trade with Asia and also an attempt to monopolize the spice trade . Adding to the increasingly influential Portuguese maritime presence , John II craved for trade routes and for the expansion of the kingdom of Portugal which had already been transformed into an Empire . However , the project was not realized during his reign . It as his successor , King Manuel I , who designated Vasco da Gama for this expedition , while maintaining the original plan . However , this development was not viewed well by the upper classes . In the Cortes de Montemor - o - Novo of 1495 , an opposite view was visible over the journey that John II had so painstakingly prepared . This point of view was contented with the trade with Guinea and North Africa and feared the challenges posed by the maintenance of any overseas territories , and the cost involved in the launching and maintenance of sea lanes . This position is embodied in the character of The Old Man of Restelo that appears in Os Lusíadas of the Portuguese epic poet Luís Vaz de Camões , who opposes the boarding of the armada . Os Lusíadas It is often regarded as the most important work of Portuguese literature . The work celebrates the discovery of a sea route to India by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama . King Manuel did not share that opinion . Keeping the D. João II plan , he went ahead to equip the ships and chose Vasco da Gama as the leader of this expedition and the captain of the armada . According to the original plan , John II had appointed his father , Stephen da Gama , to head the armada ; but by the time of implementing the plan , both were deceased . Portuguese were after spices , but they were very expensive because it was an inconvenience to trade . For example , it was dangerous and time consuming to travel by land from Europe to India . As a result , King D. João II of Portugal established a plan for ships to explore the coast of Africa to see if India was navigable via around the cape , and through the Indian Ocean . King João II appointed Bartolomeu Dias , on October 10 , 1486 , to head an expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa in the hope of finding a trade route to India . Dias helped in the construction of the São Gabriel and its sister ship , the São Rafael that were used by Vasco da Gama to sail past the Cape of Good Hope and continue to India . One of the sailors , Bartolomeu Dias passed the southernmost point of Africa known as the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 . He declared it possible to travel to India by going around Africa . The Portuguese were then able to make an immense profit by using their own ships to retrieve the spices . This global expedition was launched on 8 July 1497 . It concluded two years later with the entry of the ships back into the river Tagus , bringing with them the good news that bestowed on Portugal a prestigious maritime position . The context ( edit ) Preste João ( Prester John ) by Diogo Homem , 1558 , in the Biblioteca Britânica Map of the supposed kingdom of Preste João ( Prester John ) , shown as set in the region of Ethiopia . Spices were always considered the gold of the Indies . Cinnamon , ginger , cloves , pepper and turmeric had long been products which were difficult to obtain in Europe and brought in by caravans and experienced merchants coming from the East . A merchant of Lisbon describes the overland spice route as follows : Only the markets of Venice and Genoa then scattered these spices all over Europe , great in cost , and without guaranteed arrival . In 1453 , with the capture of the city of Constantinople by the Ottomans , the trade of Venice and Genoa reduced to a great degree . The advantage of the Portuguese to establish a sea route therefore virtually free of assault -- however , covered in perils in the sea -- showed itself rewarding and outlined a large income to the Crown in the future . Portugal directly linked the spice producing regions to their markets in Europe . Around the year 1481 , João Afonso of Aveiro attempted to undertake an exploration of the kingdom of Benin , and gathered information about an almost legendary prince Ogané , whose kingdom was located far to the east of Benin . He was thought to be Christian and one who enjoyed great respect and power . It was said the Benin kingdom where Ogané had his headquarters was twenty moons away in distance , which , according to the account of João de Barros , corresponds to two hundred fifty leagues . The important trade routes of the silk and spices , blocked by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire , led to the search for a sea route across the Atlantic skirting Africa . Excited with this news , John II sent , in 1487 , Frei António de Lisboa and Pedro de Montarroio to locate in the East new information that could find Prester John , which seemed to correspond , after all , to the description that came about the prince Ogané . But the mission of those sent was merely to Jerusalem , because these two Portuguese were unaware of the Arabic language and hence feared to continue , and instead returned to Portugal . Very carefully and secretly two young men of trust were prepared . They were Afonso de Paiva , of Castelo Branco , and Pêro da Covilhã . They began their journey and went through Valencia , Barcelona , Naples , Rhodes , Alexandria , Cairo and Aden . Here their paths separated : Afonso de Paiva headed to Ethiopia and Pêro da Covilhã to India . None of the men returned , but the information needed by D. John was brought back to the kingdom , and with this came the support to serve the possible epic maritime adventure that lay ahead . The travel plan predicted the safety of the route . For this , it was necessary to install trading posts along the way , and build fortresses . The mission was up to the captain of the armada who was provided with many gifts and equipment to brave the seas and diplomatic credentials and perseverance to create links with unknown monarchs who eventually were found along the way . But it was not in the reign of King John II of Portugal that this project , which was already facing a strong opposition from the court , was initiated . It happened only in the time of his successor , King Manuel I who incidentally did not share the general opinion about the sea routes being a good -- if not the best -- means to dominate trade with the East . The navy ( edit ) Vasco da Gama By António Manuel da Fonseca , 1838 , from the Museu Marítimo Nacional Among the sailors , were two interpreters Fernão Martins and Martim Afonso de Sousa , and two brothers , João Figueira and Pêro da Covilhã . In all , the crews comprised 170 men . The sailors had sailing charts marked with the positions of the African coast known until then , quadrants , astrolabes of various sizes , tables with calculations -- such as astronomical tables of Abraham Zacuto -- needle and bobs . One of the ships was carrying groceries sufficient for three years : biscuits , beans , dried meats , wine , flour , olive oil , pickles and other items of pharmacy . Also planned were continuous replenishment along the coast of Africa . The trip to India was performed by three ships and another ship that carried supplies . These three ships had a captain and a pilot . The ship of groceries had only a captain . Two ships also had a scribe or writer . The first ship had a master . The voyage ( edit ) Path taken by the expedition ( marked in black ) . In this figure you can also see , for comparison , the path taken by Pêro da Covilhã ( in orange ) separated from that of Afonso de Paiva ( blue ) after the long trip together ( green ) . Thus began the expedition on 8 July 1497 . The Lisbon shipping line to Cabo Verde was the usual one and the Indian Ocean is described by Álvaro Velho thus : `` The coastal route until Malindi and direct passage from this port to Calicut '' . During this expedition , the latitudes were determined by solar observation , as stated by João de Barros . Reports of the Daily Board ( Diários de Bordo ) of the ships note many unique experiences . Also found were a rich flora and fauna . Contact was made near the bay of St. Helena with tribes who ate sea lions , whales , gazelle meat and herbal roots ; They walked covered with fur and their weapons were simple wooden spears of Zambujo and animal horns ; They saw tribes who played rustic flutes in a coordinated manner , which was a surprising sight for the Europeans . Scurvy ( vitamin C deficiency ) affected the crew . They crossed into Mozambique with palm trees yielding coconuts . Despite the adversities of a trip of this scale , the crew retained their curiosity and courage to achieve the feat and get along with people they encountered . To gather pace , they raided ships in search of pilots . With the prisoners , the Captain - General could trade , or put them to work . It is known , thanks to the Portuguese humanist philosopher Damião de Góis , that during the trip five monuments were set in place . San Rafael , in the Bons Sinais river ; São Jorge , in Mozambique ; the Holy Spirit in Malindi ; Santa Maria , in Ilhéus , and San Gabriel , in Calicut . These monuments were meant to affirm the Portuguese sovereignty in these places so that other explorers who arrived later did not take the land for themselves as discoveries . Arrival in Calicut ( edit ) On May 17 , 1498 , the fleet reached Kappakadavu , near Calicut , in the current Indian state of Kerala , thus having established the route via the Indian Ocean and managing to open the sea route from Europe to India . Negotiations with the local governor , Samutiri Manavikraman Raja , Zamorin of Calicut , were difficult . Vasco da Gama 's efforts to obtain favorable commercial terms have been hampered by the different cultures and the low value of their gifts -- in the West it was customary for kings to offer presents to the foreign envoys ; in the East the kings were expected to be impressed with rich offerings . Goods presented by the Portuguese proved insufficient to impress the Zamorin and representatives of the Zamorin mocked their offers , while the Arab merchants established there resisted the possibility of unwanted competition . Vasco da Gama 's perseverance made him nevertheless initiate negotiations between him and the Zamorin , who was pleased with the letters of King Manuel I. Finally , Vasco da Gama managed to get an ambiguous letter of concession rights to trade . The Portuguese eventually were able to sell their goods at a low price in order to acquire small amounts of spices and jewels to take to their kingdom . However the fleet eventually departed without warning after the Zamorin and his naval chief Kunjali Marakkar insisted that they left all their assets as collateral . Vasco da Gama kept his goods , but left a few Portuguese with orders to start a trading post . Back in Portugal ( edit ) Vasco da Gama presents to Dom Manuel the first fruits of India . National Library of Portugal , c. 1900 On July 12 , 1499 , after more than two years since the beginning of this expedition , the caravel Berrio entered into the river Tagus , commanded by Nicolau Coelho , with the news that thrilled Lisbon : the Portuguese had finally reached India by sea . Vasco da Gama had fallen behind on Terceira Island , preferring to stay on with his brother who was seriously ill , thus foreclosing the celebrations and congratulations by the news . Of the ships involved , only the São Rafael ( St. Raphael ) did not return . It was burnt due to its inability to maneuver , as a result of the reduced number of the crew as a result of diseases which killed about half the crew , such as scurvy ( vitamin C deficiency ) , which was felt acutely while crossing the Indian Ocean . Only 55 of the 148 men who were part of the armada survived the trip . Vasco da Gama returned home on 31 August and was received by King Manuel I with contentment . He assigned him the title of Don and great rewards . Manuel I hastened to break the news to the kings of Spain , both as a display of pride as also to warn that both the routes would explored by the Portuguese Crown . There is news of an Italian merchant who spread the good news in Florence . The merchant refers to Melinde . With the opening of the sea route to the East Indies , the Venetians , who controlled the trade of the Mediterranean , bought pepper from the Portuguese , at half the price they paid to the Arabs in Egypt . The fall of the Venetian monopoly on the spice trade in Europe and the resulting drop in prices of spices contributed to the commercial development of the continent . See also ( edit ) Portuguese India Vasco da Gama Portuguese India Armadas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Os Lusíadas '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Luís de Carvalho , Sérgio ( 2017 ) . A Children 's History of Portugal . Dartmouth , MA : Tagus Press . p. 28 . ISBN 9781933227795 . Jump up ^ `` History of Portugal '' . www.historyworld.net . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ CCBB Rio ( 2007 ) . Lusa : A Matriz Portuguesa . Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . ISBN 9788560169016 . Jump up ^ Society , National Geographic ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Da Gama Discovers a Sea Route to India '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vasco da Gama -- Exploration '' . History.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India&oldid=866275243 '' Categories : Portuguese discoveries 1490s in Asia Portugal in the Age of Discovery 15th century in Portuguese India Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2016 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Português Slovenščina Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 11 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sailed to india and returned with spices | [
"One of the sailors, Bartolomeu Dias passed the southernmost point of Africa known as the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. He declared it possible to travel to India by going around Africa. The Portuguese were then able to make an immense profit by using their own ships to retrieve the spices. \n"
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"The Portuguese"
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-8666830758870962083 | Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky) | Romeo and Juliet ( Tchaikovsky ) - wikipedia Romeo and Juliet ( Tchaikovsky ) Jump to : navigation , search Romeo and Juliet , TH 42 , ČW 39 , is an orchestral work composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . It is styled an Overture - Fantasy , and is based on Shakespeare 's play of the same name . Like other composers such as Berlioz and Prokofiev , Tchaikovsky was deeply inspired by Shakespeare and wrote works based on The Tempest and Hamlet as well . Unlike Tchaikovsky 's other major compositions , Romeo and Juliet does not have an opus number . It has been given the alternative catalogue designations TH 42 and ČW 39 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Musical structure 2 Composition 2.1 Tense relationship 2.2 First version 2.3 Second version 2.4 Third and final version 3 Reception 4 In popular culture 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External links Musical structure ( edit ) This section includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although styled an ' Overture - Fantasy ' by the composer , the overall design is a symphonic poem in sonata form with an introduction and an epilogue . The work is based on three main strands of the Shakespeare story . The first strand , written in F - sharp minor , following Mily Balakirev 's suggestion , is the introduction representing the saintly Friar Laurence . Here there is a foreboding of doom from the lower strings . The Friar Laurence theme is heard in F minor , with plucked strings , before ending up in E minor . The introduction is chorale - like . An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting Romeo and Juliet 's famous balcony scene Eventually a single first inversion B minor chord is passed back and forth between strings and woodwinds grows into the second strand in B minor , the agitated theme of the warring Capulets and Montagues , including a reference to the sword fight , depicted by crashing cymbals . There are agitated , quick sixteenth notes . The forceful irregular rhythms of the street music point ahead to Igor Stravinsky and beyond . The action suddenly slows , the key changing from B minor to D - flat ( as suggested by Balakirev ) and we hear the opening bars of the `` love theme '' , the third strand , passionate and yearning in character but always with an underlying current of anxiety . The love theme signifies the couple first meeting and the scene at Juliet 's balcony . The English horn represents Romeo , while the flutes represent Juliet . Then the battling strand returns , this time with more intensity and build - up , with the Friar Laurence Theme heard with agitation . The strings enter with a lush , hovering melody over which the flute and oboe eventually soar with the love theme once again , this time loud and in D major , signaling the development section and their consummated marriage , and finally heard in E major , and two large orchestra hits with cymbal crashes signal the suicide of the two lovers . A final battle theme is played , then a soft , slow dirge in B major ensues , with timpani playing a repeated triplet pattern , and tuba holding a B natural for 16 bars . The woodwinds play a sweet homage to the lovers , and a final allusion to the love theme brings in the climax , beginning with a huge crescendo B natural roll of the timpani , and the orchestra plays homophonic shouts of a B major chord before the final bar , with full orchestra belting out a powerful B natural to close the overture . Composition ( edit ) Tchaikovsky at the time he wrote Romeo and Juliet Tense relationship ( edit ) In 1869 Tchaikovsky was a 28 - year - old professor at the Moscow Conservatory . Having written his first symphony and an opera , he next composed a symphonic poem entitled Fatum . Initially pleased with the piece when Nikolai Rubinstein conducted it in Moscow , Tchaikovsky dedicated it to Balakirev and sent it to him to conduct in St. Petersburg . Fatum received only a lukewarm reception . Balakirev wrote a detailed letter to Tchaikovsky explaining the defects , but also giving some encouragement : Your Fatum has been performed ( in St. Petersburg ) reasonably well ... There was n't much applause , probably because of the appalling cacophony at the end of the piece , which I do n't like at all . It is not properly gestated , and seems to have been written in a very slapdash manner . The seams show , as does all your clumsy stitching . Above all , the form itself just does not work . The whole thing is completely uncoordinated ... I am writing to you with complete frankness , being fully convinced that you wo n't go back on your intention of dedicating Fatum to me . Your dedication is precious to me as a sign of your sympathy towards me -- and I feel a great weakness for you . M. Balakirev -- who sincerely loves you . Tchaikovsky was too self - critical not to see the truth behind Balakirev 's comments . He accepted Balakirev 's criticism , and the two continued to correspond . ( Tchaikovsky later destroyed the score of Fatum . The score was reconstructed posthumously from the orchestral parts . ) Balakirev remained suspicious of anyone with a formal conservatory training but clearly recognized Tchaikovsky 's great talents . Tchaikovsky liked and admired Balakirev . However , as he told his brother Anatoly , `` I never feel quite at home with him . I particularly do n't like the narrowness of his musical views and the sharpness of his tone . '' Balakirev suggested Tchaikovsky write a piece based on William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . Tchaikovsky was having difficulties writing an opera entitled Undine , which he would eventually destroy . Though he complained , `` I 'm completely burned out , '' Balakirev persisted , as was his manner . Balakirev wrote suggestions about the structure of Romeo and Juliet , giving details of the type of music required in each section , and even opinions on which keys to use . Balakirev had suggested his own overture King Lear as a model for Romeo -- a prudent move , since he had seen Tchaikovsky 's weakness in writing in an unstructured musical form in Fatum . King Lear is not a symphonic poem in the manner of Liszt . It is a tragic overture in sonata form along the line of Beethoven 's overtures , relying more on the dramatic potential of sonata form rather than on a literary program . Thus , Balakirev had transformed King Lear into an instrumental drama and now offered it as a model to Tchaikovsky . While basing Romeo and Juliet on King Lear was Balakirev 's suggestion , reducing the plot of the former to one central conflict and then combining it with the binary structure of sonata form was Tchaikovsky 's idea . However , executing that plot in the music we know today came only after two radical revisions . Mily Balakirev around the time Tchaikovsky met him . First version ( edit ) The first version of Romeo and Juliet contained basically an opening fugato and a confrontation of the two themes -- exactly what an academically trained composer might be expected to produce . While Balakirev responded to the love theme by writing Tchaikovsky , `` I play it often , and I want very much to hug you for it '' , he also discarded many of the early drafts Tchaikovsky sent him -- the opening , for instance , sounded more like a Haydn quartet than the Liszt chorale he had suggested initially -- and the piece was constantly in the mail between Moscow and St. Petersburg , going to Tchaikovsky or Balakirev . Tchaikovsky accepted some , but not all , of Balakirev 's nagging , and completed the work , dedicating it to Balakirev . The first performance on March 16 , 1870 was hindered by a sensational court case surrounding the conductor , Tchaikovsky 's friend Nikolai Rubinstein , and a female student . The court had found against the eminent musician the previous day , and this incited a noisy demonstration in his favour when he appeared on the concert platform , which proved much more interesting to the audience than the new overture . The result was not encouraging as a premiere for Romeo and Juliet . Tchaikovsky said of the premiere : `` After the concert we dined ... No one said a single word to me about the overture the whole evening . And yet I yearned so for appreciation and kindness . '' Second version ( edit ) The initial failure of Romeo and Juliet induced Tchaikovsky to fully accept Balakirev 's criticisms and rework the piece . It also forced Tchaikovsky to reach beyond his musical training and rewrite much of the music into the form we know today . This included the unacademic but dramatically brilliant choice of leaving the love theme out of the development section , saving its confrontation with the first theme ( the conflict of the Capulets and Montagues ) for the second half of the recapitulation . In the exposition , the love theme remains shielded from the violence of the first theme . In the recapitulation the first theme strongly influences the love theme and ultimately destroys it . By following this pattern , Tchaikovsky shifts the true musical conflict from the development section to the recapitulation , where it climaxes in dramatic catastrophe . Meanwhile , Rubinstein had become impressed with Tchaikovsky 's compositional talents in general and with Romeo and Juliet in particular . He arranged for the publishing house Bote and Bock to publish the piece in 1870 . This was considered an accomplishment since Tchaikovsky 's music was virtually unknown in Germany at the time . Balakirev thought Tchaikovsky was rushing Romeo and Juliet to press prematurely . `` It is a pity that you , or rather Rubinstein , should have rushed the publication of the Overture , '' he wrote to the composer . `` Although the new introduction is a decided improvement , there were other changes I had wanted you to make . I had hoped that for the sake of your future compositions , this one would remain in your hands somewhat longer . '' Balakirev closed by hoping that P. Jurgenson would sometime agree to bring out a `` revised and improved version of the Overture . '' The second version was premiered in St. Petersburg on February 17 , 1872 , under Eduard Nápravník . Third and final version ( edit ) In 1880 , ten years after his first reworking of the piece , Tchaikovsky rewrote the ending and gave the piece the sub-title `` Overture - Fantasia '' . It was completed by September 10 , 1880 , but did not receive its premiere until May 1 , 1886 , in Tbilisi , Georgia ( then part of the Russian Empire ) , under Mikhail Ippolitov - Ivanov . This third and final version is the one that is now in the repertoire . The earlier versions are performed occasionally as historical curiosities . Reception ( edit ) At first Romeo and Juliet was not successful in Russia and Europe . It was received lukewarmly at its world premiere in March 1870 . The work was hissed when Hans Richter conducted it in Vienna in November 1876 ; critic Eduard Hanslick excoriated the piece afterwards . The Paris premiere two weeks later , at the Concerts Populaires under Jules Pasdeloup , went no better . According to Tchaikovsky 's colleague and friend Sergei Taneyev , who attended the Paris performance , Romeo 's lack of success there may have been due to Pasdeloup 's failure to understand the music . Despite this , several Parisian composers and musicians , including Camille Saint - Saëns , appreciated the piece . One group that appreciated Romeo at once was the kuchka ( `` The Five '' ) . Balakirev , now having the full score , wrote of their enthusiastic response and ' how delighted everyone is with your D - flat bit ( the love theme ) -- including Vladimir Stasov , who says : `` There were five of you : now there are six ! '' The beginning and end are as strongly censured ' -- and , Balakirev added , needed rewriting . Still , such was the enthusiasm of the kuchka for Romeo that Balakirev was asked to play it every time they met . Eventually , he learned to play the piece from memory as a result of fulfilling their requests . In popular culture ( edit ) The Overture 's love theme has been used in many television series and movies such as Columbo , Kim Possible , The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) , Wayne 's World , Animaniacs , Freakazoid , Pinky and the Brain , Road Rovers , Taz - Mania , Tiny Toons , Scrubs , Seeing Double , The Ren and Stimpy Show , South Park , Clueless , A Christmas Story , The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , Moonraker , SpongeBob SquarePants , Pushing Daisies , Sesame Street , El Chavo , The Three Musketeers , among others . Different variations of the overture 's love theme were also played in the original The Sims video game , when two Sims successfully performed the `` Kiss '' interaction . How `` powerful '' the theme was depended on how compatible , or how in love , the interacting Sims were with each other . Along with another Tchaikovsky piece , Dance of the Reed Flutes from the ballet The Nutcracker , the Romeo and Juliet love theme was sampled at the same time to the song `` Love , so Lovely '' for the direct - to - video Disney film Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers . Excerpts from the score were used in the 2005 ballet Anna Karenina , choreographed by Boris Eifman . Romeo and Juliet Overture Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra , courtesy of Musopen Problems playing this file ? See media help . The main theme of the overture to Romeo and Juliet was adapted in 1939 by bandleader Larry Clinton as popular song `` Our Love '' ( lyrics by Buddy Bernier and Bob Emmerich ) and recorded by Clinton and by Jimmy Dorsey . Excerpts of the overture for the fireworks at the opening of APEC China 2014 held in Beijing before Vladimir Putin , Joko Widodo , Stephen Harper , Barack Obama , Park Geun - hye and other leaders of the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation . Bibliography ( edit ) Brown , David , Tchaikovsky : The Early Years , 1840 -- 1874 ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1978 ) . ISBN 0 - 393 - 07535 - 2 . Brown , David , Tchaikovsky : The Crisis Years , 1874 -- 1878 ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01707 - 9 . Holden , Anthony , Tchaikovsky : A Biography ( New York : Random House , 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42006 - 1 . Kamien , Roger . Music : An Appreciation . Mcgraw - Hill College ; 3rd edition ( August 1 , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 07 - 036521 - 0 Maes , Francis , tr . Arnold J. Pomerans and Erica Pomerans , A History of Russian Music : From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar ( Berkeley , Los Angeles and London : University of Calilfornia Press , 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21815 - 9 . Weinstock , Herbert , Tchaikovsky ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1944 ) . ISBN n / a References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tchaikovsky Research : Romeo and Juliet Jump up ^ Alexander Poznansky & Brett Langston , The Tchaikovsky Handbook , Vol. 1 ( 2002 ) Tchaikovsky Research : Catalogue Numbers Jump up ^ Polina Vaidman , Liudmila Korabel'nikova , Valentina Rubtsova , Thematic and Bibliographical Catalogue of P.I. Čajkovskij 's Works ( 2006 ) , and P.I. Čajkovskij . New Edition of the Complete Works ( 1993 -- date ) Jump up ^ From Balakirev , 30 March 1869 Jump up ^ Brown , Man and Music , 46 . Jump up ^ Brown , New Grove Russian Masters , 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Holden , 74 . Jump up ^ Maes , 64 . Jump up ^ Maes , 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Brown , David , Tchaikovsky : The Early Years , 1840 -- 1874 , 180 -- 181 , 183 -- 184 . ^ Jump up to : Maes , 74 . Jump up ^ Weinstock , 69 . Jump up ^ Kamien 254 . Jump up ^ Weinstock , 70 . Jump up ^ Brown , Early , 209 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Crisis , 103 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tchaikovsky : Man and Music , 49 . Jump up ^ William H. Young , Nancy K. Young . Music of the Great Depression External links ( edit ) Program notes from the Redwood Symphony with a more in - depth listening guide Romeo and Juliet : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Tchaikovsky Research Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Operas The Voyevoda Undina The Oprichnik Vakula the Smith Eugene Onegin The Maid of Orleans Mazepa ( or Mazeppa ) Cherevichki The Enchantress The Queen of Spades Iolanta Ballets Swan Lake The Sleeping Beauty The Nutcracker Symphonies No. 1 in G minor ( `` Winter Daydreams '' ) No. 2 in C minor ( `` Little Russian '' ) No. 3 in D major ( `` Polish '' ) No. 4 in F minor Symphony in B minor ( `` Manfred '' ) No. 5 in E minor No. 6 in B minor ( `` Pathétique '' ) No. 7 in E ♭ major ( unfinished ) Concertante Piano Concerto No. 1 in B ♭ minor Piano Concerto No. 2 in G major Piano Concerto No. 3 in E ♭ major Concert Fantasia Andante and Finale Sérénade mélancolique Valse - Scherzo Violin Concerto in D major Variations on a Rococo Theme Pezzo capriccioso Cello Concerto Orchestral works Romeo and Juliet The Tempest Hamlet Capriccio Italien Francesca da Rimini The Storm Fatum The Voyevoda 1812 Overture Marche slave Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem Festival Coronation March Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major Orchestral Suite No. 3 in G major Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G major ( `` Mozartiana '' ) Serenade for Strings Vocal music Liturgy of St John Chrysostom All - Night Vigil Moscow Six Romances ( Op. 38 ) Chamber music Quartet Movement in B ♭ major String Quartet No. 1 in D major String Quartet No. 2 in F major String Quartet No. 3 in E ♭ minor Souvenir d'un lieu cher Piano Trio in A minor String Sextet in D minor ( Souvenir de Florence ) Piano music Scherzo à la russe Souvenir de Hapsal The Seasons ( Les saisons ) Piano Sonata No. 2 in C ♯ minor Grand Piano Sonata in G major Portrayals Tchaikovsky ( 1969 film ) Music competitions International Tchaikovsky Competition International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians Related articles Antonina Miliukova Belyayev circle Death Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky Musical style Nadezhda von Meck Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in popular media Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Tchaikovsky State House - Museum The Five Vladimir Davydov Book : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Category : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_and_Juliet_(Tchaikovsky)&oldid=817302649 '' Categories : Symphonic poems by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Fantasias ( music ) Concert overtures Works based on Romeo and Juliet 1872 compositions 1880 compositions Music based on works by William Shakespeare Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages with listed invalid ISBNs Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 14 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the music for romeo and juliet | [
"Romeo and Juliet, TH 42, ČW 39, is an orchestral work composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It is styled an Overture-Fantasy, and is based on Shakespeare's play of the same name. Like other composers such as Berlioz and Prokofiev, Tchaikovsky was deeply inspired by Shakespeare and wrote works based on The Tempest and Hamlet as well."
] | [
"Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky"
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-3183440306879312822 | President of the United Nations General Assembly | President of the United Nations General Assembly - wikipedia President of the United Nations General Assembly President of the United Nations General Assembly Emblem of the United Nations Flag of the United Nations Incumbent Miroslav Lajčák since 12 September 2017 United Nations General Assembly Style His Excellency Status Presiding officer Member of General Assembly Residence United Nations Headquarters Seat New York City , New York , United States Appointer General Assembly Term length one year Inaugural holder Paul - Henri Spaak Formation 1946 Website un.org/en/ga/ The President of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA ) on a yearly basis . The President presides over the sessions of the General Assembly . Miroslav Lajčák of Slovakia has been elected as the UNGA President of its 72nd session beginning in September 2017 . Contents 1 Election 2 List of presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Election ( edit ) A map of the world showing the home countries of Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly up until the 72th session of the General Assembly in 2017 - 18 , with historical member states in inset . The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September -- any special , or emergency special , assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of UNGA . The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups : African , Asia - Pacific , Eastern European , Latin American and Caribbean , and Western European and other States . Because of their powerful stature globally , some of the largest , most powerful countries have never held the presidency , such as the People 's Republic of China , France , Japan , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In particular , it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as UNGA president . The only country that had a national elected as President of UNGA twice is Argentina ; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office . This does not include special and emergency special sessions of UNGA . List of Presidents ( edit ) Year elected Name of President UN member state Region Sessions 1946 Paul - Henri Spaak Belgium WES First 1947 Oswaldo Aranha Brazil LAS First special Second 1948 José Arce Argentina LAS Second special 1948 Herbert Vere Evatt Australia COS Third 1949 Carlos P. Romulo Philippines EAS Fourth 1950 Nasrollah Entezam Iran EAS Fifth 1951 Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico LAS Sixth 1952 Lester B. Pearson Canada COS Seventh 1953 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit India COS Eighth , First woman president 1954 Eelco van Kleffens Netherlands WES Ninth 1955 José Maza Fernández Chile LAS Tenth 1956 Rudecindo Ortega ( de ) Chile LAS First emergency special Second emergency special 1956 Wan Waithayakon Thailand EAS Eleventh 1957 Leslie Munro New Zealand COS Twelfth Third emergency special 1958 Charles Malik Lebanon MES Thirteenth 1959 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Peru LAS Fourteenth Fourth emergency special 1960 Frederick Boland Ireland WES Fifteenth Third special 1961 Mongi Slim Tunisia MES Sixteenth 1962 Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan COS Seventeenth Fourth special 1963 Carlos Sosa Rodríguez ( es ) Venezuela LAS Eighteenth 1964 Alex Quaison - Sackey Ghana COS Nineteenth 1965 Amintore Fanfani Italy WES Twentieth 1966 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia Twenty - first Fifth special Fifth emergency special 1967 Corneliu Mănescu Romania EEG Twenty - second 1968 Emilio Arenales Catalán Guatemala GRULAC Twenty - third 1969 Angie Brooks Liberia Africa Twenty - fourth 1970 Edvard Hambro Norway WEOG Twenty - fifth 1971 Adam Malik Indonesia Asia Twenty - sixth 1972 Stanisław Trepczyński Poland EEG Twenty - seventh 1973 Leopoldo Benites Ecuador GRULAC Twenty - eighth Sixth special Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria Africa Twenty - ninth Seventh special Gaston Thorn Luxembourg WEOG Thirtieth 1976 Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe Sri Lanka Asia Thirty - first 1977 Lazar Mojsov Yugoslavia EEG Thirty - second Eighth special Ninth special Tenth special 1978 Indalecio Liévano Colombia GRULAC Thirty - third 1979 Salim Ahmed Salim United Republic of Tanzania Africa Thirty - fourth Sixth emergency special Seventh emergency special Eleventh special 1980 Rüdiger von Wechmar Federal Republic of Germany WEOG Thirty - fifth Eighth emergency special 1981 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia Thirty - sixth Seventh emergency special -- Continuation Ninth emergency special Twelfth special 1982 Imre Hollai Hungary EEG Thirty - seventh Jorge Illueca Panama GRULAC Thirty - eighth 1984 Paul J.F. Lusaka Zambia Africa Thirty - ninth 1985 Jaime de Piniés Spain WEOG Fortieth Thirteenth special 1986 Humayun Rashid Choudhury Bangladesh Asia Forty - first Fourteenth special Peter Florin German Democratic Republic EEG Forty - second Fifteenth special Dante Caputo Argentina GRULAC Forty - third Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa Forty - fourth Sixteenth special Seventeenth special Eighteenth special Guido de Marco Malta WEOG Forty - fifth 1991 Samir Shihabi Saudi Arabia Asia Forty - sixth Stoyan Ganev Bulgaria EEG Forty - seventh Rudy Insanally Guyana GRULAC Forty - eighth Amara Essy Ivory Coast Africa Forty - ninth 1995 Diogo de Freitas do Amaral Portugal WEOG Fiftieth Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia Fifty - first Tenth emergency special Nineteenth special Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG Fifty - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twentieth special 1998 Didier Opertti Uruguay GRULAC Fifty - third Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - first special 1999 Theo - Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa Fifty - fourth Twenty - second special Twenty - third special Twenty - fourth special 2000 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG Fifty - fifth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - fifth special Twenty - sixth special Han Seung - soo South Korea Asia Fifty - sixth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2002 Jan Kavan Czech Republic EEG Fifty - seventh Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2003 Julian Hunte Saint Lucia GRULAC Fifty - eighth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Jean Ping Gabon Africa Fifty - ninth 2005 Jan Eliasson Sweden WEOG Sixtieth 2006 Haya Rashed Al - Khalifa Bahrain Asia Sixty - first Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2007 Srgjan Kerim Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EEG Sixty - second 2008 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann Nicaragua GRULAC Sixty - third 2009 Ali Treki Libya Africa Sixty - fourth Joseph Deiss Switzerland WEOG Sixty - fifth 2011 Nassir Al - Nasser Qatar Asia - Pacific Sixty - sixth 2012 Vuk Jeremić Serbia EEG Sixty - seventh ( election ) 2013 John William Ashe Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Sixty - eighth 2014 Sam Kutesa Uganda Africa Sixty - ninth 2015 Mogens Lykketoft Denmark WEOG Seventieth 2016 Peter Thomson Fiji Asia - Pacific Seventy - first ( election ) 2017 Miroslav Lajčák Slovakia EEG Seventy - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2018 María Fernanda Espinosa Ecuador GRULAC Seventy - third Abbreviations : Pre-1966 COS : Commonwealth Seat EAS : Eastern European and Asian Seat LAS : Latin American Seat MES : Middle Eastern Seat WES : Western European Seat Since 1966 Africa : African Group Asia - Pacific : Asian Group , since 2011 the Asia - Pacific Group EEG : Eastern European Group GRULAC : Latin American and Caribbean Group WEOG : Western European and Others Group See also ( edit ) President of the United Nations Security Council References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UN : About the General Assembly '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Presidents of the General Assembly of the United Nations . Un.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ United Nations document GA / 11105 Jump up ^ `` Asian Group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia - Pacific Group '' , Radio New Zealand International , 31 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has news related to : United Nations UN : List of UN General Assembly presidents UN General Assembly President Election Reform . UNelections.org . More news on UN elections and appointments . Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly 1940s Spaak ( BEL ) Aranha ( BRA ) Arce ( ARG ) Evatt ( AUS ) Rómulo ( PHI ) 1950s Entezam ( IRI ) Nervo ( MEX ) Pearson ( CAN ) Pandit ( IND ) van Kleffens ( NED ) Maza ( CHI ) Ortega ( CHI ) Prince Wan Waithayakon ( THA ) Munro ( NZL ) Malik ( LIB ) Belaúnde ( PER ) 1960s Boland ( IRL ) Slim ( TUN ) Khan ( PAK ) Rodriguez ( VEN ) Quaison - Sackey ( GHA ) Fanfani ( ITA ) Pazhwak ( AFG ) Mănescu ( ROM ) Catalán ( GUA ) Brooks ( LBR ) 1970s Hambro ( NOR ) Malik ( INA ) Trepczyński ( POL ) Benites ( ECU ) Bouteflika ( ALG ) Thorn ( LUX ) Amerasinghe ( SRI ) Mojsov ( YUG ) Liévano ( COL ) Salim ( TAN ) 1980s von Wechmar ( BRD ) Kittani ( IRQ ) Hollai ( HUN ) Illueca ( PAN ) Lusaka ( ZAM ) Piniés ( ESP ) Choudhury ( BAN ) Florin ( DDR ) Caputo ( ARG ) Garba ( NGR ) 1990s de Marco ( MLT ) Shihabi ( KSA ) Ganev ( BUL ) Insanally ( GUY ) Essy ( CIV ) Freitas ( POR ) Ismail ( MAS ) Udovenko ( UKR ) Opertti ( URU ) Gurirab ( NAM ) 2000s Holkeri ( FIN ) Han ( KOR ) Kavan ( CZE ) Hunte ( LCA ) Ping ( GAB ) Eliasson ( SWE ) Al - Khalifa ( BAH ) Kerim ( MKD ) d'Escoto ( NIC ) Treki ( LIB ) 2010s Deiss ( SUI ) Nasser ( QAT ) Jeremić ( SRB ) Ashe ( ANT ) Kutesa ( UGA ) Lykketoft ( DEN ) Thomson ( FIJ ) Lajčák ( SVK ) Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Africa Liberia Morocco Tanzania Americas Barbados Canada Chile Colombia Guyana Honduras Panama United States Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Syria Europe Belgium Belarus Croatia Finland France Germany Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Russia Sweden United Kingdom Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Permanent Observers Holy See Palestine Sovereign Military Order of Malta Related articles Current Permanent Representatives UN Members General Assembly Security Council President United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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"\n\n\nYear elected\n\nName of President[2]\n\nUN member state\n\nRegion\n\nSessions\n\n\n1946\n\nPaul-Henri Spaak\n\n Belgium\n\nWES\n\nFirst\n\n\n1947\n\nOswaldo Aranha\n\n Brazil\n\nLAS\n\nFirst specialSecond\n\n\n1948\n\nJosé Arce\n\n Argentina\n\nLAS\n\nSecond special\n\n\n1948\n\nHerbert Vere Evatt\n\n Australia\n\nCOS\n\nThird\n\n\n1949\n\nCarlos P. Romulo\n\n Philippines\n\nEAS\n\nFourth\n\n\n1950\n\nNasrollah Entezam\n\n Iran\n\nEAS\n\nFifth\n\n\n1951\n\nLuis Padilla Nervo\n\n Mexico\n\nLAS\n\nSixth\n\n\n1952\n\nLester B. Pearson\n\n Canada\n\nCOS\n\nSeventh\n\n\n1953\n\nVijaya Lakshmi Pandit\n\n India\n\nCOS\n\nEighth, First woman president\n\n\n1954\n\nEelco van Kleffens\n\n Netherlands\n\nWES\n\nNinth\n\n\n1955\n\nJosé Maza Fernández\n\n Chile\n\nLAS\n\nTenth\n\n\n1956\n\nRudecindo Ortega (de)\n\n Chile\n\nLAS\n\nFirst emergency specialSecond emergency special\n\n\n1956\n\nWan Waithayakon\n\n Thailand\n\nEAS\n\nEleventh\n\n\n1957\n\nLeslie Munro\n\n New Zealand\n\nCOS\n\nTwelfthThird emergency special\n\n\n1958\n\nCharles Malik\n\n Lebanon\n\nMES\n\nThirteenth\n\n\n1959\n\nVíctor Andrés Belaúnde\n\n Peru\n\nLAS\n\nFourteenthFourth emergency special\n\n\n1960\n\nFrederick Boland\n\n Ireland\n\nWES\n\nFifteenthThird special\n\n\n1961\n\nMongi Slim\n\n Tunisia\n\nMES\n\nSixteenth\n\n\n1962\n\nMuhammad Zafarullah Khan\n\n Pakistan\n\nCOS\n\nSeventeenthFourth special\n\n\n1963\n\nCarlos Sosa Rodríguez (es)\n\n Venezuela\n\nLAS\n\nEighteenth\n\n\n1964\n\nAlex Quaison-Sackey\n\n Ghana\n\nCOS\n\nNineteenth\n\n\n1965\n\nAmintore Fanfani\n\n Italy\n\nWES\n\nTwentieth\n\n\n1966\n\nAbdul Rahman Pazhwak\n\n Afghanistan\n\nAsia\n\nTwenty-firstFifth specialFifth emergency special\n\n\n1967\n\nCorneliu Mănescu\n\n Romania\n\nEEG\n\nTwenty-second\n\n\n1968\n\nEmilio Arenales Catalán\n\n Guatemala\n\nGRULAC\n\nTwenty-third\n\n\n1969\n\nAngie Brooks\n\n Liberia\n\nAfrica\n\nTwenty-fourth\n\n\n1970\n\nEdvard Hambro\n\n Norway\n\nWEOG\n\nTwenty-fifth\n\n\n1971\n\nAdam Malik\n\n Indonesia\n\nAsia\n\nTwenty-sixth\n\n\n1972\n\nStanisław Trepczyński\n\n Poland\n\nEEG\n\nTwenty-seventh\n\n\n1973\n\nLeopoldo Benites\n\n Ecuador\n\nGRULAC\n\nTwenty-eighthSixth special\n\n\n1974\n\nAbdelaziz Bouteflika\n\n Algeria\n\nAfrica\n\nTwenty-ninthSeventh special\n\n\n1975\n\nGaston Thorn\n\n Luxembourg\n\nWEOG\n\nThirtieth\n\n\n1976\n\nHamilton Shirley Amerasinghe\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nAsia\n\nThirty-first\n\n\n1977\n\nLazar Mojsov\n\n Yugoslavia\n\nEEG\n\nThirty-secondEighth specialNinth specialTenth special\n\n\n1978\n\nIndalecio Liévano\n\n Colombia\n\nGRULAC\n\nThirty-third\n\n\n1979\n\nSalim Ahmed Salim\n\n United Republic of Tanzania\n\nAfrica\n\nThirty-fourthSixth emergency specialSeventh emergency specialEleventh special\n\n\n1980\n\nRüdiger von Wechmar\n\n Federal Republic of Germany\n\nWEOG\n\nThirty-fifthEighth emergency special\n\n\n1981\n\nIsmat T. Kittani\n\n Iraq\n\nAsia\n\nThirty-sixthSeventh emergency special—ContinuationNinth emergency specialTwelfth special\n\n\n1982\n\nImre Hollai\n\n Hungary\n\nEEG\n\nThirty-seventh\n\n\n1983\n\nJorge Illueca\n\n Panama\n\nGRULAC\n\nThirty-eighth\n\n\n1984\n\nPaul J. F. Lusaka\n\n Zambia\n\nAfrica\n\nThirty-ninth\n\n\n1985\n\nJaime de Piniés\n\n Spain\n\nWEOG\n\nFortiethThirteenth special\n\n\n1986\n\nHumayun Rashid Choudhury\n\n Bangladesh\n\nAsia\n\nForty-firstFourteenth special\n\n\n1987\n\nPeter Florin\n\n German Democratic Republic\n\nEEG\n\nForty-secondFifteenth special\n\n\n1988\n\nDante Caputo\n\n Argentina\n\nGRULAC\n\nForty-third\n\n\n1989\n\nJoseph Nanven Garba\n\n Nigeria\n\nAfrica\n\nForty-fourthSixteenth specialSeventeenth specialEighteenth special\n\n\n1990\n\nGuido de Marco\n\n Malta\n\nWEOG\n\nForty-fifth\n\n\n1991\n\nSamir Shihabi\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\nAsia\n\nForty-sixth\n\n\n1992\n\nStoyan Ganev\n\n Bulgaria\n\nEEG\n\nForty-seventh\n\n\n1993\n\nRudy Insanally\n\n Guyana\n\nGRULAC\n\nForty-eighth\n\n\n1994\n\nAmara Essy\n\n Ivory Coast\n\nAfrica\n\nForty-ninth\n\n\n1995\n\nDiogo de Freitas do Amaral\n\n Portugal\n\nWEOG\n\nFiftieth\n\n\n1996\n\nRazali Ismail\n\n Malaysia\n\nAsia\n\nFifty-firstTenth emergency specialNineteenth special\n\n\n1997\n\nHennadiy Udovenko\n\n Ukraine\n\nEEG\n\nFifty-secondTenth emergency special—ContinuationTwentieth special\n\n\n1998\n\nDidier Opertti\n\n Uruguay\n\nGRULAC\n\nFifty-thirdTenth emergency special—ContinuationTwenty-first special\n\n\n1999\n\nTheo-Ben Gurirab\n\n Namibia\n\nAfrica\n\nFifty-fourthTwenty-second specialTwenty-third specialTwenty-fourth special\n\n\n2000\n\nHarri Holkeri\n\n Finland\n\nWEOG\n\nFifty-fifthTenth emergency special—ContinuationTwenty-fifth specialTwenty-sixth special\n\n\n2001\n\nHan Seung-soo\n\n South Korea\n\nAsia\n\nFifty-sixthTenth emergency special—Continuation\n\n\n2002\n\nJan Kavan\n\n Czech Republic\n\nEEG\n\nFifty-seventhTenth emergency special—Continuation\n\n\n2003\n\nJulian Hunte\n\n Saint Lucia\n\nGRULAC\n\nFifty-eighthTenth emergency special—Continuation\n\n\n2004\n\nJean Ping\n\n Gabon\n\nAfrica\n\nFifty-ninth\n\n\n2005\n\nJan Eliasson\n\n Sweden\n\nWEOG\n\nSixtieth\n\n\n2006\n\nHaya Rashed Al-Khalifa\n\n Bahrain\n\nAsia\n\nSixty-firstTenth emergency special—Continuation\n\n\n2007\n\nSrgjan Kerim\n\n Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia\n\nEEG\n\nSixty-second\n\n\n2008\n\nMiguel d'Escoto Brockmann\n\n Nicaragua\n\nGRULAC\n\nSixty-third\n\n\n2009\n\nAli Treki\n\n Libya\n\nAfrica\n\nSixty-fourth\n\n\n2010\n\nJoseph Deiss\n\n Switzerland\n\nWEOG\n\nSixty-fifth\n\n\n2011\n\nNassir Al-Nasser[3]\n\n Qatar\n\nAsia-Pacific\n\nSixty-sixth\n\n\n2012\n\nVuk Jeremić\n\n Serbia\n\nEEG\n\nSixty-seventh (election)\n\n\n2013\n\nJohn William Ashe\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\nGRULAC\n\nSixty-eighth\n\n\n2014\n\nSam Kutesa\n\n Uganda\n\nAfrica\n\nSixty-ninth\n\n\n2015\n\nMogens Lykketoft\n\n Denmark\n\nWEOG\n\nSeventieth\n\n\n2016\n\nPeter Thomson\n\n Fiji\n\nAsia-Pacific\n\nSeventy-first (election)\n\n\n2017\n\nMiroslav Lajčák\n\n Slovakia\n\nEEG\n\nSeventy-secondTenth emergency special—Continuation\n\n\n2018\n\nMaría Fernanda Espinosa\n\n Ecuador\n\nGRULAC\n\nSeventy-third\n\n"
] | [
"John William Ashe"
] |
-2821532113563589422 | Sare Jahan se Accha | Sāre Jahan se Accha - wikipedia Sāre Jahan se Accha Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Urdu poem . For other use ( s ) , see Sare Jahan se Accha ( disambiguation ) . `` Sare Jahan se Accha '' Song Language Urdu English title Anthem of the People of India Published 16 August 1904 ( 1904 - 08 - 16 ) Genre Patriotic song Songwriter ( s ) Muhammad Iqbal `` Sare Jahan se Accha '' ( Urdu : سارے جہاں سے اچھا ; Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā ) , formally known as `` Tarānah - i - Hindi '' ( Urdu : ترانۂ ہندی ; `` Anthem of the People of India '' ) , is an Urdu language patriotic song written for children by poet Muhammad Iqbal in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry . The poem was published in the weekly journal Ittehad on 16 August 1904 . Publicly recited by Iqbal the following year at Government College , Lahore , British India ( now in Pakistan ) it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the British Raj . The song , an ode to Hindustan -- the land comprising present - day Bangladesh , India and Pakistan , was later published in 1924 in the Urdu book Bang - i - Dara . The song has remained popular , especially in India . An abridged version is sung and played frequently as a patriotic song and as a marching song of the Indian Armed Forces . A satirical version of the same from a 1958 Hindi movie also remains popular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Iqbal 's transformation and Tarana - e-Milli 3 Text 4 English Translation 5 Popularity in India and in popular culture 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 7 See also 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Iqbal was a lecturer at the Government College , Lahore at that time , and was invited by a student Lala Har Dayal to preside over a function . Instead of delivering a speech , Iqbal sang `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' . The song , in addition to embodying yearning and attachment to the land of Hindustan , expressed `` cultural memory '' and had an elegiac quality . In 1905 , the 27 - year - old Iqbal viewed the future society of the subcontinent as both a pluralistic and composite Hindu - Muslim culture . Later that year he left for Europe for a three - year sojourn that was to transform him into an Islamic philosopher and a visionary of a future Islamic society . Iqbal 's transformation and Tarana - e-Milli ( edit ) In 1910 , Iqbal wrote another song for children , `` Tarana - e-Milli '' ( Anthem of the Religious Community ) , which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' , but which renounced much of the sentiment of the earlier song . The sixth stanza of `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' ( 1904 ) , which is often quoted as proof of Iqbal 's secular outlook : Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā Hindī haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai Hindūstāṉ hamārā Religion does not teach us to bear ill - will among ourselves We are of Hind , our homeland is Hindustan . contrasted significantly with the first stanza of Tarana - e-Milli ( 1910 ) reads : Cīn o - ʿArab hamārā , Hindūstāṉ hamārā Muslim haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai sārā jahāṉ hamārā Central Asia and Arabia are ours , Hindustan is ours We are Muslims , the whole world is our homeland . Iqbal 's world view had now changed ; it had become both global and Islamic . Instead of singing of Hindustan , `` our homeland , '' the new song proclaimed that `` our homeland is the whole world . '' Two decades later , in his presidential address to the Muslim League annual conference in Allahabad in 1930 , he supported a separate nation - state in the Muslim majority areas of the sub-continent , an idea that inspired the creation of Pakistan . Text ( edit ) Urdu Hindi Romanisation ( ALA - LC ) سارے جہاں سے اچھا ہندوستاں ہمارا ہم بلبلیں ہیں اس کی ، یہ گلستاں ہمارا غربت میں ہوں اگر ہم ، رہتا ہے دل وطن میں سمجھو وہیں ہمیں بھی دل ہو جہاں ہمارا پربت وہ سب سے اونچا ، ہمسایہ آسماں کا وہ سنتری ہمارا ، وہ پاسباں ہمارا گودی میں کھیلتی ہیں اس کی ہزاروں ندیاں گلشن ہے جن کے دم سے رشکِ جناں ہمارا اے آبِ رودِ گنگا ! وہ دن ہیں یاد تجھ کو ؟ اترا ترے کنارے جب کارواں ہمارا مذہب نہیں سکھاتا آپس میں بیر رکھنا ہندی ہیں ہم ، وطن ہے ہندوستاں ہمارا یونان و مصر و روما سب مٹ گئے جہاں سے اب تک مگر ہے باقی نام و نشاں ہمارا کچھ بات ہے کہ ہستی مٹتی نہیں ہماری صدیوں رہا ہے دشمن دورِ زماں ہمارا اقبال ! کوئی محرم اپنا نہيں جہاں میں معلوم کیا کسی کو دردِ نہاں ہمارا ! सारे जहाँ से अच्छा हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा हम बुलबुलें हैं इसकी यह गुलसिताँ हमारा ग़ुर्बत में हों अगर हम , रहता है दिल वतन में समझो वहीं हमें भी दिल हो जहाँ हमारा परबत वह सबसे ऊँचा , हम्साया आसमाँ का वह संतरी हमारा , वह पासबाँ हमारा गोदी में खेलती हैं इसकी हज़ारों नदियाँ गुल्शन है जिनके दम से रश्क - ए - जनाँ हमारा ऐ आब - ए - रूद - ए - गंगा ! वह दिन हैं याद तुझको ? उतरा तिरे किनारे जब कारवाँ हमारा मज़्हब नहीं सिखाता आपस में बैर रखना हिंदी हैं हम , वतन है हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा यूनान - ओ - मिस्र - ओ - रूमा सब मिट गए जहाँ से अब तक मगर है बाक़ी नाम - ओ - निशाँ हमारा कुछ बात है कि हस्ती मिटती नहीं हमारी सदियों रहा है दुश्मन दौर - ए - ज़माँ हमारा इक़्बाल ! कोई महरम अपना नहीं जहाँ में मालूम क्या किसी को दर्द - ए - निहाँ हमारा ! Sāre jahāṉ se acchā , Hindositāṉ hamārā Ham bulbuleṉ haiṉ is kī , yih gulsitāṉ hamārā G̱ẖurbat meṉ hoṉ agar ham , rahtā hai dil wat̤an meṉ Samjho wuhīṉ hameṉ bhī dil ho jahāṉ hamārā Parbat wuh sab se ūṉchā , hamsāyah āsmāṉ kā Wuh santarī hamārā , wuh pāsbāṉ hamārā Godī meṉ kheltī haiṉ is kī hazāroṉ nadiyāṉ Guls̱ẖan hai jin ke dam se ras̱ẖk - i janāṉ hamārā Ai āb - i rūd - i Gangā ! wuh din haiṉ yād tujh ko ? Utrā tire kināre jab kārwāṉ hamārā Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā Hindī haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai Hindositāṉ hamārā Yūnān o - Miṣr o - Rūmā , sab miṭ ga'e jahāṉ se Ab tak magar hai bāqī , nām o - nis̱ẖaṉ hamārā Kuch bāt hai kih hastī , miṭtī nahīṉ hamārī Ṣadiyoṉ rahā hai dus̱ẖman daur - i zamāṉ hamārā Iqbāl ! ko'ī maḥram apnā nahīṉ jahāṉ meṉ Maʿlūm kyā kisī ko dard - i nihāṉ hamārā ! English translation ( edit ) Better than the entire world , is our Hindustan , We are its nightingales , and it ( is ) our garden abode If we are in an alien place , the heart remains in the homeland , Know us to be only there where our heart is . That tallest mountain , that shade - sharer of the sky , It ( is ) our sentry , it ( is ) our watchman In its lap where frolic thousands of rivers , Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of Paradise . O the flowing waters of the Ganges , do you remember that day When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront ? Religion does not teach us to bear animosity among ourselves We are of Hind , our homeland is Hindustan . In a world in which ancient Greece , Egypt , and Rome have all vanished Our own attributes ( name and sign ) live on today . There is something about our existence for it does n't get wiped Even though , for centuries , the time - cycle of the world has been our enemy . Iqbal ! We have no confidant in this world What does any one know of our hidden pain ? Popularity in India and in popular culture ( edit ) Saare Jahan Se Achcha has remained popular in India for nearly a century . Mahatma Gandhi is said to have sung it over a hundred times when he was imprisoned at Yerawada Jail in Pune in the 1930s . In the 1930s and 1940s , it was sung to a slower tune . In 1945 , while working in Mumbai with IPTA ( Indian Peoples Theater Association ) , the sitarist Pandit Ravi Shankar was asked to compose the music for the K.A. Abbas movie Dharti ka Laal and the Chetan Anand movie Neecha Nagar . During this time , Ravi Shankar was asked to compose music for the song Saare jahan se accha . In an interview in 2009 with Shekhar Gupta , Ravi Shankar recounts that he felt that the existing tune was too slow and sad . To give it a more inspiring impact , he set it to a stronger tune which is today the popular tune of this song , which they then tried out as a group song . It was later recorded by the singer Lata Mangeshkar to an 3rd altogether different tune . Stanzas ( 1 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , and ( 6 ) of the song became an unofficial national song in India , and the Ravi Shankar version was adopted as the official quick march of the Indian Armed Forces . Rakesh Sharma , the first Indian astronaut , employed the first line of the song in 1984 to describe to then prime minister Indira Gandhi how India appeared from outer space . In his inaugural speech , the former prime minister of India Manmohan Singh quoted this poem at his first press conference after becoming the Prime Minister . The song is popular in India in schools , and as a marching song for the Indian armed forces ( played during public events and parades including those for the Indian independence day , republic day and Beating the Retreat ) . A parody of the song was written by the Urdu poet Sahir Ludhianvi for the 1958 Hindi film Phir Subah Hogi and sung by Mukesh . With the title `` Cheeno arab hamara '' , the song drew the irony between the reality of life for the common and poor people , with the idealized context drawn in the original song . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Taranah - e Hindi ' ( 1904 ) was explicitly written as a patriotic song for children ; Iqbal also composed a number of others meant for children , but this one has always been the most popular . This little ghazal , composed by the man widely considered to be the philosophical father of Pakistan , is now extremely popular -- but only in India . '' Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pritchett , Frances. 2000 . `` Tarana - e-Hindi and Taranah - e-Milli : A Study in Contrasts . '' Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies . ^ Jump up to : `` Saare Jahan Se Accha : Facts about the song and its creator '' . India Today . 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Imam , Sharjeel ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Sare Jahan Se Acha : The Idea of India in Early 20th Century Urdu Poetry '' . The Wire . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Iqbal : Tarana - e-Milli , 1910 . Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Although `` Chin '' refers to China in modern Urdu , in Iqbal 's day it referred to Central Asia , coextensive with historical Turkestan . See also , Iqbal : Tarana - e-Milli , 1910 . Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Pritchett , Frances. 2000 . Tarana - e-Hindi and Tarana - e-Milli : A Close Comparison . Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ A look at Iqbal ; The Sunday Tribune -- May 28 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Here they are to be pronounced not Hindūstāṉ and gu - lis - tāṉ , respectively , as usual , but Hindositāṉ and gul - si - tāṉ , respectively , to suit the meter . '' From : Pritchett , F. 2004 . `` Taraanah - i - Hindii '' Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Pronounced `` tiray '' to suit the meter , in contrast to the usual `` tayray . '' From : From : Pritchett , F. 2004 . `` Taraanah - i - Hindii '' Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Times of India : Saare Jahan Se ... , it 's 100 now Jump up ^ Gupta , Shekhar ( 5 December 2009 ) . `` Walk the talk - Interview with Pandit Ravi Shankar '' . NDTV . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian Military Marches . Jump up ^ India Empowered to Me Is : Saare Jahan Se Achcha , the home of world citizens Jump up ^ Times of India : Saare Jahan Se ... , it 's 100 now See also ( edit ) Iqbal bibliography Amar Shonar Bangla Jana Gana Mana Vande Mataram Qaumi Tarana National Pledge ( India ) `` Dil Dil Pakistan '' External links ( edit ) `` Tarana - e-Hindi at Rabia Memorial School , Fatehpur Mau ( UP ) India '' . 23 January 2013 . ( Children singing the complete lyrics of the song . ) ( hide ) Muhammad Iqbal Family Javed Iqbal ( son ) Yousuf Salahuddin ( grandson ) Waleed Iqbal ( grandson ) Prose The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam The Development of Metaphysics in Persia Ilm Al - Iqtisad Poetry Asrar - i - Khudi ( `` The Secrets of the Self '' ) Rumuz - i - Bekhudi ( `` The Secrets of Selflessness '' ) Payam - i - Mashriq ( `` Message from the East '' ) Bang - i - Dara ( `` The Call Of The Marching Bell '' ) Zabur - i - Ajam ( `` Persian Psalms '' ) Javid Nama Bal - i - Jibril ( `` Gabriel 's Wing '' ) Zarb - i - Kalim ( `` The Rod of the Moses '' ) Pas Chih Bayad Kard ( `` What should then be done O people of the East '' ) Armaghan - i - Hijaz ( `` Gift from Hijaz '' ) Scholars Annemarie Schimmel Arthur J. Arberry R.A. Nicholson Javid Iqbal Muhammad Munawwar Suheyl Umar more Related topics Bibliography Iqbal Academy Pakistan Iqbal Academy , UK Iqbal Cyber Library Iqbal Day Iqbal Review Pakistan Movement ( Allahabad Address ) Tomb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sare_Jahan_se_Accha&oldid=803139326 '' Categories : Poetry by Muhammad Iqbal Indian patriotic songs Indian poems Indian culture Literature of Indian independence movement Muhammad Iqbal Urdu words and phrases 1904 songs Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles containing Urdu - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Simple English اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song saare jahan se acha | [
"\n\n\"Sare Jahan se Accha\"\n\n\nSong\n\n\nLanguage\nUrdu\n\n\nEnglish title\nAnthem of the People of India\n\n\nPublished\n16 August 1904 (1904-08-16)\n\n\nGenre\nPatriotic song\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nMuhammad Iqbal\n\n"
] | [
"Muhammad Iqbal"
] |
862050383538386437 | Mad About You | Mad About You - wikipedia Mad About You For other uses , see Mad About You ( disambiguation ) . Mad About You Genre Sitcom Created by Paul Reiser Danny Jacobson Starring Paul Reiser Helen Hunt Anne Ramsay Leila Kenzle John Pankow Richard Kind Theme music composer Paul Reiser Don Was Opening theme `` Final Frontier '' Composer ( s ) David Kitay Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 164 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Danny Jacobson Paul Reiser Victor Levin Larry Charles Jeffrey Lane Helen Hunt Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) In Front Productions Nuance Productions TriStar Television Distributor Columbia TriStar Television Sony Pictures Television ( currently ) Release Original network NBC Original release September 23 , 1992 -- May 24 , 1999 Chronology Related shows Friends Mad About You ( Chinese series ) Loco por vos ( Argentine remake ) Mad About You is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from September 23 , 1992 to May 24 , 1999 . The show starred Paul Reiser and Helen Hunt as a married couple in New York City . In April 2018 , it was announced that Sony Pictures Television will revive the show with the two lead actors to reprise their roles . The show won many awards including four Golden Globe Awards and twelve Primetime Emmy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Notable guest stars 4 Episodes 4.1 Crossovers 5 Nielsen ratings 6 Awards 7 Media 7.1 Soundtrack 7.2 Home media 7.2. 1 Season releases 7.2. 2 Best - of releases 8 Adaptations 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The series focuses mainly on newlyweds Paul Buchman , a documentary filmmaker , and Jamie Stemple Buchman , a public relations specialist , as they deal with everything from humorous daily minutiae to major struggles . Near the end of the show 's run , they have a baby daughter , whom they name Mabel . Production ( edit ) Helen Hunt and Paul Reiser were paid $1 million per episode for the last season ( with their contracts calling for them to be paid equally ) . However , ratings fell sharply that year as the series was shuffled away from its Tuesday slot to prop up a fledgling Monday night line - up of comedies on NBC . The show 's theme song , `` Final Frontier '' , was composed by Reiser and Don Was . The theme was originally performed by Andrew Gold , but a version performed by Anita Baker made its debut at the beginning of the sixth season . Baker 's version was used on several episodes of the last two seasons , in addition to Gold 's version , and appears on the show 's soundtrack album . Gold 's version is available on the collection Thank You for Being a Friend : The Best of Andrew Gold . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Paul Reiser as Paul Buchman ( born April 19 , 1962 ) , a filmmaker . After attending the New York University Film School , he struggled for recognition before finally succeeding in filmmaking in New York City . He and his family reside in Union Square . Helen Hunt as Jamie `` James '' Buchman ( née Stemple , born February 19 , 1963 ) , the younger daughter of Gus and Theresa Stemple . After seven boyfriends at Yale University , she met Paul Buchman at a New York newsstand by stealing his copy of The New York Times with an implausible excuse . Her difficult relationship with her mother - in - law is an ongoing source of jokes on the show . Maui as Murray , the Buchmans ' collie mix dog . He was a puppy when Paul found him , and Paul met Jamie while walking him . He sometimes chases an invisible mouse , and often ends up crashing into the bedroom wall . In a later episode , Jamie does discover the real mouse that Murray has been chasing . In the two - part series finale , The Final Frontier , adult Mabel says that Murray died when she was six , but she was not told until she was twelve . Twice voted the most popular dog by the readers of TV Guide , Murray is loyal and endearing while being very laid back and a bit thick - skulled . Maui was originally found in a Castaic , California , animal shelter by noted Hollywood animal trainer Boone Narr . Maui weighed 58 pounds and was primarily trained by Betty Linn . His first assignments came in TV commercials and as the backup for the top dog in the feature film `` Bingo . '' Anne Ramsay as Lisa Stemple , Jamie 's older sister . Lisa has unfathomable psychological issues . Jamie is referred to as `` Stella '' in a book written by Lisa 's therapist : `` It was Stella 's overprotectiveness that suffocated her ability to relate to others , and tethered her to a lifetime of insecurity and neurosis . '' After an envious rage , she blames Jamie for all of her problems in an interview with her shrink that becomes a chapter of a book called `` Manics . '' With no place else to go , she does her laundry at Paul and Jamie 's apartment while scavenging through her sister 's clothes and food . Every visit from her parents triggers her eating disorder . In between bouts of weirdness , she still cares deeply for Paul and Jamie and is often trusted to house sit for them , usually with unfortunate results . Leila Kenzle as Fran Devanow , Jamie 's best friend . She is the regional vice president at Farrer - Gantz Public Relations who hired Jamie as her assistant . Near 1989 , Fran quits Farrer - Gantz to spend time with her obnoxious five - year - old son , Ryan , and husband , Mark . Jamie is then promoted to Fran 's position . Fran and Mark 's relationship lasts 10 years , and their separation shocks Jamie and Paul . After divorcing Mark , Fran returns to her old position at Farrer - Gantz , since Jamie had quit , but she , too , eventually quits and goes into business with Jamie . Fran and Mark eventually reconcile . John Pankow as Ira Buchman , Paul 's cousin . He first appears in the episode `` The Wedding Affair . '' Ira is from the Sheepshead Bay section of Brooklyn . He worked for Paul 's father , Burt , at Buchman 's Sporting Goods . Paul and Ira have a close friendship , but their hidden rivalry came out when Ira took ownership of Buchman 's Sporting Goods upon Burt 's retirement . Even so , he frequently appears as loving and supportive towards Paul and Jamie . Cynthia Harris as Sylvia Buchman , Paul 's mother . Sylvia almost always gives Jamie a hard time , but occasionally does show kindness towards her daughter - in - law . Louis Zorich as Burt Buchman , Paul 's father . Burt runs a sporting goods store -- until he passes it on to Ira upon retirement . His signature line in the show occurs whenever he visits Paul and Jamie 's apartment , exclaiming at the door , `` It 's me , Burt ! Burt Buchman -- your father ! '' Alyssa and Justin Baric ( twins ) as Mabel Buchman , Paul and Jamie 's daughter . She was finally named when Jamie 's overbearing mother proclaimed that `` Mothers Always Bring Extra Love . '' ( This gag is a homage to The Dick Van Dyke Show where Rob and Laura explain how their son Ritchie got his middle name ) . Alyssa and Justin Baric played Mabel from the beginning of season six when Mabel was brought home from the hospital ( `` Coming Home '' ) . They continued to play the role of Mabel for numerous episodes . Carter and Madison Gayle play the role at a later time . In the season six episode `` Letters to Mabel , '' an 18 - year - old Mabel is played by Meredith Bishop . In the series finale , a teen Mabel is played by Cara DeLizia , and an adult Mabel is played by Janeane Garofalo . Richard Kind as Dr. Mark Devanow , Fran 's ex-husband , with whom she is on good terms . A former obstetrician , Mark left Fran and their young son because he felt smothered and wanted to see the world . After returning to New York , he converts to Buddhism and works for a grocery store , although he eventually returns to his old profession . He eventually is able to win Fran back . Recurring ( edit ) Jerry Adler as Mr. Wicker , the apartment building superintendent ( 10 episodes ) -- previously as a Police Sergeant ( 1 episode ) Hank Azaria as Nat Ostertag , Jamie and Paul 's dog walker ( 15 episodes ) Robin Bartlett as Debbie Buchman , Paul 's sister ( 29 episodes ) Patrick Bristow as Troy , Jamie 's scheming office underling ( 5 episodes ) -- previously as a Hotel Clerk ( 1 episode ) Mel Brooks as Uncle Phil , Paul 's uncle ( 4 episodes ) Carol Burnett as Theresa Stemple , Jamie 's mother ( 10 episodes ) Penny Fuller as Theresa Stemple , Jamie 's mother ( 4 episodes ) Mo Gaffney as Dr. Sheila Kleinman , Jamie and Paul 's therapist ( 13 episodes ) Jeff Garlin as Marvin , Ira 's employee and semi-pro wrestler ( 13 episodes ) Judy Geeson as Maggie Conway , British neighbor across the hall ( 32 episodes ) Tommy Hinkley as Jay Selby , Paul 's college friend ( 13 episodes , season 1 only ) . The disappearance of Selby is never explained , a fact referenced in season 5 , episode 21 ( `` Guardianhood '' ) Lisa Kudrow as Ursula Buffay , absent - minded waitress at Riff 's ( 24 episodes ) Cyndi Lauper as Marianne Lugasso , Ira 's on and off girlfriend / ex-wife ( 5 episodes ) Lyle Lovett ( 2 episodes ) Gates McFadden as Allison Rourke , Paul Buchman 's boss ( 4 episodes ) Larry Miller as Lou Bonaparte ( 5 episodes ) Carroll O'Connor as Gus Stemple , Jamie 's father ( 4 episodes ) John Karlen as Gus Stemple , Jamie 's father ( 3 episodes ) George O. Petrie as Sid , Paul 's film editor colleague ( 10 episodes ) Suzie Plakson as Dr. Joan Golfinos , Debbie Buchman 's life partner ( and Jamie 's Ob / Gyn for a while ) ( 18 episodes ) Alan Ruck as Lance Brockwell ( 4 episodes ) Eric Stoltz as Alan Tofsky , Jamie 's ex-boyfriend ( 6 episodes ) Paxton Whitehead as Maggie 's first and third husband Hal ( 9 episodes ) Jim Piddock as Maggie 's second husband Hal ( 7 episodes ) Steven Wright as Warren Mermelman ( 5 episodes ) Notable guest stars ( edit ) Andre Agassi ( season 2 , episode 15 ) Ed Asner ( 2 episodes ) John Astin ( season 2 , episode 23 ) Kevin Bacon ( season 5 , episode 7 ) Christie Brinkley ( season 2 , episode 15 ) Garth Brooks ( season 2 , episode 23 ) Michael Buffer ( season 7 , episode 17 ) Steve Buscemi ( season 1 , episode 7 ) Sid Caesar ( season 5 , episode 15 ) James Cameron ( season 6 , episode 23 ) Dan Castellaneta ( season 7 , episode 10 ) William Christopher ( season 7 , episode 2 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( season 6 , episode 23 ) Paul Dooley ( season 1 , episode 5 ) Nancy Dussault ( season 1 , episode 5 ) Patrick Ewing ( season 3 , episode 20 ) Jamie Farr ( season 7 , episode 16 ) Barbara Feldon ( season 1 , episode 20 ) Janeane Garofalo ( season 7 , episode 21 ) Marita Geraghty ( season 3 , episode 10 ) Rudolph `` Rudy '' Giuliani ( season 3 , episode 10 ) Al Gore ( season 6 , episode 10 ) Kerri Green ( season 1 , episode 4 ) Seth Green ( season 5 , episode 21 ) Billy Joel ( season 7 , episode 15 ) Robert Klein ( season 7 , episode 9 ) Vanessa Lock ( season 6 , episode 12 ) Nathan Lane ( season 6 , episode 11 ) Phil Leeds ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Eugene Levy ( season 6 , episode 22 ) Jerry Lewis ( season 1 , episode 17 ) Mark McGwire ( season 7 , episode 13 ) Yoko Ono ( season 4 , episode 6 ) Regis Philbin ( season 1 , episode 18 ) Sydney Pollack ( season 6 , episode 13 ) Beata Poźniak ( season 1 , episode 12 ) Carl Reiner as Alan Brady ( season 3 , episode 16 ) Michael Richards as Cosmo Kramer ( season 1 , episode 8 ) Al Roker ( season 3 , episode 6 ) Jerry Seinfeld ( season 7 , episode 1 ) Brent Spiner ( season 3 , episode 15 ) Carol Ann Susi ( season 1 , episode 9 ) Wayne Tippit ( season 1 , episode 11 ) Patrick Warburton ( season 1 , episode 16 ) Bruce Willis ( season 5 , episode 24 ) Randy Poffo ( season 7 , episode 17 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Mad About You episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 23 , 1992 May 22 , 1993 25 September 16 , 1993 May 19 , 1994 24 September 22 , 1994 May 18 , 1995 24 September 24 , 1995 May 19 , 1996 5 24 September 17 , 1996 May 20 , 1997 6 23 September 23 , 1997 May 19 , 1998 7 22 September 22 , 1998 May 24 , 1999 Crossovers ( edit ) Mad About You has had numerous connections to other NBC sitcoms set in New York City , as well as various other programs . Friends ( owned by Warner Bros. Television ) : Lisa Kudrow played the recurring role of Ursula , a flaky waitress at Riff 's Bar , a local restaurant that Paul and Jamie frequented . Kudrow went on to star in the NBC sitcom Friends , playing the also somewhat flaky character of Phoebe Buffay , and for a time both series shared the same Thursday night line - up . While not originally intended , the characters of Ursula and Phoebe were later found to be identical twin sisters . In a Friends episode ( `` The One With The Two Parts '' , 1st Season ) , as part of a night of NBC sitcom crossovers , Jamie and Fran walk into Central Perk and mistake Phoebe for Ursula . Hunt and Kenzle were not identified on screen as Jamie and Fran . In the season three episode `` Pandora 's Box '' , Jamie causes a citywide power blackout in New York City , and the effects of the blackout are seen in the Friends episode , `` The One with the Blackout '' , and there was also a blackout in the episode `` Birthday in the Big House '' of the short - lived NBC sitcom Madman of the People , which leaves open the possibility that the characters from this program may also exist in the same universe as the characters of Mad About You . All three episodes originally aired during the evening of November 3 , 1994 , alongside a Seinfeld episode which did not incorporate the blackout premise . Seinfeld : In one episode ( `` The Apartment '' , 1st Season ) , Paul , pressured by Jamie , decides to sign over the lease of his old `` bachelor pad '' to the current tenant who is subleasing . When the tenant is revealed to be Cosmo Kramer ( Michael Richards ) of Seinfeld , Paul asks Kramer `` What ever happened to that Jerry guy who used to live there ? '' . Seinfeld , however , twice contradicted this connection , once even featuring a running joke about George 's distaste for his fiancee Susan 's fondness for watching Mad About You . In the Mad About You season seven episode `` Season Opener '' , Paul , under the effects of Viagra , ran into Jerry Seinfeld in the street , who tells Paul to go away . At this point in Seinfeld 's chronology , Jerry Seinfeld was supposed to be in prison . The Dick Van Dyke Show : Carl Reiner reprised the role of Alan Brady from the 1960s sitcom ( a series acknowledged as an inspiration for Mad About You ) . The episode made several references to the older show , such as Jamie at one point crying and whining `` Oh , Paul ! '' -- a signature move by Mary Tyler Moore 's character Laura Petrie . Ten episodes earlier , Paul almost trips over a box and says , `` Get me , I 'm Dick Van Dyke . '' Nielsen ratings ( edit ) 1992 -- 93 : # 54 ( 10.18 rating ) 1993 -- 94 : # 31 ( 12.69 rating ) 1994 -- 95 : # 11 ( 15.2 rating ) 1995 -- 96 : # 37 ( 10.8 rating ) 1996 -- 97 : # 24 ( 11.0 rating ) 1997 -- 98 : # 32 ( 13.4 million viewers ) 1998 -- 99 : # 85 ( 9.1 million viewers ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Mad About You Mad About You won a Golden Globe Award , a Peabody Award , a Genesis Award , received five Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series , and was chosen Best Quality Comedy by the Viewers for Quality Television . Helen Hunt won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress -- Comedy Series four years in a row ( 1996 -- 99 ) . Media ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) In 1997 , Atlantic Records released a Mad About You soundtrack . The soundtrack from and inspired by the sitcom , is composed of fun and sentimental songs and clips from the show . The tracks are organized chronologically marking the milestones of the couple 's relationship . The album is bookended by the two versions of Paul Reiser 's song `` Final Frontier '' -- the first track is the classic version used in the show 's opening , and the last track is Anita Baker 's jazzy , full - length rendition , with Reiser on keyboard . The 21 tracks are as follows : `` Final Frontier ( TV Theme ) '' -- Andrew Gold `` Who I Am '' -- Faith Hill `` No Pressure '' -- Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt `` I 've Been Lonely Too Long '' -- The Young Rascals `` At Last '' -- Etta James `` That 's Marriage ? '' -- Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt `` Ice Cream '' -- Sarah McLachlan `` I Love the Way You Love Me '' -- Eric Martin `` Nobody Knows Me '' -- Lyle Lovett `` Sneaky Feelings '' -- Elvis Costello `` A Talk in the Park '' -- Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt `` Love and Forgiveness '' -- Julia Fordham `` A Magic Moment '' -- Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt `` The Things We 've Handed Down '' -- Marc Cohn `` Lullaby for You '' -- BeBe Winans `` She Crawls Away '' -- Hootie & the Blowfish `` My First Child '' -- Nil Lara `` Beautiful Boy ( Darling Boy ) '' -- John Lennon `` Baby Girl '' -- The Tony Rich Project `` Unconditional Love '' -- Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt `` Mad About You -- The Final Frontier '' -- Anita Baker Home Media ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released the first three seasons of Mad About You on DVD in Region 1 and 4 . The first two seasons were also released in Region 2 . Due to poor sales , no subsequent seasons were released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . In February 2010 , Shout ! Factory acquired the rights to release the remaining seasons of Mad About You on DVD . They subsequently released seasons 4 and 5 on DVD . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Mad About You . They subsequently re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on August 5 , 2014 . Mill Creek released the complete series on a 14 - DVD set on May 3 , 2016 . Season releases ( edit ) DVD name Ep . # Release date The Complete 1st Season 22 October 22 , 2002 The Complete 2nd Season 25 April 22 , 2003 The Complete 3rd Season 24 February 6 , 2007 The Complete 4th Season 24 June 29 , 2010 The Complete 5th Season 24 November 2 , 2010 The Complete Series 164 May 3 , 2016 Best - of releases ( edit ) DVD name Release date Ep . # Additional information Mad About You Collection February 8 , 2005 22 Blooper Reel : The Seven Warning Signs of Madness Audio commentaries : Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt on `` The Final Frontier '' and `` The Pilot '' Featurette : Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt Are Mad About the Theme Featurette : Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt Are Mad About the Guest Stars Paul and Helen introduce and discuss each episode Adaptations ( edit ) A Chinese adaptation will air on Dragon TV from January 4 , 2016 . An Argentine remake titled Loco por vos will air on Telefe from August , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2018/04/12/mad-about-you-paul-reiser-helen-hunt-revival/ Jump up ^ TV guide , Volume 46 . Triangle Publications , 1998 . Jump up ^ Media Hounds : Murray on Mad About You Archived November 20 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1990 's '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1990 's '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Countdown '' . EW.com. 1998 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 - 10 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mad About You Season 4 '' . TV Shows on DVD . 2010 - 02 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mad About You DVD news : Announcement for Mad About You - The Complete 5th Season '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2010 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Deals With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment To Expand Their Distribution Partnership '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Package Art for Mill Creek 's DVD Re-Releases of the First Two Seasons '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2014 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` How Sony TV 's ' Mad About You ' Adaptation Broke Ground in China '' . Variety . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Telefe apuesta a una nueva miniserie para ganar el prime time de agosto '' . RatingCero.com . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Mad About You at faqs.org site Mad About You on IMDb Mad About You at TV.com hide Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_About_You&oldid=846041317 '' Categories : 1992 American television series debuts 1999 American television series endings 1990s American sitcoms 1990s American romance television series American romantic comedy television series Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners English - language television programs Friends Jewish comedy and humor Jewish - related television programs NBC network shows Peabody Award - winning television programs Television series about marriage Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played paul mother on mad about you | [
"Cynthia Harris as Sylvia Buchman, Paul's mother. Sylvia almost always gives Jamie a hard time, but occasionally does show kindness towards her daughter-in-law."
] | [
"Cynthia Harris"
] |
-4946493578070352852 | She's the Man | She 's the Man - wikipedia She 's the Man Jump to : navigation , search She 's the Man Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Fickman Produced by Lauren Shuler Donner Tom Rosenberg Gary Lucchesi Screenplay by Karen McCullah Lutz Kirsten Smith Based on Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare Starring Amanda Bynes Channing Tatum Laura Ramsey David Cross Vinnie Jones Alex Breckenridge James Kirk Robert Hoffman Jonathan Sadowski Emily Perkins Music by Nathan Wang Cinematography Greg Gardiner Edited by Michael Jablow Production company Lakeshore Entertainment The Donners ' Company Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $57.2 million She 's the Man is a 2006 American romantic sport - comedy film directed by Andy Fickman and starring Amanda Bynes , Channing Tatum , Laura Ramsey , and Vinnie Jones . Inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night , it is a remake of the 1985 film Just One of the Guys . The film centers on teenager Viola Hastings who enters her brother 's school in his place , pretending to be a boy , in order to play with the boys ' soccer team after her team gets cut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Viola Hastings ( Amanda Bynes ) is a teenage girl who plays for Cornwall High School 's soccer team until it gets cut . Meanwhile , her twin brother , Sebastian ( James Kirk ) , is supposed to enroll in Illyria , an elite boarding school , but he secretly goes to London with his fledgling band instead . Viola agrees to cover for him and decides to pass herself off as Sebastian , in hopes of joining their boys ' team and beating Cornwall to prove their coach and her cocky ex-boyfriend , Justin ( Robert Hoffman ) , wrong . With the help of her stylist friend , Paul ( Jonathan Sadowski ) , she is transformed into `` Sebastian '' and attends Illyria in his place . While moving in , she meets her roommate , Duke Orsino ( Channing Tatum ) , an attractive soccer player and Illyria 's team captain . During tryouts , Viola fails to impress Coach Dinklage ( Vinnie Jones ) and is assigned to second string , much to her dismay . Her teammates , including Duke , initially dislike `` Sebastian '' due to his awkward and strange behavior . However , with help from Paul once again , they begin to accept him into their social circle . `` Sebastian '' then gets the popular and pretty Olivia ( Laura Ramsey ) as his lab partner , which frustrates Duke , as he has feelings for her . `` Sebastian '' agrees to put in a good word for Duke if he promises to train him to be a better soccer player . Coach Dinklage eventually notices `` Sebastian 's '' effort and improvement , thus promoting him to first string . At the Junior League carnival , where her mother has made her volunteer , Viola works a shift at the kissing booth and shares a kiss with Duke . Duke expresses to `` Sebastian '' that he might move on from Olivia as he is starting to like Viola now . Viola is delighted as she secretly feels the same way . Olivia who now has a crush on `` Sebastian '' , asks Duke out on a date in hopes that it will make `` Sebastian '' jealous . Viola , who is unaware of Olivia 's true intentions , is enraged instead because Duke has now abandoned his interest in Viola . When Viola finds out the truth , she encourages Olivia to tell `` Sebastian '' directly about her feelings . The situation becomes even more complicated when the real Sebastian returns from London a day early , unbeknownst to Viola . As soon as he arrives at Illyria , Olivia confesses her feelings and kisses him . Duke , seeing this , believes his roommate has betrayed him . When `` Sebastian '' returns to their room , the two have an argument and Duke kicks him out . Viola oversleeps and misses the first half of the game , while the real Sebastian is mistaken for `` Sebastian '' and winds up poorly playing his sister 's game instead . At half - time , Viola explains the situation to Sebastian and they switch places again . Duke , still furious at `` Sebastian '' , refuses to cooperate with him on the field . Determined to makes amends with Duke , `` Sebastian '' explains that he is actually Viola . Illyria wins the game when Viola scores a goal , finally humiliating Justin and the rest of the Cornwall boys . Everyone at Illyria celebrates their victory over Cornwall , except for Duke who is hurt about Viola 's deception . Viola introduces Sebastian and Olivia officially , and they begin dating . Viola and Sebastian 's divorced parents also make up , exchanging contact information so as to be better parents towards their children . She invites Duke to her debutante ball , with an invitation delivered by Sebastian , now Duke 's roommate . Still hurt , Duke does n't respond to Viola 's invitation , which devastates her . At the ball , Viola is skeptical that Duke will show up ; she distracts herself by assisting Olivia , who is being escorted by Sebastian to the ball , and is touched when Paul asks to be her date . Her mother shows up with a dress that will suit Viola 's `` no ruffles '' policy , but Viola decides to go for a walk instead . She runs into Duke outside , who tells her that he has feelings for her , but that he does n't want there to be any more deception on her part ; Viola promises to be honest with him . Later , Monique is escorted by Justin , Olivia is escorted by Sebastian , and Viola and Duke enter the stage late , but together , with Viola in her new dress , much to the joy of her mother . Viola and Duke share a kiss before joining the crowd . At the end of the film , Viola and Duke are shown happily playing on Illyria 's soccer team together . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Bynes as Viola Hastings Channing Tatum as Duke Orsino Laura Ramsey as Olivia Lennox Robert Hoffman as Justin Drayton Alex Breckenridge as Monique Valentine Brandon Jay McLaren as Toby Clifton Murray as Andrew James Kirk as Sebastian Hastings David Cross as Principal Horatio Gold Vinnie Jones as Coach Dinklage Emily Perkins as Eunice Bates John Pyper - Ferguson as Roger Julie Hagerty as Daphne Lynda Boyd as Cheryl Jonathan Sadowski as Paul Antonio Amanda Crew as Kia Jessica Lucas as Yvonne James Snyder as Malcolm Festes Robert Torti as Coach Pistonek Mark Acheson as Groundskeeper Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film opened at # 4 at the North American box office making $10.7 million USD in its opening weekend . Its budget was approximately $20,000,000 . She 's the Man grossed a total of $33.7 million domestically with a total gross of $57.2 million worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave She 's the Man a rating of 43 % , based on 109 reviews . The critical consensus reads , `` Shakespeare 's wit gets lost in translation with She 's the Man 's broad slapstick , predictable jokes , and unconvincing plotline . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , the film has a rating score of 55 out of 100 based on 28 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . See also ( edit ) Hana - Kimi Dil Bole Hadippa ! , a Bollywood adaptation of the same story . Just One of the Guys References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` She 's the Man ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` She 's the Man Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` She 's the Man Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Official website She 's the Man on IMDb She 's the Man at Rotten Tomatoes She 's the Man at Metacritic She 's the Man at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Andy Fickman Who 's Your Daddy ? ( 2002 ) Reefer Madness ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) The Game Plan ( 2007 ) Race to Witch Mountain ( 2009 ) You Again ( 2010 ) Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night Characters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste On screen 1933 1955 1966 1980 ( TV ) 1986 1988 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) Musical Your Own Thing ( 1968 ) Music Is ( 1976 ) Play On ! ( 1997 ) Illyria ( 2004 ) All Shook Up ( 2004 ) Adaptations Just One of the Guys ( 1985 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Dil Bole Hadippa ! ( 2009 ) Opera Viola ( unfinished ) Story within a story `` Grace '' ( 2011 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_the_Man&oldid=797963705 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2006 in women 's association football 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s teen films American high school films American romantic comedy films American films American teen comedy films Association football films Cross-dressing in American films DreamWorks Pictures films Feminist films Films about women 's sports Films based on Twelfth Night Films directed by Andy Fickman Films shot in Vancouver Lakeshore Entertainment films Teen films based on works by William Shakespeare Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare Films produced by Gary Lucchesi Films produced by Tom Rosenberg Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 06 : 00 . About Wikipedia | who plays the cornwall coach in she's the man | [
"While moving in, she meets her roommate, Duke Orsino (Channing Tatum), an attractive soccer player and Illyria's team captain. During tryouts, Viola fails to impress Coach Dinklage (Vinnie Jones) and is assigned to second string, much to her dismay. Her teammates, including Duke, initially dislike \"Sebastian\" due to his awkward and strange behavior. However, with help from Paul once again, they begin to accept him into their social circle. \"Sebastian\" then gets the popular and pretty Olivia (Laura Ramsey) as his lab partner, which frustrates Duke, as he has feelings for her. \"Sebastian\" agrees to put in a good word for Duke if he promises to train him to be a better soccer player. Coach Dinklage eventually notices \"Sebastian's\" effort and improvement, thus promoting him to first string."
] | [
"Vinnie Jones"
] |
-630501325497513210 | 2017 ICC Champions Trophy | 2017 ICC Champions Trophy - wikipedia 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Jump to : navigation , search 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Dates 1 June -- 18 June 2017 Administrator ( s ) International Cricket Council Cricket format One Day International Tournament format ( s ) Round - robin and knockout Host ( s ) England Wales Champions Pakistan ( 1st title ) Runners - up India Participants 8 Matches played 15 Player of the series Hasan Ali Most runs Shikhar Dhawan ( 338 ) Most wickets Hasan Ali ( 13 ) Official website ICC Champions Trophy UDRS Yes ← 2013 2021 → The 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was the eighth ICC Champions Trophy , a cricket tournament for the eight top - ranked One Day International ( ODI ) teams in the world . It was held in England and Wales from 1 June to 18 June 2017 . Pakistan won the competition for the first time with a 180 - run victory over India in the final at The Oval . The margin of victory was the largest by any team in the final of an ICC ODI tournament in terms of runs . The top eight teams in the ICC ODI Championship rankings as on 30 September 2015 qualified for the tournament , and were divided into two groups of four . Bangladesh returned to the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time since 2006 , while the West Indies failed to qualify for the first time . Security around the tournament was increased following the Ariana Grande concert attack in Manchester , just before the start of the competition . The International Cricket Council ( ICC ) announced that they would review security concerns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 2 Venues 3 Squads 4 Warm - up matches 5 Group stage 5.1 Group A 5.2 Group B 6 Knock - out stage 6.1 Semi-finals 6.2 Final 7 Statistics 7.1 Batting 7.2 Bowling 8 Team of the Tournament 9 Media and promotion 10 References 11 External links Qualification ( edit ) As hosts , England qualified for the competition automatically ; they were joined by the seven other highest - ranked teams in the ICC ODI Championship as at 30 September 2015 . Qualification Country Host England ODI Championship Australia India South Africa New Zealand Sri Lanka Bangladesh Pakistan Venues ( edit ) On 1 June 2016 , it was announced that the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy would be held across three venues : The Oval , Edgbaston and Sophia Gardens . The ICC confirmed the umpires for all matches and venues on 18 May 2017 . London Birmingham Cardiff The Oval Edgbaston Cricket Ground Sophia Gardens Capacity : 26,000 Capacity : 23,500 Capacity : 15,643 Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy squads The eight participating teams were required to announce a 15 - member squad for the tournament on or before 25 April 2017 . Teams could make changes to their originally named squads up to 25 May 2017 , after which date changes would only be accepted on medical grounds , subject to approval . India did not announce their squad by 25 April deadline due to what it described as `` operational '' reasons , although this was widely seen as a protest by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) in an ongoing disagreement with the ICC over finance and governance . The BCCI were scheduled to announce the squad for India after the ICC board meeting on 27 April 2017 . However , on 4 May 2017 , after no team had been named , the committee of administrators told the BCCI to select their squad immediately . The BCCI undertook a special general meeting on 7 May 2017 to determine what course of action they would take . The outcome of that meeting was that India would take part in the tournament , and the squad was named on 8 May 2017 . On 10 May 2017 , the ICC confirmed all the squads for the tournament . Pakistan 's Shoaib Malik played in his sixth consecutive Champions Trophy . Warm - up matches ( edit ) Main article : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy warm - up matches Before the tournament started , England and South Africa played a bilateral three - match ODI series leaving the other six teams to play warm - ups against two other teams not in their group . These warm - up matches had rules that were slightly different from normal ODI matches , and were thus not recognised as ODIs . A team could use up to 15 players in a match , but only 11 could bat ( or field at any one time ) in each innings . Group stage ( edit ) The fixtures were announced on 1 June 2016 . ( show ) Tiebreakers The teams are ranked according to points ( 2 for a win , 1 for a tied , abandoned or no result game , and 0 for loss ) . If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches , the following criteria are applied in the order given to determine the rankings : The team with the most wins in the Group matches will be placed in the higher position . If there are teams with equal points and equal wins , the team with the higher net run rate in the Group matches will be placed in the higher position If two or more teams are still equal , they will be ordered according to the head to head matches played between them ( points then net run rate in those matches ) . In the highly unlikely event that teams can not be separated by the above , teams will be ordered according to their seeded group position . If all matches within a Group are a no result , the top 2 teams by their seeded group positions will progress to the semi-finals . Group a ( edit ) 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Group A Team Pld NR Pts NRR England 0 0 6 + 1.045 Bangladesh 0.000 Australia 0 -- 0.992 New Zealand 0 -- 1.058 Advanced to knock - out stage 1 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 305 / 6 ( 50 overs ) England 308 / 2 ( 47.2 overs ) Tamim Iqbal 128 ( 142 ) Liam Plunkett 4 / 59 ( 10 overs ) Joe Root 133 * ( 129 ) Sabbir Rahman 1 / 13 ( 1 over ) England won by 8 wickets The Oval , London Umpires : Sundaram Ravi ( Ind ) and Rod Tucker ( Aus ) Player of the match : Joe Root ( Eng ) England won the toss and elected to field . This was the first time a 300 - plus total had been successfully chased down in the history of the Champions Trophy . Points : England 2 , Bangladesh 0 . 2 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard New Zealand 291 ( 45 overs ) Australia 53 / 3 ( 9 overs ) Kane Williamson 100 ( 97 ) Josh Hazlewood 6 / 52 ( 9 overs ) Moisés Henriques 18 ( 14 ) Adam Milne 2 / 9 ( 2 overs ) No result Edgbaston , Birmingham Umpires : Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat . Rain initially reduced the match to 46 overs per side , with further rain setting Australia a revised target of 235 runs from 33 overs . Another rain delay prevented any further play . Josh Hazlewood ( Aus ) returned the second - best bowling figures in the history of the Champions Trophy with 6 / 52 . Points : Australia 1 , New Zealand 1 . 5 June 2017 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard Bangladesh 182 ( 44.3 overs ) Australia 83 / 1 ( 16 overs ) Tamim Iqbal 95 ( 114 ) Mitchell Starc 4 / 29 ( 8.3 overs ) David Warner 40 * ( 44 ) Rubel Hossain 1 / 21 ( 4 overs ) No result The Oval , London Umpires : Chris Gaffaney ( NZ ) and Nigel Llong ( Eng ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . Rain during Australia 's innings prevented any further play . This was Australia 's 900th ODI match . David Warner ( Aus ) became the fastest Australian batsman , in terms of innings , to make 4,000 runs in ODIs ( 93 ) . Points : Australia 1 , Bangladesh 1 . 6 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard England 310 ( 49.3 overs ) New Zealand 223 ( 44.3 overs ) Joe Root 64 ( 65 ) Corey Anderson 3 / 55 ( 9 overs ) Kane Williamson 87 ( 98 ) Liam Plunkett 4 / 55 ( 9.3 overs ) England won by 87 runs Sophia Gardens , Cardiff Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Jake Ball ( Eng ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . Points : England 2 , New Zealand 0 . England qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match . 9 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard New Zealand 265 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Bangladesh 268 / 5 ( 47.2 overs ) Ross Taylor 63 ( 82 ) Mosaddek Hossain 3 / 13 ( 3 overs ) Shakib Al Hasan 114 ( 115 ) Tim Southee 3 / 45 ( 9 overs ) Bangladesh won by 5 wickets Sophia Gardens , Cardiff Umpires : Ian Gould ( Eng ) and Nigel Llong ( Eng ) Player of the match : Shakib Al Hasan ( Ban ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat . Mahmudullah and Shakib Al Hasan made the highest partnership for any wicket for Bangladesh in an ODI ( 224 ) . This was Bangladesh 's first victory in the history of the Champions Trophy . Points : Bangladesh 2 , New Zealand 0 . New Zealand were eliminated as a result of this match . 10 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia 277 / 9 ( 50 overs ) England 240 / 4 ( 40.2 overs ) Travis Head 71 * ( 64 ) Mark Wood 4 / 33 ( 10 overs ) Ben Stokes 102 * ( 109 ) Josh Hazlewood 2 / 50 ( 9 overs ) England won by 40 runs ( D / L method ) Edgbaston , Birmingham Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) and Chris Gaffaney ( NZ ) Player of the match : Ben Stokes ( Eng ) England won the toss and elected to field . Rain during England 's innings prevented any further play . Points : England 2 , Australia 0 . Australia were eliminated and Bangladesh qualified for the semi-finals for the first time as a result of this match . Group B ( edit ) 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Group B Team Pld NR Pts NRR India 0 + 1.370 Pakistan 0 - 0.680 South Africa 0 + 0.167 Sri Lanka 0 - 0.798 Advanced to knock - out stage 3 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 299 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 203 ( 41.3 overs ) Hashim Amla 103 ( 115 ) Nuwan Pradeep 2 / 54 ( 10 overs ) Upul Tharanga 57 ( 69 ) Imran Tahir 4 / 27 ( 8.3 overs ) South Africa won by 96 runs The Oval , London Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Ian Gould ( Eng ) Player of the match : Imran Tahir ( SA ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . Hashim Amla ( SA ) became the fastest batsman , in terms of innings , to make 25 centuries in ODIs ( 151 ) . Due to the slow over rate , Sri Lanka 's captain Upul Tharanga was suspended for two matches . Points : South Africa 2 , Sri Lanka 0 . 4 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard India 319 / 3 ( 48 overs ) Pakistan 164 ( 33.4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 91 ( 119 ) Shadab Khan 1 / 52 ( 10 overs ) Azhar Ali 50 ( 65 ) Umesh Yadav 3 / 30 ( 7.4 overs ) India won by 124 runs ( D / L method ) Edgbaston , Birmingham Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) and Marais Erasmus ( SA ) Player of the match : Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 48 overs per side , with further rain setting Pakistan a revised target of 289 runs from 41 overs . Wahab Riaz ( Pak ) recorded the worst bowling figures in the history of the Champions Trophy with 0 / 87 . Points : India 2 , Pakistan 0 . 7 June 2017 13 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard South Africa 219 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 119 / 3 ( 27 overs ) David Miller 75 * ( 104 ) Hasan Ali 3 / 24 ( 8 overs ) Fakhar Zaman 31 ( 23 ) Morne Morkel 3 / 18 ( 7 overs ) Pakistan won by 19 runs ( D / L method ) Edgbaston , Birmingham Umpires : Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) and Sundaram Ravi ( Ind ) Player of the match : Hasan Ali ( Pak ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . Rain during Pakistan 's innings prevented any further play . Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) made his ODI debut . Points : Pakistan 2 , South Africa 0 . 8 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard India 321 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 322 / 3 ( 48.4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 125 ( 128 ) Lasith Malinga 2 / 70 ( 10 overs ) Kusal Mendis 89 ( 93 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 1 / 54 ( 10 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets The Oval , London Umpires : Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) and Rod Tucker ( Aus ) Player of the match : Kusal Mendis ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . This was the 150th ODI match between the two sides . This was Sri Lanka 's joint - highest successful run - chase in ODIs and the highest successful run chase by any team in the history of the Champions Trophy . Points : Sri Lanka 2 , India 0 . 11 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 191 ( 44.3 overs ) India 193 / 2 ( 38 overs ) Quinton de Kock 53 ( 72 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 2 / 22 ( 7.3 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 78 ( 83 ) Imran Tahir 1 / 37 ( 6 overs ) India won by 8 wickets The Oval , London Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . Points : India 2 , South Africa 0 . India qualified for the semi-finals and South Africa were eliminated as a result of this match . 12 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard Sri Lanka 236 ( 49.2 overs ) Pakistan 237 / 7 ( 44.5 overs ) Niroshan Dickwella 73 ( 86 ) Junaid Khan 3 / 40 ( 10 overs ) Sarfraz Ahmed 61 * ( 79 ) Nuwan Pradeep 3 / 60 ( 10 overs ) Pakistan won by 3 wickets Sophia Gardens , Cardiff Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( SA ) and Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) Player of the match : Sarfraz Ahmed ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . Fahim Ashraf ( Pak ) made his ODI debut . Points : Pakistan 2 , Sri Lanka 0 . Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals and Sri Lanka were eliminated as a result of this match . Knock - out stage ( edit ) Semi-finals Final A1 England 211 ( 49.5 overs ) B2 Pakistan 215 / 2 ( 37.1 overs ) B2 Pakistan 338 / 4 ( 50 overs ) B1 India 158 ( 30.3 overs ) A2 Bangladesh 264 / 7 ( 50 overs ) B1 India 265 / 1 ( 40.1 overs ) Semi-finals ( edit ) England became the first team to qualify for the semi-finals by virtue of two wins in its first two Group A games , and with other teams of the group either losing a game or ending games without a result . Bangladesh qualified for the semi-finals following their win against New Zealand , and Australia failing to beat England in the final match of Group A. From Group B , India and Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals following victories in their final group matches against South Africa and Sri Lanka respectively . The ICC confirmed the umpires for the semi-final matches on 13 June 2017 and for the final on 16 June 2017 . Pakistan beat England by 8 wickets to qualify for the final for the first time while India beat Bangladesh by 9 wickets to make their second consecutive appearance and fourth overall in a final . 14 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard England 211 ( 49.5 overs ) Pakistan 215 / 2 ( 37.1 overs ) Joe Root 46 ( 56 ) Hasan Ali 3 / 35 ( 10 overs ) Azhar Ali 76 ( 100 ) Jake Ball 1 / 37 ( 8 overs ) Pakistan won by 8 wickets Sophia Gardens , Cardiff Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( SA ) and Rod Tucker ( Aus ) Player of the match : Hasan Ali ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . Rumman Raees ( Pak ) made his ODI debut . This was the first time that Pakistan had qualified for a Champions Trophy final and it was their first final in an ICC ODI competition since 1999 . 15 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 264 / 7 ( 50 overs ) India 265 / 1 ( 40.1 overs ) Tamim Iqbal 70 ( 82 ) Kedar Jadhav 2 / 22 ( 6 overs ) Rohit Sharma 123 * ( 129 ) Mashrafe Mortaza 1 / 29 ( 8 overs ) India won by 9 wickets Edgbaston , Birmingham Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . This was Bangladesh 's first appearance in a semi-final of any ICC competition . Yuvraj Singh played in his 300th ODI . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) became the fastest batsman , in terms of innings , to reach 8,000 runs in ODIs ( 175 ) . Final ( edit ) Main article : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final 18 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan 338 / 4 ( 50 overs ) India 158 ( 30.3 overs ) Fakhar Zaman 114 ( 106 ) Kedar Jadhav 1 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Hardik Pandya 76 ( 43 ) Mohammad Amir 3 / 16 ( 6 overs ) Pakistan won by 180 runs The Oval , London Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( SA ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Player of the match : Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) India won the toss and elected to field . Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) scored his first century in an ODI . Pakistan 's total was their highest in any ICC tournament final . The margin of victory was the largest in any ICC ODI tournament in terms of runs . Statistics ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Most runs Player Team Mat Inns Runs Ave HS Shikhar Dhawan India 5 5 338 067.60 125 0 Rohit Sharma India 5 5 304 076.00 123 * Tamim Iqbal Bangladesh 293 073.25 128 0 Joe Root England 258 086.00 133 * Virat Kohli India 5 5 258 129.00 096 * Source : ESPN Cricinfo Bowling ( edit ) Most wickets Player Team Mat Inns Wkts Ave Econ BBI Hasan Ali Pakistan 5 5 13 14.69 4.29 3 / 19 Josh Hazlewood Australia 09 15.77 5.07 6 / 52 Junaid Khan Pakistan 08 19.37 4.58 3 / 40 Liam Plunkett England 08 24.50 5.85 4 / 55 Adil Rashid England 07 20.28 4.73 4 / 41 Source : ESPN Cricinfo Team of the tournament ( edit ) The team of the tournament was named by the ICC the day after the final . The team included seven members of the 22 players who featured in the final , as well as three Englishmen , a Bangladeshi and a New Zealander . Shikhar Dhawan Fakhar Zaman Tamim Iqbal Virat Kohli Joe Root Ben Stokes Sarfraz Ahmed ( c & wk ) Adil Rashid Junaid Khan Bhuvneshwar Kumar Hasan Ali Kane Williamson ( 12th man ) Media and promotion ( edit ) In a media release before the commencement of the tournament , the ICC stated that live broadcast would be made available in `` more than 200 territories , across five continents '' . The release added that the tournament 's broadcast would reach China , South Korea , Thailand and Indonesia for the first time . The prize money for the competiton was increased by $500,000 from 2013 to a total of $4.5 million . The winning team received $2.2 million , with $1.1 million going to the runner - up . The other two semi-finalists earned $450,000 each . Teams finishing third and fourth in each group each received $90,000 and $60,000 respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Fixtures '' . 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New champions : Zaman , Amir and Pakistan raze India for title '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Openers ' dominance , and a new high for Pakistan '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC to review security in wake of Manchester bombing '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa reassured by increased security '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teams confirmed for ICC Champions Trophy 2017 '' . ICC cricket . International Cricket Council . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India to start ICC Champions Trophy title defence against Pakistan as event schedule announced with one year to go '' . ICC Cricket . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC announces umpire and match referee appointments for ICC Champions Trophy 2017 '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy squad to be named after the ICC meet '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` India miss Champions Trophy squad submission deadline '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI to miss deadline for ICC Champions Trophy team submission '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COA tells BCCI to select Champions Trophy squad ' immediately ' '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` To play , or not to play ? BCCI set to decide '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uncertainty ends , India confirmed to play '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit , Ashwin , Shami return for Champions Trophy '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Squads confirmed for ICC Champions Trophy '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India - Pakistan , Australia - England bouts in 2017 Champions Trophy '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India to start ICC Champions Trophy title defence against Pakistan '' . ICC . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy 2017 : Teams , format , point system , rain rules and Super Over '' . Oneindia . Archived from the original on 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest successful chase in Champions Trophy history '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ West , Harry ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` Rain saves Australia in ICC Champions Trophy opener '' . Sporting News . Perform Group . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v Bangladesh : Everything you need to know '' . Yahoo7. 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner breaks 27 - year - old Australian record '' . Cricket Australia . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy : England beat New Zealand to reach semi-finals '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions Trophy : Bangladesh produce a record stand to knock New Zealand out '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy : Bangladesh produce a record stand to knock New Zealand out '' . Bleacher report . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy : Ben Stokes hits century as England eliminate Australia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amla reasserts his 50 - over greatness '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upul Tharanga suspended for two matches after four - hour innings '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media watch : Virat Kohli ditches Pepsi , Wahab Riaz apologises to a nation '' . Fox Sports . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India eye semi-final spot by defeating Sri Lanka '' . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy : Sri Lanka stun India to throw Group B wide open '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mendis , Gunathilaka anchor highest Champions Trophy chase to keep SL alive '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy : India crush South Africa to reach semi-finals '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy : Pakistan beat Sri Lanka to set up England semi-final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy : Eoin Morgan says England will show no let - up against Australia '' . BBC Sport. 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wood , Stokes close the door on Australia '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 10 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disciplined India run dysfunctional South Africa out '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarfraz sees shaky Pakistan into semi-finals '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match officials appointments for semi-final stage announced '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match officials announced for the ICC Champions Trophy 2017 Final '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Champions Trophy : Dominant India set up blockbuster Pakistan final '' . Times of India . 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An ill - timed low for England '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs South Africa , Champions Trophy 2017 : Latest Points Table '' . Network 18 . 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I wondered at one stage if I would play another game , says Yuvraj '' . The Hindu . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dominant India march into yet another final '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Champions Trophy , 2017 -- Most runs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Champions Trophy , 2017 -- Most wickets '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the ICC Champions Trophy 2017 announced '' . icc-cricket.com . International Cricket Council . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Champions Trophy 2017 -- Official broadcasters '' . International Cricket Council . 29 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC announces broadcast and digital reach for ICC Champions Trophy 2017 '' . International Cricket Council . 30 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC announces Champions Trophy Prize Money details '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Tournament home at ESPN Cricinfo ICC Champions Trophy Tournaments Bangladesh 1998 Kenya 2000 Sri Lanka 2002 England 2004 India 2006 South Africa 2009 England / Wales 2013 England / Wales 2017 Finals 1998 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2017 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2017 Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls International cricket in 2017 Preceding season : International cricket in 2016 -- 17 May 2017 Ireland in England South Africa Quadrangular Series Ireland Tri-Nation Series World Cricket League Division Three South Africa in England June 2017 Champions Trophy Final Afghanistan in West Indies Zimbabwe in Scotland Zimbabwe in the Netherlands India in West Indies Women 's World Cup Final Zimbabwe in Sri Lanka July 2017 Pakistan in Bangladesh United Arab Emirates in the Netherlands India in Sri Lanka South Africa A Team Tri-Series August 2017 West Indies in England Australia in Bangladesh September 2017 World Cricket League Division Five 2017 Independence Cup West Indies in Ireland Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship Following season : International cricket in 2017 -- 18 2017 English cricket season `` 2016 2018 '' International cricket England v Ireland England v South Africa Champions Trophy Women 's World Cup England v West Indies Domestic cricket County Championship Royal London One - Day Cup NatWest t20 Blast MCCU Matches Minor Counties Championship Women 's Cricket Super League County seasons CC Division One Essex Hampshire Lancashire Middlesex Somerset Surrey Warwickshire Yorkshire CC Division Two Derbyshire Durham Glamorgan Gloucestershire Kent Leicestershire Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Sussex Worcestershire International cricket tours of England ( hide ) Test and LOI tours Australia 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1893 1896 1899 1902 1905 1909 1912 1921 1926 1930 1934 1938 1948 1953 1956 1961 1964 1968 1972 1977 1980 1981 1985 1993 2001 2005 2009 2012 2013 2015 2018 2019 Bangladesh 2005 India 1932 1936 1946 1952 1959 1967 1971 1979 1982 1986 1990 2002 2007 2011 2014 2018 Ireland 2017 New Zealand 1931 1937 1949 1958 1965 1969 1973 1978 1986 1990 1994 1999 2008 2013 2015 Pakistan 1954 1962 1967 1971 1978 1982 2001 2006 2016 2018 2019 South Africa 1907 1912 1924 1929 1935 1947 1951 1955 1960 1965 1994 1998 2003 2008 2012 2017 Sri Lanka 1984 1988 1991 1998 2002 2006 2011 2014 2016 West Indies 1928 1933 1939 1950 1957 1963 1966 1969 1973 1976 1980 1984 1988 1991 1995 2000 2007 2009 2011 2012 2017 Zimbabwe 2000 2003 ( hide ) Major tournaments hosted Multiple teams 1912 1979 1999 2009 2013 2017 2019 ( hide ) Other tours Australian 1868 1878 1919 1945 1988 2009 Bangladeshi 1998 Canadian 1880 1887 1922 1936 1954 Indian 1886 1888 1911 Kenyan 1984 Multi-national 1932 1970 1972 New Zealand 1927 1945 Philadelphian 1884 1889 1897 1903 1908 South African 1894 1901 1904 1961 Sri Lankan 1979 1981 1990 West Indian 1900 1906 1923 1964 Zimbabwean 1982 1985 1986 1990 1993 ( hide ) Other tournaments hosted Multiple teams 1979 1982 1986 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_ICC_Champions_Trophy&oldid=797021294 '' Categories : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy 2017 in English cricket 2017 in Welsh sport ICC Champions Trophy tournaments International cricket competitions in 2017 International cricket competitions in England International cricket competitions in Wales June 2017 sports events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 13 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who will won the icc champions trophy 2017 | [
"The 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was the eighth ICC Champions Trophy, a cricket tournament for the eight top-ranked One Day International (ODI) teams in the world. It was held in England and Wales from 1 June to 18 June 2017.[1] Pakistan won the competition for the first time with a 180-run victory over India in the final at The Oval.[2] The margin of victory was the largest by any team in the final of an ICC ODI tournament in terms of runs.[3]"
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"Pakistan"
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-6184126598447406005 | Court of the Lions | Court of the Lions - wikipedia Court of the Lions Jump to : navigation , search General view of the courtyard in 2015 After restoration ( 2012 ) Sebka decoration and arches . Stilted arches of the gallery . The fountain The Courtyard of the Lions ( Spanish : Patio de los Leones ; Arabic : بهو السباع ) is the main courtyard of the Nasrid dynasty Palace of the Lions , in the heart of the Alhambra , the Moorish citadel formed by a complex of palaces , gardens and forts in Granada , Spain . It was commissioned by the Nasrid sultan Muhammed V of the Emirate of Granada in Al - Andalus . Its construction started in the second period of his reign , between 1362 and 1391 AD . The site is now part of the UNESCO World Heritage List and minted in Spain 's 2011 limited edition of 2 € Commemorative Coins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and architectural influences 2 Description 3 Meaning of the structure 4 Lion Fountain 4.1 Excerpt of Ibn Zamrak 's poem on the basin 5 References Background and architectural influences ( edit ) The Palace of the Lions , as well as the rest of the other new rooms built under Muhammad V , like the Mexuar or Cuarto Dorado meant the beginning of a new style , an exuberant mixture of Moorish and Christian influences that has been called Nasrid style . During the period that Muhammad V was ousted as sultane of Granada by his stepbrother , Abu - l Walid Ismail , he discovered in exile a host of new aesthetic influences that were not in the language of his predecessors , not even in his own first contributions to the enrichment of the Nasrid palaces of the Alhambra . In Fes he saw the Almoravid mosque of Qarawiyyin , built by Andalusian architects . The splendor of the decorations , specially the profuse use of the muqarnas that had once decorated the palaces and mosques of Al - Ándalus , stunned the ex-sultan , as did the ruins of the Roman city of Volubilis , where he could directly examine the classical orders , Roman ornamentation and , above all , the disposition of the Roman ' impluvium ' ; the Roman ruins at Volubilis were particularly well preserved since they had been abandoned for a period of time in the Middle Ages and later constructively re-used as a necropolis . Muhammad became an ally of his personal friend , the Christian king Pedro I of Castile , who helped him to regain the throne and defeat the usurpers . Meanwhile , he was also astonished with the construction of the palace of Pedro I , the Alcázar of Seville , built in Mudéjar style by architects from Toledo , Seville and Granada . The influence of this Mudéjar style of King Pedro in the future Palace of the Lions was going to be decisive , especially the structure and disposition of the Qubba rooms along two axis of the ' Patio de las Doncellas ' ( `` Courtyard of the Maidens '' ) . Description ( edit ) The Courtyard of the Lions is an oblong courtyard , 35 m in length and 20 m in width , surrounded by a low gallery supported on 124 white marble columns . A pavilion projects into the courtyard at each extremity , with filigree walls and light domed roof , elaborately ornamented . The square is paved with coloured tiles , and the colonnade with white marble ; while the walls are covered 1.5 m up from the ground with blue and yellow tiles , with a border above and below enamelled blue and gold . The columns supporting the roof and gallery are irregularly placed , with a view to artistic effect ; and the general form of the piers , arches and pillars is most graceful . They are adorned by varieties of foliage , etc. ; above each arch there is a large square of arabesques ; and over the pillars is another square of filigree work . In the center of the courtyard is the celebrated Fountain of Lions , a magnificent alabaster basin supported by the figures of twelve lions in white marble . At present , the fountain is under restoration in an effort to preserve its integrity . Meaning of the structure ( edit ) The structure of the courtyard , has , as it has been said , a direct influence of the Sevillian Patio de las Doncellas , but its meaning and origins trace their roots to early Islamic gardening , the courtyard divided in four parts , each one of them symbolizing one of the four parts of the world . Each part is irrigated by a water channel that symbolize the four rivers of Paradise . This courtyard is , therefore , an architectural materialization of Paradise , where the gardens , the water , and the columns form a conceptual and physical unity . The slender column forest have been said to represent the palm trees of an oasis in the desert , deeply related with Paradise in the Nasrid imagination . In the poem of Ibn Zamrak on the basin of the fountain , a further meaning is stated clearly : `` The fountain is the Sultan , which smothers with his graces all his subjects and lands , as the water wets the gardens . '' Nowadays the flower garden has been substituted by a dry garden of pebbles , in order not to affect the foundation of the palace with the watering . In Nasrid times , the floor of the quartered planting beds was slightly lower than the general level , and the visual effect was like a tapestry of flowers , as the top of the plants were cut to the same level of the courtyard , and these were carefully chosen to cover a host of color nuances . Lion fountain ( edit ) Some research suggests that the 11th century lions of the Lion Fountain came from the house of the Jewish vizier `` Yusuf Ibn Nagrela '' ( 1066 ) . It is not known if they were made before his death , and at the time , he was accused of wanting to build a much bigger palace than the king 's . They are large for sculptures of animals in Islamic art , but as in other sites of al - Andalus such as the earlier Medina Azahara near Cordoba , that there are multiple animals and that they are shown in a subordinate position , as carrying the bowl of the fountain , helps to dispel any possibility of an idolatrous intention , which was the concern of Muslim clergy . The Pisa Griffin is even larger . There is an almost exact description of the original fountain , written by the poet Ibn Gabirol in the 11th century . They represent the 12 tribes of Israel , two of them have a triangle on the forehead , indicating the two chosen tribes : '' Judá '' and `` Leví '' . The Lions were removed in 2007 for restoration on the premises while the fountain was restored in situ . The lions were put back in place in July 2012 after recovering the traditional water flow system of the Court of the Lions . The poet and minister Ibn Zamrak wrote a poem to describe the beauty of the courtyard . It is carved around the rim of the basin : Excerpt of Ibn Zamrak 's poem on the basin ( edit ) `` ... Such a translucent basin , sculpted pearl ! Argentic ripples are added on it by the quiet dew And its liquid silver goes over the daisies , melted , and even purer . Hard and soft are so close , that it would be hard to distinguish liquid and solid , marble and water . Which one is running ? Do n't you see how water overflows the borders and the warned drains are here against it ? They are like the lover who in vain tries to hide his tears from his beloved ... '' References ( edit ) Robert Irwin , The Alhambra , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86197 - 487 - 7 , 2005 Manzano Martos , Rafael . La Alhambra : El universo mágico de la Granada islámica . Editorial Anaya , 1992 . ISBN 84 - 207 - 4833 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 84 - 207 - 4833 - 7 Chueca Goitia , Fernando : Invariantes castizos de la Arquitectura Española . Manifiesto de la Alhambra ISBN 84 - 237 - 0459 - 9 García Gómez , Emilio : Poemas árabes en los muros y fuentes de la Alhambra . Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos . Madrid , 1985 . ISSN 1132 - 3485 Al - Hassani , S.T.S , ( 2012 ) . 1001 inventions : The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilisation . National Geographic . ISBN 978 - 1426209345 . Notes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patio de los Leones ( Court of the Lions ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palacio de los Leones . Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&l=en&id_site=314&gallery=1&&index=13 Jump up ^ John Stothoff Badeau , John Richard Hayes , The Genius of Arab Civilization : Source of Renaissance , 1983 , MIT Press , 260 pages ISBN 0 - 262 - 58063 - 2 Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . Volubilis , The Megalithic Portal , ed . A. Burnham ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ official site Coordinates : 37 ° 10 ′ 37.44 '' N 3 ° 35 ′ 21.36 '' W / 37.1770667 ° N 3.5892667 ° W / 37.1770667 ; - 3.5892667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_of_the_Lions&oldid=808506531 '' Categories : Alhambra ( Spain ) Courtyards Gardens in Spain Islamic gardens Moorish architecture in Spain Nasrid dynasty Islamic architecture Spanish gardens Landscape design history of Spain Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century 14th century in Al - Andalus World Heritage Sites in Spain Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 07 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the court of the lions built | [
"The Courtyard of the Lions (Spanish: Patio de los Leones; Arabic: بهو السباع) is the main courtyard of the Nasrid dynasty Palace of the Lions, in the heart of the Alhambra, the Moorish citadel formed by a complex of palaces, gardens and forts in Granada, Spain. It was commissioned by the Nasrid sultan Muhammed V of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus. Its construction started in the second period of his reign, between 1362 and 1391 AD. The site is now part of the UNESCO World Heritage List[1] and minted in Spain's 2011 limited edition of 2 € Commemorative Coins."
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"between 1362 and 1391 AD"
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-27194488678618072 | Primitive Technology | Primitive Technology - wikipedia Primitive Technology `` Primitive technology '' redirects here . For early uses of technology , see History of technology . Primitive Technology John Plant Nationality Australian Education Bachelor of Science Website primitivetechnology.wordpress.com YouTube information Channel channel / UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA Years active 2015 -- present Subscribers 8.4 million Total views 593 million Play buttons 100,000 subscribers 2015 1,000,000 subscribers 2016 Subscriber and view counts updated as of 24 / 7 / 2018 . Primitive Technology is a YouTube channel run by and starring John Plant . Based in Far North Queensland , Australia , the series demonstrates the process of making tools and buildings using only materials found in the wild . Created in May 2015 , the channel has gained over 8 million subscribers and over 560 million views as of May 2018 . Contents 1 Background 2 Description 3 History 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Plant describes his subject as a hobby , and he lives in a modern house and eats modern food . He stated in a comment on a January 2018 video that he owns the land on which he films the videos . He states on his website that he has no Aboriginal ancestry and has not received training from the Australian Army . In a correspondence with Michelle Castillo of CNBC in 2017 , he stated that he was in his mid 30s . He also said he went to university and received a Bachelor of Science degree but `` did n't do anything with it '' , and instead mowed lawns for a living while making Primitive Technology videos on the side . He stated his affinity for subsisting off of nature began at a young age : at 11 , he would make huts by a creek behind his house using only natural materials . Description ( edit ) Each video guides viewers through the progress of one or more projects demonstrating the techniques and methods he uses to create tools or buildings . As he explains on his blog , he builds `` completely from scratch using no modern tools or materials '' , only using what he can source from his natural environment , such as plant materials , clay , soil , and stones . Episodes of the series contain no speaking , and only minimal ambient sound . Text descriptions of actions on - screen appear in the closed - caption feature . History ( edit ) Plant created the Primitive Technology channel in May 2015 . The first video was uploaded on 1 May 2015 . Since that time , each of his videos has garnered millions of views . The channel amassed over 5.4 million subscribers and over 350 million views by September 2017 . As of July 2018 it has over 8.2 million subscribers and over 579 million views . For the first two years of the channel 's existence the man in the videos remained anonymous . In June 2017 he identified himself as John Plant when he complained to Facebook that his videos were being stolen as a result of people reposting them on the website , and that the practice had cost him thousands of Australian dollars . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paula ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Primitive Technology ' YouTube Guy Gets 31 Million Views : What 's The Name Of Shirtless , Silent Australian Man In The Videos ? '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primitive Technology Wordpress blog ' About ' page '' . Primitive Technology website . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Primitive Technology 's highlighted reply '' . Retrieved 21 Jan 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Castillo , Michelle ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` How a YouTube star gained 5.4 million followers by mimicking the Stone Age '' . CNBC . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ( 2 October 2017 ) . `` Primitive Technology auf YouTube : Technik - Tipps aus der Vorzeit '' . Der Spiegel . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Nackter Oberkörper und zwei geschickte Hände : Steinzeit - Handwerker wird zum Youtube - Star '' . Aargauer Zeitung . ^ Jump up to : Kahn , Jennifer ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Letter of Recommendation : ' Primitive Technology ' '' -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Youtuber ' primitivo : Internet se rinde al canal de este ' McGyver ' prehistórico '' . El Mundo . Jump up ^ De Brito , Sam ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` Who is that mysterious bushman ? '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Chase ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` Watching This Guy Build A Hut Using Purely Primitive Technology Is Mesmerizing '' . The Daily Wire . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About - Primitive Technology '' . YouTube . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael , Peter ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Caveman YouTube neolithic skills sensation accuses Facebook of theft '' . The Sunday Mail . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ( subscription required ) External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primitive_Technology&oldid=851830164 '' Categories : Viral videos YouTube series Queensland Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 21 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the guy in the primitive technology videos | [
"Primitive Technology is a YouTube channel run by and starring John Plant. Based in Far North Queensland, Australia, the series demonstrates the process of making tools and buildings using only materials found in the wild. Created in May 2015, the channel has gained over 8 million subscribers and over 560 million views as of May 2018.\n"
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-635049909094894681 | World Heart Federation | World Heart Federation - wikipedia World Heart Federation Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The World Heart Federation ( WHF ) is a nongovernmental organization based in Geneva , Switzerland . The World Heart Federation is committed to uniting its members and leads the global fight against heart disease and stroke , with a focus on low - and middle - income countries . The World Heart Federation is the world 's only global body dedicated to leading the fight against heart disease and stroke via a united community of almost 200 member organizations that bring together the strength of medical societies and heart foundations , from more than 100 countries covering the regions of Asia - Pacific , Europe , East Mediterranean , the Americas and Africa . Each year 17.3 million people die of cardiovascular disease , 80 % in the developing world . The World Heart Federation exists to prevent and control these diseases through awareness campaigns and action , promoting the exchange of information , ideas and science among those involved in cardiovascular care , advocating for disease prevention and control by promoting healthy diets , physical activity and tobacco free living at an individual , community and policy maker level . Contents ( hide ) 1 About 1.1 History 1.2 Strategic Goal 1.3 Mission 1.4 Board 2015 - 2017 1.5 Continental Representatives 2 Awareness 2.1 Advocacy 2.1. 1 Advocacy Goals 2.1. 2 25 by 25 2.1. 3 Global Health Agenda ( 1 ) 2.1. 4 NCD Alliance 2.1. 5 Healthy diet and physical activity 2.1. 6 Eat for Goals ! 2.2 Tobacco Control 3 Activities 3.1 World Congress of Cardiology 4 References 5 External links About ( edit ) History ( edit ) The World Heart Federation traces its origins to the International Society of Cardiology , which was formed in 1946 , and the International Cardiology Federation , founded in 1970 . These two organizations merged in 1978 to form the International Society and Federation of Cardiology ( ISFC ) . The ISFC changed its name to the World Heart Federation in 1998 . Strategic goal ( edit ) The World Heart Federation urges greater action from policy makers , healthcare professionals , patient organizations and individuals to work together to reduce the burden of heart disease and stroke , and ensure people all over the world can have longer and better lives . Mission ( edit ) By 2025 , to drive the WHO target for non-communicable disease mortality reduction by reducing premature deaths from cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) by at least 25 % . Board 2015 - 2017 ( edit ) President : Salim Yusuf , MBBS , DPhil , FRCPC , FRSC , Canada Vice-President : Kingsley K. Akinroye , MD , Nigeria President Elect : David A. Wood , MSc , FRCP , FRCPE , FFPHM , FESC , UK Vice-President Elect : Tony Duncan , New Zealand Past President : K. Srinath Reddy , MD , DM , MSc , India Past Vice-President : Deborah Chen , Jamaica Secretary and Treasure : Ronald Wayne Haddock , USA Chair , Scientific Policy and Advocacy Committee : Jagat Narula , MD , DM , PhD , MACC , FRCP , USA Chief Executive Officer : Johanna Ralston , Switzerland At - large member : Dayi Hu , MD , FACC , FESC , China Continental Representatives ( edit ) Africa : Habib Gamra , MD , Tunisia Africa : Bongani Mayosi , MD , PhD , South Africa Asia - Pacific : Kui - Hian Sim , MD , Malaysia Asia - Pacific : Mary Barry , Australia Europe : Panos Vardas MD , PhD , FESC , FACC Europe : Floris Italianer , MD , Netherlands Inter-America : Marcia M. Barbosa , MD , PhD , Brazil Inter-America : Yvonne García Richaud , Mexico Global CVD Tasks Force : William A. Zoghbi , MD , FASE , FAHA , MACC , USA Awareness ( edit ) Globally , cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) accounts for 31 per cent of all deaths causing 17.3 million people to die every year , with 80 per cent of deaths taking place in low - and middle - income countries . Advocacy ( edit ) Advocacy Goals ( edit ) The unique position of the World Heart Federation has been successful in providing the heart advocacy movement with an overarching drive that brings together science , advocacy and evidence - based policy . Endorsed by World Health Organization Member States at the 65th World Health Assembly , a global goal has been established to reduce premature deaths due to non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) by 25 per cent by 2025 . Because cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) accounts for nearly half of the global NCD burden , CVD and its risk factors must be adequately addressed in order to achieve this global goal . 25 by 25 ( edit ) 25x25 , achieving a 25 % relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular disease , cancer , diabetes or chronic respiratory disease by 2025 . In September 2011 , the United Nations held a High - Level Meeting in New York on the subject of NCDs , including cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , cancers , diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases . This was only the second time in its history that the UN held a summit on a health issue and its aims were to : Increase the political prioritisation of NCDs , which cause two thirds of deaths globally Recognise the impact of NCDs as not just a health issue , but also as a major economic burden and an obstacle to global development and sustainability The outcome of the meeting was a Political Declaration signed by all the UN Member States that now represents the NCD roadmap . The first action step of the Declaration came in May 2012 when the 65th World Health Assembly ( WHA ) adopted a global target of 25 % relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular disease , cancer , diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases by 2025 . This led to the World Heart Federation recognising that achieving the 2025 targets would require a primary focus on cardiovascular disease , including heart disease and stroke , and that all of the targets have a direct impact on CVD . The organization committed itself to supporting action to reduce premature mortality from CVD by 25 % by 2025 . Global Health agenda ( 1 ) ( edit ) By mobilizing its member network and participating in key advocacy events , including the World Health Assembly and UN meetings such as the UN Summit on NCDs in September 2011 , the World Heart Federation reaches the decision - makers directly . United efforts have resulted in the Commonwealth Heads of Government issuing a landmark statement on NCDs thus committing fifty - four countries , representing a third of the world 's population , to work towards including NCDs in the global development agenda . In September 2011 , the UN held a landmark High - level Meeting on Non-Communicable Diseases ( NCDs ). The meeting was attended by 28 heads of state , who pledged a commitment to reduce the global disease burden . Beginning in the summer of 2011 , a technical working group developed a list of 10 proposed global targets and indicators . Nine of the 10 proposed targets were directly related to CVD , but missing from the list was a target on reducing physical inactivity . These targets are also explained in a WHO Discussion Paper found on the WHO website . In May 2012 , all 194 WHO Member States endorsed a historic target to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable disease ( NCDs ) by 25 per cent by 2025 during the 65th World Health Assembly ( WHA ) . This is a landmark decision by the world 's highest global health deliberative body and marks a major milestone in the battle against NCDs . More information on the targets from the World Health Assembly can be read here . From 20 -- 22 June 2012 , the UN held the biggest development meeting of the year : the Rio + 20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development ( UNCSD ) in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The conference was centered around two themes : A green economy in the context of sustainable development poverty eradication The institutional framework for sustainable development The outcome document , entitled , Future We Want , can be read here . The Rio + 20 conference resulted in : adoption of green economy policies , establishment of a high - level political forum and agreement to strengthen the United Nations Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) and adoption of the 10 - year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production patterns . Additionally , the groundwork for the development of the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) was created . As a result of the conference , over 700 voluntary commitments and new partnerships were formed to advance sustainable development . NCD Alliance ( edit ) In 2009 , the World Heart Federation and its sister federations the International Diabetes Federation and the Union for International Cancer Control formed the Non ‐ Communicable Disease ( NCD ) Alliance . In early 2010 the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease joined the alliance . Together the NCD Alliance represents 880 member associations in more than 170 countries . The NCD Alliance mobilized civil society to campaign successfully for a United Nations ( UN ) Summit on NCDs , which was subsequently held in September 2011 . Additionally , on 13 May 2010 , the UN voted unanimously for the passage of resolution 64 / 265 , ' Prevention and control of non ‐ communicable diseases . ' Healthy diet and physical activity ( edit ) As an advocate of putting cardiovascular disease and its risk factors on the global health agenda , the World Heart Federation strongly supports initiatives addressing obesity , healthy diet and physical activity . WHF recognizes the importance that both nutrition and physical activity play in preventing and reducing the risk cardiovascular disease . Eat for Goals ! ( edit ) Eat for Goals ! is a cookery app which gives young people the opportunity to cook the same heart - healthy recipes as some of the world 's top footballers . Based on the successful Eat for Goals ! book , the app encourages young people to eat healthily and lead an active lifestyle , in order to reduce their risk of heart disease and stroke . The app now features three additional renowned players -- Fernando Torres , Kelly Smith and Sergio Ramos -- and their healthy and easy to do recipes . The app also presents a new section of snacks to offer healthy options between meals . Eat for Goals ! was originally created under the patronage of the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) , World Heart Federation and the European Commission . The app shows young people how to cook the same healthy recipes as some of their favourite football stars , with the aim of encouraging them to eat healthily and lead an active lifestyle . Once the app is downloaded , young people aged 7 + are encouraged to ' score a goal ' to see recipes from 11 of their favourite football legends : Frank Lampard , Cristiano Ronaldo , Carles Puyol , Steven Gerrard , Yaya Touré , Paul Pogba , Lotta Schelin , Rachel Yankey , Samuel Eto'o and now Fernando Torres , Kelly Smith and Sergio Ramos . Each player shares what he or she loves to eat and gives the recipe for his or her favourite dish . As well as seeing what football stars like to eat , the app also provides interesting food facts and step - by - step instructions , making it easy for even the less - experienced to make delicious , healthy meals in no time at all ! Tobacco control ( edit ) Tobacco is responsible for close to six million deaths per year globally . As an advocate for reducing risk factors associated with cardiovascular deaths , the World Heart Federation supports strong limitations to active and passive smoking . In 2004 , the World Heart Federation implemented , alongside other organizations , its own code of practice ( based on WHO - endorsed code of practice ) that aims at promoting tobacco limitations within the organization itself . Activities ( edit ) World Congress of Cardiology ( edit ) The World Congress of Cardiology held every other year , is a scientific conference of cardiologists from around the world , where the latest research is presented . The Congresses were held every four years from 1950 to 2006 , and every two years since then . The aims of the World Congress of Cardiology are to share scientific research results and public outreach techniques with low - and middle - income countries , reach the maximum number of healthcare providers by integrating national and regional congresses , focus on prevention , diagnosis and treatment and encourage interaction between physicians , patients , policy - makers and the public . The next World Congress of Cardiology Scientific Session will take place in Mexico City , Mexico from 4 -- 7 June 2016 . The regular registration fee deadline is 13 May 2016 . `` We look forward to welcoming you to Mexico City for a congress which we believe will feature one of the most innovative and action oriented programme , designed to meet the needs of cardiologists , other health workers and patients for the 21st century . '' Dr. Salim Yusuf , President of the World Heart Federation About World Heart Day 2016 World Heart Day was founded in 2000 to inform people around the globe that heart disease and stroke are the world 's leading causes of death , claiming 17.5 million lives each year . World Heart Day takes place on 29 September every year . The theme of this year is power your life - we want everyone to understand what they can do to fuel their hearts and power their lives . We are also calling on global governments and policy makers to implement reliable , simple and fit - for - purpose surveillance systems for monitoring the burden and treatment of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . This World Heart Day we 've joined forces with Bupa and Philips to make World Heart Day more powerful than ever . With their support , we are raising awareness and encouraging individuals , families , communities and governments to take action and help us to achieve our goal of a 25 % reduction in premature deaths from CVD by 2025 . Together , we aim to help people everywhere to live longer , better , heart - healthy lives . For more information about World Heart Day 2016 including access to the campaign materials visit the website . Past themes have included : 2015 : Creating heart - healthy environments 2013 : Take the road to a healthy heart 2011 - 2012 : One World , One Heart , One Home 2009 - 2010 : I Work with Heart 2008 : Know your Risk 2007 : Team Up for Healthy Hearts ! 2006 : How Young is Your Heart ? 2005 : Healthy Weight , Healthy Shape 2004 : Children , Adolescents and Heart Disease 2003 : Women , Heart Disease and Stroke 2002 : What Shape are you in ? 2001 : A Heart for Life 2000 : I Love my Heart : Let it beat ! References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herman A. Snellen , `` Birth and Growth of the European Society of Cardiology '' . European Heart Journal , vol. 1 , no . 1 , pp 5 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA65/A65_54-en.pdf Jump up ^ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1298 Jump up ^ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/rio20 Jump up ^ http://www.uncsd2012.org/about.html Jump up ^ World Congress of Cardiology website External links ( edit ) World Heart Federation Official Website World Heart Day Indian Heart Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Heart_Federation&oldid=802978065 '' Categories : International medical and health organizations Scientific supraorganizations Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from September 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Қазақша മലയാളം Nederlands Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 18 : 03 . About Wikipedia | who created world heart day and when was it first celebrated | [
"About World Heart Day 2016 World Heart Day was founded in 2000 to inform people around the globe that heart disease and stroke are the world’s leading causes of death, claiming 17.5 million lives each year. World Heart Day takes place on 29 September every year. The theme of this year is power your life - we want everyone to understand what they can do to fuel their hearts and power their lives. We are also calling on global governments and policy makers to implement reliable, simple and fit-for-purpose surveillance systems for monitoring the burden and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This World Heart Day we’ve joined forces with Bupa and Philips to make World Heart Day more powerful than ever. With their support, we are raising awareness and encouraging individuals, families, communities and governments to take action and help us to achieve our goal of a 25% reduction in premature deaths from CVD by 2025. Together, we aim to help people everywhere to live longer, better, heart-healthy lives. For more information about World Heart Day 2016 including access to the campaign materials visit the website."
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-2671343645087438230 | Academic term | Academic term - wikipedia Academic term This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Semester '' redirects here . For the astronomical sense of the term semester , see Eclipse cycle . An academic term ( or simply `` term '' ) is a portion of an academic year , the time during which an educational institution holds classes . The schedules adopted vary widely . A quarter system divides the academic year into four terms , one per season , with attendance required in three quarters per year to total 32 to 36 weeks of instruction . A semester system divides the academic year into two terms of equal length , with attendance required in both semesters to total 32 to 36 weeks of instruction . There is often an optional summer session half as long as a full semester . A trimester system divides the academic year into three terms of 14 to 16 weeks each , with attendance required in two trimesters per year , to total 28 to 32 weeks of instruction . The trimester evolved from the semester system in the 1960s and , thus , is compatible with it ( i.e. it is simply a semester shortened from 16 -- 18 weeks to 14 -- 16 weeks ) . The spring - summer trimester may be a full trimester or may be divided into distinct spring and summer half - trimester or shorter sessions , in which classes meet double - time ( or greater ) to provide the same instruction that would be received in a full trimester . The word quadmester or quadrimester is occasionally used to mean either four months or ( more commonly in modern American usage ) a quarter of a year . In countries like Argentina , public universities divide the academic year into two quadrimesters ( March -- July and August -- December ) . In most countries , the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer . In Northern Hemisphere countries , this means that the academic year lasts from August , September , or October to May , June , or July . In Southern Hemisphere countries , the academic year aligns with the calendar year , lasting from February or March to November or December . The summer may or may not be part of the term system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Australia 3 Austria 4 Barbados 5 Brazil 6 Bangladesh 7 Belgium 8 Cambodia 9 Canada 10 Chile 11 China 12 Costa Rica 13 Czech Republic 14 Denmark 15 Estonia 16 Ethiopia 17 Finland 18 France 19 Germany 19.1 Schools 19.2 Universities 19.3 Universities of Applied Sciences 19.4 Vocational - cooperative universities 20 Guyana 21 Honduras 22 Hong Kong 23 Hungary 24 India 25 Indonesia 26 Iran 27 Republic of Ireland 28 Israel 28.1 Public education 28.2 Yeshivas 29 Italy 29.1 Public holidays 30 Japan 31 Kenya 32 Lithuania 33 Malaysia 34 Maldives 35 Malta 36 Mexico 37 Nepal 38 New Zealand 39 Oman 40 Pakistan 41 Palestine 42 Philippines 42.1 Basic Education 42.2 Higher Education 43 Poland 44 Portugal 45 Romania 46 Russia 47 Singapore 47.1 Schools 47.2 Institute of Technical Education ( ITE ) 47.2. 1 For January intake 47.2. 2 For April intake 47.3 Polytechnics 47.4 Universities 48 Slovakia 49 Slovenia 50 South Africa 51 South Korea 52 Taiwan 53 Thailand 54 Turkey 55 Ukraine 56 United Kingdom 56.1 Historical context 56.2 Primary / Secondary education 56.3 England and Wales 56.3. 1 Alternative arrangements for English and Welsh schools 56.4 Northern Ireland 56.5 Scotland 56.6 Universities 57 United States 57.1 Primary and secondary 57.2 Community colleges 57.3 Collegiate calendars 58 See also 59 References Terminology ( edit ) Semester A semester ( Latin : sēmestris , lit. ' of six months ' ) has come to mean either of two academic terms , generally excluding the summer or January terms , if any , and so can be 12 to 20 weeks long . Trimester A trimester ( Latin : trimestris , lit. ' of three months ' ) divides the academic year into three periods , separated by breaks . In some jurisdictions , trimester is used in its original meaning to indicate a quarter system ( since three months is a quarter of a year ) , or a variation of it . Quarter A quarter is an academic term of about 12 weeks . An academic year divided into quarters allocates the same amount of time to summer term as to the autumn , winter , and spring terms . The terms quadmester and quadrimester are rarely used to describe a three - or four - term system . When US universities convert transfer credits between the semester / trimester and quarter systems , 36 quarter hours translate to 24 semester hours ( based on a ⁄ conversion factor ) ; conversely , 36 semester hours translate to 54 quarter hours ( based on a ⁄ conversion factor ) . Australia ( edit ) See also : Education in Australia In most of Australia , the primary and secondary school year lasts approximately 200 days , from late January or early February to early or mid-December , and is split into four terms : Term 1 starts in late January or early February and ends in late March or early April ( often in close proximity to Easter ) . Term 2 starts in late April or early May and ends in late June . Term 3 starts in mid-to - late July and ends mid-to - late September . Term 4 starts in mid-October and ends early to mid-December . Terms 4&1 ( rolled over ) and 2&3 are respectively usually deemed ' summer ' and ' winter ' respectively for purposes of sports participation and uniform standards . Australian states and territories vary their approach to Easter when determining the dates for the holiday at the end of Term 1 . The exact dates vary from year to year , as well as between states , and for public and private school . In Tasmania until and including 2012 , the school year was split into three terms , the first one being the longest and including an extended Easter holiday ( which was also the practice of mainland Australia until the mid-1980s ) . However , in 2013 Tasmania introduced a four - term year , to conform to the rest of the country . There is typically a break of two weeks mid-semester ( i.e. after Term 1 and after Term 3 ) and a break of three weeks in the middle of the year , although this can vary between jurisdictions . In the year 2000 , due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks , compensating by reducing the break in the middle of the year to two weeks . Most Australian universities have two semesters a year , but Bond University , Deakin University , CQUniversity , Griffith University and the University of Canberra have three trimesters . Unusually , Macquarie University officially uses the word `` session '' and CQUniversity uses the word `` term '' in place of `` semester '' . Many universities offer an optional short summer semester . One recent innovation in Australian higher education has been the establishment of the fully distance -- online Open Universities Australia ( formerly Open Learning Australia ) that offers continuous study opportunities of individual units of study ( what are called courses in North America ) that can lead to full degree qualifications . Open Universities Australia operates four 13 - week study periods each year . Since students study only part - time and off campus these study periods mesh reasonably easily with existing university offerings based on semesters . In some cases , a `` semester '' is referred to as a `` Study Period '' , for example by Centrelink . Austria ( edit ) See also : Education in Austria The Austrian school year for primary and secondary schools is split into two terms , the first one starts on the first Monday in September in the states of Vienna , Lower Austria and Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in Upper Austria , Salzburg , Styria , Carinthia , Tyrol and Vorarlberg . Most schools have holidays between the national holiday on October 26 and All Souls Day on November 2 , but those are unofficial holidays not observed by all schools in Austria . Christmas holidays start on December 24 and end on the first weekday after January 6 . The first term ends in Vienna and Lower Austria on the first Friday of February , in Burgenland , Carinthia , Salzburg , Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the second Friday of February and in Upper Austria and Styria on the third Friday of February . There is a one - week break between the two terms . In the second term there are the Easter holidays , the Mayday Holiday on May 1 and the long weekends of Pentecost , Ascension and Corpus Christi . The school year ends in Vienna , Lower Austria and Burgenland on the last Friday of June , in Upper Austria , Styria , Carinthia , Salzburg , Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the first Friday in July . Barbados ( edit ) See also : Education in Barbados The Barbadian school year is fashioned after the British system , and as such , it follows a scheduling with three terms per school year . First term begins in the second week of September and continues for 15 weeks , ending in mid-December , excluding one week for mid-term break in mid-October . Second term begins in the first week of January and continues for 12 weeks , ending at the end of March . Third term begins mid-April and continues for 11 weeks until the end of June . The long school holiday period is 9 to 10 weeks from the end of June until the first week of September . Brazil ( edit ) See also : Education in Brazil In Brazil , due to the Law of Directives and Bases of Brazilian Education , the academic year must have 200 days , both at schools and at universities . The school year usually begins during the first week of February . There is a 2 - week / 4 - week long winter break in July . The Brazilian school year ends the first week of December , summer in Brazil . Most schools use the 4 term system , called `` Unidades '' ( unities ) . In Brazilian universities academic terms are defined as periods or semesters ( período , semestre ) . The majority of academic degrees courses are 8 semesters ( four years ) long or 10 semesters ( five years ) long . Bangladesh ( edit ) See also : Education in Bangladesh In Bangladesh , the kindergarten , elementary and schools follow the semester system . Most of the universities follow the semester system although for some particular subjects such as Law they follow a yearly system . Business schools of all public and private universities follow a semester or trimester system . Some of the universities using a two - semester system ( using `` Term 1 '' and `` Term 2 '' designations ) include : Jessore University of Science and Technology , Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology , Bangladesh Agricultural University , Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology , Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology , International Islamic University Chittagong , Khulna University , Khulna University of Engineering and Technology , Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology , Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Jagannath University , and Sylhet Agricultural University . Some of the universities following a trimester system ( using `` Spring '' , `` Summer '' and `` Fall '' designations ) include : American International University - Bangladesh , BRAC University , East West University , Daffodil International University , North South University , Presidency University , Stamford University , Military Institute of Science and Technology , University of Information Technology and Sciences , University of Development Alternative ( UODA ) and United International University . Belgium ( edit ) See also : Education in Belgium In Belgium , kindergarten , elementary and secondary schools begin on September 1 and end on June 30 . Schools also take breaks / holidays : Autumn break : One week at the start of November Christmas break : Two weeks around Christmas and New Year Carnival break : One week in February . Easter break : Two weeks around Easter . Summer break : is always the break from the 1st of July until the 31st of August Ascension break : Thursday and Friday in early May to mid June Labor Day : May 1 Whitsun : Monday in mid May to late June Armistice Day : November 11 Universities and colleges in Belgium use the semester system , dividing the academic year in two equal parts of fourteen weeks of courses . Universities start the first semester in the third week of September , and no ' autumn break ' . Colleges start one week earlier , in the second week of September , giving them right to the ' autumn break ' of one week . After 13 weeks of courses the ' Christmas break ' starts ( around December 20 ) , which is used to study for the 3 -- 4 weeks of examinations in January . After these examinations the universities have one week of vacation , the so - called ' semestrial vacation ' , while the colleges start the classes of the second semester at the end of January , immediately after the examinations , which week they reclaim with the ' spring break ' at the end of February , which the universities do not have . The universities start the second semester in the beginning of February . Both universities and colleges have the ' Easter break ' , which again is used to study for the examinations in June . After Easter , the classes start again until the end of May , followed by four weeks of examinations in June , after which three months of vacation is given . The students who failed in passing some of the courses in their curriculum in January and June , the so - called ' first session ' , have to do the examinations again in the second session at the end of August . Cambodia ( edit ) In Cambodia the school year kindergarten sectors in public schools consists of 10 months with a two - month vacation , while in primary , and secondary sectors , it is divided into two semesters and each semester is divided into 2 quarters . The first of November is the start of the academic term . After the 1st semester , a small vacation when the school is halted and at the end of the Second Semester , a 2 - month vacation until the start of the new year . In universities , it is divided into 4 years . Canada ( edit ) See also : Education in Canada Education being a provincial responsibility , there is no Canadian national standard . In Canada the school year for elementary and high school consists of 178 to 200 days , depending on jurisdiction , but several days may be deducted from this total for professional development and administrative duties , resulting in approximately 187 teaching days per year for most jurisdictions . Elementary students receive approximately 950 hours of instruction and secondary students receive approximately 1000 hours per year . Generally in English Canada , high schools run on a two - semester arrangement , also known as fall and spring semester , the first semester starting from the day after Labour Day in September to mid-January and the second running from early February until the Thursday before the last Friday in June . The semesters are often divided into two terms each . Some schools in Canada run on a trimester system , the first running from September to January , the second from January to March or April , and the third from March or April until June . The trimester is more common in elementary and middle schools ( Kindergarten - Grade 8 ) than in high schools ( Grade 9 - Grade 12 ) . Most of those characteristics differ in Québec , where education is , with the exception of a few school boards , given in French . By tradition , Quebec and Franco - Ontarian elementary and secondary schools will arrange timetables to ensure the school year ends before June 24 , date of the St - Jean - Baptiste day celebration , a traditional holiday . Most universities and colleges usually run from early September until the end of April or early May . Often , this winter session is split into two terms running September to December and January to April . Various forms of summer studies may be offered May to August . Some , such as University of Waterloo and Simon Fraser University , run a full tri-semester system , providing full courses during summer . There are a few school boards in Canada experimenting with year - round schooling . Chile ( edit ) See also : Education in Chile In elementary school , high school , as well as in universities , Chilean education is divided into two semesters . The first one starts late February or early March and lasts until late June and the second starts in early August and finishes in mid-December ; also , some universities offer a summer period from early January to mid-February but just for exceptional courses . These semesters have breaks for public festivities , such as Easter ( approx . one week in April ) , independence commemoration ( one or two weeks in September ) and some public holidays like labour day , amongst others . China ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) See also : Education in the People 's Republic of China In the People 's Republic of China all schools including elementary , middle and high schools , colleges and universities have two semesters , the first from September to January , and the second from February or March , depending on the date of Chinese New Year , to July . From January to February or March is the Winter break or Lunar New Year break . Summer break is normally from July to the end of August . In Northern China , the winter break is longer and the summer break is shorter ; the opposite applies in Southern China . There are some casual holiday breaks : New year holiday : from 1 Jan. to 3 Jan . Lunar New year holiday : In Jan. or Feb . It lasts for around four weeks . Tomb sweeping day : Set according to Lunar Calendar . Usually start of April . Labor 's day : 4 Apr. to 6 Apr . Dragon Boat Festival : Set according to Lunar Calendar . Usually about May and June . Mid-autumn Festival : Set according to Lunar Calendar . Usually about middle of September . National day : From 1st Oct. to 7 Oct for Chinese students . Costa Rica ( edit ) In Costa Rica the school year runs for ten months . It starts in the first week of February and ends in the last week of November . There is a mid-term vacation of approximately 2 weeks in July , and most schools also observe `` Easter Week '' in March or April . Czech Republic ( edit ) See also : Education in the Czech Republic In the elementary and high schools in the Czech Republic , the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 30 of the following year . It is divided into two semesters with breaks on public holidays such as St. Vaclav ( September 28 ) , Independence day ( October 28 , two days break ) , Velvet Revolution ( November 17 ) , Christmas ( 7 -- 10 days break ) , Spring break ( 1 week break ) , Easter ( three days break on Maundy Thursday , Good Friday and Easter Monday ) and finally Labour day ( May 1 ) and Liberation day ( May 8 ) . After the end of school year on June 30 , the Summer holidays follow till September 1 when a new school year starts . Sole exception to this is the final year at high schools , which ends with Graduation of students at the end of May . Universities have two mid-terms . The academic year starts usually in the second half of September or in the begging of October . ( It depends on university . ) Bachelor 's degree is normally obtained by students after 3 years and masters after another 2 years of study . Still , there are some exceptions ( e.g. medicine takes 6 years , no bachelor 's degree ) . Denmark ( edit ) See also : Education in Denmark In schools in Denmark , the school year runs from August to June . In universities , the academic year runs from around September 1 to June 30 , and is often divided into an autumn semester ( with January set aside for exams ) and a spring semester ( with June set aside for exams ) . Since 2004 , some Danish universities and faculties divide the academic year into four quarters , each of which may consist of eight weeks and an exam week , and being separated from the next quarter by a one - week break . Estonia ( edit ) See also : Education in Estonia In Estonia , elementary and high schools begin on 1 September and end in the beginning of June . The school year is divided into quarters that last about two to three months . Summer is usually counted as a term break , although the beginning of June is still part of the fourth quarter . Universities start on the first Monday of September and usually end in the middle of May or in the beginning of June ; though in reality , exam periods may continue until the end of June ( e.g. University of Tartu ) . Ethiopia ( edit ) See also : Education in Ethiopia In Ethiopia , almost all elementary , secondary , and college classes are conducted on a two - semester timetable . The first semester of the year is from September to late January or mid February . The second semester usually begins some two weeks after the end of the first and ends in late May or mid June . Finland ( edit ) See also : Education in Finland In the elementary and secondary schools and college , the academic year is divided in semesters . The autumn semester begins in mid-August and is suspended a few days before Christmas . The classes continue after the Epiphany with the spring semester which finishes at the beginning of June . France ( edit ) See also : Education in France In primary and secondary schools , the school year begins the first Monday of September , unless September 1 is on Sunday . The school year is divided into three trimesters . The first from September to January , the second from January to April , and the third is from April to June . School Breaks Breaks are scattered throughout the school year every 6 , 7 or 8 weeks and last 2 weeks each . All Saint Break The first break is around All Saints ' Day on November 1 . Christmas Break Christmas Break starts the Saturday before Christmas . Winter Break Winter Break dates differ of the Academia 's location , which could be in Zone A , B , or C , to avoid high traffic on the road . It usually starts in February , ends late February or early March . Easter Break Easter Break depends on the location of Academia . It starts in April , and ends late April or early May . End of Academic term - Summer Break In primary school , end of Acamedic term is early July . In secondary school ( middle school or high school ) end of Academic term is before Middle School Exam in late June , or Baccalaureat , in mid-June . On Mondays , Tuesdays , Thursdays , and Fridays , pupils have a full day of teaching from around 8 : 30 a.m. until around 4 : 30 p.m. On Wednesday mornings , some pupils may have supplementary classes . French pupils used to attend school on Saturdays , but the so - called `` four - days week '' has been implemented since September 2008 , reducing the teaching year from 936 to 864 hours ( above the European average of 800 hours , but below the UK minimum of 950 hours for state schools ) . Additional holidays include Veterans Day on November 11 , May 8 , Ascension Day , May Day on May 1 , and Easter Monday . Germany ( edit ) See also : Education in Germany Schools ( edit ) The school year in Germany begins between late July and early September , and ends from mid-June to July , with a summer break of similar length to that in the UK ( only 6 weeks ) but much shorter than in some other countries ( with up to 3 months ) . The summer vacation starts in a different week by state ( there are 16 federal states including Berlin , Hamburg and Bremen ) . The school year includes four or five shorter breaks or holidays : Christmas Break : Two weeks around Christmas and New Year Winter Break : One week or two weeks ( only in a few states , a few days in some other ) of February or the beginning of March . Called Carnival Break if they start at Carnival Monday . Easter Break : Two weeks of March / April Whitsun Break : One or two weeks around Whitsun Summer Break : Six weeks , may start as early as mid June ( then school starts again in late July in this state ) or as late as in the end of July ( then school starts again only in early September in that state ) . On the Halligen ( tidal islands in the North Sea ) the summer vacations are five weeks . Autumn Break : One week or two weeks in October / November . Due to Germany 's federal structure , all breaks may differ depending on the state . The exact dates for the beginning and the end of school breaks are kept different state by state and changed every year . This is meant to keep holiday traffic as low as possible . The school year is divided into two parts ( September to February & February to July ) . There is not necessarily any break between those two parts , but pupils get a semi-year school report ( it only displays their current level and is not relevant for promotion ) . Universities ( edit ) German universities run two semesters with the start and end dates depending on the university . The Wintersemester ( WiSe ) , during which most students start university , often goes from 1 October till 31 March , with lectures starting around 15 October and lasting 14 weeks . There is usually a two - week break around Christmas and New Year ( which is not counted in the 14 weeks ) . The Sommersemester ( SoSe ) consequently usually goes from 1 April till 30 September with lectures starting some time after Easter and lasting 12 weeks . The two lecture - free periods of 12 to 14 weeks between the semesters are for taking exams , doing internships , lab courses , and employment . The University of Mannheim changed its schedule to conform with US standards in Fall of 2006 . The semesters there are now from August 1 to January 31 ( Herbst - / Wintersemester ) and from February 1 to July 31 ( Frühjahrs - / Sommersemester ) . Universities of applied Sciences ( edit ) `` Fachhochschulen '' start both semesters one month earlier than other universities . Vocational - cooperative universities ( edit ) `` Berufsakademien '' have four quarters , January to March and so on . In alternating quarters the students attend the university and intern at the employer ( the latter being the `` Praxisphase '' ) . The number of lessons per week is significantly higher than at normal universities ( equivalent to a full - time job ) and the exams can not be during the `` free time '' of the year , as that time is spent in the company . Vacation is given according to labor laws , i.e. half of 20 -- 30 days ( because only half of the year is worked ) . Guyana ( edit ) See also : Education in Guyana The school year in Guyana usually begins in September and ends in July of the following year . It has three terms : Christmas ( First ) , Easter ( Second ) and August ( Third ) , with two to three weeks break for Christmas and Easter and 6 to 7 weeks during the August term . Honduras ( edit ) The school year in Honduras runs from the first week of February to the end of November , with a one - week break during Easter , and a week break in October . University Depending on the university , some do trimester and others in quarters . Breaks may vary . Hong Kong ( edit ) See also : Education in Hong Kong In Hong Kong , the academic year usually runs from September 1 to mid-July for most primary and secondary schools . For senior secondary student , they usually start their academic year from mid of August or late August . Some secondary schools have two terms , but most have three terms . For universities and other tertiary institutions the academic year usually runs from September or October to April or May , sometimes with an extra summer term roughly from May to July . Kindergartens often operate a semester ( two - term ) system , divided by the lengthy ( e.g. two - week ) break for Chinese New Year , typically in early February . Hungary ( edit ) See also : Education in Hungary In the elementary and high schools in Hungary , the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 15 of the next year , with variation if these dates fall on Saturday or Sunday . The school year ( tanév ) is usually split into two semesters ( félév ) . These semesters are also divided , with some schools holding examinations each half - semester . The first semester runs from September 1 till the middle of January and is divided by the fall vacation , which is around All Saints ' Day and lasts for a week . The second semester is closed at the end of the school year . It is divided by the Easter holiday , which usually consist of the weekend before Easter and the holiday itself . Apart from these vacations and national celebrations , a few schools have ' skiing holidays ' ( síszünet ) , the date of which varies from the middle of January till February , though some schools hold it in December . Its length also varies from one school to another . It is made so that the students of the school who partake in the skiing camp of the school need no verification of absence . In the last school year of secondary education , the Matura examinations ( school - leaving exam and entrance exam for university admissions ; similar to A-level exams in the UK ) are administered from May through July . Hungarian universities run two semesters . They are typically from the first or second week of September to the middle of December ( fall semester ( őszi félév ) ) and from February to the middle of May ( spring semester ( tavaszi félév ) ) . Both semesters are followed by an examination period . During the winter exam period , a break of 1 -- 2 weeks is administered between Christmas and the beginning of the new year . In addition to the break between the semesters in summer , there is typically a break including Christmas and New Year . Some universities also have a fall and an Easter vacation . India ( edit ) See also : Education in India In elementary and secondary schools , the school year in some part is April to March and others June to May , while in Universities it is from July to May . There is a mid-year break during summer , usually from the end of May to the start of July in Universities and in elementary and high schools , the vacations range from the beginning of April and last up to the beginning or middle of June . There is also a winter vacation of two weeks at the beginning of the year . However , in the Eastern and southern states like West Bengal and Karnataka there will be two breaks , one for Dasara in September / October for 15 days and another for Christmas in December which ranges from 7 to 15 days . A semester system is being implemented in most of the Universities in India as directed by the University Grants Commission . University of Calicut , Kerala University , MG University and Sri Sankara University ( SCSVMV University ) have reached a consensus and the other universities are also likely to introduce credit based semester system in Kerala . Delhi University also introduced this system . For Jammu and Kashmir , the school year usually begins in mid-October or the start of November . There are two vacations in a year , Winter holidays last from the start of December till the first of March . A summer vacation usually lasts two weeks from mid-July to the end of July , the dates do vary . For schools , students move from old to the new academic year immediately after the exams for the previous year is over with a small break of a week for compilation of results . Most schools also have an autumn break or Diwali break in August or around October / November . This is generally right before the second semester exam in September or in the middle of the second semester . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : Education in Indonesia An academic year in Indonesia is divided to two terms , running from mid-July to December and January to mid-June . For universities , however , the terms are much shorter , running from September to December and February to May . Some universities provide a summer semester ( called the short semester ) from June to August . During president Abdurrahman Wahid 's term , schools are closed for Ramadan and a week after Eid - ul - Fitr ( Idul Fitri ) . Some schools implement Saturday - off . Previously , academic year starts from January to December , but this rule changed in 1985 . Iran ( edit ) See also : Education in Iran In Iran , the academic year runs from September to June ( 10 months ) . Some universities , however , offer a limited number of courses in summer . Students have a three - month summer vacation . All schools are closed during Nowruz from march 20 till the beginning of April to celebrate the Iranian new year . The first ( fall ) semester begins on the first day of the Persian Calendar month of Mehr equivalent to the first day of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and ends in January . The second ( spring ) semester begins in the winter and ends in June . No mid-term break exists in the academic calendar . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) See also : Education in the Republic of Ireland The primary school year runs from the beginning of September until the end of June . There are breaks for Christmas and Easter and two mid-term breaks at the end of October and mid-February . Secondary schools run from September to the end of May , but due to the Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams , 3rd and 6th years respectively break at the end of June for summer holidays upon completion of the exams which end in the 3rd week of June . The academic year for schools in receipt of public funding lasts for a minimum of 167 teaching days in secondary schools and 183 days in primary schools . Third - level institutions run a much shorter calendar , generally from mid to late September , sometimes early October , to December for their first term The second term usually runs from January to mid - or late May with a break for Easter of up to a month . Israel ( edit ) See also : Education in Israel Public education ( edit ) The school year in Israel starts in elementary , middle , and high schools on September 1 , and lasts until the end of June for elementary schools , and until June 20 for middle and high schools . There are no fixed holidays of equal length , with breaks occurring on national holidays , usually lasting two or three days . For Jews , there is a nine - day break for Sukkot ( autumn ) ; a seven - day break for Hannukah ( in December ) ; and for Passover ( spring ) the break is 2 -- 3 weeks long . For the Muslim population , breaks are taken for Eid al - Adha , Eid ul - Fitr and end of semester breaks . The university academic year typically divides into two semesters which start after Sukkot ( typically mid to late October ) and end in June or July . Some academic institutions also enable a third semester in the summer . The short breaks : Eid ul - Fitr : the end of Ramadan , three - to five - day break , according to the lunar calendar ( only in Islamic schools ) . Eid al - Adha : the end of Hajj , four - day break , according to the lunar calendar ( only in Islamic schools ) . Rosh Hashanah : three - day break ; the break is sometime between September 4 and October 6 . Yom Kippur : two - day break ; the break is sometime between September 13 and October 15 . ( see note below from 2012 ) . Sukkot : nine - day break in late September or in October . Purim : three - day break , the break in late February or early March . Yom Ha'atzmaut : one - day break , the break in late April or early May . The previous day , Yom Hazikaron , is a half day . Lag BaOmer : one - day break , the break in early May or mid-May . Shavuot : three - day break , the break in late May or early June . The school year in Israel is divided into two semesters : Semester 1 : From 1 September to late January or early February . Semester 2 : From late January or early February to late June . Until 2011 the summer break ended on August 31 , but in 2011 Israeli ministry of education decided to shorten the summer break by one week and the break now ends on August 26 as of 2012 . In 2014 , the old schedule was reinstated so that the summer break is back to August 31 . The period between Yom Kippur and Sukkot was added as holiday to compensate for this but as of 2014 , has consequently been removed . Yeshivas ( edit ) In most Yeshivas , the year is divided into three periods ( terms ) called zmanim . Elul zman starts from the beginning of the Hebrew month of Elul and extends until the end of Yom Kippur . This is the shortest ( approx . six weeks ) , but most intense semester as it comes before the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur . Winter zman starts after Sukkot and lasts until just before Passover , a duration of five months ( six in a Jewish leap year ) . Summer semester starts after Passover and lasts until either the middle of the month of Tammuz or Tisha B'Av , a duration of about three months . During the interim periods , which are called bein hazmanim ( between the terms ) , students are on vacation . Italy ( edit ) See also : Education in Italy In Italy , all schools start in the first half of September , even though the exact beginning date changes every year . For schools from primary schools to high schools , the academic year is split into two semesters : First semester : from September to February ; Second semester : from February to the beginning of June . Kindergartens usually follow a similar schedule . A university academic year is slightly different because of exams . University academic year divides into : First semester : from the beginning of October to the end of February . Some courses begin as early as September . Throughout January and February , there are usually no lessons , only exams . Second semester : from the beginning of March to the end of July . Throughout the second half of May and the months of June and July , there are also no lessons in most universities , only exams . Even though September is a free month , it is officially an exam month in all Italian universities . It means that it is possible to take exams . During every exam session ( January -- February , May -- June -- July or September ) , students are usually allowed to take any exam of their previous carrier that they could n't pass and even a certain number of exams of the new academic year ( credit limit for this last option ) . Public holidays ( edit ) In the following holidays , no lessons take place : Carnival ( particularly Mardi Gras ) -- usually on February ; Easter - date changing every year , usually in March or April and lasting 5 -- 7 days ; Liberation Anniversary -- on the 25th April ; Labour Day - on the 1st May ; Anniversario della Repubblica ( Anniversary of the Republic ) - on the 2nd June ; Tutti i Santi ( All Saints ) - on the 1st November ; Immacolata concezione ( Immaculate Conception ) - on the 8th December ; Christmas , New Year 's Eve and Epiphany - from 23 December to 6 January ( included ) Japan ( edit ) See also : Education in Japan In Japan , most of the schools run a three - term school year ( trimester system ) , and most universities and colleges have a semester system . The exact date of the beginning of the summer break and its duration vary across regions , but commonly the break lasts for about six weeks . The break originated to avoid the heat in summer , so elementary , middle , and high schools in Hokkaidō and Nagano Prefecture tend to have a shorter summer break than the rest of schools in Japan . School Term 1 : April 1 to late July School Term 2 : early September to late December ( with a two - week - long break for New Year 's at the end of the year . ) School Term 3 : early January to late March ( and a brief week - long spring break . ) The graduation ceremony occurs in March , and the enrollment ceremony in early April . The Japanese public school year consists of approximately 200 days . Some universities and colleges accept students in September or October in order to let those students from other semester systems enroll . In recent years a few colleges have begun experimenting with having two semesters instead of the traditional three with the break between two semesters in summer . Kenya ( edit ) In Kenya , for K - 12 education , the calendar year starts in January and ends in November . The academic year is divided into 3 terms as follows : Term 1 : Early January -- Late March Term 2 : Early May -- Late July Term 3 : Early September -- Early / Mid November April , August and December are usually school holidays . There is no standard academic calendar for universities as each university is free to set its own calendar . International schools tend to follow the Northern Hemisphere academic calendar . Lithuania ( edit ) See also : Education in Lithuania In Lithuania , elementary and high schools begin on September 1 and end in early June . Schools also take breaks / holidays : Autumn break : One week at the start of November Christmas break : Two weeks around Christmas and New Year Additional break : One week at the end of February . ( Only in primary school and primary classes in schools for older pupils . ) Easter break : One week around Easter . Summer break : From early June to August 31 Malaysia ( edit ) See also : Education in Malaysia In Malaysian primary and secondary schools , the school year is divided into two semesters . The first semester begins in early January and ends in late May , with a one - week mid-term break in March . After the mid-year holidays , which lasts for two weeks , the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November , with a one - week mid-term break in September . The school year ends with a six - week year - end holidays from mid-November to early January . The school week varies by state , depending on the weekend of the state . For states with a Saturday - Sunday weekend , the school week is Monday to Friday . For states with a Friday - Saturday weekend ( Johor , Kedah , Kelantan , and Terengganu ) , the school week is Sunday to Thursday ; as a result , school terms begin and end a day earlier in these four states than in the rest of the country . Some schools have co-curricular activities on Saturdays . Schools are closed on national and state public holidays . Schools are allowed to have a few special holidays without replacement for events such as school anniversary and sports day . For festivities such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri / Hari Raya Puasa , Hari Gawai , Chinese New Year and Deepavali , schools usually apply for additional holidays to allow longer breaks for students to visit relatives in their hometowns . However , every day missed exceeding the special holiday allowance would be replaced by having classes on weekends . Maldives ( edit ) See also : Education in the Maldives In Maldivians primary and secondary schools , the school year is divided into two semesters . The first semester begins in early January and ends in early June , with a one - week mid-term break . After the mid-year holidays , which lasts for two weeks , the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November , with a one - week mid-term break . The school week is Sunday to Thursday , as a result , all schools terms begin and end same day all over the country . Malta ( edit ) See also : Education in Malta The school year is split into three terms . It starts at the end of September and ends at the end of June the following year . Mexico ( edit ) See also : Education in Mexico The school year in Mexico starts in mid-August and ends in mid-July , by law covering 200 days , usually divided into 5 terms : Term 1 starts in mid-August and finishes in mid-October Term 2 starts in mid-October and finishes by the second or third week in December Term 3 starts the first week of January ( after Three Kings Day ) and finishes around the third week of February ( Flag Day ) Term 4 starts in late February and finishes late March or early April ( usually the Friday before Palm Sunday ) Term 5 starts the second Monday after Easter and finishes in early July Summer break is 45 days . The calendar is designed by the Secretary of Public Education ( Spanish : Secretaría de Educación Pública , SEP ) , the government department overseeing public education aln in Mexico with arrangements of the leaders of the National Educational Workers Union ( Spanish : Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación , SNTE ) . All public and private elementary schools under the guidance of the dependence observe this year . In the case of universities , normally the school year starts in the last week of July and is divided in trimesters or semesters . Christmas Break is usually 3 weeks . Nepal ( edit ) See also : Education in Nepal Education in Nepal is structured as school education and higher education . School education includes primary level of grades 1 -- 5 , lower secondary and secondary levels of grades 6 -- 8 and 9 -- 10 respectively . Pre-primary level of education is available in some areas . Six years old is the prescribed age for admission into grade one . A national level School Leaving Certificate ( SLC ) examination is conducted at the end of grade 10. These class starts in late April and finishes early March . Summer break is usually of 1 week to 1 month and 1 month vacation is provided as festival holiday in November usually . Grades 11 and 12 are considered as higher secondary level . Higher Secondary Education Board ( HSEB ) supervises higher secondary schools which are mostly under private management . Previously these grades were under the university system and were run as proficiency certificate level . Though some universities still offer these programs , the policy now is to integrate these grades into the school system. These class starts from late July and ends in April . Higher education consists of bachelor , masters , and PhD levels . Depending upon the stream and subject , bachelors level may be of three to five years ' duration . The duration of masters level is generally two years . Some universities offer programs like M Phil and post-graduate diplomas . Vocational education in Nepal starts after lower secondary education . Students can choose to follow a two - year curriculum leading to the `` Technical School leaving Certificate '' . Universities also offers professional and technical degrees . Out of the formal track , short - term programs ( 1 year ) focusing on skills development are also available . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : Education in New Zealand The New Zealand school year runs from the beginning of February to mid-December , and since 1996 , has been divided into four terms . By law , all state and state - integrated schools are required to be open for instruction for 380 half - days in a year ( 390 half - days for schools with only Year 8 students or below ) , meaning that the start and end of the school year is not nationally fixed to a particular date , as schools take different teacher - only days and provincial anniversary days off during the year . Schools can be exempted from opening the required number of half - days in some cases , such as in Christchurch in 2011 when many schools closed for up to a month after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake . The breaks between terms have fixed start and end dates , and the break length is fixed at two weeks . In general , terms run as follows if Easter falls in early - to - mid-April : Term 1 : Begins no earlier than Auckland Anniversary Day ( Monday closest to 29 January ) and no later than 7 February ; ends Maundy Thursday ( day before Good Friday ) Term 2 : Begins second Monday following Easter Monday ; ends beginning of July Term 3 : Begins mid-July ; ends mid-to - late September Term 4 : Begins early - to - mid October ; ends no later than 20 December If Easter falls in March or late in April , Term 1 usually ends in mid-April and Term 2 begins at the beginning of May . If Easter is in March , a 5 - day half - term break then exists , with school ending on Maundy Thursday and resuming on the Wednesday . The start of term two may be delayed if Anzac Day ( 25 April ) falls on the Monday or Tuesday directly following the Easter break . Private schools are not required to adhere to the Ministry 's term structure , but by law they may not be open for instruction on Saturday or Sunday , the ten national public holidays , the school location 's relevant anniversary day , and the Tuesday immediately following Easter Monday . Senior secondary students ( Years 11 , 12 , and 13 ) in many state schools have examination leave from mid-November , on the Thursday or Friday before the first NCEA external examinations begin . Officially , however , the term still does not end until mid-December . Oman ( edit ) See also : Education in Oman The school year in Oman is divided into two semesters : First semester starts in early September and runs to mid-January depending on the level . Second semester runs from early February to late May . Usually there are exams at the end of each semester . Students get a number of breaks throughout the year : National Day on 18 November , New Higri year break , Prophet Mohammed birthday break , Eid Al - Fitr break and Eid Al - Adha break . As most of these breaks depend on the Higri year which is 10 days shorter than the Solar year , there is a gradual change on the date of these events in relation to the school year . Pakistan ( edit ) See also : Education in Pakistan In Pakistan , the school year runs from April to March . Students have a two - month summer vacation and a two - week winter vacation . In Gilgit - Baltistan , Azad Kashmir and some areas of Balochistan , where heavy snow paralyzes life in the winter , the schools close for two months and there are two weeks of summer vacation . Schools and universities are off on national holidays : Pakistan Day ( March 23 ) , Independence Day ( August 14 ) , Defence of Pakistan Day ( September 6 ) , the anniversaries of the birth ( December 25 ) and death ( September 11 ) of Quaid - e-Azam , Allama Iqbal ( November 9 ) and the birth ( July 30 ) and death ( July 8 ) of Madar - e-Millat . Labour Day ( also known as May Day ) is also observed in Pakistan on May 1 . Both Eid festivals are also public holidays . In the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore , the holidays are for two and half months during summer . For the government universities , the students of bachelors are given 1 - 1.5 month of summer vacation and 1 - 1.5 weeks of winter vacations . Palestine ( edit ) See also : Education in the Palestinian territories Philippines ( edit ) See also : Education in the Philippines Basic education ( edit ) The Philippine school year lasts usually between nine and ten months long , and a school year must be at least 200 days as prescribed by law including examination periods . The school year begins in the first week of June and ends in the third or fourth week of March . Private schools may have a slightly shorter academic calendar either starting in the second ( or third week ) of June or ending earlier in March . In most primary and secondary ( junior high ) schools , an academic year is usually divided into quarters for purposes of examination and reporting of marks though a few private schools adopt a trimestral system . Each quarter normally lasts for approximately seven ( usually the 3rd quarter ) to ten weeks ( usually the 1st , 2nd and 4th quarters ) but the actual length of each quarter and the months they cover varies among private schools . The fourth quarter for pupils in grade 6 is usually two to three weeks shorter than undergraduates to allow for preparation of final grades to determine who are eligible for graduation as well as to prepare for the graduation ceremonies themselves . Each quarter culminates in most schools with a quarterly examination period of three to five days . Quarter Usual Months covered ( including exam periods ) Breaks after the exam 1st June - mid-August none 2nd mid-August - late - October Semestral break : approximately one week 3rd November - 3rd week of December Christmas break : approximately two weeks 4th January - mid-late March Summer break : approximately eight to nine weeks and it separates one school year from another . The academic term for senior high school ( grades 11 and 12 ) operates on a semestral basis . Semestral , Christmas , and summer breaks are scheduled at about the same time as primary and junior high school . Grade 12 pupils have a shorter second semester than grade 11 in order for the school to prepare for graduation . In most schools , summer break usually lasts for two months , starting from the first week of April up to the last week of May . Most schools end the school year before Holy Week . Semestral break is normally set to coincide with All Saints and All Souls Day . The Christmas Break usually begins in the third week of December , and classes resume the Monday or week after New Year 's Day ( unless that Monday is January 2 ) . Commencement ceremonies are often held in late March or early April . Exceptions to this general schedule are international schools operating in the country , which normally follow their home country 's respective school system . Higher education ( edit ) For most universities and colleges , an academic year is divided into two semesters , each up to 18 weeks long except for senior students in their final semester where they end the semester two weeks earlier . Enrollment / registration in an institution is usually good for only one semester : a student who successfully registers for the first semester is not automatically enrolled to study in the second semester . The student will need to successfully complete clearance requirements and in a few cases , maintain a certain overall mark in order to progress in her university studies in the next semester . The first semester is followed by a break consisting of two to four weeks before the second semester , called the Semestral Break , which usually occurs between the second week of October to the second week of November for all universities and colleges . The Semestral Break can be two to three weeks long , and normally includes the All Saints ' and All Souls ' holidays . Other schools such as Technological University of the Philippines -- Taguig Campus , De La Salle University and Far Eastern University -- East Asia College , and AMA Computer University operate under a trimestral system . Classes start in the fourth week of May and ends in the third week of April . Under this system , students are typically able to finish their academic studies a year earlier than those from other universities with a semestral programme . Mapúa University began using the quarterly system with eleven weeks to a term after its acquisition by the Yuchengco Group . This allows their engineering programmes to be completed a year ahead of schools running on a semestral schedule . Moreover , starting academic year 2014 - 2015 , constituent campuses in the University of the Philippines System started their school year in August to end in May and the University of Santo Tomas started the Academic Year in August and it will end in May 2015 . In AY 2015 - 2016 , several Philippine colleges and universities will follow the shift . In AY 2015 - 2016 , San Beda College Manila and St. Scholastica 's College Manila will start their calendar in early July 2015 and it will end in mid - to late April 2016 and it was aimed to be a transition to a full August to May Calendar in the succeeding academic years . Also in AY 2015 - 2016 , the University of Santo Tomas , will complete its shift to an August to May calendar . Ateneo de Manila University will also shift to an August to May Calendar this AY 2015 - 2016 with having a summer term in June to July before AY 2015 - 2016 starts . De La Salle University and De La Salle -- College of St. Benilde will have an August to August Calendar for the incoming AY 2015 - 2016 . Poland ( edit ) See also : Education in Poland In Poland , the school year begins on September 1 and ends on the first Friday after June 18 . There is a Christmas break in December which lasts until after New Year 's Day . There is also a winter holiday break lasting two weeks in January or February but the exact date is different for each province and the dates usually change each year . Winter break is also the dividing line between the two semesters of the school year . Most universities start their courses on October 1 ( at some institutions late September ) , and the first semester ( commonly referred to as the `` winter term '' ) ends in January . The second term starts in February or March , ( the `` summer term '' ) and ends in June . Each semester is usually 15 or 16 weeks long . After each of them there is an `` examination session '' , when no courses are taught , which lasts up to one month . The summer break starts after the exams and lasts until the start of the next academic year . In September there is an extra examination session during which students can retake failed exams . Portugal ( edit ) See also : Education in Portugal The school year in Portugal runs from September to June and is divided in three Terms ( Períodos , in Portuguese ) : 1st Term : From mid-September until mid-December . 2nd Term : From the beginning of January until Easter ( March -- April ) . 3rd Term : From the week after Easter ( April ) until the end of June ( except for 9th , 11th and 12th grades , which finish early due to exams ) . During the school year there are several breaks or holidays ( interrupções or férias , in Portuguese ) : Christmas Break : Usually beginning in the 3rd week of December and lasts for two weeks including Christmas and New Year holidays . The 2nd term then begins , often in the first Monday of January . Carnival Break : Three days ( Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday ) during Carnival . This break used to be one week long but in recent years it has been reduced . Easter Break : Two weeks including Easter . It varies from year to year , but it is usually around late March or middle April . Summer Break : Usually known as `` Férias Grandes '' ( Big Holidays ) it lasts during the summer from late June to middle September and it separates one school year from another . Universities and colleges follow a different academic year , which consists of two semesters . Romania ( edit ) See also : Education in Romania The school year in Romania is divided into two semesters . From kindergarten to high school the first semester opens in early - mid September and continues until mid-late January . The second semester lasts from early February until early - mid June . Note that Some teachers might change the calendar a bit , like starting semesters and summer break one week earlier . Data as of December 7 , 2017 . Russia ( edit ) See also : Education in Russia The school year in Russia traditionally starts on September 1 ( The Knowledge Day ) . The school year is divided into four terms ( quarters ) , separated by one - or two - week holidays ( the first week in November , the first two weeks in January , and the last week of March ) . The summer holiday lasts three months : June , July , and August . Generally the school year lasts until 25 May , which is also known as The Last School - Bell day celebrated by the graduates , their families and teachers . The school graduation ceremony - Graduation Evening ( Russian : выпускной вечер ) - is organized on June 20 -- 25 . The academic year at universities also starts on September 1 and usually consists of 42 educational weeks and 10 weeks of holidays . It is divided into two terms ( semesters ) . The first one ( autumn semester ) runs from September 1 to January 24 / 25 ( 21 weeks , including a 3 - to 5 - week winter exams session at the end ) followed by a two - week holiday . Coincidentally January 25 is also Tatiana Day , traditionally celebrated as Russian Students Day . The second one ( spring semester ) runs from February 9 to June 30 or July 4 / 5 ( 21 weeks , including a 3 - to 5 - week summer exams session ) followed by an eight - week summer holiday . Some Russian universities do not use a traditional scheme : they exclude exams sessions , and the academic year is divided in a 2 : 3 ratio of 17 educational weeks ( followed by a two - week holiday ) and 25 educational weeks ( followed by an eight - week summer holiday ) . Singapore ( edit ) See also : Education in Singapore Schools ( edit ) The school year coincides with the calendar year , and the first term begins on January 2 ( unless it is a weekend or a Monday ) . The school year comprises four terms of 10 weeks each . Term 1 : January to March ( Term 1 holidays : one week ) Term 2 : March to May ( Term 2 holidays : four weeks ) Term 3 : July to September ( Term 3 holidays : one week ) Term 4 : September to November ( Term 4 holidays : seven weeks ) Terms 1 and 2 are known as Semester 1 , and terms 3 and 4 as Semester 2 . The first year of Junior College begins in February to accommodate the release of the O level results . International schools in Singapore operate on a different system , often similar to the system in their home countries . Institute of Technical education ( ITE ) ( edit ) The training year in ITE is made up of two terms , commencing January and April respectively , depending on the month of intake . For January intake ( edit ) Term 1 : January to June ( with a 2 - week break period in March ) Term 2 : July to December ( with a 2 - week break period in September ) At the end of each term , there will be a 4 - week break period before a new term begins . For April intake ( edit ) Term 1 : April to September ( with a 4 - week break period in June ) Term 2 : October to March ( with a 4 - week break period in December ) At the end of each term , there will be a 2 - week break period before a new term begins . Polytechnics ( edit ) Polytechnics and universities operate on a different calendar from schools . There are two semesters in a year in polytechnics . Semester 1 : April to August ( with a 2 - week break period in June ) Semester 2 : October to February ( with a break period around Christmas ) At the end of each semester , there will be a 7 - week break period before a new semester begins . Universities ( edit ) It is to match the northern hemisphere calendar more closely . Semester 1 : August to December Semester 2 : January to May Slovakia ( edit ) See also : Education in Slovakia The school year for elementary , grammar and high schools begins on September 2 ( September 1 is Constitution Day ) and ends June 29 of the following year . The school day starts at 8 : 00 a.m. and ends at 2 : 00 p.m. ( time varies due to day and type of school ) . in most schools . It is split into two halves , with the first half ending on the last day of January . Universities starts in second half of September or 1 October . Academic year consist of 2 semesters ( winter / until December / and summer / until May / ) . Slovenia ( edit ) See also : Education in Slovenia The school year in Slovenia for elementary and grammar schools begins on 1 September and formally ends on 31 August , although classes and exams are finished by 25 June . July and August thus constitute summer holidays . There are also four one - week breaks during the school year , occurring around All Saints Day , between Christmas and New Year , at the end of February , and around the May Day . Universities and colleges follow a different academic year . It consists of two semesters -- the winter semester starting on 1 October , which ends around 15 January . It is followed by a one - month break , during which students take the exams for subjects they have read in the semester . The summer semester begins on 15 February and lasts until 31 May , followed by the exam period , which ends on 30 June . Students who have not passed the necessary exams have a chance to do so during the autumn exam period in September . Students and faculty are free during in July and August . New classes are held again in October . South Africa ( edit ) See also : Education in South Africa All South African public schools have a four - term school year as determined by the national Department of Education . Each term is between 10 and 11 weeks long . The terms are roughly structured as follows : First Term Begins mid-January and ends before Good Friday ( Usually in March or April ) . Followed by the Easter Holidays , which usually last 10 days . Second Term Begins mid-April and ends June Followed by the Winter Holidays , which usually last 21 days . Third Term Begins mid-July and ends September Followed by the September Holidays , also sometimes called the Spring Holidays , which usually last 10 days . Fourth Term Begins early October and ends early December Followed by the Christmas Holidays , also sometimes called the December or Summer Holidays , which usually last approximately 40 days . Matriculants ( 12th graders ) usually do n't attend school much during this term due to them focusing on the year - end exams in a tradition known as `` 40 days '' , where they go on a study - leave exactly 40 days before the start - date of the year - end exams . The academic year is approximately 200 school days in duration and runs from January to December . Private schools follow a similar calendar , but slightly alter it according to their academic and religious needs . Some independent ( private ) schools have a three - term year instead ( 2 ) . The dates of the school year for coastal schools are slightly different from those for inland schools . The National Education Department proposed a five - week - long school break in June -- July 2010 for the 2010 Soccer World Cup - hosted in South Africa - to avoid pupil and teacher absenteeism and a chaotic transport system . South African universities have a year consisting of two semesters , with the first semester running from early February to early June , and the second semester from late July to late November . Each semester consists of twelve or thirteen teaching weeks , interrupted by a one - week short vacation , and followed by three or four weeks of examinations . In the first semester the short vacation often falls around the Easter weekend , while in the second semester it occurs in early September . South Korea ( edit ) See also : Education in South Korea In South Korea , the school year is divided into two terms . The first term usually runs from March 2 , unless it is a Friday or the weekend , to mid-July with the summer vacation from mid-July to late - August ( elementary and secondary schools ) and from mid-June to late August ( higher education institutions ) . The second term usually resumes in late August and runs until mid-February . The winter break is from late December to late January . There are two weeks of school ( elementary and secondary schools ) in February . Then there is a two - week - break before the new academic year starts in March . The school hours are approximately from 8 : 00 am to 4 : 00 pm for high school , each class lasting 50 minutes . For middle school , it is about from 8 : 00am -- 3 : 30pm , each class lasting 45 minutes . In Primary School , the lower grades ( Grades 1 - 3 ) have classes around 8 : 30 to 2 : 00 and the upper grades ( Grades 4 - 6 ) have classes from about 9 : 00 to 3 : 00 . Each class lasts about 40 minutes . In high school , the older students are sometimes required to stay until 9 : 00 pm or later studying on their own . For the most part , teachers rotate and the students stay in their classroom except for certain classes such as Physical Education , Music and Science labs . There is a popular saying in Korean , 노는 토요일 ( no - neun to - yo - il ) ; it means , resting on Saturdays . From 2006 to 2011 , Korean students ( from elementary to secondary schools ) were required to go to school on the 1st , 3rd , and 5th Saturdays of each month . Prior to 2006 , students had to go to school six days a week , except for 2005 , when students had one Saturday off every month . The schools normally ended at noon on Saturday , and the curriculum is mostly focused on extracurricular activities . However , Korean Ministry of Education abolished school days on the Saturdays in 2012 . Taiwan ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) See also : Education in Taiwan The school year consists of two semesters . The fall semester begins in early September and runs till late January or early February . Summer vacation is from early July to end of August . Winter vacation typically runs from two to three weeks around the Lunar New Year . Spring semester begins following the Lantern Festival in mid February and ends in early June . Privatized institutions in Taiwan have varying academic terms . There are some holiday breaks : New Year holiday : from 1 to 3 January . Lunar New Year holiday : In January or February ; lasts for one week . Tomb Sweeping Day ( set according to the Lunar Calendar ) : Usually start of April . Labor Day : May 1 . Dragon Boat Festival ( lunar ) : Usually around May or June . Mid-autumn Festival ( lunar ) : Usually around mid-September . National day week : Taiwanese students that are not in college often get the week surrounding October 10 off . Thailand ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) See also : Education in Thailand There are two semesters in the Thai academic year with an optional summer semester . From kindergarten to high school , the first semester opens in mid May and continues until the end of September . The second semester lasts from November until the end of February ( or early March ) . The university academic year is slightly different , lasting from June to October and mid November to mid March . Turkey ( edit ) The Turkish academic year begins in September and continues through to the following June . In most public educational institutions from primary to tertiary , the first semester begins in September and continues until January , and the second semester begins February and continues until June . The academic calendar and dates of mid-semester breaks may vary across private institutions . Ukraine ( edit ) The academic year at universities starts on September the 1st and usually consists of two semesters . The first semester runs from September the 1st to January the 24 / 25th followed by a two - week holiday . The second semester runs from February the 9th to June the 30th or July the 4 / 5th . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Education in the United Kingdom Historical context ( edit ) The English law courts terms and legal training pupillage divided the year into four terms , partly to create a predictable work schedule , but also to make allowances for harsh travel conditions and delays caused by adverse weather at a time when all English law students and many litigants had to travel to London for training or legal advice at one of the Inns of Court . Term Start Finish Hilary January 12 April 12 Easter April 21 May 29 Trinity June 9 July 31 Michaelmas October 12 December 21 In Scotland , academic and judicial institutions traditionally organised their year into four terms : Candlemas : 2 February , Candlemas , which fell forty days after Christmas , marked the presentation of the infant Jesus in the temple and the purification of the Virgin Mary . Whitsunday : originally a moveable term day , coming the seventh Sunday after Easter , was fixed in Scotland at 15 May in 1693 . Whitsunday was originally the feast of Pentecost , around which a great many christenings would occur , so it became associated with the color white . Lammas Day : 1 August , feast of St. Peter ad Vincula was a corruption of loaf - mass , the Sunday on which the first fruits of harvest were offered , first corn ground , and first loaf made . In Scotland it was associated with hand - fasting and some fairs on this day were called handfasting fairs . ( Originally synonymous with betrothal , handfasting became a contract binding a man and woman to live together for a year and a day before they decided on permanent marriage . ) Martinmas : 11 November , was known as St. Martin in Winter or St. Martin of Tours to distinguish this from another feast of St. Martin in July . Specific dates varied between institutions , and all except Michaelmas were determined by the date of Easter . Primary / secondary education ( edit ) The school year in the United Kingdom is generally divided into three terms running from autumn to summer . For state schools , the school year consists of 195 days of which there are 190 teaching days and five INSET teacher training days . For independent schools , the school year can be as short as 175 days . The structure of the school year varies between the constituent countries of the United Kingdom with school holiday dates varying between local education authorities . Before the mechanisation of agriculture and when more of the population lived in the rural countryside , the long summer school holiday in Britain arose in the 19th century as a result of the education authorities abandoning the battle to keep children at school through haymaking ( around the start of August ) and wheat harvest ( around the end of August ) , when every available pair of hands was needed on the land . England and Wales ( edit ) In England and Wales , the school year generally runs from early September until late July of the following year . Most schools operate a three - term school year , each term divided in half by a week - long break known as `` half term '' ( although some counties , like Oxfordshire , consider these to be six separate terms instead ) , and are structured as follows : Term Months covered Half term break Autumn early September to mid-December late October / early November Spring early January to shortly before Easter mid February Summer shortly after Easter to late July late May / early June There is no winter term . The terms are separated by two holidays , each of approximately two weeks ' duration : the Christmas holidays separating the autumn term and spring term , and the Easter holidays separating the spring term and the summer term . The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is the summer holidays , which are six to eight weeks long . Alternative arrangements for English and welsh schools ( edit ) The academic year originated in the pre-industrial era when all able - bodied young people were expected to work through the period of July and August . For the purposes of education , the remainder of the year was arranged into three terms accommodating the Christian holidays of Christmas and Easter . Half - term breaks divide the 16 - to 17 - week terms . However the long summer break has been criticised by educationalists in the post-industrialist age because it creates a break in the academic progress . Even a House of Commons Education Select Committee recommended in 1999 that schools switch to a five - term academic year , abolishing the long summer holidays . Each term would be eight weeks long with a two - week break in between terms , and a minimum four - week summer holiday , with no half terms -- the idea being that children can keep up momentum for eight weeks without a break . The proposals were introduced at a small number of schools nationally . In 1999 , the Local Government Association set up a commission to look at alternative proposals for a more balanced school year . In partnership with Local Authorities and teachers unions , they were unable to agree to a suitable alternative arrangement for terms , but by 2004 came to an agreement with the National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers for a standardised arrangement of school terms . Since 2004 , around one third of English local authorities have signed up to the proposals which see a standard academic year agreed between the authorities , including slight variations on the traditional schemes , based on the following principles : start the school year on a September date as near as possible to 1 September ; equalise teaching and learning blocks ( roughly 2 × 7 and 4 × 6 weeks ) ; establish a two - week spring break in early April irrespective of the incidence of the Easter bank holiday . ( Where the break does not coincide with the bank holiday the date should be , as far as practicable , nationally agreed and as consistent as possible across all local authorities ) ; allow for the possibility of a summer holiday of at least six weeks for those schools which want this length of break . identify and agree annually designated periods of holiday , including the summer holiday , where head teachers are recommended not to arrange teacher days . In addition the independent schools have set their own term dates with varying degrees of local and national co-ordination . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The school year in Northern Ireland generally runs from early September to late June or early July of the following year . Most schools operate a three - term school year similar to England and Wales ; however , there is no half term during summer term due to the province 's longer summer holidays . The terms are structured as follows : Autumn Term : September to December ( half term : late October ) Spring Term : January to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday ( half term : mid-February ) Summer Term : Second Monday after Easter to June or early July The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks : the Christmas holidays separating the autumn and spring terms , and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms . The summer holidays in Northern Ireland last nine weeks , from the start of July until the end of August , due to the Twelfth of July bank holiday . Scotland ( edit ) The school year in Scotland generally runs from middle or late August to late June or early July of the following year ( usually in eastern council areas from the third Monday in August to the first Friday in July and in western council areas from the second Monday in August to the last Friday in June ) . Most schools operate a three - term school year , each term divided in half by a break known as ' mid-term ' , lasting a week or two in October , a few days to a week in February , and a few days in May . The terms are structured as follows : Autumn Term : August to December ( mid-term : middle to late October ) Spring Term : January to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday ( mid-term : mid-February ) Summer Term : Second Monday after Easter to June or July ( mid-term : late May ) The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks : the Christmas Holidays separating the autumn and spring terms , and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms . The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is known as the summer holidays and consists of six or seven weeks . Universities ( edit ) The modern academic calendars used in UK academia are mainly descended from the English law court / legal training pupillage four term system : Hilary : January -- April Easter : April -- May Trinity : June -- July Michaelmas : October -- December The oldest UK universities changed this terminology over time , with Cambridge dropping Trinity Term and renaming Hilary Term to Lent Term , and Oxford also dropping the original Trinity Term and renaming Easter Term as Trinity Term , thus establishing the modern , predominant three - term academic year . Most universities now operate Autumn , Spring and Summer terms of notional ten - week lengths , although some may use different names , and terms may be of uneven length , with the autumn term usually the longest . Within individual institutions practice can vary from year to year to accommodate factors such as the changing date of Easter . Some universities also have a `` reading week '' in which no teaching takes place at all , the equivalent of a school half term . At other universities `` reading weeks '' are not uniform and may be in different weeks in different faculties , departments , modules or even seminar groups within the same institution . Some reading weeks cover only seminars whilst lectures continue ; others suspend both for the week . In some universities - for example , the University of Cambridge , the University of Oxford , and the London School of Economics and Political Science , the Autumn , Spring and Summer terms can be referred to as Michaelmas , Lent or Hilary , and Easter or Trinity terms , respectively . Some also overlay a `` semester '' system , with the new semester beginning halfway through the second term . A selection of current examples include : University of Bath : Semester 1 ( October -- January ) , Semester 2 ( February -- May ) , each comprising 11 teaching weeks , ONE revision week and an exam period ( two weeks in Semester 1 , three weeks in Semester 2 ) . Three - week break at Christmas , one week following the January exam period ( Inter-Semester Break ) and two weeks at Easter . University of Birmingham : Autumn , Spring and Summer Semesters ( each eleven weeks ) University of Cambridge : Michaelmas , Lent , Easter ( eight - week terms ) Durham University : Michaelmas , Epiphany , Easter ( ten , nine and nine weeks respectively ) University of East Anglia : Autumn , Spring ( both 12 weeks ) , each followed by a six - week `` assessment period '' King 's College London : Michaelmas , Lent , Summer University of Wales , Lampeter : Michaelmas , Lent , Easter ( twelve , ten and eight weeks respectively ) Lancaster University : Michaelmas Term , Lent Term , Summer Term ( ten - week terms ) London School of Economics ( LSE ) : Michaelmas , Lent , Summer University of Kent : Michaelmas , Lent , Summer ( Michaelmas and Lent are both twelve weeks , whereas the Summer Term is six weeks long and is the exam period ) . Queen Mary , University of London : Term 1 , Term 2 , Exam term ( twelve - week terms ) The Robert Gordon University : First Semester ( September -- January ) , Second Semester ( February -- June with one - week April Break ) , each 12 weeks followed by three weeks of exams . School of Oriental and African Studies ( SOAS ) : Term 1 , Term 2 , Term 3 University of Nottingham : Autumn , Spring and Summer Terms University of Oxford : Michaelmas , Hilary , Trinity ( eight - week terms ) University of St Andrews : Martinmas , Candlemas ( Traditionally Martinmas , Candlemas and Whitsunday ) University College London ( UCL ) : First , Second , Third University of Warwick : First , Second , Third ( each ten weeks , the sixth week of the first and second term is `` Reading Week '' for Arts and Social Science students ) . University of Leeds : Semester 1 ( September -- January ) , Semester 2 ( January -- May ) University of York : 3 Terms of 10 weeks each . Autumn ( October - December ) , Spring ( January -- March ) , Summer ( May -- July ) with 4 weeks off for Christmas , and 5 off at Easter . York is one of the later starting Universities and thus ends later than most as well . Many departments have reading weeks during the term , while some do n't . Some departments do n't organise teaching for the first or last weeks of the term effectively making it an 8 - week term . The Summer term exams run for weeks 4 , 5 & 6 of Summer Term , with the first three weeks of Spring Term are also used for exams . University of Sussex : Autumn Term ( September - January ) , Spring term ( February - May ) , Summer term ( May - June ) . Exceptions include the University of Buckingham where undergraduate courses do not coincide with the academic year used by universities in Britain and elsewhere . Instead , they largely coincide with the calendar year -- they typically start in January or February , with examinations in autumn . United states ( edit ) See also : Education in the United States Primary and secondary ( edit ) In the United States , the K -- 12 school calendar is determined by the individual states , and in some cases by the local school district , so there is considerable variation . The academic year typically consists of two 18 - week semesters , each divided into two nine - week marking periods ( or quarters ) or three six - week marking periods , and constituting 170 to 186 instructional days ( with an average of 180 ) . An instructional week is five instructional days , measured Monday -- Friday at all public and most private schools ; Saturday -- Wednesday or Sunday -- Thursday at Muslim private schools ; and so on . Grades are usually reported per marking period , but major examinations are given per semester or per year . The traditional start date for the school year has been the Tuesday following the first Monday in September ( the day after Labor Day ) . Though some schools still keep this tradition , many schools now start in the last two weeks of August and some schools ( especially private ones ) may start as late as the end of September or the first week in October . There are also some schools , especially in the southern tier of the United States , that begin at the end of July and early August . The school year ends 40 to 42 instructional weeks after it begins . School holidays in the United States vary by jurisdiction . They include federal , state , and local holidays , all or only some of which may be observed by an individual school district . In addition to these legal holidays , there are vacation periods of varying length . Almost all schools observe the Thanksgiving holiday , and extend it to include the day after Thanksgiving since it is a Friday . There is usually a recess of about one to two weeks during the winter holiday period at Christmas and New Year , with a spring break in March or April that is usually correlated to the holidays of Easter and usually Passover . Many schools have additional `` in - service '' days in which school is in session for only faculty and staff . These days are often used for parent -- teacher conferences on student progress , especially in primary school . In secondary school , they are usually used as staff development days . Sometimes schools do half - day in - service days in which students are dismissed early , rather than full - day holidays . Unplanned vacations can extend the school year if they could have been prevented by school administrators , in theory if not in fact . Natural disasters and other incidents do not normally extend the school year because they could not have been prevented . Thus , if the school is closed for two weeks ( 10 instructional days ) because the boiler has broken down , that will extend the school year by two weeks because proper maintenance could have prevented the problem , but snow storms and other forms of severe weather normally do not extend the school year because they can not be prevented . Some regions allow for up to three to five snow days , and any additional missed days can extend the school year . Community colleges ( edit ) Many , but not all , community colleges originated as extensions of the primary and secondary school system . Some of these colleges often continue to follow the K - 12 schedule . However , most operate under a semester based schedule . Washington state schools are standardized by the State Board of Community and Technical colleges and follow a quarter system . Collegiate Calendars ( edit ) Three calendar systems are used by most American colleges and universities : quarter system , semester system , and trimester system . These are ways the calendar year is organized into a formal academic year , measured September -- August or August -- August . Some schools , particularly some business schools and community colleges , use the mini-mester or mini-semester system . The quarter system divides the calendar year into four quarters , three of which constitute a complete academic year . Quarters are typically 10 -- 12 weeks long so that three quarters amount to 30 -- 36 weeks of instruction . Approximately 20 % of universities are on the quarter system . Most colleges that use the quarter system have a fall quarter from late September to mid-December , a winter quarter from early January to mid-March , a spring quarter from late March or early April to mid-June , and an optional summer session . Notable users of the quarter system include the University of California system ( excluding Berkeley , Merced , the UCLA medical school , and all of the system 's law schools ) , Stanford , the University of Chicago , Dartmouth College , Northwestern University , University of Washington , the University of Oregon , and DePaul University . Union College uses a modified quarter system : fall , winter , and spring terms are each eleven weeks long ; there are some summer classes , but there is no official summer quarter . Because Union 's calendar makes use of just three of four quarters , the three academic terms are generally ( and somewhat misleadingly to outsiders ) dubbed `` trimesters , '' which they are not . Another notable and somewhat unique user of the quarter system is Baylor Law School : it operates on the quarter system while the remaining colleges of Baylor University operate on the semester system . The semester system divides the calendar year into two semesters of 16 to 18 weeks each , plus summer sessions of varying lengths . The two semesters together constitute 32 to 36 weeks of instruction , so that three academic quarters equal two academic semesters . Thus , academic credit earned in quarter hours converts to semester hours at 2⁄3 of its value , while credit earned in semester hours converts to quarter hours at 3 / 2 of its value . Put another way , 3 quarter hours is 2 semester hours . Most universities on the semester system have a fall semester from the day after Labor Day in September to mid-December , a spring / winter semester from late January to early May , and an optional summer session . In practice , the average quarter - long course is four or five units and the average semester course is three units , so a full - time student graduating in four years would take five courses per semester and three or four courses per quarter . Some colleges and universities have a 4 - 1 - 4 system , which divides the year into two four - month terms ( September to December and February to May ) as well as a single one - month term in January in which students can do independent study , study abroad , internships , activities , or focus on one or two classes . The one - month term is sometimes called a mini-mester , winter session , inter-term / interim / intersession or J - term . Examples of schools using this system include : Austin College , University of Rhode Island , Whittier College , Williams College , Bethany College in West Virginia , Berea College , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Johns Hopkins University , New College of Florida , Calvin College , Elmhurst College , Gustavus Adolphus College , Linfield College , Luther College , Oberlin College , Middlebury College , Erskine College , University of Maryland , Baltimore County , Eckerd College , Wofford College , Saint Olaf College , Samford University , Miami University , Hofstra University , University of Delaware , Saint Mary 's College of California , Colby College , Chapman University , McDaniel College , Elon University , Pacific University , and Pacific Lutheran University . Some schools have a similar format but ordered as 4 - 4 - 1 , with the short term in May after the conclusion of the spring semester . The term is sometimes called either `` Maymester '' , a portmanteau of `` May '' and `` semester '' , or `` May Term '' . Examples of schools using this system include Wartburg College , Bates College , Chatham University , Clemson University , The College of New Jersey , Elmira College , The Ohio State University , Purdue University , Transylvania University , the University of Redlands , Emory University and Washington and Lee University 's 12 - 12 - 4 undergraduate calendar . The trimester system evolved out of the semester system . It divides the academic year into three equal portions of 15 -- 16 weeks each . Institutions that use the trimester system include Carleton College , Knox College ( Illinois ) , Lawrence University , and the United States Merchant Marine Academy . The fall and winter trimesters constitute an academic year of 30 -- 32 weeks . The spring / summer trimester is usually divided into a 7.5 week Spring Session followed by a 6 - week or 7.5 week Summer Session . The reduced maximum course load that accompanies the shortening from the traditional semester makes the trimester system compatible with the semester system . Academic credit is thus measured on the trimester system in semester hours ; there is no such thing as a `` trimester hour '' of credit . At the University of Michigan and Brigham Young University , for example , the Fall trimester ( informally still called ' semester ' ) operates from September through December ; the Winter trimester runs from January through April ; and the spring - summer trimester operates from May through August , as two half - trimesters . Most spring - summer classes either meet double - time for 7 -- 8 weeks in May and June or double - time / double - plus - time for 6 -- 8 weeks in July and August ( with summer half - term classes sometimes starting in the last week of June ) . The quinmester academic calendar at Park University operates with five terms per year , each lasting eight weeks ( January -- March , March -- May , June -- July , August -- October , and October -- December ) . A number of colleges have adopted the `` one course at a time '' or `` block schedule '' calendar . Academic years consist of a number of terms lasting roughly four weeks each , during which a full semester 's amount of work is completed in one and only one class . Colorado College first began their `` Block Plan '' in 1970 , followed by Maharishi International University in 1971 , and Cornell College in 1978 . Quest University in Squamish , British Columbia ; Tusculum College in Tusculum , Tennessee ; and The University of Montana - Western are the only other colleges operating under this academic calendar . See also ( edit ) Year - round school Academic analytics Financial year School holiday References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Illinois Medical Journal : The Official Organ of the Illinois State Medical Society , Volume 35 . 1919 . p. 368 . `` Under this system , the calendar year is divided into 3 terms of 4 months each . '' Jump up ^ University of the State of New York . Office of Research and Evaluation , George Isaiah Thomas ( 1966 ) . Extended school year designs . `` The Quadrimester Plan is based upon the division of a longer school year into four equal quarters '' Jump up ^ ( 1 ) from australia.gov.au Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . from education.tas.gov.au Jump up ^ `` Youth Allowance '' . Centrelink.gov.au. 2012 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` SAU : : Sylhet Agricultural University '' . www.sau.ac.bd . Jump up ^ `` School Year Calendar '' . Edu.gov.on.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Avaleht - Haridus - ja Teadusministeerium '' . hm.ee . Jump up ^ Samuel , Henry ( 2007 - 09 - 29 ) . `` French school revolution creates four - day week '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ de : Schulferien # Winter - / Sport - / Zeugnis - / Semesterferien Jump up ^ `` Ferientermine 2015 - alle Bundesländer '' . schulferien-feiertage.de . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Education and Skills circular 0034 / 2011 '' ( PDF ) . education.ie . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.sep.gob.mx Official website ) of Mexico 's Secretariat of Public Education Jump up ^ `` Vocational Education in Nepal '' . UNESCO - UNEVOC . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.didactic.ro/stiri/structura-anului-scolar-20172018 Jump up ^ Kwazulu Natal Education Department Archived September 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dispatch East London '' . Dispatch.co.za. 2010 - 12 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ No Reference * Jump up ^ `` Republic of Turkey MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION '' . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School term dates and holidays '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Conor . `` The case against summer '' . The Guardian ( London ) , 19 July 2007 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Inquiry to consider five - term year '' . BBC News . 3 January 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Standard school year '' . UK Local Government Association . 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Semester Dates '' . University of East Anglia . Jump up ^ `` Academic Calendar The University of Chicago '' . University of Chicago . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` About UC - Campus Calendars - Overview of the University of California system '' . University of California . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Calendars '' . Union College . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Trimester System '' . Union College . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Midwinter Feast '' . Elmhurst College . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Luther at a Glance '' . Luther College . Archived from the original on 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Academic calendar , Office of Undergraduate Admission - Northwestern University '' . Northwestern.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Park University Four Year Academic Calendar '' ( PDF ) . Park.edu. 2012 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Colorado College Block Plan Archived December 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cornell College One Course At A Time '' . CornellCollege.edu. 2011 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_term&oldid=843581819 '' Categories : Academia Calendars School terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles to be expanded from March 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 02 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the school year start in brazil | [
"In Brazil, due to the Law of Directives and Bases of Brazilian Education, the academic year must have 200 days, both at schools and at universities. The school year usually begins during the first week of February. There is a 2-week/4-week long winter break in July. The Brazilian school year ends the first week of December, summer in Brazil."
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6920312499280332266 | Urmila | Urmila - Wikipedia Urmila Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Urmila ( disambiguation ) . Urmila The four sons of Dasharatha circumbulate the altar during their marriage rites Information Children Angada Chandraketu Urmila is a character in the Hindu epic Ramayana . She was daughter of King Janaka of Janakpur and his wife Queen Sunaina and also a younger sister of Sita . She was wife of Lakshmana , younger brother of Rama . They had two sons - Angada and Chandraketu . When Lakshman went to exile along with Ram and Sita , Urmila was ready to accompany him but he hesitated and asked her to stay back in Ayodhya to take care of his aging parents . Urmila is notable for her unparalleled sacrifice called Urmila Nidra . In Bharatpur district of Rajasthan , there is a temple dedicated to Lakshman and Urmila . The temple was built in 1870 AD by the then ruler Balwant Singh of Bharatpur and is considered as a royal temple by the royal family of Bharatpur State . Urmila Nidra ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Rama was exiled to the forest for fourteen years on Kaikeyi 's insistence , Urmila tried to persuade Lakshmana to permit her to following him into exile but to no avail . Lakshmana reasoned that he will have no time for her in his day and night steadfast service to his brother and that Urmila 's welfare was in staying back . He persuaded Urmila that her welfare would be a concern in the forest and could hinder his services to his brother . After much persuasion , Urmila reluctantly agreed to stay back contemplating , if she could serve her husband any way possible . As the night fell on the first day of the exile , Lakshmana stood guard over Ram and Sita with a strong resolve not to sleep until the exile ended . As Lakshmana stood guard over his brother 's dwelling , a resplendent goddess called Nidra Devi manifested before Lakshmana . On Lakshmana 's enquiry , she introduced herself as the Goddess of Sleep and informed him that not sleeping for fourteen years is an act of defiance against nature . Lakshmana requested Nidra Devi for a way out so that he could carry out his Dharma towards his brother . Impressed by Lakshmana 's devotion towards his brother , Nidra Devi put forth a workaround that if someone bears the burden of Lakshmana 's share of sleep for fourteen years , he could have the exemption for fourteen years . Lakshmana requested Nidra Devi to approach his wife , Urmila , to help him . In South India , Urmila Nidra is a term used to refer to deep sleep by a person who can not be woken easily . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roshen Dalal ( 2014 ) . Hinduism : An Alphabetical Guide . UK : Penguin UK . ISBN 9788184752779 . Jump up ^ Reeja Radhakrishnan ( 28 March 2014 ) . `` Urmila , The Sleeping Princess '' . Indian Express . Chennai . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Temple Profile : Mandir Shri Laxman Ji '' . Government of Rajasthan . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Urmila , the sleeping princess - The New Indian Express Lakshman 's wife goes to sleep - Devlok Further reading ( edit ) Valmiki Ramayana , English verse translation by Desiraju Hanumanta Rao , K.M.K. Murthy et . al . Ramayana , English verse translation by Ralph T.H. Griffith at the Project Gutenberg Ramayana by Valmiki Ikshvaku dynasty Dasharatha Kausalya Sumitra Kaikeyi Shanta Rama Bharata Lakshmana Shatrughna Sita Urmila Mandavi Shrutakirti Lava Kusha ( genealogy ) Vanara Hanuman Sugriva Vali Tara Rumā Angada Nala Nila Kesari Anjana Makardhwaja Rakshasa Ravana Vibhishana Kumbhakarna Indrajit Akshayakumara Atikaya Kabandha Khara Dushan Mandodari Maricha Mayasura Narantaka - Devantaka Prahasta Sarama Subahu Sulochana Sumali Surpanakha Tataka Trijata Trishira Viradha Sages Agastya Ahalya Arundhati Bharadwaja Kambhoja Parashurama Vasistha Vishvamitra Rishyasringa Other characters and concepts Lakshmana rekha Jambavan Janaka Kushadhwaja Jatayu Manthara Ashwapati Maya Sita Sampati Shabari Shravan Vedavati Places Ayodhya Mithila Dandakaranya Kishkindha Lanka Seven Books ( Kandas ) Bala Ayodhya Aranya Kishkindha Sundara Yuddha Uttara Versions , adaptations , and inspired works Adbhuta Ramayana Adhyathmaramayanam Adhyatma Ramayana Ananda Ramayana Bhaṭṭikāvya Hikayat Seri Rama Kakawin Ramayana Kamba Ramayanam Krittivasi Ramayan Maharadia Lawana Phra Lak Phra Ram Ramlila Ramayan ( TV series ) Raghunatha Ramayana Ramakien Ramcharitmanas Reamker Saptakanda Ramayana Sri Ramayana Darshanam Vilanka Ramayana Yama Zatdaw This Hinduism - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urmila&oldid=816911420 '' Categories : Nepalese people Raghuvamsa Hinduism stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Español ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 16 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the wife of lakshmana in ramayana | [
"Urmila is a character in the Hindu epic Ramayana. She was daughter of King Janaka of Janakpur and his wife Queen Sunaina and also a younger sister of Sita. She was wife of Lakshmana, younger brother of Rama. They had two sons - Angada and Chandraketu.[1] When Lakshman went to exile along with Ram and Sita, Urmila was ready to accompany him but he hesitated and asked her to stay back in Ayodhya to take care of his aging parents. Urmila is notable for her unparalleled sacrifice called Urmila Nidra.[2]"
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"Urmila"
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7993643286592719958 | Superior vena cava | Superior vena cava - wikipedia Superior vena cava Jump to : navigation , search Superior vena cava Veins Details Precursor common cardinal veins Source brachiocephalic vein , azygos vein Identifiers Latin vena cava superior , vena maxima MeSH D014683 TA A12. 3.03. 001 FMA 4720 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The superior vena cava ( SVC ) is the superior of the two venae cavae , the great venous trunks that return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart . It is a large - diameter ( 24 mm ) , yet short , vein that receives venous return from the upper half of the body , above the diaphragm . ( Venous return from the lower half , below the diaphragm , flows through the inferior vena cava . ) The SVC is located in the anterior right superior mediastinum . It is the typical site of central venous access ( CVA ) via a central venous catheter or a peripherally inserted central catheter . Mentions of `` the cava '' without further specification usually refer to the SVC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and Course of superior vena cava 2 Clinical significance 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References Structure and course of superior vena cava ( edit ) It is formed by the left and right brachiocephalic veins ( also referred to as the innominate veins ) , which also receive blood from the upper limbs , eyes and neck , behind the lower border of the first right costal cartilage . It passes vertically downwards behind first intercostal space and receives azygos vein just before it pierces the fibrous pericardium opposite right second costal cartilage and its lower part is intrapericardial . And then , it ends in the upper and posterior part of the sinus venarum of the right atrium , at the upper right front portion of the heart . It is also known as the cranial vena cava in other animals . No valve divides the superior vena cava from the right atrium . As a result , the ( right ) atrial and ( right ) ventricular contractions are conducted up into the internal jugular vein and , through the sternocleidomastoid muscle , can be seen as the jugular venous pressure . Clinical significance ( edit ) Superior vena cava obstruction refers to a partial or complete obstruction of the superior vena cava , typically in the context of cancer such as a cancer of the lung , metastatic cancer , or lymphoma . Obstruction can lead to enlarged veins in the head and neck , and may also cause breathlessness , cough , chest pain , and difficulty swallowing . Pemberton 's sign may be positive . Tumours causing obstruction may be treated with chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy to reduce their effects , and corticosteroids may also be given . In tricuspid valve regurgitation , these pulsations are very strong . Additional images ( edit ) Diagram showing completion of development of the parietal veins . Front view of heart and lungs . Heart seen from above . Superior vena cava Transverse section of thorax , showing relations of pulmonary artery . The arch of the aorta and its branches . The brachiocephalic veins , superior vena cava , inferior vena cava , azygos vein , and their tributaries . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Persistent left superior vena cava Superior vena cava syndrome Inferior vena cava References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` General Practice Notebook '' . www.gpnotebook.co.uk . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ( hide ) Veins of the thorax and vertebral column Thorax Heart Coronary sinus Great cardiac ( Left marginal ) Posterior of the left ventricle Oblique of the left atrium ( Ligament of the left vena cava ) Middle cardiac Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac ( Right marginal ) Smallest cardiac veins Right atrial veins Right ventricular veins Lungs Pulmonary veins superior vena cava Brachiocephalic internal thoracic anterior intercostal superior epigastric left superior intercostal supreme vertebral subclavian axillary : lateral thoracic thoracoepigastric dorsal scapular external jugular pericardiacophrenic internal jugular Azygos right superior intercostal bronchial intercostal / posterior intercostal 5 - 11 accessory hemiazygos / hemiazygos superior phrenic Vertebral column vertebral venous plexuses external internal spinal posterior anterior basivertebral intervertebral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superior_vena_cava&oldid=835164336 '' Categories : Veins of the torso Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 23 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the | [
"The superior vena cava (SVC) is the superior of the two venae cavae, the great venous trunks that return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart. It is a large-diameter (24 mm), yet short, vein that receives venous return from the upper half of the body, above the diaphragm. (Venous return from the lower half, below the diaphragm, flows through the inferior vena cava.) The SVC is located in the anterior right superior mediastinum.[1] It is the typical site of central venous access (CVA) via a central venous catheter or a peripherally inserted central catheter. Mentions of \"the cava\" without further specification usually refer to the SVC."
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"upper half of the body, above the diaphragm"
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-6830643991232850660 | National Assembly of Pakistan | National Assembly of Pakistan - wikipedia National Assembly of Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search For List of MNAs elected in Pakistani general election , 2013 , see List of MNAs elected in Pakistani general election , 2013 . National Assembly of Pakistan قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان 14th National Assembly of Pakistan Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan Leadership Speaker Ayaz Sadiq ( PML - N ) Since 9 November 2015 Deputy Speaker Javed Abbasi ( PML - N ) Since 3 June 2013 Leader of House Shahid Khaqan Abbasi ( PML - N ) Since 1 August 2017 Leader of Opposition Khurshid Shah ( PPP ) Since 7 June 2013 Structure Seats 342 ( 3 vacant ) Political groups Government Coalition ( 209 ) PML -- N ( 188 ) JUI -- F ( 13 ) PML -- F ( 5 ) NPP ( 2 ) NP ( 1 ) Opposition ( 130 ) PPP ( 47 ) PTI ( 32 ) MQM ( 24 ) JI ( 4 ) PkMAP ( 3 ) ANP ( 2 ) PML -- Q ( 2 ) AJIP ( 1 ) AML ( 1 ) APML ( 1 ) BNP ( 1 ) PML -- Z ( 1 ) QWP ( 1 ) Ind ( 10 ) Elections Voting system Mixed member majoritarian ( First past the post for most seats , 60 seats reserved for women and 10 seats reserved for religious minorities by proportional representation ) Last election 11 May 2013 Meeting place Parliament House , Islamabad Website www.na.gov.pk The Pakistani National Assembly ( Urdu : قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان -- Qaumī Asimbli'e Pākistān ) ; is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis - e-Shura , which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate ( upper house ) . The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad . The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly ( MNAs ) , of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities . A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority . Members are elected through the first - past - the - post system under universal adult suffrage , representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies . According to the constitution , the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation . Each National Assembly is formed for a five - year term , commencing from the date of the first sitting , after which it is automatically dissolved . Currently the National Assembly can not be dissolved by the President of Pakistan , it is dissolved by the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Election for 13th National Assembly was held on 18 February 2008 . On March 17 , 2013 13th National Assembly was dissolved on completion of its five - year term under Article 52 of the Constitution . Pakistani general election , 2013 ( for the 14th National Assembly ) was held on May 11 , 2013 . Members of 14th National Assembly took oath on June 1 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Powers 3 Members of National Assembly 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 Tenure 4 Speaker and Deputy Speaker 5 Sessions 6 Procedure 6.1 Constitutional role 6.2 Legislative procedures 7 Leaders 7.1 Leader of the House 7.2 Leader of the Opposition 8 Committees 9 Composition and elections 10 2013 election 10.1 Results of the Pakistani general election , 2013 11 Dissolution 12 Seat distribution 13 See also 14 Notes 15 External links History ( edit ) Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution Parliament ( show ) Senate Chairman : Raza Rabbani Deputy Chairman : Abdul Ghafoor Haideri National Assembly Speaker : Sardar A. Sadiq Deputy Speaker : Murtaza Javed Abbasi Government ( show ) President ( list ) Mamnoon Hussain Prime Minister ( list ) Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Federal Cabinet Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Governors ( show ) Punjab Malik Muhammad Rafique Rajwana Balochistan Muhammad Khan Achakzai Sindh Mohammad Zubair Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Iqbal Zafar Jhagra Gilgit -- Baltistan Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan Chief Ministers ( show ) Punjab Shahbaz Sharif Sindh Murad Ali Shah Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pervez Khattak Balochistan Sanaullah Zehri Gilgit - Baltistan Hafiz Hafeezur Rehman Political parties ( show ) Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal Muttahida Qaumi Movement Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Awami National Party Minor parties Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2013 2008 2007 General : 2013 2008 2002 Administrative units ( show ) Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Capital Territory Tribal areas Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Local government ( show ) Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas Main article : History of Pakistan National Assembly The first session of the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was held on 10 August 1947 at Sindh Assembly Building , Karachi . On 11 August 1947 , Quaid - i - Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was elected unanimously as the President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan and the National Flag was formally approved by the Assembly . 12 August 1947 , a resolution was approved regarding officially addressing Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah as `` Quaid - i - Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah '' . On the same day , a special committee called the `` Committee on Fundamental Rights of Citizens and Minorities of Pakistan '' was appointed to look into and advise the Assembly on matters relating to fundamental rights of the citizens , particularly the minorities , with the aim to legislate on these issues appropriately . On 14 August 1947 , the Transfer of Power took place . Lord Mountbatten , Governor General of India , addressed the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan . The Quaid gave a reply to the address in the House , on which the principles of the State of Pakistan were laid . On 15 August 1947 , Quaid - i - Azam was sworn in as the first Governor General of Pakistan . Mian Sir Abdur Rashid , Chief Justice of Pakistan , administered oath of office from him . The Quaid remained in this position till his death i.e. 11 September 1948 . Powers ( edit ) Legislative Process Chart of National Assembly of Pakistan `` ... you are now a sovereign legislative body and you have got all the powers . It , therefore , places on you the gravest responsibility as to how you should take your decisions . '' -- Muhammad Ali Jinnah , in his presidential address to the First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11 , 1947 The Constitution which was passed unanimously by the National Assembly in April 1973 , provides a federal parliamentary system of government , with the President as the ceremonial head of the State and an elected Prime Minister as the head of the government . Under Article 50 of the Constitution the federal legislature is the bicameral Majlis - e-Shoora ( Parliament ) , which comprises the President and the two Houses , the National Assembly and the Senate . The National Assembly , Pakistan 's sovereign legislative body , makes laws for the federation under powers spelled out in the Federal Legislative List and also for subjects in the Concurrent List , as given in the fourth schedule of the Constitution . Through debates , adjournment motions , question hour , and Standing Committees , the National Assembly keeps a check on the government . It ensures that the government functions within the parameters set out in the Constitution , and does not violate the people 's fundamental rights . The Parliament scrutinizes public spending and exercises control of expenditure incurred by the government through the work of the relevant Standing Committees . The Public Accounts Committee has a special role to review the report of the Auditor General . Senate , the upper house of the Parliament , has equal representation from the federating units balancing the provincial inequality in the National Assembly , where the number of members is based on population of the provinces . The Senate 's role is to promote national cohesion and harmony , and work as a stabilizing factor of the federation . The Senate numbers a total of 104 members who serve six - year terms which are alternated so that half the senators are up for re-election by the electoral college every three years . The National Assembly consists of 342 members . The Constitution empowers the President to dissolve the National Assembly , but the Senate is not subject to dissolution . Only the Parliament can amend the Constitution , by two - thirds majority vote separately in each House . Members of National Assembly ( edit ) See also : List of Pakistan National Assembly Seats Qualifications ( edit ) The Constitution of Pakistan lists a number of requirements for members of the National Assembly in Article 62 . The constitution also details a number of disqualifications in Article 63 , which include mental instability , insolvency , criminal conviction and accepting dual - citizenship or relinquishing their Pakistani nationality , among others . Furthermore , an individual would stand disqualified if he or she is found to have opposed Pakistan 's ideology or worked against the integrity of the country , after its establishment in 1947 . Tenure ( edit ) The National Assembly is elected for a five - year term on the basis of adult franchise and one person , one vote . The tenure of a Member of the National Assembly is for the duration of the House , or sooner , in case the Member dies or resigns . The tenure of the National Assembly also comes to an end if dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister or by the President in his discretion under the Constitution . Under the 1973 Constitution , a member of Parliament may not hold the office of the Prime Minister more than twice . In the 1990s , Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Shareef proposed a bill to amend the 1973 constitution to allow a Member to serve a third term as Prime Minister . Speaker and Deputy Speaker ( edit ) According to The Constitution ( 1 ) After a general election , the National Assembly shall , at its first meeting and to the exclusion of any other business , elect from amongst its members a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and , so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant , the Assembly shall elect another member as Speaker or , as the case may be , Deputy Speaker . ( 2 ) Before entering upon office , a member elected as Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall make before the National Assembly oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule . ( 3 ) When the office of Speaker is vacant , or the Speaker is absent or is unable to perform his functions due to any cause , the Deputy Speaker shall act as Speaker , and if , at that time , the Deputy Speaker is also absent or is unable to act as Speaker due to any cause , such member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the Assembly shall preside at the meeting of the Assembly . ( 4 ) The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall not preside at a meeting of the Assembly when a resolution for his removal from office is being considered . ( 5 ) The Speaker may , by writing under his hand addressed to the President , resign his office . ( 6 ) The Deputy Speaker may , by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker , resign his office . ( 7 ) The office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall become vacant if : ( a ) he resigns his office ; ( b ) he ceases to be a member of the Assembly ; ( c ) he is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly , of which not less than seven days ' notice has been given and which is passed by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the Assembly . ( 8 ) When the National Assembly is dissolved the Speaker shall continue in his office till the person elected to fill the office by the next Assembly enters upon his office . The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the National Assembly . The Speaker is assisted by the Deputy Speaker . Both officers are elected from within the ranks of the National Assembly and , by current convention , are usually members of the majority party . The election of the two officers is the first matter an incoming National Assembly deals with , as mandated by the constitution . Apart from presiding over National Assembly debates , the Speaker may also assume the duties of Acting President , if the position is vacant ( in case the President as well as Chairman Senate are not available ) . The current Speaker of the House is Sardar Ayaz Sadiq and the Deputy Speaker is Murtaza Javed Abbasi , both are from the PML - N . Sessions ( edit ) The life of National Assembly is divided into sessions . It had to meet for 130 days before the First Amendment passed on 8 May 1974 in the constitution of 1973 . According to this Amendment , maximum duration between successive sessions was reduced to 90 days from 130 days , and there must be at least three sessions in a year . A session of the National Assembly is summoned by the President of Pakistan under Article 54 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . In the summoning order the President gives the date , time and place ( which is usually the Parliament House ) , for the National Assembly to meet . The date and time for the summoning of the National Assembly is immediately announced over Radio and Television . Generally , a copy of the summon is also sent to the Members at their home address . The National Assembly can also be summoned by the Speaker of National Assembly on a request made by at one - fourth of the total membership of the National Assembly . If the National Assembly is so requisitioned , it must be summoned within 14 days . Procedure ( edit ) Constitutional role ( edit ) Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament of Pakistan shall consist of President and the two Houses known as the National Assembly and the Senate . The National Assembly has an edge over the Senate by legislating exclusively on money matters . With exception to money Bills , however , both the Houses work together to carryout the basic work of the Parliament , i.e. law making . Legislative procedures ( edit ) The Bill relating to the Federal Legislative List can be originated in either House . If the House passed the Bill through majority vote , it shall be transmitted to the other House . If the other House passes it without amendment , it shall be presented to the President for assent . If the Bill , transmitted to the other House , is not passed within ninety days or rejected , it shall be considered in a joint sitting to be summoned by the President on the request of the House in which the Bill was originated . If the Bill is passed in the joint sitting , with or without amendments , by the votes of majority of the members of the two Houses , it shall be presented to the President for assent . If the Bill is presented to the President for assent , he shall assent to the Bill in not later than ten days. If it is not a Money Bill , the President may return the Bill to the Majlis - e-Shoora with a message requesting that the Bill be reconsidered and that an amendment specified in the message be considered . The Majlis - e-Shoora shall reconsider the Bill in a joint sitting. If the Bill is passed again , with or without amendment , by vote of the majority of the members present and voting , it shall be presented to the President and the President shall give his assent within ten days ; failing which such assent shall be deemed to have been given . Under the Constitution , the Parliament may also legislate for two or more Provinces by consent and request made by those Provinces . If the Federal Government proclaims State of Emergency in any province , the power to legislate about that province is vested in the Parliament . But the Bills passed by the Parliament during the State of Emergency , shall cease to be in force after the expiration of six months from the date Emergency is lifted . Nevertheless , the steps already taken under these Acts shall remain valid . Leaders ( edit ) Leader of the House ( edit ) The Leader of the House is the highest ranking representative of the majority party in National Assembly usually the Prime Minister . List of All The Prime Ministers Leader of the opposition ( edit ) The Leader of the Opposition is the highest ranking representative of the main opposition party . List of Leaders of the Opposition Committees ( edit ) While recognizing the Committee System , the committees have been empowered to go into all matters of the ministry . A matter can be remitted to a standing committee by the Speaker or the Assembly suo moto and without moving any motion . The committees have also been empowered to invite or summon before it any member or any other person having a special interest in relation to any matter under its consideration and may hear expert evidence and hold public hearing . Composition and elections ( edit ) The composition of the National Assembly is specified in Article 51 of the Constitution of Pakistan . There are a total of 342 seats in the National Assembly . Of these , 272 are filled by direct elections . In addition , the Pakistani Constitution reserves 10 seats for religious minorities and 60 seats for women , to be filled by proportional representation among parties with more than 5 % of the vote . As of 2006 , there are 72 women members in the Assembly . Members of the National Assembly are elected by the people in competitive multi-party elections , to be held at most five years apart on universal adult franchise . To be a member of electoral college , according to Article 62 of the Constitution , candidates must be citizens of Pakistan and not less than 18 years of age . 2013 election ( edit ) Main article : Pakistani general election , 2013 Results of the Pakistani general election , 2013 ( edit ) # Political Party Votes % Elected seats before independents joined Elected seats after independents joined Reserved seats ( Women ) Reserved seats ( Minorities / Non-Muslims ) Total Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 14,874,104 32.77 % 129 147 36 6 189 Pakistan Peoples Party 6,911,218 15.23 % 33 33 8 42 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 7,679,954 16.92 % 28 28 6 35 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 2,456,153 5.41 % 19 19 24 5 Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) 1,461,371 3.22 % 11 11 15 6 Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) 1,072,846 2.36 % 5 5 0 6 7 Jamaat - e-Islami 963,909 2.12 % 0 8 Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party 214,631 0.47 % 0 9 National Peoples Party 197,829 0.44 % 0 10 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) 1,409,905 3.11 % 0 0 11 Awami National Party 453,057 1.00 % 0 0 12 Qaumi Watan Party ( Sherpao ) 46,574 0.10 % 0 0 13 Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) 128,510 0.28 % 0 0 14 National Party 61,148 0.13 % 0 0 15 Awami Muslim League Pakistan 93,046 0.20 % 0 0 16 Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan 71,175 0.16 % 0 0 17 Balochistan National Party 63,979 0.14 % 0 0 18 All Pakistan Muslim League 54,231 0.12 % 0 0 19 Independents 5,880,658 12.96 % 27 8 0 0 8 Total 45,388,404 100 % 266 266 60 10 336 Withheld : NA - 103 , NA - 237 ; Postponed : NA - 38 ; Re-poll ordered : NA - 46 ; Terminated : NA - 83 , NA - 254 Source : Detailed Results General Elections - 2013 , Reserve Seats Women , Reserve Seats Minorities Dissolution ( edit ) National Assembly can be dissolved at the initiative of the Prime Minister . If dissolved , new elections are conducted for the Assembly . Article 58 of the Constitution of Pakistan deals with the dissolution of the Assembly : 58 . Dissolution of the National Assembly : ( 1 ) The President shall dissolve the National Assembly if so advised by the Prime Minister ; and the National Assembly shall , unless sooner dissolved , stand dissolved at the expiration of forty - eight hours after the Prime Minister has so advised . Explanation : Reference in this Article to `` Prime Minister '' shall not be construed to include reference to a Prime Minister against whom a notice of a resolution for a note of no - confidence has been given in the National Assembly but has not been voted upon or against whom such a resolution has been passed or who is continuing in office after his resignation or after the dissolution of the National Assembly . ( 2 ) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause ( 2 ) or Article 48 , the President may dissolve the National Assembly in his discretion where , a vote of no - confidence having been passed against the Prime Minister , no other member of the National Assembly commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the National Assembly in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution , as ascertained in a session of the National Assembly summoned for the purpose . Seat distribution ( edit ) In the 14th Assembly , the seats have been allocated among the four provinces , federally - administered area , and capital territory of Pakistan as follows : Province General Women Total Punjab 148 35 183 Sindh 61 14 75 KPK 35 8 43 Balochistan 14 17 FATA 12 - 12 Federal Capital - See also ( edit ) Speaker of National Assembly Senate of Pakistan Politics of Pakistan Prime Minister of Pakistan Constitution of Pakistan President of Pakistan Supreme Court of Pakistan Pakistan Bar Council Punjab Bar Council Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan List of Pakistan National Assembly Seats List of provincial governments of Pakistan showing provincial assemblies Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` PML - N 's Ayaz Sadiq elected Speaker , Murtaza Abbasi Deputy Speaker in NA '' . Dawn News . 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PPP 's Khursheed Shah declared leader of opposition in NA '' . Dawn News . 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan PM loses vital coalition partner as MQM quits '' . BBC News . 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly Stands Dissolved '' . The News International . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gishkori , Zahid ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` National Assembly Stands Dissolved '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newly elected Members of National Assembly take oath '' . The Express Tribune . 1 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Jinnah 's presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan '' . pakistani.org . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 14th elected National Assembly 's inaugural session today '' . The News International . 1 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Website of the National Assembly of Pakistan Constitution of Pakistan Pakistan topics Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics History Ancient Stone age Soanian Mehrgarh Indus Valley Indo - Iranics Indo - Aryan Achaemenid Greco - Bactrian Maurya Gandhara Indo - Greek Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthian Kushan Indo - Sassanid Medieval Indo - Hephthalite Kamboja Rai Dynasty Shahi Pala Solanki Muhammad bin Qasim Ghaznavid Ghurid Mamluk Khalji Tughlaq Sayyid Lodi Timurid Modern Pre-colonial Mughal East India Company Durrani Sikh Confederacy Sikh Empire First Anglo - Afghan War First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Rebellion Colonial British Raj Second Anglo - Afghan War Durand Line Third Anglo - Afghan War Aligarh Movement Hindi -- Urdu controversy Pakistan Movement Muslim League Two nation theory Jinnah 's 14 Points Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Partition Independence Dominion Dominion of Pakistan Princely states 1947 War Liaquat -- Nehru Pact Baghdad Pact Republic Indus Treaty 1965 War 1971 War Project - 706 Islamisation Baloch insurgency Kargil War Liberalization War in North - West Pakistan Geography Features Beaches Deserts Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Passes Rivers Valleys Waterfalls Wetlands Areas Arabian Sea Gwadar Bay Indus Plain Pothohar Plateau Salt Range Sistan Basin Geology Coal fields Gas fields Minerals Oil fields Tectonics Volcanoes Floods Environment Botanical gardens Ecoregions Environmental issues Forests Protected areas national parks game reserves sanctuaries Wildlife flora fauna Zoos Other topics Archaeological sites Climate weather records Borders Natural disasters earthquakes floods Subdivisions provinces districts cities World Heritage Sites Governance State President National Security Council ( C NS ECC AEDB NCA ) Government National government Cabinet Ministries Prime Minister Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Local government Union councils Legislative Parliament ( Majlis - e-Shoora ) Senate ( upper house ) Chairman National Assembly ( lower house ) Speaker Provincial assemblies Jirga ( tribal assembly ) Judicial Supreme Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Shariat Court High Courts District Courts Politics Elections Foreign relations Feudalism Intelligence community Political parties Martial law Law Constitution LFO PPC WPB PCO Human rights Forced disappearance LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Police Criminal Investigation ( CID ) Anti-Narcotics ( ANF ) Capital punishment Terrorism State terrorism Military History Army Air force Navy Marines Coast Guard Paramilitary Nuclear Economy Infrastructure Electricity Thermal Hydro nuclear solar wind Foreign aid Fuel extraction Housing Planning Commission Post Poverty Tallest buildings Telecommunications Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite Transportation bridges Water management Water supply and sanitation Industry Aerospace Agriculture Defence Automobile Fishery Forestry Husbandry Labour child Media Mining Pharmaceuticals Textiles Silk Tourism Commerce Banking banks Companies Investment board Rupee ( currency ) Securities and Exchange Commission Stock markets Trading Corporation Policy programmes Corporatisation Directive investment Industrialisation Military economisation Nationalisation Privatisation Public - private partnering Redundant Islamic economisation Society and culture Society Crime Culture Education institutions Feudalism Gender discrimination Healthcare hospitals Human rights LGBT Marriage Media Naming List of Pakistanis Prostitution Religion Social clubs Time Urbanisation Women Demographics Diaspora Ethnicity Immigration Languages Urdu Arts Architecture Cinema films Dance Festivals Folklore Literature Mushaira Music Philosophy Textiles Theatre Lifestyle Clothing Shalwar kameez Mehndi Cuisine Etiquette Gun culture Nationalism flags public holidays songs symbols Sports Athletics Baseball Boxing Cricket Cycling Field hockey Football Gilli - danda Golf Kabaddi Motorsport Marathon ( Lahore ) Olympics Paralympics Polo Rugby Squash Swimming Tennis Places Botanical gardens Cemeteries Churches Forts Gurdwaras Hindu temples Libraries Mausolea and shrines Mosques Museums Parks Stadiums World Heritage Sites Zoos Portal Commons ( hide ) Constituencies of National Assembly of Pakistan National Assembly seats by Province National Assembly constituencies from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( NA - 1 to NA - 35 ) NA - 1 ( Peshawar - I ) NA - 2 ( Peshawar - II ) NA - 3 ( Peshawar - III ) NA - 4 ( Peshawar - IV ) NA - 5 ( Nowshera - I ) NA - 6 ( Nowshera - II ) NA - 7 ( Charsadda - I ) NA - 8 ( Charsadda - II ) NA - 9 ( Mardan - I ) NA - 10 ( Mardan - II ) NA - 11 ( Mardan - III ) NA - 12 ( Swabi - I ) NA - 13 ( Swabi - II ) NA - 14 ( Kohat ) NA - 15 ( Karak ) NA - 16 ( Hangu ) NA - 17 ( Abbottabad - I ) NA - 18 ( Abbottabad - II ) NA - 19 ( Haripur ) NA - 20 ( Mansehra - I ) NA - 21 ( Mansehra - II ) NA - 22 ( Battagram ) NA - 23 ( Kohistan ) NA - 24 ( D.I. Khan ) NA - 25 ( D.I. Khan - cum - Tank ) NA - 26 ( Bannu ) NA - 27 ( Lakki Marwat ) NA - 28 ( Buner ) NA - 29 ( Swat - I ) NA - 30 ( Swat - II ) NA - 31 ( Shangla ) NA - 32 ( Chitral ) NA - 33 ( Upper Dir - cum - Lower Dir ) NA - 34 ( Lower Dir ) NA - 35 ( Malakand ) National Assembly constituencies from Islamabad and FATA ( NA - 36 to NA - 49 ) NA - 36 ( Tribal Area - I ) NA - 37 ( Tribal Area - II ) NA - 38 ( Tribal Area - III ) NA - 39 ( Tribal Area - IV ) NA - 40 ( Tribal Area - V ) NA - 41 ( Tribal Area - VI ) NA - 42 ( Tribal Area - VII ) NA - 43 ( Tribal Area - VIII ) NA - 44 ( Tribal Area - IX ) NA - 45 ( Tribal Area - X ) NA - 46 ( Tribal Area - XI ) NA - 47 ( Tribal Area - XII ) NA - 48 ( Islamabad - I ) NA - 49 ( Islamabad - II ) National Assembly constituencies from the Punjab ( NA - 50 to NA - 197 ) NA - 50 ( Rawalpindi - I ) NA - 51 ( Rawalpindi - II ) NA - 52 ( Rawalpindi - III ) NA - 53 ( Rawalpindi - IV ) NA - 54 ( Rawalpindi - V ) NA - 55 ( Rawalpindi - VI ) NA - 56 ( Rawalpindi - VII ) NA - 57 ( Attock - I ) NA - 58 ( Attock - II ) NA - 59 ( Attock - III ) NA - 60 ( Chakwal - I ) NA - 61 ( Chakwal - II ) NA - 62 ( Jhelum - I ) NA - 63 ( Jhelum - II ) NA - 64 ( Sargodha - I ) NA - 65 ( Sargodha - II ) NA - 66 ( Sargodha - III ) NA - 67 ( Sargodha - IV ) NA - 68 ( Sargodha - V ) NA - 69 ( Khushab - I ) NA - 70 ( Khushab - II ) NA - 71 ( Mianwali - I ) NA - 72 ( Mianwali - II ) NA - 73 ( Bhakkar - I ) NA - 74 ( Bhakkar - II ) NA - 75 ( Faisalabad - I ) NA - 76 ( Faisalabad - II ) NA - 77 ( Faisalabad - III ) NA - 78 ( Faisalabad - IV ) NA - 79 ( Faisalabad - V ) NA - 80 ( Faisalabad - VI ) NA - 81 ( Faisalabad - VII ) NA - 82 ( Faisalabad - VIII ) NA - 83 ( Faisalabad - IX ) NA - 84 ( Faisalabad - X ) NA - 85 ( Faisalabad - XI ) NA - 86 ( Jhang - I ) NA - 87 ( Jhang - II ) NA - 88 ( Jhang - III ) NA - 89 ( Jhang - IV ) NA - 90 ( Jhang - V ) NA - 91 ( Jhang - VI ) NA - 92 ( Toba Tek Singh - I ) NA - 93 ( Toba Tek Singh - II ) NA - 94 ( Toba Tek Singh - III ) NA - 94 ( Toba Tek Singh - III ) NA - 95 ( Gujranwala - I ) NA - 96 ( Gujranwala - II ) NA - 97 ( Gujranwala - III ) NA - 98 ( Gujranwala - IV ) NA - 99 ( Gujranwala - V ) NA - 100 ( Gujranwala - VI ) NA - 101 ( Gujranwala - VII ) NA - 102 ( Hafizabad - I ) NA - 103 ( Hafizabad - II ) NA - 104 ( Gujrat - I ) NA - 105 ( Gujrat - II ) NA - 106 ( Gujrat - III ) NA - 107 ( Gujrat - IV ) NA - 108 ( M.B. Din - I ) NA - 109 ( M.B. Din - II ) NA - 110 ( Sialkot - I ) NA - 111 ( Sialkot - II ) NA - 112 ( Sialkot - III ) NA - 113 ( Sialkot - IV ) NA - 114 ( Sialkot - V ) NA - 115 ( Narowal - I ) NA - 116 ( Narowal - II ) NA - 117 ( Narowal - III ) NA - 118 ( Lahore - I ) NA - 119 ( Lahore - II ) NA - 120 ( Lahore - III ) NA - 121 ( Lahore - IV ) NA - 122 ( Lahore - V ) NA - 123 ( Lahore - VI ) NA - 124 ( Lahore - VII ) NA - 125 ( Lahore - VIII ) NA - 126 ( Lahore - IX ) NA - 127 ( Lahore - X ) NA - 128 ( Lahore - XI ) NA - 129 ( Lahore - XII ) NA - 130 ( Lahore - XIII ) NA - 131 ( Sheikhupura - I ) NA - 132 ( Sheikhupura - II ) NA - 133 ( Sheikhupura - III ) NA - 134 ( Sheikhupura - IV ) NA - 135 ( Sheikhupura - V ) NA - 136 ( Sheikhupura - VI ) NA - 137 ( Sheikhupura - VII ) NA - 138 ( Kasur - I ) NA - 139 ( Kasur - II ) NA - 140 ( Kasur - III ) NA - 141 ( Kasur - IV ) NA - 142 ( Kasur - V ) NA - 143 ( Okara - I ) NA - 144 ( Okara - II ) NA - 145 ( Okara - III ) NA - 146 ( Okara - IV ) NA - 147 ( Okara - V ) NA - 148 ( Multan - I ) NA - 149 ( Multan - II ) NA - 150 ( Multan - III ) NA - 151 ( Multan - IV ) NA - 152 ( Multan - V ) NA - 153 ( Multan - VI ) NA - 154 ( Lodhran - I ) NA - 155 ( Lodhran - II ) NA - 156 ( Khanewal - I ) NA - 157 ( Khanewal - II ) NA - 158 ( Khanewal - III ) NA - 159 ( Khanewal - IV ) NA - 160 ( Sahiwal - I ) NA - 161 ( Sahiwal - II ) NA - 162 ( Sahiwal - III ) NA - 163 ( Sahiwal - IV ) NA - 164 ( Pakpattan - I ) NA - 165 ( Pakpattan - II ) NA - 166 ( Pakpattan - III ) NA - 167 ( Vehari - I ) NA - 168 ( Vehari - II ) NA - 169 ( Vehari - III ) NA - 170 ( Vehari - IV ) NA - 171 ( D.G. Khan - I ) NA - 172 ( D.G. Khan - II ) NA - 173 ( D.G. Khan - III ) NA - 174 ( Rajanpur - I ) NA - 175 ( Rajanpur - II ) NA - 176 ( Muzaffargarh - I ) NA - 177 ( Muzaffargarh - II ) NA - 178 ( Muzaffargarh - III ) NA - 179 ( Muzaffargarh - IV ) NA - 180 ( Muzaffargarh - V ) NA - 181 ( Layyah - I ) NA - 182 ( Layyah - II ) NA - 183 ( Bhawalpur - I ) NA - 184 ( Bahawalpur - II ) NA - 185 ( Bahawalpur - III ) NA - 186 ( Bahawalpur - IV ) NA - 187 ( Bahawalpur - V ) NA - 188 ( Bahawalnager - I ) NA - 189 ( Bahawalnager - II ) NA - 190 ( Bahawalnagar - III ) NA - 191 ( Bahawalnagar - IV ) NA - 192 ( Rahim Yar Khan - I ) NA - 193 ( Rahim Yar Khan - II ) NA - 194 ( Rahim Yar Khan - III ) NA - 195 ( Rahim Yar Khan - IV ) NA - 196 ( Rahim Yar Khan - V ) NA - 197 ( Rahim Yar Khan - VI ) National Assembly constituencies from Sindh ( NA - 198 to NA - 258 ) NA - 198 ( Sukkur - I ) NA - 199 ( Sukkur - II ) NA - 200 ( Ghotki - I ) NA - 201 ( Ghotki - II ) NA - 202 ( Shikarpur - I ) NA - 203 ( Shikarpur - II ) NA - 204 ( Larkana - I ) NA - 205 ( Larkana - II ) NA - 206 ( Larkana - III ) NA - 207 ( Larkana - IV ) NA - 208 ( Jacobabad - I ) NA - 209 ( Jacobabad - II ) NA - 210 ( Jacobabad - III ) NA - 211 ( Naushero Feroze - I ) NA - 212 ( Naushero Feroze - II ) NA - 213 ( Nawabshah - I ) NA - 214 ( Nawabshah - II ) NA - 215 ( Khairpur - I ) NA - 216 ( Khairpur - II ) NA - 217 ( Khairpur - III ) NA - 218 ( Hyderabad - I ) NA - 219 ( Hyderabad - II ) NA - 220 ( Hyderabad - III ) NA - 221 ( Hyderabad - IV ) NA - 222 ( Hyderabad - V ) NA - 223 ( Hyderabad - VI ) NA - 224 ( Badin - I ) NA - 225 ( Badin - II ) NA - 226 ( Mirpurkhas - I ) NA - 227 ( Mirpurkhas - II ) NA - 228 ( Mirpurkhas - III ) NA - 229 ( Tharparkar - I ) NA - 230 ( Tharparkar - II ) NA - 231 ( Dadu - I ) NA - 232 ( Dadu - II ) NA - 233 ( Dadu - III ) NA - 234 ( Sanghar - I ) NA - 235 ( Sanghar - II ) NA - 236 ( Sanghar - III ) NA - 237 ( Thatta - I ) NA - 238 ( Thatta - II ) NA - 239 ( Karachi - I ) NA - 240 ( Karachi - II ) NA - 241 ( Karachi - III ) NA - 242 ( Karachi - IV ) NA - 243 ( Karachi - V ) NA - 244 ( Karachi - VI ) NA - 245 ( Karachi - VII ) NA - 246 ( Karachi - VIII ) NA - 247 ( Karachi - IX ) NA - 248 ( Karachi - X ) NA - 249 ( Karachi - XI ) NA - 250 ( Karachi - XII ) NA - 251 ( Karachi - XIII ) NA - 252 ( Karachi - XIV ) NA - 253 ( Karachi - XV ) NA - 254 ( Karachi - XVI ) NA - 255 ( Karachi - XVII ) NA - 256 ( Karachi - XVIII ) NA - 257 ( Karachi - XIX ) NA - 258 ( Karachi - XX ) National Assembly constituencies from Balochistan ( NA - 259 to NA - 272 ) NA - 259 ( Quetta ) NA - 260 ( Quetta - cum - Chagai - cum - Mastung ) NA - 261 ( Pishin - cum - Ziarat ) NA - 262 ( Killa Abdullah ) NA - 263 ( Loralai ) NA - 264 ( Zhob - cum - Killa Saifullah ) NA - 265 ( Sibi - cum - Kohlu - cum - Dera Bugti ) NA - 266 ( Nasirabad ) NA - 267 ( Kachhi ) NA - 268 ( Kalat - cum - Mastung ) NA - 269 ( Khuzdar ) NA - 270 ( Awaran - cum - Lasbela ) NA - 271 ( Kharan - cum - Panjgur ) NA - 272 ( Kech - cum - Gwadar ) Election Commission of Pakistan Lower houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National upper houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures ISNI : 0000 0004 0405 353X GND : 277192 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Pakistan&oldid=814614855 '' Categories : National Assembly of Pakistan National lower houses Parliament of Pakistan Hidden categories : Articles containing Urdu - language text Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seats pti have in national assembly | [
"\n\nNational Assembly of Pakistan\nقومی اسمبلئ پاکستان\n\n\n14th National Assembly of Pakistan\n\n\nType\n\n\nType\n\nLower house of the Parliament of Pakistan\n\n\n\nLeadership\n\n\n\nSpeaker\n\n\nAyaz Sadiq[1]\n(PML-N)\nSince 9 November 2015\n\n\n\n\nDeputy Speaker\n\n\nJaved Abbasi\n(PML-N)\nSince 3 June 2013[1]\n\n\n\n\nLeader of House\n\n\nShahid Khaqan Abbasi\n(PML-N)\nSince 1 August 2017\n\n\n\n\nLeader of Opposition\n\n\nKhurshid Shah\n(PPP)\nSince 7 June 2013[2]\n\n\n\nStructure\n\n\nSeats\n342\n(3 vacant)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPolitical groups\n\n\nGovernment Coalition (209)\n\n PML–N (188)\n JUI–F (13)\n PML–F (5)\n NPP (2)\n NP (1)\n\nOpposition (130)\n\n PPP (47)\n PTI (32)\n MQM (24)\n JI (4)\n PkMAP (3)\n ANP (2)\n PML–Q (2)\n AJIP (1)\n AML (1)\n APML (1)\n BNP (1)\n PML–Z (1)\n QWP (1)\n Ind (10)\n\n\n\n\nElections\n\n\n\nVoting system\n\nMixed member majoritarian (First past the post for most seats, 60 seats reserved for women and 10 seats reserved for religious minorities by proportional representation)\n\n\n\nLast election\n\n11 May 2013\n\n\nMeeting place\n\n\n\n\n\nParliament House, Islamabad\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nwww.na.gov.pk\n\n"
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-4271366531383345213 | Cotton-Eyed Joe | Cotton - eyed Joe - wikipedia Cotton - eyed Joe `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' Song Published Before 1861 Genre Country folk Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' ( also known as `` Cotton - Eye Joe '' ) is a traditional American country folk song popular at various times throughout the United States and Canada , although today it is most commonly associated with the American South . In the Roud index of folksongs it is No. 942 . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' has inspired both a partner dance and more than one line dance that is often danced at country dance venues in the U.S. and around the world . The 1980 film Urban Cowboy sparked a renewed interest in the dance . In 1985 , The Moody Brothers ' version of the song received a Grammy Award nomination for `` Best Country Instrumental Performance '' . Irish group The Chieftains received a Grammy nomination for `` Best Country Vocal Collaboration '' for their version of the song with lead vocals by Ricky Skaggs on their 1992 album , Another Country . In 1994 , a version of the song recorded by the Swedish band Rednex as `` Cotton Eye Joe '' became popular worldwide . Contents 1 History 2 Select list of recorded versions 3 Rednex version 4 Modern `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' versions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The origins of this song are unclear , although it pre-dates the 1861 -- 1865 American Civil War . American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough ( 1878 -- 1935 ) noted in her 1925 book On the Trail of Negro Folk - songs , that several people remember hearing the song before the war . Scarborough 's account of the song came from her sister , Mrs. George Scarborough , who learned the song from `` the Negroes on a plantation in Texas , and other parts from a man in Louisiana . '' The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it on plantations . Both the dance and the song had many variants . The first printed one dates from 1882 . American publishing house Harper and Brothers published a version in 1882 , heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle ( born 1850 ) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child , that was later republished in 1910 : `` Cotton - eyed Joe , Cotton - eyed Joe , What did make you sarve me so , Fur ter take my gal erway fum me , An ' cyar her plum ter Tennessee ? Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe , I 'd er been married long ergo . `` His eyes wuz crossed , an ' his nose wuz flat , An ' his teef wuz out , but wat uv dat ? Fur he wuz tall , an ' he wuz slim , An ' so my gal she follered him . Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe , I 'd er been married long ergo . `` No gal so hansum could be foun ' , Not in all dis country roun ' , Wid her kinky head , an ' her eyes so bright , Wid her lips so red an ' her teef so white . Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe , I 'd been married long ergo . `` An ' I loved dat gal wid all my heart , An ' she swo ' fum me she 'd never part ; But den wid Joe she runned away , An ' lef ' me hyear fur ter weep all day . O Cotton - eyed Joe , O Cotton - eyed Joe , What did make you sarve me so ? O Joe , ef it had n't er ben fur you , I 'd er married dat gal fur true . '' By 1884 , the same year Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published , the fiddle - based song was referred to as `` an old , familiar air . '' In 1925 , another version was recorded by folklorist Dorothy Scarborough and published . Do n't you remember , do n't you know , Do n't you remember Cotton - eyed Joe ? Cotton - eyed Joe , Cotton - eyed Joe , What did make you treat me so ? I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe ! Cotton - eyed Joe , Cotton - eyed Joe , He was de nig dat sarved me so , -- Tuck my gal away fum me , Carried her off to Tennessee . I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago If it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe . Hi 's teeth was out an ' his nose was flat , His eyes was crossed , -- but she did n't mind dat . Kase he was tall , and berry slim , An ' so my gal she follered him . I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe . She was de prettiest gal to be found Anywhar in de country round ; Her lips was red an ' her eyes was bright , Her skin was black but her teeth was white . I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe . Dat gal , she sho ' had all my love , An swore fum ne she 'd never move , But Joe hoodooed her , do n't you see , An ' she run off wid him to Tennessee , I 'd ' a ' been married forty years ago , Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe . '' Scarborough noted that the song seemed to be well known in the South prior to the Civil War , and parts of it had been sent in by various persons . `` Cotton Eye Joe '' , performed by Gid Tanner and his Skillet Lickers ( 1929 ) . Over the years , many different versions of the song have been performed and / or recorded with many different versions of the lyrics ( and many without lyrics ) . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , on occasion referred to as `` The South Texas National Anthem '' , was played for minstrel - type jigs , and it has long been popular as a square dance hoedown and a couple dance polka . A resident of Central Texas who learned the dance in Williamson County in the early 1880s described it as nothing but a heel and toe `` poker '' with fringes added . These fringes added to the heel and toe polka were clog steps which required skill and extraversion on the part of the dancer . During the first half of the 20th century , the song was a widely known folk song all over English - speaking North America . One discography lists 134 recorded versions released since 1950 . In more recent decades , the song has waned in popularity in most regions except some parts of the American South , where it is still a popular folk song . A list of the possible meanings of the term `` cotton - eyed '' that have been proposed includes : to be drunk on moonshine , or to have been blinded by drinking wood alcohol , turning the eyes milky white ; a black person with very light blue eyes ; someone whose eyes were milky white from bacterial infections of trachoma or syphilis , cataracts or glaucoma ; or the contrast of dark skin tone around white eyeballs in black people . Bob Wills and Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians both recorded the song , and Hofner 's version ( Columbia 37658 ) , issued in 1941 , apparently was the one that did the most to popularize the song . A 1967 instrumental version of the song ( KIKR k202 ) by Al Dean , who recalled the song called `` The Gingerbread Man '' in South Texas , inspired a new round dance polka for couples . This dance was adapted into a simplified version as a nonpartner waist - hold , spoke line routine . Heel and toe polka steps were replaced with a cross-lift followed by a kick with two - steps . The lift and kick are sometimes accompanied by shouts of `` whoops , whoops '' , or the barnyard term `` bull shit '' , mimicking the act of kicking off barnyard muck . The practice continues to this day . The Kickin ′ album included `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' by Dean . ( KIK - R : 10012 ) One version of a dance called `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' can be found in the 1975 edition of Encyclopedia of Social Dance . This version has the men on the inside of a circle facing out , and the women on the outside facing in . The dance consists of eight kick steps , side , close left together , right together , and a series of struts . The spoke line version gained popularity not only in Texas , but also across the US and overseas . in the 1980s . Ray Benson of the Western Swing band Asleep at the Wheel talks about playing the Bob Wills version of `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' in Texas in the 1970s when the dance was very much alive . A Western `` Craze '' followed the 1980 release of Urban Cowboy . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , and its continued popularity in Texas , was referred to in the lyrics to Alabama 's song `` If You 're Gonna Play in Texas . '' `` I remember down in Houston we were puttin ' on a show when a cowboy in the back stood up and yelled , ' Cotton - Eyed Joe ' ! '' In Merle Haggard 's `` Texas Fiddle Song '' , the final verse makes reference to the `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' and features the melody of both the Bob Wills and Al Dean versions . The song has become a staple song played at many professional and college baseball games during the seventh - inning stretch with the preference going to the Rednex version . Select list of recorded versions ( edit ) Fiddlin ' John Carson ( earliest known recording ) 1928 : Gid Tanner 's Skillet Lickers , Columbia 15283D , 4 / 10 / 1928 1928 : Carter Brothers , Vocalion 5349 , 11 / ? / 1928 1941 : Burl Ives on the album , The Wayfaring Stranger 1942 : Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians , with J.R. Chatwell on fiddle 1947 : Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys 1959 : Nina Simone on the album , Nina Simone at Town Hall 1960 : Walter Brennan 1962 : Karen Dalton on the album , Cotton Eyed Joe 1967 : Al Dean & the All - Stars 1968 : Terry Callier on the album , The New Folk Sound of Terry Callier 1976 : Leona Williams on the album , San Quentin 's First Lady 1976 : The Country Roland Band 1980 : Isaac Payton Sweat 1985 : Asleep at the Wheel on their self - titled album , Asleep at the Wheel 1985 : The Moody Brothers on their self - titled album , The Moody Brothers , Grammy - nominated 1992 : The Chieftains with Ricky Skaggs on the album , Another Country , Grammy - nominated 1992 : The Muldoon Brothers on the album , Back O ' The Barn 1992 : Michelle Shocked , adapted version , `` Prodigal Daughter ( Cotton Eyed Joe ) '' , on the album Arkansas Traveler 1993 : Bill Monroe & His Bluegrass Boys on the album , Off the Record 1994 : Black Lace , released under the song title , Bullshit 1994 : Rednex 2003 : Vanessa - Mae on the album , The Ultimate Vanessa - Mae 2010 : Josh Rouse on the album , `` El Turista '' 2010 : Hot Club of Cowtown 2011 : Bass and Infinity released an a cappella parody version 2014 : Lee Matthews , Country and Irish singer , produced a version that topped the Irish Country Singles chart . 2016 : The Sweeplings on the album , Covers , Ch. 1 2017 : Daniel Radcliffe , Andy Hull , and Robert McDowell , for the film Swiss Army Man Rednex version ( edit ) Main article : Cotton Eye Joe ( Rednex song ) Rednex single cover In August 1994 , Swedish recording group Rednex covered the song as `` Cotton Eye Joe '' for their album Sex & Violins , combining their style with traditional American instruments , such as banjos , and fiddles . In 2002 , `` Cotton Eye Joe '' was remixed in a dance version , and was released from Rednex 's greatest hits album , The Best of the West . The Rednex version of the song ( using `` Eye '' instead of `` Eyed '' ) , along with a dance - mix version , was very successful in Europe , where it remained at number one in Norway for 15 weeks , Switzerland for 13 weeks , Germany for 10 weeks , Sweden for 8 weeks , Austria for 7 weeks , 3 weeks on the UK Singles Chart and 2 weeks on the Dutch Top 40 . In Oceania , it topped the New Zealand Singles Chart for 6 consecutive weeks . In Australia it peaked at number 8 in April 1995 . In the US , it peaked at number 25 in March 1995 . Modern `` Cotton - eyed Joe '' versions ( edit ) The Country and Irish singer Lee Matthews released his version of the song with new added lyrics . The single on his own independent label topped the Irish Country Singles Download Chart in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everett , Holly : `` The Many Lives of ' Cotton Eyed Joe ' '' , Canadian Society for Traditional Music Conference , 2002 , Memorial University , St. John 's , Newfoundland . Jump up ^ Scarborough , Dorothy ; Ola Lee Gulledge ( 1925 ) . On the Trail of Negro Folk - songs . Harvard University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01262 - 3 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . He said he had known it from his earliest childhood and had heard the slaves sing it on the plantations . Jump up ^ Lloyd Shaw , The Round Dance Book , The Caxton Printers , Ltd , 1948 , p. 314 . No ISBN or catalogue number . Jump up ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass ( 8 August 2016 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 5749 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pyrnelle , Louise Clarke ( 1910 ) . Diddie , shoots , and Tot : or , Plantation child - life . Harper and Brothers . p. vi . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . The stories , plantation games , and Hymns are just as I heard them in my childhood Jump up ^ Pyrnelle , Louise Clarke ( 1910 ) . Diddie , Dumps , and Tot : or , Plantation child - life . Harper and Brothers . pp. 135 -- 36 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brotherhood of locomotive firemen and enginemen 's magazine . 8 . Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. 1884 . p. 534 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dorothy Scarborough , assisted By Ola Lee Quiledge ( 1925 ) . `` On The Trail of Negro Folk - Songs - online book . A collection of negro folk songs with lyrics , sheet music & commentaries '' . Traditionalmusic.co.uk . pp. 69 -- 70 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Dance Across Texas Betty Casey , University of Texas Press , 1985 , p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71540 - 4 Jump up ^ Harris , Pittman , Waller , Dance a While . Handbook of Folk , Square , and Social Dancing . 1950 , 1955 , 1964 , 1968 . Burgess Publishing Company , Fourth Edition , p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` Grateful Dead Family Discography : Cotton - Eyed Joe '' . Deaddisc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Everett , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Information at The Fiddler 's Companion '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` COLUMBIA 78rpm numerical listing discography : 37500 - 38000 '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bill C. Malone , Do n't Get above Your Raisin ′ , University of Illinois Press , 2001 , p. 313 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02678 - 0 Jump up ^ Albert and Josephine Bulter , Encyclopedia of Social Dance , New York : Albert Bulter Ballroom Dance Service . New York , New York , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Honky Tonks , Hymns , & the Blues '' . Honkytonks.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` COLUMBIA 78rpm numerical listing discography : 15000D series '' . 78discography.com . Jump up ^ The Journal of American Folk - lore . American Folk - lore Society . 1965 . Jump up ^ Dean Tudor ( 1983 ) . Popular Music : An Annotated Guide to Recordings . Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87287 - 395 - 7 . Jump up ^ Charles K. Wolfe ( March 1997 ) . The devil 's box : masters of southern fiddling . Country Music Foundation Press . Jump up ^ `` Vocalion ( USA ) 78rpm numerical listing discography : 5000 Country series '' . 78discography.com . Jump up ^ `` Fiddlesessions.com '' . fiddlesessions.com . Jump up ^ `` Eye of Cotton Joe '' . www.youtube.com . Jump up ^ Covers , Ch. 1 , 2016 - 07 - 29 , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Cotton Eye Joe -- Rednex '' . tralala.gr . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' in The Mudcat Cafe 's Digital Tradition Folk Music Database Grateful Dead Family Discography of recordings of `` Cotton Eye Joe '' Samples from the Skillet Lickers and RedNex versions Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rednex Albums Sex & Violins Farm Out The Cotton Eye Joe Show Compilations The Best of the West EP Inbred With Rednex Singles `` Cotton Eye Joe '' `` Old Pop in an Oak '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Wild ' N Free '' `` Rolling Home '' `` Riding Alone '' `` The Way I Mate '' `` The Spirit of the Hawk '' `` Hold Me for a While '' `` The Chase '' `` Cotton Eye Joe 2002 '' `` Mama Take Me Home '' `` Fe Fi ( The Old Man Died ) '' `` Anyway You Want Me '' `` Looking for a Star '' `` Railroad , Railroad '' `` Football Is Our Religion '' Discography Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton-Eyed_Joe&oldid=857773590 '' Categories : American folk dances American folk songs Burl Ives songs Line dances Nina Simone songs Songs about Texas Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown Ophthalmic conditions emphasizing symbolism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the song cotton eyed joe written | [
"The origins of this song are unclear, although it pre-dates the 1861–1865 American Civil War.[1] American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough (1878–1935) noted in her 1925 book On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs, that several people remember hearing the song before the war. Scarborough's account of the song came from her sister, Mrs. George Scarborough, who learned the song from \"the Negroes on a plantation in Texas, and other parts from a man in Louisiana.\" The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it on plantations.[2] Both the dance and the song had many variants.[3] The first printed one dates from 1882[4]. American publishing house Harper and Brothers published a version in 1882, heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle (born 1850) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child,[5] that was later republished in 1910:[6]\n"
] | [
"unclear, although it pre-dates the 1861–1865 American Civil War"
] |
2640491188965421898 | Parallel ATA | Parallel ATA - wikipedia Parallel ATA Jump to : navigation , search Parallel ATA Two ATA motherboard sockets on the left , with an ATA connector on the right . Type Internal storage device connector Production history Designer Western Digital , subsequently amended by many others Designed 1986 Superseded by Serial ATA ( 2003 ) General specifications Hot pluggable No External No Cable 40 or 80 wires ribbon cable Pins 40 Data Width 16 bits Bitrate 16 MB / s originally later 33 , 66 , 100 and 133 MB / s Max . devices Two ( master / slave ) Protocol Parallel Pin out Pin 1 Reset Pin 2 Ground Pin 3 Data 7 Pin 4 Data 8 Pin 5 Data 6 Pin 6 Data 9 Pin 7 Data 5 Pin 8 Data 10 Pin 9 Data 4 Pin 10 Data 11 Pin 11 Data 3 Pin 12 Data 12 Pin 13 Data 2 Pin 14 Data 13 Pin 15 Data 1 Pin 16 Data 14 Pin 17 Data 0 Pin 18 Data 15 Pin 19 Ground Pin 20 Key or VCC_in Pin 21 DDRQ Pin 22 Ground Pin 23 I / O write Pin 24 Ground Pin 25 I / O read Pin 26 Ground Pin 27 IOCHRDY Pin 28 Cable select Pin 29 DDACK Pin 30 Ground Pin 31 IRQ Pin 32 No connect Pin 33 Addr 1 Pin 34 GPIO_DMA66_Detect Pin 35 Addr 0 Pin 36 Addr 2 Pin 37 Chip select 1P Pin 38 Chip select 3P Pin 39 Activity Pin 40 Ground Parallel ATA ( PATA ) , originally AT Attachment , is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disk drives , floppy disk drives , and optical disc drives in computers . The standard is maintained by the X3 / INCITS committee . It uses the underlying AT Attachment ( ATA ) and AT Attachment Packet Interface ( ATAPI ) standards . The Parallel ATA standard is the result of a long history of incremental technical development , which began with the original AT Attachment interface , developed for use in early PC AT equipment . The ATA interface itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital 's original Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) interface . As a result , many near - synonyms for ATA / ATAPI and its previous incarnations are still in common informal use , in particular Extended IDE ( EIDE ) and Ultra ATA ( UATA ) . After the introduction of Serial ATA ( SATA ) in 2003 , the original ATA was renamed to Parallel ATA , or PATA for short . Parallel ATA cables have a maximum allowable length of 18 in ( 457 mm ) . Because of this limit , the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface . For many years , ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application . It has largely been replaced by SATA in newer systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and terminology 1.1 IDE and ATA - 1 1.2 Second ATA interface 1.3 EIDE and ATA - 2 1.4 ATAPI 1.5 UDMA and ATA - 4 1.6 Ultra ATA 1.7 Current terminology 1.8 x86 BIOS size limitations 1.9 Interface size limitations 1.10 Primacy and obsolescence 2 Parallel ATA interface 2.1 Differences between connectors on 80 - conductor cables 2.2 Multiple devices on a cable 2.3 Cable select 2.3. 1 Master and slave clarification 2.4 Serialized , overlapped , and queued operations 2.5 Two devices on one cable -- speed impact 2.5. 1 `` Lowest speed '' 2.5. 2 `` One operation at a time '' 2.6 HDD passwords and security 2.7 External parallel ATA devices 3 Compact Flash interface 4 ATA standards versions , transfer rates , and features 4.1 Features introduced with each ATA revision 4.2 Speed of defined transfer modes 5 Related standards , features , and proposals 5.1 ATAPI Removable Media Device ( ARMD ) 5.2 ATA over Ethernet 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and terminology ( edit ) The standard was originally conceived as the `` AT Bus Attachment , '' officially called `` AT Attachment '' and abbreviated `` ATA '' because its primary feature was a direct connection to the 16 - bit ISA bus introduced with the IBM PC / AT . The original ATA specifications published by the standards committees use the name `` AT Attachment '' . The `` AT '' in the IBM PC / AT referred to `` Advanced Technology '' so ATA has also been referred to as `` Advanced Technology Attachment '' . When a newer Serial ATA ( SATA ) was introduced in 2003 , the original ATA was renamed to Parallel ATA , or PATA for short . IDE and ATA - 1 ( edit ) Example of a 1992 80386 PC motherboard with nothing built in other than memory , keyboard , processor , cache , realtime clock , and slots . Such basic motherboards could have been outfitted with either the ST - 506 or ATA interface , but usually not both . A single 2 - drive ATA interface and a floppy interface was added to this system via the 16 - bit ISA card . The first version of what is now called the ATA / ATAPI interface was developed by Western Digital under the name Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) . Together with Control Data Corporation ( the hard drive manufacturer ) and Compaq Computer ( the initial customer ) , they developed the connector , the signaling protocols and so on , with the goal of remaining software compatible with the existing ST - 506 hard drive interface . The first such drives appeared in Compaq PCs in 1986 . The term Integrated Drive Electronics refers not just to the connector and interface definition , but also to the fact that the drive controller is integrated into the drive , as opposed to a separate controller on or connected to the motherboard . The interface cards used to connect a parallel ATA drive to , for example , a PCI slot are not drive controllers : they are merely bridges between the host bus and the ATA interface . Since the original ATA interface is essentially just a 16 - bit ISA bus in disguise , the bridge was especially simple in case of an ATA connector being located on an ISA interface card . The integrated controller presented the drive to the host computer as an array of 512 - byte blocks with a relatively simple command interface . This relieved the mainboard and interface cards in the host computer of the chores of stepping the disk head arm , moving the head arm in and out , and so on , as had to be done with earlier ST - 506 and ESDI hard drives . All of these low - level details of the mechanical operation of the drive were now handled by the controller on the drive itself . This also eliminated the need to design a single controller that could handle many different types of drives , since the controller could be unique for the drive . The host need only to ask for a particular sector , or block , to be read or written , and either accept the data from the drive or send the data to it . The interface used by these drives was standardized in 1994 as ANSI standard X3. 221 - 1994 , AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives . After later versions of the standard were developed , this became known as `` ATA - 1 '' . A short - lived , seldom - used implementation of ATA was created for the IBM XT and similar machines that used the 8 - bit version of the ISA bus . It has been referred to as `` XT - IDE '' , `` XTA '' or `` XT Attachment '' . Second ATA interface ( edit ) An Oak Technology Mozart 16 16 - bit ISA sound card , from when the CDROM drive interface had not yet been standardized . This card offers four separate interface connectors for IDE , Panasonic , Mitsumi , and Sony CDROM drives , but only one connector could be used since they all shared the same interface wiring . A SoundBlaster 32 16 - bit ISA sound card , from after connector standardization had occurred , with an IDE interface for the CDROM drive . When PC motherboard makers started to include onboard ATA interfaces in place of the earlier ISA plug - in cards , there was usually only one ATA connector on the board , which could support up to two hard drives . At the time , in combination with the floppy drive , this was sufficient for most users . When the CD - ROM was developed , many computers would have been unable to accept these drives if they had been ATA devices , due to already having two hard drives installed . Adding the CD - ROM drive would have required removal of one of the drives . SCSI was available as a CD - ROM expansion option at the time , but devices with SCSI were more expensive than ATA devices due to the need for a smart interface that is capable of bus arbitration . SCSI typically added US $100 -- 300 to the cost of a storage device , in addition to the cost of a SCSI host adapter . The less expensive solution was the addition of a dedicated CD - ROM interface , which was typically included as an expansion option on a sound card . PC motherboards initially did not come with support for more than simple beeps from internal speakers ; thus , sound cards ( such as the Sound Blaster Pro ) were available for use with games , operating system and software event sounds , or to listen to audio CDs . Also , sound cards commonly included a gameport joystick / gamepad port along with interfaces to control a CD - ROM and transmit CD audio to the system . Initially , the second drive interface was not well defined . It was first introduced with interfaces specific to certain CD - ROM drives such as Mitsumi , Sony or Panasonic drives , and it was common to find early sound cards with two or three separate connectors each designed to match a certain brand of CD - ROM drive . This evolved into the standard ATA interface for ease of cross-compatibility , though the sound card ATA interface still usually supported only a single CD - ROM and not hard drives . This second ATA interface on the sound card eventually evolved into the second motherboard ATA interface which was long included as a standard component in all PCs . Called the `` primary '' and `` secondary '' ATA interfaces , they were assigned to base addresses 0x1F0 and 0x170 on ISA bus systems . EIDE and ATA - 2 ( edit ) In 1994 , about the same time that the ATA - 1 standard was adopted , Western Digital introduced drives under a newer name , Enhanced IDE ( EIDE ) . These included most of the features of the forthcoming ATA - 2 specification and several additional enhancements . Other manufacturers introduced their own variations of ATA - 1 such as `` Fast ATA '' and `` Fast ATA - 2 '' . The new version of the ANSI standard , AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ATA - 2 ( X3. 279 - 1996 ) , was approved in 1996 . It included most of the features of the manufacturer - specific variants . ATA - 2 also was the first to note that devices other than hard drives could be attached to the interface : 3.1. 7 Device : Device is a storage peripheral . Traditionally , a device on the ATA interface has been a hard disk drive , but any form of storage device may be placed on the ATA interface provided it adheres to this standard . -- AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ( ATA - 2 ) , page 2 ATAPI ( edit ) Main article : ATA Packet Interface As mentioned in the previous sections , ATA was originally designed for , and worked only with hard disk drives and devices that could emulate them . The introduction of ATAPI ( ATA Packet Interface ) by a group called the Small Form Factor committee ( SFF ) allowed ATA to be used for a variety of other devices that require functions beyond those necessary for hard disk drives . For example , any removable media device needs a `` media eject '' command , and a way for the host to determine whether the media is present , and these were not provided in the ATA protocol . The Small Form Factor committee approached this problem by defining ATAPI , the `` ATA Packet Interface '' . ATAPI is actually a protocol allowing the ATA interface to carry SCSI commands and responses ; therefore , all ATAPI devices are actually `` speaking SCSI '' other than at the electrical interface . In fact , some early ATAPI devices were simply SCSI devices with an ATA / ATAPI to SCSI protocol converter added on . The SCSI commands and responses are embedded in `` packets '' ( hence `` ATA Packet Interface '' ) for transmission on the ATA cable . This allows any device class for which a SCSI command set has been defined to be interfaced via ATA / ATAPI . ATAPI devices are also `` speaking ATA '' , as the ATA physical interface and protocol are still being used to send the packets . On the other hand , ATA hard drives and solid state drives do not use ATAPI . ATAPI devices include CD - ROM and DVD - ROM drives , tape drives , and large - capacity floppy drives such as the Zip drive and SuperDisk drive . The SCSI commands and responses used by each class of ATAPI device ( CD - ROM , tape , etc . ) are described in other documents or specifications specific to those device classes and are not within ATA / ATAPI or the T13 committee 's purview . One commonly used set is defined in the MMC SCSI command set . ATAPI was adopted as part of ATA in INCITS 317 - 1998 , AT Attachment with Packet Interface Extension ( ATA / ATAPI - 4 ) . UDMA and ATA - 4 ( edit ) See also : UDMA The ATA / ATAPI - 4 standard also introduced several `` Ultra DMA '' transfer modes . These initially supported speeds from 16 MByte / s to 33 MByte / second . In later versions , faster Ultra DMA modes were added , requiring new 80 - wire cables to reduce crosstalk . The latest versions of Parallel ATA support up to 133 MByte / s . Ultra ATA ( edit ) Ultra ATA , abbreviated UATA , is a designation that has been primarily used by Western Digital for different speed enhancements to the ATA / ATAPI standards . For example , in 2000 Western Digital published a document describing `` Ultra ATA / 100 '' , which brought performance improvements for the then - current ATA / ATAPI - 5 standard by improving maximum speed of the Parallel ATA interface from 66 to 100 MB / s . Most of Western Digital 's changes , along with others , were included in the ATA / ATAPI - 6 standard ( 2002 ) . Current terminology ( edit ) The terms `` integrated drive electronics '' ( IDE ) , `` enhanced IDE '' and `` EIDE '' have come to be used interchangeably with ATA ( now Parallel ATA , or PATA ) . In addition , there have been several generations of `` EIDE '' drives marketed , compliant with various versions of the ATA specification . An early `` EIDE '' drive might be compatible with ATA - 2 , while a later one with ATA - 6 . Nevertheless , a request for an `` IDE '' or `` EIDE '' drive from a computer parts vendor will almost always yield a drive that will work with most Parallel ATA interfaces . Another common usage is to refer to the specification version by the fastest mode supported . For example , ATA - 4 supported Ultra DMA modes 0 through 2 , the latter providing a maximum transfer rate of 33 megabytes per second . ATA - 4 drives are thus sometimes called `` UDMA - 33 '' drives , and sometimes `` ATA - 33 '' drives . Similarly , ATA - 6 introduced a maximum transfer speed of 100 megabytes per second , and some drives complying to this version of the standard are marketed as `` PATA / 100 '' drives . X86 BIOS size limitations ( edit ) See also : Enhanced BIOS Initially , the size of an ATA drive was stored in the system x86 BIOS using a type number ( 1 through 45 ) that predefined the C / H / S parameters and also often the landing zone , in which the drive heads are parked while not in use . Later , a `` user definable '' format called C / H / S or cylinders , heads , sectors was made available . These numbers were important for the earlier ST - 506 interface , but were generally meaningless for ATA -- the CHS parameters for later ATA large drives often specified impossibly high numbers of heads or sectors that did not actually define the internal physical layout of the drive at all . From the start , and up to ATA - 2 , every user had to specify explicitly how large every attached drive was . From ATA - 2 on , an `` identify drive '' command was implemented that can be sent and which will return all drive parameters . Owing to a lack of foresight by motherboard manufacturers , the system BIOS was often hobbled by artificial C / H / S size limitations due to the manufacturer assuming certain values would never exceed a particular numerical maximum . The first of these BIOS limits occurred when ATA drives reached sizes in excess of 504 megabytes , because some motherboard BIOSes would not allow C / H / S values above 1024 cylinders , 16 heads , and 63 sectors . Multiplied by 512 bytes per sector , this totals 528 482 304 bytes which , divided by 1048576 bytes per megabyte , equals 504 megabytes . The second of these BIOS limitations occurred at 1024 cylinders , 256 heads , and 63 sectors , and a bug in MS - DOS and MS - Windows 95 limited the number of heads to 255 . This totals to 8422686720 bytes , commonly referred to as the 8.4 gigabyte barrier . This is again a limit imposed by x86 BIOSes , and not a limit imposed by the ATA interface . It was eventually determined that these size limitations could be overridden with a tiny program loaded at startup from a hard drive 's boot sector . Some hard drive manufacturers , such as Western Digital , started including these override utilities with new large hard drives to help overcome these problems . However , if the computer was booted in some other manner without loading the special utility , the invalid BIOS settings would be used and the drive could either be inaccessible or appear to the operating system to be damaged . Later , an extension to the x86 BIOS disk services called the `` Enhanced Disk Drive '' ( EDD ) was made available , which makes it possible to address drives as large as 2 sectors . Interface size limitations ( edit ) The first drive interface used 22 - bit addressing mode which resulted in a maximum drive capacity of two gigabytes . Later , the first formalized ATA specification used a 28 - bit addressing mode through LBA28 , allowing for the addressing of 2 ( 268 435 456 ) sectors ( blocks ) of 512 bytes each , resulting in a maximum capacity of 128 GiB ( 137 GB ) . ATA - 6 introduced 48 - bit addressing , increasing the limit to 128 PiB ( 144 PB ) . As a consequence , any ATA drive of capacity larger than about 137 GB must be an ATA - 6 or later drive . Connecting such a drive to a host with an ATA - 5 or earlier interface will limit the usable capacity to the maximum of the interface . Some operating systems , including Windows XP pre-SP1 , and Windows 2000 pre-SP3 , disable LBA48 by default , requiring the user to take extra steps to use the entire capacity of an ATA drive larger than about 137 gigabytes . Older operating systems , such as Windows 98 , do not support 48 - bit LBA at all . However , members of the third - party group MSFN have modified the Windows 98 disk drivers to add unofficial support for 48 - bit LBA to Windows 95 OSR2 , Windows 98 , Windows 98 SE and Windows ME . Some 16 - bit and 32 - bit operating systems supporting LBA48 may still not support disks larger than 2 TiB due to using 32 - bit arithmetics only ; a limitation also applying to many boot sectors . Primacy and obsolescence ( edit ) Parallel ATA ( then simply called ATA or IDE ) became the primary storage device interface for PCs soon after its introduction . In some systems , a third and fourth motherboard interface was provided , allowing up to eight ATA devices to be attached to the motherboard . Often , these additional connectors were implemented by inexpensive RAID controllers . Soon after the introduction of Serial ATA ( SATA ) in 2003 , use of Parallel ATA declined . The first motherboards with built - in SATA interfaces usually had only a single PATA connector ( for up to two PATA devices ) , along with multiple SATA connectors . As of 2007 , some PC chipsets , for example the Intel ICH10 , had removed support for PATA . Motherboard vendors still wishing to offer Parallel ATA with those chipsets must include an additional interface chip . In more recent computers , the Parallel ATA interface is rarely used even if present , as four or more Serial ATA connectors are usually provided on the motherboard and SATA devices of all types are common . With Western Digital 's withdrawal from the PATA market , hard disk drives with the PATA interface were no longer in production after December 2013 for other than specialty applications . Parallel ATA interface ( edit ) Parallel ATA cables transfer data 16 bits at a time . The traditional cable uses 40 - pin connectors attached to a ribbon cable . Each cable has two or three connectors , one of which plugs into an adapter interfacing with the rest of the computer system . The remaining connector ( s ) plug into storage devices , most commonly hard disk drives or optical drives . ATA 's cables have had 40 wires for most of its history ( 44 conductors for the smaller form - factor version used for 2.5 '' drives -- the extra four for power ) , but an 80 - wire version appeared with the introduction of the UDMA / 66 mode . All of the additional wires in the new cable are ground wires , interleaved with the previously defined wires to reduce the effects of capacitive coupling between neighboring signal wires , reducing crosstalk . Capacitive coupling is more of a problem at higher transfer rates , and this change was necessary to enable the 66 megabytes per second ( MB / s ) transfer rate of UDMA4 to work reliably . The faster UDMA5 and UDMA6 modes also require 80 - conductor cables . ATA cables : 40 - wire ribbon cable ( top ) , and 80 - wire ribbon cable ( bottom ) Though the number of wires doubled , the number of connector pins and the pinout remain the same as 40 - conductor cables , and the external appearance of the connectors is identical . Internally , the connectors are different ; the connectors for the 80 - wire cable connect a larger number of ground wires to the ground pins , while the connectors for the 40 - wire cable connect ground wires to ground pins one - for - one . 80 - wire cables usually come with three differently colored connectors ( blue , black , and gray for controller , master drive , and slave drive respectively ) as opposed to uniformly colored 40 - wire cable 's connectors ( commonly all gray ) . The gray connector on 80 - conductor cables has pin 28 CSEL not connected , making it the slave position for drives configured cable select . Round parallel ATA cables ( as opposed to ribbon cables ) were eventually made available for ' case modders ' for cosmetic reasons , as well as claims of improved computer cooling and were easier to handle ; however , only ribbon cables are supported by the ATA specifications . Pin 20 In the ATA standard , pin 20 is defined as ( mechanical ) key and is not used . This socket on the female connector is often obstructed , requiring pin 20 to be omitted from the male cable or drive connector , making it impossible to plug it in the wrong way round ; a male connector with pin 20 present can not be used . However , some flash memory drives can use pin 20 as VCC_in to power the drive without requiring a special power cable ; this feature can only be used if the equipment supports this use of pin 20 . Pin 28 Pin 28 of the gray ( slave / middle ) connector of an 80 - conductor cable is not attached to any conductor of the cable . It is attached normally on the black ( master drive end ) and blue ( motherboard end ) connectors . Pin 34 Pin 34 is connected to ground inside the blue connector of an 80 - conductor cable but not attached to any conductor of the cable . It is attached normally on the gray and black connectors . Differences between connectors on 80 - conductor cables ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Differences between connectors The image on the right shows PATA connectors after removal of strain relief , cover , and cable . Pin one is at bottom left of the connectors , pin 2 is top left , etc. , except that the lower image of the blue connector shows the view from the opposite side , and pin one is at top right . The connector is an insulation - displacement connector -- in other words , each contact comprises a pair of points which together pierce the insulation of the ribbon cable with such precision that they make a connection to the desired conductor without harming the insulation on the neighboring wires . The center row of contacts are all connected to the common ground bus and attached to the odd numbered conductors of the cable . The top row of contacts are the even - numbered sockets of the connector ( mating with the even - numbered pins of the receptacle ) and attach to every other even - numbered conductor of the cable . The bottom row of contacts are the odd - numbered sockets of the connector ( mating with the odd - numbered pins of the receptacle ) and attach to the remaining even - numbered conductors of the cable . Note the connections to the common ground bus from sockets 2 ( top left ) , 19 ( center bottom row ) , 22 , 24 , 26 , 30 , and 40 on all connectors . Also note ( enlarged detail , bottom , looking from the opposite side of the connector ) that socket 34 of the blue connector does not contact any conductor but unlike socket 34 of the other two connectors , it does connect to the common ground bus . On the gray connector , note that socket 28 is completely missing , so that pin 28 of the drive attached to the gray connector will be open . On the black connector , sockets 28 and 34 are completely normal , so that pins 28 and 34 of the drive attached to the black connector will be connected to the cable . Pin 28 of the black drive reaches pin 28 of the host receptacle but not pin 28 of the gray drive , while pin 34 of the black drive reaches pin 34 of the gray drive but not pin 34 of the host . Instead , pin 34 of the host is grounded . The standard dictates color - coded connectors for easy identification by both installer and cable maker . All three connectors are different from one another . The blue ( host ) connector has the socket for pin 34 connected to ground inside the connector but not attached to any conductor of the cable . Since the old 40 conductor cables do not ground pin 34 , the presence of a ground connection indicates that an 80 conductor cable is installed . The wire for pin 34 is attached normally on the other types and is not grounded . Installing the cable backwards ( with the black connector on the system board , the blue connector on the remote device and the gray connector on the center device ) will ground pin 34 of the remote device and connect host pin 34 through to pin 34 of the center device . The gray center connector omits the connection to pin 28 but connects pin 34 normally , while the black end connector connects both pins 28 and 34 normally . Multiple devices on a cable ( edit ) If two devices are attached to a single cable , one must be designated as device 0 ( commonly referred to as master ) and the other as device 1 ( slave ) . This distinction is necessary to allow both drives to share the cable without conflict . The master drive is the drive that usually appears `` first '' to the computer 's BIOS and / or operating system . On old BIOSes ( Intel 486 era and older ) , the drives are often referred to by the BIOS as `` C '' for the master and `` D '' for the slave following the way DOS would refer to the active primary partitions on each . The mode that a drive must use is often set by a jumper setting on the drive itself , which must be manually set to master or slave . If there is a single device on a cable , it should be configured as master . However , some hard drives have a special setting called single for this configuration ( Western Digital , in particular ) . Also , depending on the hardware and software available , a single drive on a cable will often work reliably even though configured as the slave drive ( most often seen where an optical drive is the only device on the secondary ATA interface ) . Cable select ( edit ) A drive mode called cable select was described as optional in ATA - 1 and has come into fairly widespread use with ATA - 5 and later . A drive set to `` cable select '' automatically configures itself as master or slave , according to its position on the cable . Cable select is controlled by pin 28 . The host adapter grounds this pin ; if a device sees that the pin is grounded , it becomes the master device ; if it sees that pin 28 is open , the device becomes the slave device . This setting is usually chosen by a jumper setting on the drive called `` cable select '' , usually marked CS , which is separate from the `` master '' or `` slave '' setting . Note that if two drives are configured as master and slave manually , this configuration does not need to correspond to their position on the cable . Pin 28 is only used to let the drives know their position on the cable ; it is not used by the host when communicating with the drives . With the 40 - wire cable , it was very common to implement cable select by simply cutting the pin 28 wire between the two device connectors ; putting the slave device at the end of the cable , and the master on the middle connector . This arrangement eventually was standardized in later versions . If there is just one device on the cable , this results in an unused stub of cable , which is undesirable for physical convenience and electrical reasons . The stub causes signal reflections , particularly at higher transfer rates . Starting with the 80 - wire cable defined for use in ATAPI5 / UDMA4 , the master device goes at the end of the 18 - inch ( 460 mm ) cable -- the black connector -- and the slave device goes on the middle connector -- the gray one -- and the blue connector goes onto the motherboard . So , if there is only one ( master ) device on the cable , there is no cable stub to cause reflections . Also , cable select is now implemented in the slave device connector , usually simply by omitting the contact from the connector body . Master and slave clarification ( edit ) Although they are in extremely common use , the terms `` master '' and `` slave '' do not actually appear in current versions of the ATA specifications . The two devices are simply referred to as `` device 0 '' and `` device 1 '' , respectively , in ATA - 2 and later . It is a common myth that the controller on the master drive assumes control over the slave drive , or that the master drive may claim priority of communication over the other device on the same ATA interface . In fact , the drivers in the host operating system perform the necessary arbitration and serialization , and each drive 's onboard controller operates independently of the other . Serialized , overlapped , and queued operations ( edit ) The parallel ATA protocols up through ATA - 3 require that once a command has been given on an ATA interface , it must complete before any subsequent command may be given . Operations on the devices must be serialized -- with only one operation in progress at a time -- with respect to the ATA host interface . A useful mental model is that the host ATA interface is busy with the first request for its entire duration , and therefore can not be told about another request until the first one is complete . The function of serializing requests to the interface is usually performed by a device driver in the host operating system . The ATA - 4 and subsequent versions of the specification have included an `` overlapped feature set '' and a `` queued feature set '' as optional features , both being given the name `` Tagged Command Queuing '' ( TCQ ) , a reference to a set of features from SCSI which the ATA version attempts to emulate . However , support for these is extremely rare in actual parallel ATA products and device drivers because these feature sets were implemented in such a way as to maintain software compatibility with its heritage as originally an extension of the ISA bus . This implementation resulted in excessive CPU utilization which largely negated the advantages of command queuing . By contrast , overlapped and queued operations have been common in other storage buses , in particular , SCSI 's version of tagged command queuing had no need to be software compatible with ISA 's APIs , allowing it to attain high performance with low overhead on buses which supported first party DMA like PCI . This has long been seen as a major advantage of SCSI . The Serial ATA standard has supported native command queueing ( NCQ ) since its first release , but it is an optional feature for both host adapters and target devices . Many obsolete PC motherboards do not support NCQ , but modern SATA hard disk drives and SATA solid - state drives usually support NCQ , which is not the case for removable ( CD / DVD ) drives because the ATAPI command set used to control them prohibits queued operations . Two devices on one cable -- speed impact ( edit ) There are many debates about how much a slow device can impact the performance of a faster device on the same cable . There is an effect , but the debate is confused by the blurring of two quite different causes , called here `` Lowest speed '' and `` One operation at a time '' . `` Lowest speed '' ( edit ) It is a common misconception that , if two devices of different speed capabilities are on the same cable , both devices ' data transfers will be constrained to the speed of the slower device . For all modern ATA host adapters , this is not true , as modern ATA host adapters support independent device timing . This allows each device on the cable to transfer data at its own best speed . Even with older adapters without independent timing , this effect applies only to the data transfer phase of a read or write operation . This is usually the shortest part of a complete read or write operation . `` One operation at a time '' ( edit ) This is caused by the omission of both overlapped and queued feature sets from most parallel ATA products . Only one device on a cable can perform a read or write operation at one time , therefore , a fast device on the same cable as a slow device under heavy use will find it has to wait for the slow device to complete its task first . However , most modern devices will report write operations as complete once the data is stored in its onboard cache memory , before the data is written to the ( slow ) magnetic storage . This allows commands to be sent to the other device on the cable , reducing the impact of the `` one operation at a time '' limit . The impact of this on a system 's performance depends on the application . For example , when copying data from an optical drive to a hard drive ( such as during software installation ) , this effect probably will not matter : Such jobs are necessarily limited by the speed of the optical drive no matter where it is . But if the hard drive in question is also expected to provide good throughput for other tasks at the same time , it probably should not be on the same cable as the optical drive . HDD passwords and security ( edit ) `` ATA Secure Erase '' redirects here . For ATA Secure Erase with flash memory , see Write amplification § Secure erase . For general use , see Disk formatting § Recovery of data from a formatted disk . ATA devices may support an optional security feature which is defined in an ATA specification , and thus not specific to any brand or device . The security feature can be enabled and disabled by sending special ATA commands to the drive . If a device is locked , it will refuse all access until it is unlocked . A device can have two passwords : A User Password and a Master Password . Either or both may be set ; there is a Master Password identifier feature which if supported and used can identifies with out disclosing the current Master Password . A device can be locked in two modes : High security mode or Maximum security mode . Bit 8 in word 128 of the IDENTIFY response shows which mode the disk is in : 0 = High , 1 = Maximum . In High security mode , the device can be unlocked with either the User or Master password , using the `` SECURITY UNLOCK DEVICE '' ATA command . There is an attempt limit , normally set to 5 , after which the disk must be power cycled or hard - reset before unlocking can be attempted again . Also in High security mode , the SECURITY ERASE UNIT command can be used with either the User or Master password . In Maximum security mode , the device can be unlocked only with the User password . If the User password is not available , the only remaining way to get at least the bare hardware back to a usable state is to issue the SECURITY ERASE PREPARE command , immediately followed by SECURITY ERASE UNIT . In Maximum security mode , the SECURITY ERASE UNIT command requires the Master password and will completely erase all data on the disk . Word 89 in the IDENTIFY response indicates how long the operation will take . While the ATA lock is intended to be impossible to defeat without a valid password , there are purported workarounds to unlock a device . External Parallel ATA devices ( edit ) PATA to USB Adapter . It is mounted on the rear of a DVD - RW optical drive inside an external case Due to a short cable length specification and shielding issues it is extremely uncommon to find external PATA devices that directly use PATA for connection to a computer . A device connected externally needs additional cable length to form a U-shaped bend so that the external device may be placed alongside , or on top of the computer case , and the standard cable length is too short to permit this . For ease of reach from motherboard to device , the connectors tend to be positioned towards the front edge of motherboards , for connection to devices protruding from the front of the computer case . This front - edge position makes extension out the back to an external device even more difficult . Ribbon cables are poorly shielded , and the standard relies upon the cabling to be installed inside a shielded computer case to meet RF emissions limits . External hard disk drives or optical disk drives that have an internal PATA interface , use some other interface technology to bridge the distance between the external device and the computer . USB is the most common external interface , followed by Firewire . A bridge chip inside the external devices converts from the USB interface to PATA , and typically only supports a single external device without cable select or master / slave . Compact flash interface ( edit ) Compact flash is a miniature ATA interface , slightly modified to be able to also supply power to the CF device . Compact Flash in its IDE mode is essentially a miniaturized ATA interface , intended for use on devices that use flash memory storage . No interfacing chips or circuitry are required , other than to directly adapt the smaller CF socket onto the larger ATA connector . The ATA connector specification does not include pins for supplying power to a CF device , so power is inserted into the connector from a separate source . The exception to this is when the CF device is connected to a 44 - pin ATA bus designed for 2.5 - inch hard disk drives , commonly found in notebook computers , as this bus implementation must provide power to a standard hard disk drive . CF devices can be designated as master or slave on an ATA interface , though since most CF devices offer only a single socket , it is not necessary to offer this selection to end users . Although CF can be hot - pluggable with additional design methods , by default when wired directly to an ATA interface , it is not intended to be hot - pluggable . ATA standards versions , transfer rates , and features ( edit ) The following table shows the names of the versions of the ATA standards and the transfer modes and rates supported by each . Note that the transfer rate for each mode ( for example , 66.7 MB / s for UDMA4 , commonly called `` Ultra-DMA 66 '' , defined by ATA - 5 ) gives its maximum theoretical transfer rate on the cable . This is simply two bytes multiplied by the effective clock rate , and presumes that every clock cycle is used to transfer end - user data . In practice , of course , protocol overhead reduces this value . Congestion on the host bus to which the ATA adapter is attached may also limit the maximum burst transfer rate . For example , the maximum data transfer rate for conventional PCI bus is 133 MB / s , and this is shared among all active devices on the bus . In addition , no ATA hard drives existed in 2005 that were capable of measured sustained transfer rates of above 80 MB / s . Furthermore , sustained transfer rate tests do not give realistic throughput expectations for most workloads : They use I / O loads specifically designed to encounter almost no delays from seek time or rotational latency . Hard drive performance under most workloads is limited first and second by those two factors ; the transfer rate on the bus is a distant third in importance . Therefore , transfer speed limits above 66 MB / s really affect performance only when the hard drive can satisfy all I / O requests by reading from its internal cache -- a very unusual situation , especially considering that such data is usually already buffered by the operating system . As of April 2010 , mechanical hard disk drives can transfer data at up to 157 MB / s , which is beyond the capabilities of the PATA / 133 specification . High - performance solid state drives can transfer data at up to 308 MB / s . Only the Ultra DMA modes use CRC to detect errors in data transfer between the controller and drive . This is a 16 - bit CRC , and it is used for data blocks only . Transmission of command and status blocks do not use the fast signaling methods that would necessitate CRC . For comparison , in Serial ATA , 32 - bit CRC is used for both commands and data . Features introduced with each ATA revision ( edit ) Standard Other names New transfer modes Maximum disk size ( 512 byte sector ) Other new features ANSI reference IDE ( pre-ATA ) IDE PIO 0 2 GiB ( 2.1 GB ) 22 - bit logical block addressing ( LBA ) -- ATA - 1 ATA , IDE PIO 0 , 1 , 2 Single - word DMA 0 , 1 , 2 Multi-word DMA 0 128 GiB ( 137 GB ) 28 - bit logical block addressing ( LBA ) X3. 221 - 1994 ( obsolete since 1999 ) ATA - 2 EIDE , Fast ATA , Fast IDE , Ultra ATA PIO 3 , 4 Multi-word DMA 1 , 2 PCMCIA connector . Identify drive command . X3. 279 - 1996 ( obsolete since 2001 ) ATA - 3 EIDE Single - word DMA modes dropped S.M.A.R.T. , Security , 44 pin connector for 2.5 '' drives X3. 298 - 1997 ( obsolete since 2002 ) ATA / ATAPI - 4 ATA - 4 , Ultra ATA / 33 Ultra DMA 0 , 1 , 2 , also known as UDMA / 33 AT Attachment Packet Interface ( ATAPI ) ( support for CD - ROM , tape drives etc . ) , Optional overlapped and queued command set features , Host Protected Area ( HPA ) , CompactFlash Association ( CFA ) feature set for solid state drives NCITS 317 - 1998 ATA / ATAPI - 5 ATA - 5 , Ultra ATA / 66 Ultra DMA 3 , 4 , also known as UDMA / 66 80 - wire cables ; CompactFlash connector NCITS 340 - 2000 ATA / ATAPI - 6 ATA - 6 , Ultra ATA / 100 UDMA 5 , also known as UDMA / 100 128 PiB ( 144 PB ) 48 - bit LBA , Device Configuration Overlay ( DCO ) , Automatic Acoustic Management ( AAM ) NCITS 361 - 2002 ATA / ATAPI - 7 ATA - 7 , Ultra ATA / 133 UDMA 6 , also known as UDMA / 133 SATA / 150 SATA 1.0 , Streaming feature set , long logical / physical sector feature set for non-packet devices INCITS 397 - 2005 ( vol 1 ) INCITS 397 - 2005 ( vol 2 ) INCITS 397 - 2005 ( vol 3 ) ATA / ATAPI - 8 ATA - 8 -- Hybrid drive featuring non-volatile cache to speed up critical OS files INCITS 452 - 2008 ATA / ATAPI - 8 ACS - 2 -- Data Set Management , Extended Power Conditions , CFast , additional stats. , etc . INCITS 482 - 2012 Speed of defined transfer modes ( edit ) Transfer Modes Mode # Maximum transfer rate ( MB / s ) cycle time PIO 0 3.3 600 ns 5.2 383 ns 8.3 240 ns 11.1 180 ns 16.7 120 ns Single - word DMA 0 2.1 960 ns 4.2 480 ns 8.3 240 ns Multi-word DMA 0 4.2 480 ns 13.3 150 ns 16.7 120 ns 20 100 ns 25 80 ns Ultra DMA 0 16.7 240 ns ÷ 2 25.0 160 ns ÷ 2 2 ( Ultra ATA / 33 ) 33.3 120 ns ÷ 2 44.4 90 ns ÷ 2 4 ( Ultra ATA / 66 ) 66.7 60 ns ÷ 2 5 ( Ultra ATA / 100 ) 100 40 ns ÷ 2 6 ( Ultra ATA / 133 ) 133 30 ns ÷ 2 7 ( Ultra ATA / 167 ) 167 24 ns ÷ 2 Related standards , features , and proposals ( edit ) ATAPI removable media device ( ARMD ) ( edit ) Main article : ATA Packet Interface ATAPI devices with removable media , other than CD and DVD drives , are classified as ARMD ( ATAPI Removable Media Device ) and can appear as either a super-floppy ( non-partitioned media ) or a hard drive ( partitioned media ) to the operating system . These can be supported as bootable devices by a BIOS complying with the ATAPI Removable Media Device BIOS Specification , originally developed by Compaq Computer Corporation and Phoenix Technologies . It specifies provisions in the BIOS of a personal computer to allow the computer to be bootstrapped from devices such as Zip drives , Jaz drives , SuperDisk ( LS - 120 ) drives , and similar devices . These devices have removable media like floppy disk drives , but capacities more commensurate with hard drives , and programming requirements unlike either . Due to limitations in the floppy controller interface most of these devices were ATAPI devices , connected to one of the host computer 's ATA interfaces , similarly to a hard drive or CD - ROM device . However , existing BIOS standards did not support these devices . An ARMD - compliant BIOS allows these devices to be booted from and used under the operating system without requiring device - specific code in the OS . A BIOS implementing ARMD allows the user to include ARMD devices in the boot search order . Usually an ARMD device is configured earlier in the boot order than the hard drive . Similarly to a floppy drive , if bootable media is present in the ARMD drive , the BIOS will boot from it ; if not , the BIOS will continue in the search order , usually with the hard drive last . There are two variants of ARMD , ARMD - FDD and ARMD - HDD . Originally ARMD caused the devices to appear as a sort of very large floppy drive , either the primary floppy drive device 00h or the secondary device 01h . Some operating systems required code changes to support floppy disks with capacities far larger than any standard floppy disk drive . Also , standard - floppy disk drive emulation proved to be unsuitable for certain high - capacity floppy disk drives such as Iomega Zip drives . Later the ARMD - HDD , ARMD - `` Hard disk device '' , variant was developed to address these issues . Under ARMD - HDD , an ARMD device appears to the BIOS and the operating system as a hard drive . ATA over Ethernet ( edit ) In August 2004 , Sam Hopkins and Brantley Coile of Coraid specified a lightweight ATA over Ethernet protocol to carry ATA commands over Ethernet instead of directly connecting them to a PATA host adapter . This permitted the established block protocol to be reused in storage area network ( SAN ) applications . See also ( edit ) Advanced Host Controller Interface ( AHCI ) ATA over Ethernet ( AoE ) BIOS for BIOS Boot Specification ( BBS ) CE - ATA Consumer Electronics ( CE ) ATA FATA ( hard drive ) INT 13H for BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Specification ( SFF - 8039i ) IT8212 , a low - end Parallel ATA controller Master / slave ( technology ) SCSI ( Small Computer System Interface ) Serial ATA List of device bandwidths References ( edit ) Jump up ^ t13.org Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA : A Comparison with Ultra ATA Technology '' ( PDF ) . Seagate Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Frawley , Lucas . `` Parallel vs. Serial ATA '' . What Is ? The Information for Your Computer Questions . Directron.com . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ David A. Deming , The Essential Guide to Serial ATA and SATA Express , CRC Press - 2014 , page 32 Jump up ^ Common Access Method AT Bus Attachment , Rev 1 , April 1 , 1989 , CAM / 89 - 002 , CAM Committee Jump up ^ `` Ref - Overview of the IDE / ATA Interface '' . PCGuide . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lamers , Lawrence J. , ed. ( 1994 ) . AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . ANSI ASC X3 . X3. 221 - 1994 . Jump up ^ Finch , Stephen G. , ed . ( March 18 , 1996 ) . AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ( ATA - 2 ) revision 4c ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . ANSI ASC X3T10 . X3. 279 - 1996 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Curtis E. , ed. ( September 6 , 2008 ) . AT Attachment 8 - ATA / ATAPI Command Set ( ATA8 - ACS ) revision 6a ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . ANSI ASC T13 . INCITS 452 - 2008 . Jump up ^ William Rothwell , LPIC - 2 Cert Guide : ( 201 - 400 and 202 - 400 exams ) , Pearson IT Certification - 2016 , page 150 Jump up ^ David A. Deming , The Essential Guide to Serial ATA and SATA Express , CRC Press - 2014 , page 32 Jump up ^ Nitin Vengurlekar , Murali Vallath , Rich Long , Oracle Automatic Storage Management : Under - the - Hood & Practical Deployment Guide , McGraw Hill Professional - 2007 , page 6 Jump up ^ Simon Collin , Dictionary of Computing : Over 10,000 Terms Clearly Defined , A&C Black , 2009 , page 67 Jump up ^ Scott Mueller , Upgrading and Repairing PCs - Chapter 7 . The ATA / IDE Interface , Que Publishing , Jun 22 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` System Architecture : a look at hard drives '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . IDE drives on - board controllers are configured to appear to the computer like standard ST506 drives Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : Overview and History of the IDE / ATA Interface '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gene Milligan ( 2005 - 12 - 18 ) . `` The History of CAM ATA '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : ATA ( ATA - 1 ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment ( 1994 ) . AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives ( ATA - 1 ) . Global Engineering Documents . Jump up ^ Independent Technology Service ( 2008 ) . `` Data Recovery and Hard Disk Drive Glossary of Terms '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Creative Labs sound card documentation showing diagram with custom Mitsumi , Sony , and Panasonic CD - ROM drive connectors Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : ATA ( ATA - 2 ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment ( 1996 ) . AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ( ATA - 2 ) . Global Engineering Documents . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : SFF - 8020 / ATA Packet Interface ( ATAPI ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : ATA / ATAPI - 4 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment ( 1998 ) . AT Attachment with Packet Interface Extension ( ATA / ATAPI - 4 ) . Global Engineering Documents . Jump up ^ Western Digital Corporation . `` Ultra ATA / 100 Extends Existing Technology While Increasing Performance and Data Integrity '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : kursk.ru -- Standard CMOS Setup Jump up ^ teleport.com -- Interrupts Page Jump up ^ Disk - based memory ( hard drives ) , solid state disk devices such as USB drives , DVD - based storage , bit rates , bus speeds , and network speeds , are specified using decimal meanings for K ( 1000 ) , M ( 1000 ) , G ( 1000 ) , ... Jump up ^ FryeWare ( 2005 ) . `` EnableBigLba Registry Setting in Windows 2000 and XP '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . The setting is HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SYSTEM \ CurrentControlSet \ Services \ atapi \ Parameters \ EnableBigLba = 1 . Jump up ^ LLXX ( 2006 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Enable48BitLBA - Break the 137 GB barrier ! '' . 1.1 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital stops sales of PATA drives '' . Myce.com. 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Welcome to Transcend website Jump up ^ `` Information Technology - AT Attachment with Packet Interface - 5 ( ATA / ATAPI - 5 ) - Working Draft '' ( PDF ) . 2000 - 02 - 29 . p. 315 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Independent Master / Slave Device Timing '' . The PC Guide . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rockbox -- Unlocking a password protected harddisk Jump up ^ Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos ( 2010 - 04 - 06 ) . `` VelociRaptor Returns : 6Gb / s , 600GB , And 10,000 RPM '' . tomshardware.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Spring 2010 Solid State Drive Roundup , Part 2 '' . tomshardware.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA -- A Comparison with Ultra ATA Technology '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 12 - 03 . www.serialata.org Jump up ^ mpcclub.com -- Em8550datasheet. pdf Jump up ^ Direct Memory Access ( DMA ) Modes and Bus Mastering DMA ^ Jump up to : CompactFlash 2.1 Jump up ^ CompactFlash 6.0 Jump up ^ Curtis E. Stevens ; Paul J. Broyles ( 1997 - 01 - 30 ) . `` ATAPI Removable Media Device BIOS Specification , Version 1.0 '' ( PDF ) . phoenix.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . External links ( edit ) CE - ATA Workgroup ( hide ) Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses General System bus Front - side bus Back - side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Network on a chip Plug and play List of bus bandwidths Standards SS - 50 bus S - 100 bus Multibus Unibus VAXBI MBus STD Bus SMBus Q - Bus Europe Card Bus ISA STEbus Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI VXS NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus InfiniBand UPA PCI Extended ( PCI - X ) AGP PCI Express ( PCIe ) Direct Media Interface ( DMI ) RapidIO Intel QuickPath Interconnect NVLink HyperTransport Infinity Fabric Intel UltraPath Interconnect Storage ST - 506 ESDI IPI SMD Parallel ATA ( PATA ) SSA DSSI HIPPI Serial ATA ( SATA ) SCSI Parallel SAS Fibre Channel SATAe PCI Express ( via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface ) Peripheral Apple Desktop Bus DCB HP - IL HIL MIDI RS - 232 RS - 422 RS - 423 RS - 485 DMX512 - A IEEE - 488 ( GPIB ) IEEE - 1284 ( parallel port ) UNI / O ACCESS. bus 1 - Wire D2B I2C SPI Parallel SCSI Profibus IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) USB Camera Link External PCIe Thunderbolt Audio ADAT Lightpipe AES3 Intel HD Audio I2S MADI McASP S / PDIF TOSLINK Portable PC Card ExpressCard Embedded Multidrop bus CoreConnect AMBA Wishbone SLIMbus Interfaces are listed by their speed in the ( roughly ) ascending order , so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest . GND : 4442466 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parallel_ATA&oldid=816837441 '' Categories : AT Attachment Computer storage buses Computer connectors Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many pins are on a pata ide motherboard connector | [
"\nParallel ATA\n\n\nTwo ATA motherboard sockets on the left, with an ATA connector on the right.\n\n\n\nType\nInternal storage device connector\n\n\nProduction history\n\n\nDesigner\nWestern Digital, subsequently amended by many others\n\n\nDesigned\n1986\n\n\nSuperseded by\nSerial ATA (2003)\n\n\nGeneral specifications\n\n\nHot pluggable\nNo\n\n\nExternal\nNo\n\n\nCable\n40 or 80 wires ribbon cable\n\n\nPins\n40\n\n\nData\n\n\nWidth\n16 bits\n\n\nBitrate\n16 MB/s originally\nlater 33, 66, 100 and 133 MB/s\n\n\nMax. devices\nTwo (master/slave)\n\n\nProtocol\nParallel\n\n\nPin out\n\n\n\n\n\nPin 1\n\nReset\n\n\nPin 2\n\nGround\n\n\nPin 3\n\nData 7\n\n\nPin 4\n\nData 8\n\n\nPin 5\n\nData 6\n\n\nPin 6\n\nData 9\n\n\nPin 7\n\nData 5\n\n\nPin 8\n\nData 10\n\n\nPin 9\n\nData 4\n\n\nPin 10\n\nData 11\n\n\nPin 11\n\nData 3\n\n\nPin 12\n\nData 12\n\n\nPin 13\n\nData 2\n\n\nPin 14\n\nData 13\n\n\nPin 15\n\nData 1\n\n\nPin 16\n\nData 14\n\n\nPin 17\n\nData 0\n\n\nPin 18\n\nData 15\n\n\nPin 19\n\nGround\n\n\nPin 20\n\nKey or VCC_in\n\n\nPin 21\n\nDDRQ\n\n\nPin 22\n\nGround\n\n\nPin 23\n\nI/O write\n\n\nPin 24\n\nGround\n\n\nPin 25\n\nI/O read\n\n\nPin 26\n\nGround\n\n\nPin 27\n\nIOCHRDY\n\n\nPin 28\n\nCable select\n\n\nPin 29\n\nDDACK\n\n\nPin 30\n\nGround\n\n\nPin 31\n\nIRQ\n\n\nPin 32\n\nNo connect\n\n\nPin 33\n\nAddr 1\n\n\nPin 34\n\nGPIO_DMA66_Detect\n\n\nPin 35\n\nAddr 0\n\n\nPin 36\n\nAddr 2\n\n\nPin 37\n\nChip select 1P\n\n\nPin 38\n\nChip select 3P\n\n\nPin 39\n\nActivity\n\n\nPin 40\n\nGround\n\n"
] | [
"40"
] |
-3598194358665610850 | Duck the Halls: A Robertson Family Christmas | Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas - wikipedia Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas Jump to : navigation , search Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas Studio album by The Robertsons Released October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) Genre Christmas Label UMG Nashville Producer Buddy Cannon Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas is the first full - length Christmas album from the cast of A&E reality television series Duck Dynasty , released October 29 , 2013 , via UMG Nashville . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The announcement of the album came on June 10 , 2013 in the Music City Center during the CMA Music Festival in Nashville , Tennessee . It was revealed that Buddy Cannon is producing the album , and that it features the family 's `` special brand of Southern , down - home sense of humor . '' CEO of Duck Commander , Willie Robertson , was quoted as saying , `` Christmas is an important holiday for us not only because of our strong faith but also our holiday family traditions . We 're having a great time making this album . We hope you enjoy it . '' Recording ( edit ) The album features a number of traditional seasonal songs as well as originals written and performed by the Robertsons . Special guests include country stars Luke Bryan , George Strait , Josh Turner and Alison Krauss . Release ( edit ) Walmart released an exclusive ' ZinePak deluxe edition of Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas . The limited - edition package features the full - length album , plus one additional bonus track ( `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' ) , as well as a 64 - page magazine with exclusive family interviews , photos , fun facts , holiday recipes , scented Christmas ornament , and gift - tag stickers . Walmart let voters decide between the choice of three covers which one will be on the special release . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Country Weekly B+ GotCountryOnline Confront Magazine Montreal Gazette Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas garnered mostly positive reception from music critics . Tammy Ragusa of Country Weekly gave the album a B+ rating and states : `` If you 're a big fan of the Robertson family from the hit A&E reality series Duck Dynasty ( i.e. , you buy every piece of merch bearing Willie 's or Uncle Si 's photo or the expression `` Happy , Happy , Happy '' ) , then get your wallet out . You 're not going to want to go through this holiday season without Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas . Writing for Roughstock , Matt Bjorke adds : `` It may come off as a bit of a novelty album people who do n't follow the program but that does n't mean it 's not a well - made album , which Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas most definitely is . '' Daryl Addison of Great American Country writes : `` Duck the Halls is a friendly celebration of the season that will have fans of Duck Dynasty asking for seconds . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 chart and number one on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart , selling 69,000 copies in its first week of release . The album was behind another holiday album , Kelly Clarkson 's Wrapped in Red , which debuted at number three with 70,000 copies . In its second week of release , Duck the Halls remained at number one on the Top Country Albums chart , seeing a slight sales increase to 73,000 copies . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 11 , 2013 , and it became the second best - selling Christmas album of 2013 with 745,000 copies sold in the US . As of December 2014 , Duck the Halls has sold 807,000 copies in the United States . Track listing ( edit ) Source : No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ragin ' Cajun Redneck Christmas '' ( Willie Robertson ) Willie Robertson , Dallas Davidson 3 : 27 2 . `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' ( Missy Robertson ) Walter Kent , Kim Gannon , Buck Ram 3 : 50 3 . `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( Si Robertson ) Theodor S. Geisel , Albert Hague 3 : 04 4 . `` Christmas Cookies '' ( Phil Robertson and George Strait with Miss Kay ) Aaron Barker 3 : 18 5 . `` Away in a Manger '' ( Sadie Robertson with Alison Krauss , Luke 2 : 8 - 14 Scripture Reading by Mia ) Traditional 4 : 03 6 . `` Hairy Christmas '' ( Willie Robertson and Luke Bryan with Phil , Uncle Si , Jase , Jep ) Chancie Neal , Jimmy Melton , Michael Mobley 3 : 30 7 . `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( Missy and Jase Robertson ) Frank Loesser 3 : 45 8 . `` Duck the Halls '' ( Robertson Family ) Buddy Cannon , Willie Robertson , Jase Robertson , Korie Robertson , Missy Robertson 2 : 29 9 . `` Camouflage And Christmas Lights '' ( Reed Robertson ) Michael Logen , Andrew Dorff 3 : 29 10 . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( Sadie Robertson and Robertson kids with Uncle Si ) Johnny Marks 2 : 41 11 . `` The Night Before Christmas '' ( Si Robertson ) Willie Robertson 3 : 41 12 . `` Why I Love Christmas '' ( Missy Robertson with Josh Turner ) Josh Turner 3 : 32 13 . `` Silent Night '' ( Robertson family ) Traditional 4 : 19 14 . `` Phil 's Prayer , Willie 's Closing '' 1 : 10 ( show ) Walmart exclusive edition ( bonus track ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 13 . `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' Buck Owens , Don Rich Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from AllMusic The Robertsons Robertson Kids -- featured artist Jase Robertson -- featured artist , arranger , primary artist Jep Robertson -- featured artist Korie Robertson -- arranger Missy Robertson -- arranger , pre-production arranger , primary artist Phil Robertson -- featured artist , primary artist Reed Robertson -- primary artist Sadie Robertson -- primary artist Uncle Si Robertson -- featured artist , primary artist Willie Robertson -- arranger , primary artist Technical personnel Natthapol Abhigantaphard -- assistant Eric Adkins -- photography Daniel Baacigalupi -- assistant Sorrel Brigman -- assistant Jake Burns -- assistant Buddy Cannon -- arranger , production Tony Castle -- engineer , mixing Leland Elliott -- assistant Shannon Finnegan -- production coordinator Tom Freitag -- assistant Scott Frick -- assistant Carl Gorodetzky -- contractor Adam Grover -- assistant Jonathan Harter -- assistant Sam Howard -- assistant Andrew Mendelson -- mastering Karen Naff -- art direction , design Ernesto Olvera -- assistant Derek Parnell -- assistant John Pirkey -- pre-production arranger Eberhard Ramm -- copyist Pamela Sixfin -- concert mistress Bergen White -- string arrangements , vocal arrangement Brian Wright -- A&R Additional musicians David Angell -- strings Monisa Angell -- strings Sam Bacco -- percussion Wyatt Beard -- background vocals Jim `` Moose '' Brown -- piano Pat Buchanan -- electric guitar Buddy Cannon -- background vocals Melonie Cannon -- background vocals Tony Castle -- piano Jim Chapman -- background vocals Janet Darnall -- strings David Davidson -- strings Beverly Drukker -- strings Dan Dugmore -- electric guitar , baritone guitar , steel guitar Conni Ellisor -- violin Kevin `` Swine '' Grantt -- bass guitar James Grosjean -- strings Steve Herman -- trumpet Steve Hinson -- electric guitar , steel guitar Jim Horn -- flute Jon Mark Ivey -- background vocals Shane Keister -- piano , synthesizer Elizabeth Lamb -- strings Paul Leim -- drums Jim Lotz -- bassoon Randy McCormick -- clavinet , Hammond B3 , piano , synthesizer Liana Manis -- background vocals Anthony La Marchina -- strings Jon Mark -- background vocals The Nashville String Machine -- strings Daniel O'Lannerghty -- bass guitar Mary Kathryn Van Osdale -- strings Carole Rabinowitz -- strings Mickey Raphael -- harmonica John Wesley Ryles -- background vocals Joe Scaife -- percussion Lisa Silver -- background vocals Pamela Sixfin -- strings Kira Small -- background vocals Denis Solee -- clarinet Joe Spivey -- fiddle Bobby Terry -- acoustic guitar Dan Tyminski -- acoustic guitar , mandolin Alan Umstead -- strings Catherine Umstead -- strings Bruce Wethey -- strings Bergen White -- piano , background vocals Kristin Wilkinson -- strings John Willis -- acoustic guitar , electric guitar , gut string guitar Lonnie Wilson -- drums Karen Winkelmann -- strings Cindy Wyatt -- harp Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 8 US Billboard 200 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Holiday Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position US Billboard 200 124 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) 31 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 28 US Billboard 200 18 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) 6 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 807,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by Crash My Party by Luke Bryan Top Country Albums number - one album November 16 -- December 7 , 2013 Succeeded by Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences by Garth Brooks References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Duck Dynasty ' Family to Release Christmas Album '' . Yahoo ! Music . 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Duck The Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Stark , Phyllis ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` Duck the Halls CMA Music Festival 's day three highlights '' . MSN . Archived from the original on 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Weber , Katherine ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' Christmas Album to Feature Country Stars Luke Bryan , George Strait ( Promo VIDEO ) '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Duck The Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas ' ZinePak '' . Walmart.com . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart on Facebook '' . Facebook . 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ragusa , Tammy ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas '' . Country Weekly . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Toro , Tara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ALBUM REVIEW : Duck The Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas '' . GotCountryOnline . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vosburgh , Kelsie ( November 10 , 2013 ) , Review : Duck the Halls - A Robertson Family Christmas , retrieved December 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ O'Meara , Jamie ( December 17 , 2013 ) , Christmas album reviews : From Kelly Clarkson to Duck Dynasty , Montreal Gazette , retrieved December 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( 18 November 2013 ) . `` Album Review : Duck Dynasty 's `` Duck The Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas '' `` . Roughstock . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Addison , Daryl ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` GAC Album Review : Duck The Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas '' . Great American Country . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Arcade Fire 's ' Reflektor ' Debuts At No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of November 13 , 2013 : Duck Dynasty 's The Robertson Family Stay at # 1 Album With `` Duck The Halls '' Christmas Recording `` . Roughstock . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database# Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : The Top 10 Christmas Albums of 2013 '' . Yahoo Music . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Country Album Chart Report For December 24 , 2014 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . sales figures given here Jump up ^ `` DUCK THE HALLS : A ROBERTSON FAMILY CHRISTMAS RELEASES SOON ! '' . UMG Nashville . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Duck The Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas ( Walmart Exclusive ) '' . Walmart.com . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas - Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Robertsons Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Robertsons Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Robertsons Chart History ( Top Country Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Robertsons Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Top Holiday Albums for The Robertsons . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 Albums : Year - End top - selling albums across all genres '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top Country Albums : 2013 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Canadian Albums : 2014 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 Albums : Year - End top - selling albums across all genres '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top Country Albums : 2014 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- The Robertson Family -- Duck the Halls '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- The Robertsons -- Duck the Halls '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Official website Duck The Halls Facebook Page Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas on Twitter Duck Commander Robertson family Duckmen Phil Robertson Si Robertson Willie Robertson Jase Robertson Other Kay Robertson Korie Robertson Sadie Robertson Other media Duck Commander ( 2009 ) Duck Dynasty ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( Episodes ) Duck the Halls : A Robertson Family Christmas ( 2013 ) Si - cology 1 : Tales and Wisdom from Duck Dynasty 's Favorite Uncle ( 2013 ) Duck Commander : Before the Dynasty ( 2014 ) Jep & Jessica : Growing the Dynasty ( 2016 -- 17 ) Going Si - ral ( 2016 -- 17 ) Sponsorship NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Texas Motor Speedway Independence Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duck_the_Halls:_A_Robertson_Family_Christmas&oldid=824749685 '' Categories : 2013 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Albums produced by Buddy Cannon Universal Music Group Christmas albums Robertson family Country Christmas albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 07 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings camouflage and christmas lights on the robertsons christmas album | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Ragin’ Cajun Redneck Christmas\" (Willie Robertson)\nWillie Robertson, Dallas Davidson\n3:27\n\n\n2.\n\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\" (Missy Robertson)\nWalter Kent, Kim Gannon, Buck Ram\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\" (Si Robertson)\nTheodor S. Geisel, Albert Hague\n3:04\n\n\n4.\n\"Christmas Cookies\" (Phil Robertson and George Strait with Miss Kay)\nAaron Barker\n3:18\n\n\n5.\n\"Away in a Manger\" (Sadie Robertson with Alison Krauss, Luke 2: 8-14 Scripture Reading by Mia)\nTraditional\n4:03\n\n\n6.\n\"Hairy Christmas\" (Willie Robertson and Luke Bryan with Phil, Uncle Si, Jase, Jep)\nChancie Neal, Jimmy Melton, Michael Mobley\n3:30\n\n\n7.\n\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Missy and Jase Robertson)\nFrank Loesser\n3:45\n\n\n8.\n\"Duck the Halls\" (Robertson Family)\nBuddy Cannon, Willie Robertson, Jase Robertson, Korie Robertson, Missy Robertson\n2:29\n\n\n9.\n\"Camouflage And Christmas Lights\" (Reed Robertson)\nMichael Logen, Andrew Dorff\n3:29\n\n\n10.\n\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" (Sadie Robertson and Robertson kids with Uncle Si)\nJohnny Marks\n2:41\n\n\n11.\n\"The Night Before Christmas\" (Si Robertson)\nWillie Robertson\n3:41\n\n\n12.\n\"Why I Love Christmas\" (Missy Robertson with Josh Turner)\nJosh Turner\n3:32\n\n\n13.\n\"Silent Night\" (Robertson family)\nTraditional\n4:19\n\n\n14.\n\"Phil’s Prayer, Willie’s Closing\"\n \n1:10\n\n"
] | [
"Reed Robertson"
] |
-6468188937021994581 | Waco (miniseries) | Waco ( miniseries ) - wikipedia Waco ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search Waco Genre Crime Drama Thriller Based on A Place Called Waco by David Thibodeau & Leon Whiteson Stalling for Time : My Life as an FBI Hostage Negotiator by Gary Noesner Developed by John Erick Dowdle Drew Dowdle Written by John Erick Dowdle Drew Dowdle Salvatore Stabile Sarah Nicole Jones Directed by John Erick Dowdle Dennie Gordon Starring Michael Shannon Taylor Kitsch Andrea Riseborough Paul Sparks Rory Culkin Shea Whigham Melissa Benoist John Leguizamo Julia Garner Glenn Fleshler Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Jordan Gagne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 6 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David C. Glasser Michael Shannon Taylor Kitsch Megan Spanjian Salvatore Stabile John Erick Dowdle Drew Dowdle Ted Gold Producer ( s ) Kelly A. Manners Cinematography Todd McMullen Editor ( s ) Elliot Greenberg Christopher Nelson Running time 47 -- 52 minutes Production company ( s ) Brothers Dowdle Productions Release Original network Paramount Network Original release January 24 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) -- February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) External links Website Waco is an American television miniseries based on the Waco siege that premiered on the Paramount Network on January 24 , 2018 . The show consists of six episodes and was created by John Erick Dowdle and Drew Dowdle , who wrote and executive produced it as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Weinstein controversy 5.3 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 7 Other media 7.1 Revelations of Waco 7.2 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Waco explores the 51 - day 1993 standoff between the FBI and the ATF and David Koresh 's religious faction , the Branch Davidians , in Waco , Texas , that culminated in a fatal fire . It investigates the genuine facts of the tragedy right up until and chronicling the standoff told from a variety of viewpoints of those most personally associated with the two sides of the dispute . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Michael Shannon as Gary Noesner Taylor Kitsch as David Koresh Andrea Riseborough as Judy Schneider Paul Sparks as Steve Schneider Rory Culkin as David Thibodeau Shea Whigham as Mitch Decker Melissa Benoist as Rachel Koresh John Leguizamo as Jacob Vazquez Julia Garner as Michelle Jones Glenn Fleshler as Tony Prince Recurring ( edit ) Demore Barnes as Wayne Martin Duncan Joiner as Cyrus Koresh Annika Marks as Kathy Schroeder Tait Fletcher as Brad Branch Vivien Lyra Blair as Serenity Jones J.B. Tuttle as Davey Jones Camryn Manheim as Balenda Thibodeau Darcel Danielle as Sheila Martin Cayen Martin as Jamie Martin Eric Lange as Ron Engelman Michael Hyland as Walter Graves Rich Ting as Lon Horiuchi Christopher Stanley as Edward Wiggins Andy Umberger as Perry Jones Eli Goodman as Barry Skinner Ryan Jason Cook as Derek Ludlow Kimberly Kiegel as Catherine Matteson Kimberly Bigsby as Jaydean Wendell Kenneth Miller as Mike Schroeder Stephanie Kurtzuba as Carol Noesner Steven Culp as Jeff Jamar David Grant Wright as James Tabor Guest ( edit ) Hans Christopher as Randy Weaver Marianna Gallegos as Vicki Weaver Samuel Kamphuis as Sammy Weaver Vic Browder as Bo Gritz Nick Wilding as Timothy McVeigh Sarah Minnich as Sharon Wheeler Rex Linn as Dick DeGuerin Jon Kristian Moore as Jack Zimmerman Connie Ventress as Janet Reno Notes Jump up ^ Character based on actual ATF agent Robert Rodriguez . Originally announced as being Rodriguez before being renamed . Jump up ^ Credited among the main cast beginning with the third episode , Operation Showtime . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Visions and Omens '' John Erick Dowdle John Erick Dowdle & Drew Dowdle January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1.107 Nine months before the Waco siege , David Koresh preaches to his Branch Davidians at the Mount Carmel Center about what joy is . Afterwards , he and a few of his followers perform as a cover band at a bar where Koresh meets David Thibodeau . Judy Schneider , one of Koresh 's many wives , learns she is pregnant with his child . This puts her at odds with Steve , her true husband and Koresh 's right - hand man . Meanwhile , Gary Noesner , head of the FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit is assigned to Ruby Ridge to help defuse the standoff there . Six months later , the ATF is criticized for the way the Ruby Ridge case was handled , and Noesner holds some concerns about the written report which paints Mitch Decker , an FBI agent who Noesner believes acted poorly in the handling of the situation , in a positive light . The ATF receives word that a shipment of weapons is bound for Mount Carmel , and begins surveillance on the compound . `` The Strangers Across the Street '' John Erick Dowdle John Erick Dowdle & Drew Dowdle January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 0.737 With his surveillance team , ATF agent Jacob Vazquez disguises himself as a rancher and befriends David Koresh and the Branch Davidians to investigate where the weapons are stashed and to find out their true intentions . However , Steve already has some suspicions about their new neighbors . Koresh suggests that David Thibodeau marry Michelle as a way to ward off the state 's child services . The wedding proceeds on , and Vazquez tries to blend in . FBI agent Gary Noesner plans on filing a complaint against fellow agent Mitch Decker for his behavior on the Ruby Ridge case . As it continues to haunt Noesner , he looks to his wife for consolation and advice to help him stop second - guessing his decisions . The Waco Tribune - Herald releases an article painting David Koresh as a `` Sinful Messiah '' , which does n't sit too well with Rachel , Steve , and Koresh himself . After the Davidians are tipped off and Vazquez 's cover is blown , Koresh instructs him to stop the raid , but it 's all in vain when ATF agents in transit ignore his pleas . `` Operation Showtime '' John Erick Dowdle Salvatore Stabile February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 0.824 ATF agents in tactical gear storm Mount Carmel Center and gunfire is exchanged , initiating a standoff between government officials and the Branch Davidians . After both parties call for a cease fire , a wounded David Koresh phones in Ron Engelman at a Dallas - area radio station during a live broadcast detailing the deadly siege . The FBI takes over operations from ATF and lead negotiator Gary Noesner establishes contact with Koresh in hopes for a peaceful resolution . Koresh suggests that the FBI broadcast his message to national media outlets before he could possibly surrender . Later , Noesner talks with Jacob Vazquez in an attempt to find out whether the ATF or the Davidians fired first in the ambush . Perry Jones , severely wounded from the gunfire , says his last goodbyes to his daughter Michelle , and his fellowship before Koresh ends his suffering . ATF and FBI hold a press conference recapping the events of the raid and playing an audio tape by Koresh as promised . The sect packed their belongings and FBI agents prepare to escort them out , but in a shocking turn of events , Koresh makes a statement to Noesner over the phone saying they 're not leaving . `` Of Milk and Men '' Dennie Gordon Sarah Nicole Jones February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 0.780 After the first attempt of evacuating the Branch Davidians from Mount Carmel failed , Noesner suggests a new sensible plan to get the children out first safely while other FBI agents prefer to use force fearing that David Koresh and his followers would commit mass suicide . Koresh preaches to his remaining sect members that he 'll wait for a sign from God and warns that the Kingdom of Heaven is coming , but he faints mid-way into the sermon . Noesner and fellow agent Walter Graves then focus their attention on Steve Schneider , who turns out to be the star recruiter . The shrinking food and water supplies and the lack of proper medical attention test the faith and patience of the Davidians and FBI respectively . David Thibodeau buries Perry Jones ' body in the front yard instead of the bunker at Michelle 's request . Steve contacts Noesner asking for milk because the mothers have stopped lactating . However , Noesner recommends adding listening bugs to the gallons so they 'll have ears inside the compound . Throughout , Noesner 's trickle method seems to work as a few Davidians left the complex , including a few kids . Later , the Koresh family with help from Steve send their video tape to the FBI blaming the government for the fatal attack . As parents begged their loved ones to walk out , electricity to the facility has been cut , leaving Koresh and the Davidians in the dark . 5 `` Stalling for Time '' Dennie Gordon Salvatore Stabile February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 0.691 Over a week into the stalemate , Gary Noesner and his boss Tony Prince are at odds with each other on how David Koresh and the Branch Davidians should be handled . Kathy Schroder , upon seeing footage of her son Danny , leaves the compound to be with him . But immediately , Brad Branch follows after Koresh catches him drinking . Another week later , a frustrated Noesner snaps at colleagues Prince and Decker for continuing with their aggressive maneuvers after Koresh complains of armored tanks driving around their property . Tensions escalate as sect members feel the strain from the impasse . Over the phone , Noesner , in a reasonable calming tone , begs Koresh to level with him . At another press conference , Balenda , David Thibodeau 's mom , demands that she and the other families in attendance intervene . Just as everything was settling down , Decker cuts their power off again and uses bright lights and a barrage of nuisance noises from their sound system as a way to flush the Davidians out . However Wayne Martin powers on the generator , then Koresh and Thibodeau use it to their advantage to counter the annoyance . 6 `` Day 51 '' John Erick Dowdle John Erick Dowdle & Drew Dowdle February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 0.901 Attorneys visit with David Koresh and his followers to discuss the case at hand and options . From there , it looks like the stalemate is coming to a conclusion , but Koresh asks Gary Noesner over the phone to let him write out the Seven Seals before he and his group submit themselves . Noesner agrees , however Tony Prince and Mitch Decker see it as a stall tactic and remove Noesner from the premises . Later , tactical agents are given the green light to use tanks to penetrate Mount Carmel and inject CS gas as a method to lure out the sect members . That only does the exact opposite , as Steve issues gas masks and Koresh relocates his family and followers to the bunker . Suddenly , a fire starts within the complex , gradually engulfing the wooden structure in flames . A few more Davidians , including Thibodeau , escape and surrender to authorities who promptly arrest them ; while the 76 that remain in the burning compound , including Koresh and the children , perish from smoke inhalation , mercy killings , or self - sacrifice , bringing the 51 - day long standoff to a tragic end , and forever changing the lives of those involved . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) John Erick Dowdle and Drew Dowdle initially conceived the project as a feature film . That original work eventually developed into a film script that ended up being around 150 pages . Concerned about its length , the brother even changed the margins in an attempt to make the script shorter and therefore increasing their chances of interesting a studio . Eventually , Drew decided to convert their film project into a limited series , despite never having attempted that sort of format before . After bringing their project to The Weinstein Company , the producers agreed that the story would best be served in a longer format . On August 30 , 2016 , it was announced that The Weinstein Company , through their Weinstein Television arm , were developing a television miniseries based upon 1993 Branch Davidian siege in Waco , Texas . It was reported that John Erick Dowdle and Drew Dowdle would write the series with the former directing . The series is based on two biographies : A Place Called Waco , by Branch Davidian survivor David Thibodeau , and Stalling for Time : My Life as an FBI Hostage Negotiator , written by the FBI 's Special Agent in Charge of Negotiations Gary Noesner . During the pre-production process , the Dowdle brothers spent a week at the Baylor University archives , where they have the largest collection related to the Waco siege , in order to conduct further research for the series . On October 26 , 2016 , it was announced that Spike had picked up the rights to the series . In April 2017 , it was reported that Salvatore Stabile and Sarah Nicole Jones had joined the writing staff and that four episodes will be directed by John Erick Dowdle with two to be directed by Dennie Gordon . Kitsch underwent a great deal of preparation and physical transformation for the role of Koresh . This included losing a substantial amount of weight , growing out his hair , and learning to play the guitar . Casting ( edit ) In August 2016 , it was simultaneously included alongside the series ' announcement that Michael Shannon and Taylor Kitsch had been cast as Gary Noesner and David Koresh , respectively . On March 24 , 2017 , it was announced that John Leguizamo had joined the cast in the role of ATF agent Robert Rodriguez . Later that month , Andrea Riseborough , Rory Culkin , Paul Sparks , and Shea Whigham were also added as series regulars . In April 2017 , it was reported that Melissa Benoist and Julia Garner had boarded the series as regulars . A few days later , Camryn Manheim , Eric Lange , Annika Marks , Steven Culp , and Sarah Minnich were revealed to have been cast in recurring roles . Filming ( edit ) In March 2017 , it was reported that the series was set to be filmed in Santa Fe County , New Mexico . On April 10 , 2017 , the New Mexico Film Office issued a press release stating that principal photography would begin in mid-April and last through the end of June . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Promotional poster . On September 26 , 2017 , Paramount released the first trailer for the series . A second trailer was released in November . Weinstein controversy ( edit ) On October 9 , 2017 , it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein , his name would be removed from the series ' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well . On January 15 , 2018 , Kevin Kay , president of Paramount Network , clarified that Waco will not have The Weinstein Company 's credits or logo on them , even though that company was involved in production . Furthermore , he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company 's new name in the show 's credits when available . Premiere ( edit ) On January 24 , 2018 , the series had its official world premiere at Paley Center for Media in New York City . The premiere included a screening of the first episode and a discussion moderated by The New York Times 's Dave Itzkoff with the cast and crew featuring Taylor Kitsch , Michael Shannon , Rory Culkin , Andrea Riseborough , Gary Noesner , David Thibodeau , John Erick Dowdle , and Drew Dowdle . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has received a mixed reception from critics upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds a 64 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.18 out of 10 based on 36 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Waco brings its fact - based drama to life with an outstanding ensemble , though its sympathetic approach to the main character may offend some viewers . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 56 out of 100 based on 15 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of New York Magazine offered the series restrained praise saying , `` It does n't go nearly as far as it could 've , given what a quietly charismatic star it has in Taylor Kitsch as David Koresh , and how immediately human all of his followers seem . All that being said , this is still a necessary and sometimes powerful series , particularly in the third hour , which depicts the initial assault on the compound that led to the two - month siege . '' Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the actors ' performances while criticizing the series ' writing saying , `` In every case , the actor elevates the material , raising passable storytelling to a more compelling and charismatic level . '' Mike Hale of The New York Times gave the series a mixed review saying , `` Waco is a workmanlike summary of events that paints a largely , some might say excessively , sympathetic portrait of Koresh and his followers . This is likely because of the demands of dramatic compression rather than any propagandizing on the part of the show 's makers . '' In a negative review , Lorraine Ali of The Los Angeles Times commented , `` Waco is n't skillful enough to weave all the opposing perspectives here into a three - dimensional story , where the ultimate victims are the innocent folk betrayed by their leader and their government . It 's so busy delivering Spam - sized chunks of ham - fisted dialogue defending the misunderstood Koresh , it loses all those other critical threads that make Waco a cautionary tale for all sides . '' Ratings ( edit ) In addition to airing on the Paramount Network , episodes of the miniseries were simulcast on CMT . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) CMT ( 18 -- 49 ) CMT viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Visions and Omens '' January 24 , 2018 0.38 1.107 0.12 0.344 0.5 1.451 `` The Strangers Across the Street '' January 31 , 2018 0.26 0.737 0.09 0.264 0.35 1.001 `` Operation Showtime '' February 7 , 2018 0.28 0.824 0.11 0.306 0.39 1.13 `` Of Milk and Men '' February 14 , 2018 0.28 0.78 0.04 0.198 0.32 0.978 5 `` Stalling for Time '' February 21 , 2018 0.24 0.691 0.09 0.282 0.33 0.973 6 `` Day 51 '' February 28 , 2018 0.29 0.901 0.05 0.193 0.34 1.094 Other Media ( edit ) Revelations of Waco ( edit ) Revelations of Waco is a companion documentary series released exclusively on the Paramount Network website and YouTube channel following the initial airing of each episode of the miniseries . The series reveals the true to life details of the Waco siege through interviews with those on both sides of the conflict . Each episode runs between nine to thirteen minutes in length . No . Title Original air date `` Ruby Ridge : Setting the Stage '' January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) Former FBI negotiator Gary Noesner and former ATF agent John Risenhoover discuss the real story of the Ruby Ridge hostage situation , and how it set the stage months before Waco . `` Church and State : The Prophetic Vernon Howell '' January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) Theologians explain how a young man named Vernon Howell came to change his name and become the leader of the Branch Davidians . `` Operation Showtime : Who Shot First ? '' February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) ATF officers and Branch Davidian survivors recount the first day of the infamous raid on the Mt . Carmel compound . `` Psychology of Belief : Manipulating Minds at Mount Carmel '' February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) Branch Davidians , Waco survivors , and federal agents reveal the full extent of David Koresh 's manipulative and powerful take on scripture . 5 `` How Not to Negotiate With Believers : Sending Mixed Signals '' February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) FBI Agent Gary Noesner provides his insights during his time at Mt . Carmel while negotiating with David Koresh . 6 `` The Legacy of Waco : Lessons Learned '' February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) Survivors of Waco , along with FBI agents and officers , explore their thoughts about the lasting affects of the devastation upon the Mt . Carmel Branch Davidians . Soundtrack ( edit ) Sony Classical has released a soundtrack album for the series that features selections of the show 's original music composed by Jeff Russo and Jordan Gagne . All music composed by Jeff Russo and Jordan Gagne . No . Title Length 1 . `` Waco ( Main Title Theme ) '' 0 : 34 2 . `` Tear Gas '' 2 : 43 3 . `` David 's Theme '' 1 : 48 4 . `` Sniper at Ruby Ridge '' 1 : 35 5 . `` Rachel Dies '' 2 : 14 6 . `` Incendiary '' 1 : 39 7 . `` Satellite Response '' 1 : 13 8 . `` Burning Compound '' 1 : 17 9 . `` Out for Blood '' 1 : 41 10 . `` Survivor List '' 2 : 33 11 . `` McLellan Prison '' 4 : 05 Total length : 21 : 23 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Waco ' : John Leguizamo Cast In Event Series From Weinstein TV '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Waco ' Creators on How the Story Evolved from a Film to a TV Series '' . Collider . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Shannon & Taylor Kitsch Topline Weinstein Co . Series ' Waco ' , Based On 1993 Siege '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumann , Michael ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Beyond the Monster : The Creators of ' Waco ' Talk About Re-creating David Koresh 's Infamous Standoff for TV - The Ringer '' . The Ringer . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Spike TV Lands ' Waco ' Event Series From Weinstein TV '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weinstein Television 's Epic Scripted Event Series `` Waco , '' Lands on Spike TV `` . Spike . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Melissa Benoist & Julia Garner To Co-Star In ' Waco ' Event Series For Par Network '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Melissa Benoist on Filming ' Waco ' and How the Experience Stayed with Her '' . Collider . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Waco ' Team on the Challenge of Finding ' Heroes Within This Bad Situation ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Waco ' : Andrea Riseborough , Rory Culkin , Paul Sparks & Shea Whigham Join Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Waco ' : Camryn Manheim , Eric Lange Among 5 Cast In Event Series For Par Network '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stelnicki , Tripp ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Miniseries ' Waco ' to begin filming in Santa Fe County '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The New Mexico Film Office Announces `` Waco '' to film in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . NMFilm.com . The New Mexico Film Office . April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Waco ' Trailer : First Footage Of Michael Shannon & Taylor Kitsch In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Kitsch , Michael Shannon brace for a deadly showdown in first ' Waco ' trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Network Releases New Trailer for ' Waco ' Miniseries With No Weinstein TV In Credits '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tensions rise between Taylor Kitsch and Michael Shannon in new ' Waco ' trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Harvey Weinstein Dropped as EP on Weinstein Co . TV Shows , Apple Scraps Presley Biopic Series '' . Variety . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein 's Involvement In TWC Series ' Waco ' & ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Waco : World Premiere Screening and Discussion The Paley Center for Media '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Waco - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Waco - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Waco Is a Necessary and Sometimes Powerful Series '' . New York Magazine ( Vulture ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Waco dramatizes a colossal and deadly series of real - life mistakes '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Taylor Kitsch Is a Charismatic David Koresh in ' Waco ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ali , Lorraine ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` The problematic ' Waco ' recasts cult leader David Koresh as a sympathetic figure '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Ridge : Setting the Stage ( Ep. 1 ) -- Revelations Of Waco '' . Paramount Network . January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Church and State : The Prophetic Vernon Howell ( Ep. 2 ) -- Revelations Of Waco '' . Paramount Network . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Showtime : Who Shot First ? ( Ep. 3 ) -- Revelations Of Waco '' . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Psychology of Belief : Manipulating Minds at Mount Carmel ( Ep. 4 ) -- Revelations Of Waco '' . February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Not to Negotiate With Believers : Sending Mixed Signals ( Ep. 5 ) -- Revelations Of Waco '' . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of Waco : Lessons Learned ( Ep. 6 ) -- Revelations Of Waco '' . February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Network 's Waco soundtrack '' . iTunes . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Waco on IMDb ( hide ) Paramount Network original programming Current Lip Sync Battle ( since 2018 ) Bellator MMA ( since 2018 ) Cops ( since 2018 ) Ink Master ( since 2018 ) Bar Rescue ( since 2018 ) Ink Master : Angels ( since 2018 ) Nobodies ( since 2018 ) Former Waco ( 2018 ) Upcoming American Woman ( 2018 ) Yellowstone ( 2018 ) Rest in Power : The Trayvon Martin Story ( 2018 ) Heathers ( 2018 ) First Wives Club ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waco_(miniseries)&oldid=836533892 '' Categories : English - language television programs Television series set in 1993 Waco siege 2018 American television series debuts Television shows set in Texas 2010s American television miniseries Paramount Network shows Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 10 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many parts are in the waco series | [
"Waco is an American television miniseries based on the Waco siege that premiered on the Paramount Network on January 24, 2018. The show consists of six episodes and was created by John Erick Dowdle and Drew Dowdle, who wrote and executive produced it as well."
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-6708520339851310481 | List of The Nightmare Before Christmas characters | List of the Nightmare Before Christmas characters - wikipedia List of the Nightmare Before Christmas characters Jump to : navigation , search The main characters in The Nightmare Before Christmas from left to right Doctor Finklestein , the Mayor , Sally , Jack , Barrel , Santa Claus , Zero , Lock , Shock and Oogie Boogie . This article lists characters seen in the film The Nightmare Before Christmas and two video games : The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King and The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Main characters 2.1 Jack Skellington 2.2 Sally 2.3 Oogie Boogie 2.4 Doctor Finklestein 2.5 Mayor of Halloween Town 2.6 Lock , Shock and Barrel 2.7 Santa Claus 2.8 Zero 3 Minor characters 3.1 Halloween Town residents 3.2 Halloween Town - based Toys 3.3 Christmas Town residents 3.4 Enemies 4 Marketing 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Design ( edit ) The filmmakers constructed 230 puppets to represent the characters in the movie , with Jack Skellington having `` around eight hundred heads '' , allowing the expression of every possible emotion . Sally 's mouth movements `` were animated through the replacement method . During the animation process , ... only Sally 's face ' mask ' was removed in order to preserve the order of her long red hair . Sally had ten types of faces , each made with a series of eleven expressions ( e.g. eyes open and closed , and various facial poses ) and synchronised mouth movements . '' Main characters ( edit ) Jack Skellington ( edit ) Main article : Jack Skellington The film 's protagonist , Jack Skellington is a skeleton who holds the title of The Pumpkin King . Under that alias , he is the titular hero of the prequel video game The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . He is popular among the inhabitants of Halloween Town , due to his charming personality and aim to please . Despite a lack of inhibition , he means well . He is in charge of Halloween . Having not left it within many years ( as heard in the song Jack 's Lament where he mentions England , Kentucky and France ) , he felt his inspiration for his own holiday waning . Christmas Town gave him new ideas and inspiration . He also appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . He is voiced in all appearances by Chris Sarandon , and his singing voice in the film was provided by Danny Elfman . Since the film was originally released as an adults product , as it was thought to be `` too dark and scary for kids '' , in non-English speaking countries , Disney Character Voices International only dubbed the film in a few languages in which adults movies , as well as kids movies , are usually dubbed , while in the rest of countries it was only released with subtitles . A few versions dubbed only the spoken lines , leaving the songs in English . ( show ) Jack 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Brazilian Portuguese VHS Nelson Machado Filho ( pt ) Brazilian Portuguese DVD Marcelo Coutinho Castilian Spanish Antonio Miguel Fernández Ramos Tony Cruz ( es ) Catalan José Posada Danny Elfman Czech Jan Vondráček Danny Elfman Dutch Florus van Rooijen ( nl ) English Chris Sarandon Danny Elfman French Olivier Constantin ( fr ) German Alexander Goebel ( de ) Greek Unknown Unknown Hungarian Csík Csaba Krisztián ( hu ) Danny Elfman Italian Renato Zero Japanese 市 村 正親 ( Masachika Ichimura ) Korean 김승 죽 ( Kim Seung - jun ) 남경주 ( Nam Gyeong - Ju ) ( ko ) Latin American Spanish Sergio Saldívar Polish Wojciech Paszkowski ( pl ) Russian Алексей Кортнев ( Aleksej Kortnyev ) ( ru ) Slovak Unknown Unknown Thai Unknown Unknown Turkish Unknown Danny Elfman Jack Skellington made cameos in the film James and the Giant Peach as the `` pirate captain '' . Jack Skellington appears in the Robot Chicken episode `` Anne Marie 's Pride '' voiced by Victor Yerrid . Sally ( edit ) Sally First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Catherine O'Hara ( The Nightmare Before Christmas , Attractions ) Kath Soucie ( Kingdom Hearts , Kingdom Hearts II and The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge ) Sally is Jack Skellington 's love interest . She is a very pretty , loving , caring , and shy rag doll who told Jack that Christmas and Halloween should n't be mixed . She is originally patched together by Doctor Finkelstein . She is the only one to have doubts about Jack 's Christmas plan . Although her creator attempts to keep her constantly imprisoned , she often manages escape by slipping him deadly nightshade , causing him to fall asleep . Nightshade is a flower that grows atop the grave of a dead witch , as seen before Jack 's first song which induces temporary somnolence upon consumption . This becomes essential to Sally managing to trick the Doctor and escape . Despite her makeshift appearance , Sally is a determined individual with a good feel for what is right . Fiona Apple provides the vocals for `` Sally 's Song '' on the 2006 special edition of The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , while Amy Lee provides the vocals for `` Sally 's Song '' on Nightmare Revisited . She also appears in Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . Sally is a rag doll - type character , with detachable limbs stuffed with fall leaves . She often falls apart , requiring her to sew herself back together , and carries a set of sewing needles and thread for precisely that purpose . She was created by Doctor Finklestein , Halloween Town 's resident mad scientist , as a companion . Their relationship is rather tense , as Finklestein insists on keeping Sally under lock and key , under the pretext of protecting her from the excitement of the outside world . However Sally is restless , and is intrigued by the wonders of the outside world . It is this restlessness , or , more specifically , this desire for something better in her life , that draws her to Jack Skellington . In the beginning of the movie , she idolizes and admires Jack much like any of the other female members of Halloween Town ; however , she quickly discovers that they are connected by the desire for something more in their lives , and her feelings for him intensify . The two refer to each other as `` friends '' , though Jack seems unaware of Sally 's true feelings for him , as she is too shy to make them known to him other than through her sweet actions , however this could be argued because after Boogie 's defeat , Jack and Sally are left alone and Jack sees that Sally tried her best to help him . Thus prompting him to finally realize how much she cares for him and how much he loves her in return . On the album to the film it is mentioned that years later Sandy Claws returned to Halloween Town and saw that Jack now had four or five skeleton children of his own . Many fans of the film and of the franchise assume that given the ending to the film , that Jack and Sally eventually got married and had a family of their own . Bryan Theiss declares that `` Sally is one of those rare fantasy characters we can relate to on a certain level as much as we can to real - world characters on a more literal level . '' Sally 's voice was played by Catherine O'Hara throughout the movie , and Kath Soucie in the video game spin - offs . ( show ) Sally 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Brazilian Portuguese VHS Marli Bortoleto ( pt ) Brazilian Portuguese DVD Sylvia Salustti ( pt ) Castilian Spanish Ángela González María Caneda Catalan Berta Cortés Catherine O'Hara Czech Tereza Bebarová Catherine O'Hara Dutch Liesbet Hermans English Catherine O'Hara French Dorothée Jemma Nina Morato German Nina Hagen Greek Unknown Unknown Hungarian Kiss Virág ( hu ) Catherine O'Hara Italian Laura Boccanera Marjorie Biondo ( it ) Japanese 土居 裕子 ( Yuko Doi ) ( ja ) Korean 은영 선 ( Eun Yeong - seon ) ( ko ) 이혜경 ( Yi Hye - gyeong ) Latin American Spanish Gabriela Vega Polish Joanna Węgrzynowska ( pl ) Russian Тутта Ларсен ( Tutta Larsen ) Slovak Unknown Unknown Thai รัดเกล้า อาม ระ ดิ ษ ( Ratklao Amaradit ) ( th ) Turkish Unknown Catherine O'Hara Oogie Boogie ( edit ) Oogie Boogie First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Ken Page Oogie Boogie is the main antagonist of the film . Oogie Boogie is essentially the Bogeyman , resembling a large burlap sack . When Oogie Boogie is defeated , it is revealed that he is a colony of bugs wrapped in sacking . Oogie Boogie did not appear in Tim Burton 's original poem , but Burton later sketched a portrait of what appeared to be a potato sack man with horrible things inside . The Oogie puppet was two feet high , twice the height of the other puppets . In his autobiography Burton on Burton , Burton says that Oogie Boogie was loosely inspired by Cab Calloway 's 1932 appearance in a Betty Boop cartoon , and that he asked Danny Elfman to make Oogie 's song in Nightmare slightly resemble Calloway 's 1931 recording of the song `` Minnie the Moocher '' . Elfman ended up referencing the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain ( 1933 ) , also featuring Calloway . Santa 's line `` Well , what are you going to do ? '' and Oogie Boogie 's response of `` I 'm gon na do the best I can ! '' are direct quotes from this cartoon . Another idea for Oogie 's identity was for him to be Dr. Finklestein in disguise , gaining revenge on Jack and Sally , but it was not pursued past storyboards since Tim Burton scrapped the idea . This is visible on the Special Edition DVD . Unlike all the other inhabitants of Halloween Town , who are merely monsters who scare people simply because they enjoy it as a celebration of their skill and fun , it appears that Oogie is truly evil . It is suggested that his sinister nature had resulted in his exile from the mainstream Halloween Town . He lives in an underground lair full of torture devices , each of which features a casino - like appearance . Red skeletons -- implied to be the remains of previous victims -- are in several of the devices , and overhanging chains are used as perches by skeletal bats . Oogie Boogie 's lair , during his theme song , is lit with black lights in the style of a cheap funhouse . Under these , Oogie himself glows bright green , similar to a glow stick . After the lights dim , however , the bright color is sapped from his lair , transforming its appearance into that of a dank , cellar - like dungeon . Above his lair is the clubhouse of Lock , Shock , and Barrel , who feed him bugs regularly via a metal chute . It is at first believed that Oogie can not be killed or die but it is later revealed he can be destroyed if his brain , the lead bug , is destroyed . In the movie , Lock , Shock and Barrel kidnap Santa Claus and ( against the wishes of Jack , who holds Oogie in great contempt ) send him down to Oogie Boogie 's lair , where he is bound to a giant roulette wheel . According to deleted song material ( found in the soundtrack version ) , Oogie plans to add `` Sandy Claws '' to his new batch of Snake and Spider Stew , to `` add a little Spice '' . Sally , after finding out Santa 's fate , attempts to rescue him but is captured herself . Oogie then tortures and tries to kill Sally and Santa Claus , but is destroyed when Jack pulls a thread loose from him , which rips off the sack covering him and causes the majority of his bugs to fall into the lava pit . The lead bug is then squashed by Santa after it falls next to the pit . The rest of the bugs scurry off after this . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , Oogie 's origins and the birth of his rivalry with Jack were revealed . As it turns out , he once had his own holiday , Bug Day , that was ( most likely ) forgotten by the people of the real world and thus vanished . Unfortunately , Oogie escaped , found Halloween Town and decided that it would be the new Bug Day . He and his army of insects invaded the town and nearly took it over . Jack found out and he defeated the bugs and Oogie . Oogie survived the battle , learned to fear the Pumpkin King , and was banished to his underground lair , of which Jack warns that if Oogie ever leave his lair , it would be `` game over ! '' for him ( Oogie ) . Oogie complied , but secretly vowed revenge . In the 2004 video game The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Oogie was resurrected by his henchmen Lock , Shock and Barrel , who sewed him together . He quickly deceived the residents of Halloween Town and tricked the townspeople into making traps for Jack stating that Jack would n't return if they can make an even scarier Halloween for next year . Oogie attempted to become the Seven Holidays King , successfully kidnapped the real leaders and tried to murder Santa Claus again . His plans were foiled by Jack . Desperate , Oogie puts up a fight in the Holiday Trash Hill ( where all the holiday worlds ' garbage goes ) by turning into a gigantic junk - filled version of himself named `` Mega-Oogie '' , but he is again destroyed . Oogie also appears with other Disney Villains at Halloween events such as the Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland , the HalloWishes and Halloween Screams fireworks shows at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland , respectively , and during `` Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party '' and `` Mickey 's Halloween Party '' separate - admission ( `` hard ticket '' ) events . Despite the fact that he is hated for the most part by the other inhabitants of Halloween Town , it appears they still allow him to take part in their celebration , as his shadow makes an appearance in the opening musical `` This Is Halloween '' as the `` shadow on the moon at night , filling your dreams to the brim with fright '' . In the version of `` This Is Halloween '' that was heard on The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , a different voice was heard when it came to the shadow on the moon part . He is voiced by Ken Page in all of his appearances . Oogie Boogie also appears in the video game Kingdom Hearts as a member of Maleficent 's team of Disney villains . He appears again in the sequel Kingdom Hearts II , where he attempts to turn Santa into a Heartless , and in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories as an enemy based on Sora 's memories of him . Doctor Finklestein ( edit ) Doctor Finklestein First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by William Hickey ( film ) Jess Harnell ( video games ) Doctor Finklestein is a resident of Halloween Town . He is the mad scientist and the `` father '' of Sally . He is described as a pale - as - a-sheet mad scientist with a duckbill - like mouth and a hinged skullcap that he can open up to reveal his brain . For unknown reasons he uses a motorized wheelchair ( early drawings of Finklestein depict him standing freely , and his original action figure followed this example , implying he was not always intended to be a wheelchair user ) . Finklestein is only referred to as the `` Evil Scientist '' in the credits . His true name is only mentioned in the movie when the Mayor calls him up to the front of the line for his Christmas assignment . Doctor Finklestein lives in a large observatory with his living rag doll creation Sally and his hunchbacked assistant Igor . James Whale 's Frankenstein is quoted in Finklestein 's line `` I made you with my own hands '' which is ironic as Finklestein 's body appears to be largely if not entirely artificial . Unlike Frankenstein who takes no responsibility for his creations and disowns them almost as soon as they are completed ( much like the original Dr. Frankenstein ) , Finklestein takes full responsibility over Sally and acts as an over-protective father and in some ways an overbearing husband ( thus explaining Sally 's attempts to run away ) by keeping her under lock and key under the pretext of sheltering her from the world . In addition to being an overbearing and antagonistic father figure for Sally to overcome , Finklestein also has a hand in helping Jack Skellington ( of whom he seems to be very fond ) with his plan to take over Christmas by bringing to life several skeletal reindeer to pull Jack 's sleigh . At the end of the film , Finklestein , deciding that Sally is too much of a handful , creates a wife for himself using a portion of his own brain . Dr. Finklestein is featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . When Jack is tired of doing the same thing at Halloween , Dr. Finklestein helps him by giving him the Soul Robber , a weapon that allows Jack to change its shape . Jack also tells Dr. Finklestein to watch over the town while he is away . After Oogie Boogie 's revival , Dr. Finklestein was under Oogie 's control by switching his brain to a different one and created monsters that obey Oogie Boogie 's every command . Fortunately , Jack was able to put Dr. Finklestein 's original brain back in place making Dr. Finklestein break from Oogie 's control . In the game spin - offs , Finklestein 's name is pronounced `` steen '' instead of `` stein '' . For some reason , his wife creation `` Jewel '' is not present in the game , and Sally appears to still be living with him even though in the movie she appeared to be free at the end . Sally even says `` He insists on keeping me locked up '' while next to the Hanging Tree in the Graveyard . Finklestein also appears in Kingdom Hearts and other games in the series . When the Heartless appear in Halloween Town , Jack thinks of adding them to the Halloween celebrations and asks Dr. Finklestein for advice . Realizing that the Heartless need a heart , the two find the ingredients for one : pulse and emotion ( terror , fear , hope , and despair ) . Their initial experiment fails , and Dr. Finklestein sends Jack off with Sora and the gang to retrieve two more ingredients , memory and surprise , thus completing the heart . However , the heart is stolen by Oogie Boogie . In Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , created from Sora 's memories , Dr. Finklestein creates a potion that allows people to see their true memory . The only problem is that once he sniffed the potion , Heartless appeared . In Kingdom Hearts II Finklestein creates an experiment aided by Lock , Shock , and Barrel . As the Experiment has no heart , it goes on a rampage to steal gifts , in an attempt to understand the emotions behind giving and gain a heart of its own . Sadly , Sora and the gang have no choice but to destroy the Experiment . Dr. Finklestein was voiced by William Hickey in the film and by Jess Harnell in the video game spin - offs . His Japanese voice is provided by Yūji Mitsuya . Mayor of Halloween Town ( edit ) The Mayor of Halloween Town First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Glenn Shadix ( film , Kingdom Hearts II , Oogie 's Revenge ) Jeff Bennett ( Kingdom Hearts ) The Mayor of Halloween Town is depicted as a short , fat man , who has the appearance of a giant candy corn with a cone - shaped head , wearing an impossibly tall top hat , a spider bolo tie , and a ribbon of office that says `` Mayor '' on it . His cone - shaped head has two faces . One face is peach - skinned , rosy - cheeked , and smiling while the other face is white - skinned , pale and frowning with pointed teeth . Depending on the Mayor 's mood , his head swivels around to display the right face with a loud clicking sound ; the other face , when not in use , has its eyes closed and is considered dormant . This split personality is likely inspired by Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , and is a literal interpretation of the phrase `` two - faced politicians '' . Despite his office , the Mayor apparently has very little actual authority in the day - to - day running of the town , or has very little confidence in his leadership skills , especially in planning for Halloween . This is attested when he arrives at Jack Skellington 's house to discuss some plans with him , not knowing that Jack is not home . When Jack does not answer , the Mayor quickly gets hysterical and yells , more to himself than anyone , `` Jack , please , I 'm only an elected official here ! I ca n't make decisions by myself ! '' . Nonetheless , the Mayor seems to enjoy his position . He apparently owns the only automobile in town , a hearse - like car called the `` Mayor - mobile '' that is equipped with a loudspeaker for making announcements and a black cat - shaped hood ornament that sounds a siren when its tail is cranked . The Mayor supports Jack and helps him in his quest to bring his own version of Christmas to the world , despite his secret misgivings about it . When Jack is apparently killed by the US Army , the Mayor openly admits he had a bad feeling about `` this Christmas thing , '' and sorrowfully goes off in his Mayor - mobile to make the announcement throughout Halloween Town and the surrounding countryside that `` the king of Halloween has been blown to smithereens '' . Later , he is told by Lock , Shock , and Barrel that Jack is in over his head and alive , and comes to retrieve him and Sally after Oogie Boogie has been defeated . The Mayor of Halloween Town is among the citizens surprised ( and once again uneasy ) when it starts snowing in Halloween Town , but when he catches a snowflake on his tongue , his head swivels around to reveal his pleased expression . The Mayor of Halloween Town appears in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II . His role in both games is fairly minor . In the first game , he helps Jack and Sora find an ingredient they need for the heart Dr. Finklestein is making . In the second game , he tries to stop two Heartless outbreaks by yelling at the Heartless through his megaphone , but has no success . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , the Mayor is seen in the opening cut scene congratulating Jack on another `` horrible '' Halloween . He is later seen in the level `` Mayor 's Madhouse '' where Jack rescues him from a cage hanging from the roof of his house . While Jack goes to Christmas Town , the Mayor frees the other holiday leaders . He is voiced by Glenn Shadix in the film , Oogie 's Revenge , and Kingdom Hearts II. and by Jeff Bennett in Kingdom Hearts . His Japanese voice actor is Tōru Ōhira . Lock , Shock and Barrel ( edit ) Lock , Shock , and Barrel First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Paul Reubens ( Lock ) Catherine O'Hara ( Shock ) Danny Elfman ( Barrel ) Lock , Shock , and Barrel are introduced as Oogie Boogie 's `` little henchmen '' . The trio are not very loyal to Oogie , as they are simply making mischief both for their own fun and to stay on his good side ( in other words : they serve him out of fear ) and after his death they just have harmless fun , which they seem to enjoy more . However , this is contrasted by their lack of common sense as , presumably due to their lust for mischief they have shown no protest when their master was revived in the spinoffs , and once out of boredom revived him themselves in `` Oogie 's Revenge '' ... They all three are trick - or - treaters , with masks similar to their faces ( e.g. Barrel 's skeleton mask is large and round to fit his face , with a huge grin on it like his near - permanent creepy smile ) . Their names are a play on the phrase , `` lock , stock , and barrel . '' Though not totally antagonistic , they are usually the comedy relief . They appear to be Anti-heroes or merely neutral characters , as they 'll work for most of those who summon them . Lock is the leader of Oogie 's Boys , but does not always think through things thoroughly and just likes to be in charge . Lock wears a red devil costume ; his tail is a real devil 's tail , his teeth are pointed sharply . His face is narrow and long - jawed with angular features , and his red and brown hair is formed into two horns making him , literally , a handsome devil . He likes to think highly of himself and gets upset when others insult him or take the lead ; however , he goes along with others ' ideas if he fails to come up with anything himself . Shock is the only female of Oogie 's henchmen . She is the oldest , and the most cunning and intelligent of the three . She has some contempt for the other two and their supposed stupidity , although she often gets tired with them . Shock wears a purple witch costume with an elongated hat and she sometimes carries a broomstick . She has a high - pitched girl 's voice , green skin , a pointed nose , and purple wirey hair . She often takes the lead in many plans and likes to be right . Barrel - is Oogie 's `` star pupil , '' presumably the youngest , and considered the stupidest of the three troublemakers , despite his protests to the contrary . He is the butt of many jokes made by his friends but usually gets even through his own tricks which he always gets away with . Barrel wears a skeleton costume and has deformed feet and almost always carries an orange and black lolipop , otherwise resembling a small human boy , albeit one with white skin , sunken eyes , and perfectly coiffed green hair . His face is round and has a perpetual grin , except when he is angry or scared . Barrel usually pilots the walking bathtub the trio use as transport . He also unintentionally bothers Jack when asking him a number of annoying questions . Often he gets left out of things because he is forever falling over his own deformed feet and he is sometimes slow to catch on . Instructing them to `` leave that no - account Oogie Boogie OUT of this ! '' ( they promise to do so , but cross their fingers ) , Jack sends Lock , Shock , and Barrel to `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' ( the Halloween Town residents ' mistaken name for Santa Claus ) . At first , they accidentally capture the Easter Bunny , whereupon Jack tells them to apologize and sends them back . They then capture their true quarry , and Jack takes Santa 's hat . The trio then take Santa Claus to Oogie 's lair , where Oogie taunts and threatens Santa . Once Jack has defeated Oogie and rescued Santa Claus , a hatch above opens and Lock , Shock , and Barrel appear now protagonists , having led the Mayor to Oogie 's lair to find them . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , Oogie Boogie sends Lock , Shock , and Barrel out to nab the new `` Pumpkin King . '' They come back with Sally instead , saying she looked like Jack in the dark . Throughout the game , they are behind most of the ruckus going on around town ranging from poisoning the acid pools , driving the leeches crazy , knocking down the town 's street lamps , luring Jack into death traps , and helping Oogie in the final battle . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Lock , Shock , and Barrel decide to revive Oogie Boogie when they learn that Jack leaving Halloween Town . In the game , Jack encounters the three one by one . In chapter 15 , the threesome try to stop Jack a final time in their mobile bathtub on top of the Mayor of Halloween Town 's house . He defeats them yet they spring a trap and drop him into a maze in Oogie 's lair . They do not appear again in the game afterwards . In Kingdom Hearts , after hearing Jack speak of a heart that can control the Heartless , Oogie sends the three out to steal the heart as his plan to take over Halloween Town . After the three are defeated by Sora , Donald , and Goofy , they confess that Oogie made them do it . Later in the game they comment how quiet Halloween town has become without Oogie and consider making a ruckus just to liven things up . In Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , the three found a Heartless and raised it before it became too big for them to control . In Kingdom Hearts II , Lock , Shock , and Barrel start off working as Doctor Finklestein 's ( Not very obedient ) lab assistants , until they encounter Maleficent , who revives Oogie Boogie for them and gives them the `` Prison Keeper '' Heartless to hold off Sora and company . The monster keeps the children in a cage underneath its body , but swallows one of them to act as its `` pilot '' , each giving the monster a different ability and appearance , ultimately swallowing all three of them attacking Sora and party with its full repertoire . After its defeat , the trio run off saying it was ' fun ' and unintentionally reveal Oogie 's return . In the second visit , the three are accused of stealing presents after they enter Santa 's workshop and are caught looking through gifts . Sora and the party have to fight these mischievous rascals by knocking them unconscious and putting them in boxes . In the end , the three claim that they did not steal the presents as they regard Christmas toys to be boring while revealing that they were actually looking for parts for Doctor Finklestein 's Experiment . They also cause mischief as obstacles in the `` Making Presents '' mini game , before and after the fight with the Experiment . After the battle , they run off and are not seen again in the game . Despite having apparently reformed at the end of the film in later appearances , they have reverted to being antagonist . This suggests that they like working for Oogie Boogie more than being good . In the movie , Lock was voiced by Paul Reubens , Shock was voiced by Catherine O'Hara , and Barrel was voiced by Danny Elfman . In the Kingdom Hearts series , Lock was voiced by Jess Harnell , Shock was voiced by Kath Soucie , and Barrel was voiced by Jeff Bennett . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Paul Reubens reprised the role of Lock , Kath Soucie reprised the role of Shock from the `` Kingdom Hearts '' series , and Dee Bradley Baker voiced Barrel . Santa Claus ( edit ) Santa Claus First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Ed Ivory ( The Nightmare Before Christmas ) Corey Burton ( video games ) Santa Claus ( or Sandy Claws as Jack calls him ) is the leader of Christmas Town . When Jack stumbles upon the town , he becomes mesmerized with the holiday and he tries to bring Christmas to Halloween Town . In order to do so , Jack orders Lock , Shock , and Barrel to kidnap Santa on Christmas Eve so Jack can take his place for the Christmas season . The three then take Santa to Oogie Boogie where the holiday figure 's life is threatened . A last minute rescue helps save not only Santa , but the entire holiday of Christmas as well . Santa Claus manages to round up the living gifts and replace them with the right ones . Santa Claus is last seen flying over Halloween Town as snow starts to fall . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Oogie Boogie targets Santa Claus and leaves him hanging over the tracks for his scissor - tipped Oogie Train to drop him . Santa Claus was saved by Jack Skellington . When Oogie Boogie hijacked Santa 's sleigh , Jack lets him use the same sleigh he used when Jack tried to improvise Christmas . Santa Claus appears in Kingdom Hearts II . Sora , Donald Duck , and Goofy meet Santa Claus when they follow Jack Skellington to Christmas Town . He also made a reference about how Jack Skellington tried to improvise Christmas . Maleficent revives Oogie Boogie and sends him to capture Santa Claus . When Sora defeats Oogie Boogie , Santa Claus tells Jack that he should concentrate on Halloween and Santa should concentrate on Christmas . He also tells Sora to believe that he will meet Riku again . Later on , Santa 's presents get stolen by Dr. Finklestein 's Experiment . He helps Jack make decoy presents to attract the Experiment . Jack and company get them back by hiding in a decoy present . After they defeat the Experiment , Santa Claus decides to give Jack a taste of what it 's like to deliver Christmas presents . When Jack finishes delivering presents , Santa takes back his sleigh and brings forth beautiful snow drops as a present to those in Halloween Town . Santa Claus is voiced by Ed Ivory in the movie and by Corey Burton in the video game spin - offs . Zero ( edit ) Zero First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Zero is Jack 's faithful ghost dog who floats about freely and follows Jack wherever he goes . His nose , which is in the shape of a jack - o - lantern , also doubles as a bright light . In the Kingdom Hearts series , Zero is often called upon to search for someone . In the film game , he will disappear and reappear depending on whether the player has completed the Halloween Town story . Minor characters ( edit ) Halloween Town residents ( edit ) Bats - There are bats seen all over throughout Halloween Town . The most notable ones are the ones seen appearing before Oogie Boogie 's shadow on the moon , and the ones hanging on the Christmas Tree in the real world . Black Cat - The black cat is a minor animal character from Halloween Town . They appeared during `` This is Halloween '' and `` Sally 's Song . '' There is a possibility that they might be Sally 's pet . Behemoth ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw ) - A tall , somewhat fat zombie - like man with blue overalls , yellow gloves , and an axe stuck in his head . He looks rather dumb , but looks strong at the same time . He shouted at the Easter Bunny causing him to jump back into the bag . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , it was shown that Behemoth likes to grow pumpkins as mentioned by Mr. Hyde when Behemoth caught him near his pumpkins . Clown With The Tear - Away Face ( voiced by Danny Elfman in the movie , Dee Bradley Baker in the video game spin - off ) - A fat vile - looking clown who rides a unicycle and can tear off his face to reveal complete darkness and disappear into a puff of smoke . When his face is on , he speaks in a high voice . But when his face is off , he speaks in a deep , booming voice . He also appears in Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack finds him the sewers upon his return . The Clown then unlocks the gate so that Jack could proceed to the graveyard . In the residential areas of Halloween Town , the Clown 's unicycle was out of control causing Jack to use one of Dr. Finklestein 's inventions to stop the unicycle . Corpse Family - A family of zombies consisting of the Corpse Dad ( voiced by Kerry Katz ) , Corpse Mom ( voiced by Debi Durst ) , and Corpse Kid ( voiced by Debi Durst ) . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , Corpse Dad is named `` Ned , '' Corpse Mom is named `` Bertha , '' and Corpse Kid is named `` Ethan . '' Corpse Kid would often be seen in the company of Mummy Boy and Withered Winged Demon . Corpse Kid also appears in Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where he would ask questions to Jack . Creature Under the Bed ( voiced by Carmen Twilie ) - A monster whose sharp teeth and glowing , red eyes are only shown . He is only seen once in the whole entire movie . With the line of `` I am the one hiding under your bed , Teeth ground sharp and eyes glowing red ! '' Creature Under the Stairs ( voiced by Kerry Katz ) - A brownish - grey monster with black and white stipes on his neck . has fingers resembling snake 's . and spider - like hair as his line in `` This is Halloween '' quotes `` I am the one hiding under your stairs , fingers like snakes and spiders in my hair ! '' Unlike most Halloween Town characters , he has no feet . Instead , his body slims down on a board with wheels attached . Cyclops - A thin , black , pointy - eared monster with one eye . He looks rather nervous . His voice actor was never credited . Devil ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A red devil complete with horns and a goatee . He likes the idea of a Pox being in the box ( Christmas present ) as suggested by the Harlequin Demon during the town hall meeting song . He is seen working the large saw on the bat toy with the Wolfman and the Corpse Dad during the `` Making Christmas '' song . Frankenstein - Frankenstein is seen in Halloween Town during the ending of `` This is Halloween '' clapping in the crowd in Town Square . He is never seen again through the rest of the film and is most likely just an Easter Egg character . Gate Keeper - The keeper of the Halloween Town Gate only seen a few times in the film . He is an anthropomorphic raven with yellow suit and a bowler hat . Ghosts - A quintet of ghosts who provide a chorus role during musical numbers . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , their names are Alberto ( a Bass ) , Pietro ( a Baritone ) , Luciano ( a Tenor ) , Sophia ( an Alto ) , and Maria ( a Soprano ) . Grim Reaper - A Grim Reaper was seen only twice in `` This is Halloween '' and at the town meeting . You never see his face and he also carries a scythe . Grim Reaper 's Companion - A strange hooded old witch who sits beside the Reaper during the town meeting . Hanging Tree ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in the video game spin - off ) - A spirited tree . The Hanging Tree also appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack helps him find his skeletons after they got separated from him . Hanging Skeletons - A bunch of skeletons hanging from the Hanging Tree 's branches . Harlequin Demon ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A monster with three moving horns , sharp teeth , and a strange mouth . It attempts to make a hat out of dead rat during the song `` Making Christmas '' . Though Jack voices his opinion and tells the Harlequin Demon to convert a dead bat into a hat . He also has the thought of pox in the box ( Christmas present ) . Igor ( voiced by an uncredited Joe Ranft in the film , Rob Paulsen in the video game sequel ) - Dr. Finklestein 's assistant who enjoys dog bone treats . He is seen giving at the town meeting and later giving Dr. Finklestein the plans for the skeleton reindeer . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Igor tells Jack Skellington of Dr. Finklestein 's strange behavior . Jack later helps Igor when his bone biscuit treats are stolen . Jack - O ' - Lantern - Numerous Jack - O ' - Lanterns can found throughout Halloween Town . One Jack - O ' - Lantern can be seen at the town meeting . Jewel Finklestein ( voiced by Eleanor Bron ) - She is a monster created by Dr. Finklestein ( also thought to be his wife ) to replace Sally as his servant . Throughout the film , he is seen creating her and is finally seen at the end pushing his wheelchair during the finale part when the Halloween Town residents are enjoying the snow . Melting Man - A slimy man in a fancy suit who is always melting . He is seen in the song `` Making Christmas '' trying to pass off a dead turtle as a present . He is also very sticky and can get things stuck to him easily . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , he was attacked by Oogie during the invitation where Oogie tore him to pieces . The three pieces ( consisting of the `` bog 's brain , '' the `` bone brittle , '' and the `` mucus mold '' ) were used as heads for some headless horsemen while the fourth piece the eyeball was left to roll on the ground . While the Mayor of Halloween Town was looking for ingredients for his lunch , Jack attacks and defeats the horsemen and gathers his piece thinking they were food but when they put them in the pot . The eyeball jumps in and the melting man reassembled himself . He then reveals that Oogie Boogie is behind the bug invasion . To thank Jack , he helps in pulling himself together and he gives him the gum shoes so he can climb up to high places . Mr. Hyde ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw ) - A man with little versions of himself in his top hat ( similar to The Cat in the Hat ) . They also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where they travel with Jack to serve as the Save Points of the game . Mummy Boy ( voiced by Sherwood Ball ) - A tiny mummy child with one visible yellow eyeball . He is seen in the company of the Corpse Kid or the Withered Winged Demon . The Mummy Boy is also on top of the mayor 's car helping him . Rats - Several rats can be seen running around Halloween Town . One rat is seen with a Christmas present and a party hat upon Santa Claus being brought into Halloween Town by Lock , Shock , and Barrel . Shadows - An assortment of shadows consisting of an odd ghostly demon shadow , a werewolf shadow , and a female Siamese Twin shadow who introduce the song `` This Is Halloween . '' The demon and wolf shadows have exactly the same voice . Skeletal Reindeer - The Skeletal Reindeer were created by Doctor Finklestein in the movie to act as the reindeer that will pull the sleigh that Jack will pilot . They were broken when the air force shot down Jack 's sleigh . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , the Skeletal Reindeer were rebuilt when the sleigh arrives for Santa Claus to use after Oogie Boogie had hijacked Santa 's sleigh . Skeletal Rooster - A Skeletal Rooster is seen crowing before the musical number `` Jack 's Obsession '' . Undersea Gal ( voiced by Carmen Twillie ) - The Undersea Gal is a cross between a gill - man and a mermaid . Vampire Brothers ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw , Kerry Katz , and Sherwood Ball ) - Four vampires that have umbrellas when moving around in the day . They are all a different height and width . Two of them are tall and skinny , the other two are fat . The Vampire Brothers are also apparently of different ranks : Prince , Baron , Lord , and Count . The characters ' last appearance in the movie features them playing ice hockey with a small jack - o ' - lantern as a puck ( a deleted scene on the Collectors ' Edition DVD reveals that the puck was originally the severed head of Tim Burton ) . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , the Vampire Brothers are among the Halloween Town citizens driven out of town by the bug army . One of them is put into some kind trance by Lock , Shock , and Barrel , but is restored to normal after its death . They reward Jack the bat boomerang upgrade Dr. Finkelstein asked him to deliver . The Vampire Brothers also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack had to find the bat forms of the Vampire Brothers and return them to their coffins in order to change them back . After that was done , the Vampire Brothers stated to Jack Skellington that they opposed Oogie 's plan stating that it was n't the Halloween that Jack wanted which led to them getting trapped in their bat forms . The Vampire Brothers then give Jack the pieces of the key to the Mayor of Halloween Town 's house . Witches - A tall witch ( voiced by Susan McBride in the movie , Susanne Blakeslee in the video game ) and a short witch ( voiced by Debi Durst ) . While their names are n't given in the movie , the Nightmare Before Christmas trading card game gives them the names `` Helgamine '' ( the tall witch ) and `` Zeldaborne '' ( the short witch ) They also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where they have a shop near the town hall . Withered Winged Demon ( voiced by Susan McBride ) - A small demon that uses his large , torn , and withered wings to walk . He is often seen in the company of the Corpse Kid and the Mummy Boy . Wolfman ( voiced by Glenn Walters ) - A werewolf that lives in Halloween Town . In the `` Making Christmas '' number , he was seen working with the Corpse Dad and the Devil on a bat toy . Zombie Band - A zombie band that consists of an Accordion player ( voiced by L. Peter Callender who was never credited for the role ) , a bass player , and a saxophone player ( voiced by Greg Proops ) . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , the Accordion player is named `` Jimmy '' , the bass player is named `` Jim '' , and the Sax Player ( who is famous for the line `` Nice work , bone daddy '' ) is named `` James '' . Jim 's bass contains a severed head ( which almost resembles Danny Elfman ) in it that spoke . Halloween Town - based toys ( edit ) The following toys were created by the citizens of Halloween Town : Giant Snake - A large yellow python with black stripes and large mouth . It almost eats the Corpse Dad . Later it eats a Christmas tree much to a child 's horror until Santa makes him cough out the tree and a gift as well . It is also unknown what the real gift was for the little boy . Jack - in - the - Box - A pumpkin - headed jack - in - the - box and a black cat jack - in - the - box were seen being created by the Clown with the Tear Away Face . The pumpkin - headed one was given to a fat kid who was first seen running down a hall in terror and also does an evil laugh . The kid is next seen on a shelf while the jack - in - the - box jumps up and down until Santa rescues him . The fat kid 's real present is a candy cane . It is unknown who Jack gave the black cat jack to . They both have a crazy clown face on the front of their boxes . Man - Eating Wreath - One of the Christmas gifts . Jack gives it to an old lady during his Christmas Eve run . Scary Teddy - A vampire - like teddy bear with a big open mouth grin and Mickey Mouse - like ears that Jack gives on Christmas . It flies and chases a little boy and a little girl until the real Santa Claus returns and grabs the teddy and gives the two a normal Teddy Bear and a toy Sailboat . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , the Scary Teddy appears as a common enemy called `` Trick '' alongside another enemy named `` Treat '' ( a Jack - o ' - lantern , thus creating a nod to `` trick - or - treat '' ) where their vocal effects are provided by Dee Bradley Baker . Shrunken Head - A shrunken head that Jack Skellington as Santa Claus gave to a boy which caused the boy 's parents to faint . Santa Claus returned and replaced the shrunken head with a Puppy . Zombie Toy Duck ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A yellow evil - looking toy duck that has a minor part in the song `` Making Christmas '' being built and painted by the Vampire Brothers . It later chased after some kids until the real Santa Claus returns and grabs the toy duck . Christmas Town residents ( edit ) Christmas Elves - Santa Claus 's helpers who are responsible for preparing the gifts and decorations for Christmas . Penguins - Several penguins can be seen in Christmas Town . Santa Claus ' Reindeer - Santa Claus ' reindeer fly with magic and pull Santa 's sleigh . Mrs. Claus - Santa Claus 's wife , she is seen in the background as he checks the naughty - nice list . Enemies ( edit ) Colossal Moth - A huge moth that has super acidic saliva and exhales poisonous fumes . Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Fire King Skeleton and Ice King Skeleton - Two bosses from The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . Fought in `` Fire and Ice Frenzy , '' these two big skeletons appear to fight Jack after he replaced the Oogie - Doors with the real Holiday Doors . Use the Santa Jack costume to fight the Fire King Skeleton and the Pumpkin King costume to fight the Ice King Skeleton . Giant Snake - An artificial bug - filled snake who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Halloween Ghosts - The Halloween Ghosts appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge having been created by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town . The Halloween Ghosts are much different from the ghosts that appear in the movie as they are very fast and great at dodging . Tricking them to come near Jack and sending them into the ground is an easy way to defeat them . They are seen in `` Jack 's Return '' in the Oogie Boogie Shadow battle . King Ghosts - They are stronger than the Halloween Ghosts , but require the same tactics to defeat them . Mega Spider - A Mega Spider is fought three times in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . It will shoot cobwebs at Jack and even charge . Its weak spot is the pumpkin shape on its abdomen . If successfully attacked there it will go underground and launch Baby Spiders at Jack . Another type of Mega Spider appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King as the mutated pet of Lock , Shock , and Barrel . Mother Locust - A locust with an abdomen filled with swollen eggs who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Oogie Cycle - A colossal beetle that serves as Oogie 's ride and the final boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . It acts as a motorcycle - like mode of transportation for Oogie , Lock , Shock , and Barrel . Oogie Train - A scissor - tipped train who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . Fought in `` Saving Sandy , '' Jack had to always change the train tracks to keep this scissor - tipped train from going on the track leading to the rope that is holding Santa Claus up . Keep attacking the Oogie - Train while evading skeletons disguised as snowmen . Roly Poly - A large but somewhat weak pillbug who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Enormous Poly - A large offspring of Rolly Polly . Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Skeletons - In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Oogie Boogie had a bunch of skeletons that served him which were brought to life by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town . They resemble the Skeletons in Oogie Boogie 's lair . Blue Skeletons - The Blue Skeletons are the easiest to defeat . They are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning . Heat Skeletons - The Heat Skeletons are the most annoying of the enemies Jack fights . They have short reaches , but they can throw boomerangs . Orc Skeletons - They are like the Blue Skeletons except the mad ones wield clubs . Just like the Blue Skeletons , they are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning . Troll Skeletons - The Troll Skeletons are big and wield big clubs . They can only be grabbed when the Soul Robber is Level 3 . If they drop their clubs , use the Soul Robber to throw the clubs at them . King Skeletons - The King Skeletons are also big and wield big axes . The attack on the King Skeletons are the same as Troll Skeletons , with two exceptions . They can not be grabbed at all , only turned around . They can be only hit while they are growling , or from behind . Zombie Centipede - A huge centipede with wings that was brought back from the dead by Oogie . Featured The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Marketing ( edit ) The owners of the franchise have undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media . In addition to the `` Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland '' featuring `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas characters , '' Jack Skellington , Sally , Pajama Jack , and the mayor have been made into Bendies figures , while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art . Moreover , Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume . The Mayor has been made into a Bendies figure . Jack is also the titular character in the short story `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack 's story . '' Oddly enough , Jim Edwards actually contends that `` Tim Burton 's animated movie The Nightmare Before Christmas is really a movie about the marketing business . The movie 's lead character , Jack Skellington , the chief marketing officer ( CMO ) for a successful company decides that his success is boring and he wants the company to have a different business plan . Some have wondered which real - life company failure the movie is based on : Sergio Zyman 's New Coke or Merck 's launch and subsequent withdrawal of Vioxx . '' Reception ( edit ) While Yvonne Tasker notes `` the complex characterization seen in The Nightmare Before Christmas , '' Michael A. Morrison discusses the influence of Dr. Seuss 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas on the film , writing that Jack parallels the Grinch and Zero parallels Max , the Grinch 's dog . Philip Nel writes that the film `` challenges the wisdom of adults through its trickster characters '' contrasting Jack as a `` good trickster '' with Oogie Boogie , whom he also compares with Dr. Seuss 's Dr. Terwilliker , as a bad trickster . Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic see the characters as presented in a more negative light and criticise the film 's characters as having racial constructs , with the protagonists using `` whitespeak '' and the antagonist , Oogie Boogie , using `` blackspeak . '' This perception was not entirely unanticipated by the filmmakers . Danny Elfman was worried the characterization of Oogie Boogie would be considered racist by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) . As Delgado and Stefancic 's book reveals , Elfman 's predictions became true . Nevertheless , director Henry Selick stated the character was inspired from the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain . `` Cab Calloway would dance his inimitable jazz dance and sing `` Minnie the Moocher '' or `` Old Man of the Mountain '' , and they would rotoscope him , trace him , turn him into a cartoon character , often transforming him into an animal , like a walrus , '' Selick continued . `` I think those are some of the most inventive moments in cartoon history , in no way racist , even though he was sometimes a villain . We went with Ken Page , who is a black singer and he had no problem with it '' . Regardless of the above controversy , Entertainment Weekly reports that fan reception of these characters borders on obsession , profiling `` Laurie and Myk Rudnick a couple who are extremely interested in the motion picture The Nightmare Before Christmas . Their degree of obsession with that film is so great that ... they named their son after the real - life person that a character in the film is based on . '' This enthusiasm for the characters has spread beyond North America to Japan . As Stephen Jones writes , `` The Japanese also seemed to go crazy for Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas with a fourteen - inch Jack Skellington doll , a gold ' Millennium ' edition and a twelve - inch version dressed in pyjamas ; a ten - inch Sandy Claws doll ; a reversible pillow featuring Jack ; a hand - painted set with Lock , Shock and Barrel , or a similar set of four vampires ; a set of pull - back racers featuring Jack 's faithful dog Zero ... a Zero necklace , and various die - cast Jack key - chains , amongst numerous other items . '' Bryan Theiss explains this enthusiasm in The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide : `` The last time I went to Disneyland , I saw more Jack Skellington hats than Mickey ears ... because Jack and Sally are ... those rare fantasy characters we can relate to on a certain level as much as we can to real - world characters on a more literal level . '' Jamie Frater adds , `` Jack is perfectly realized as the ' town hero ' who seeks more in his life ( or death , as it may be ) , a place we all find ourselves time to time . Sally is loverlorn and pines for Jack to not only love her , but to just notice her . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Rickitt , Special Effects : The History and Technique ( Watson - Guptill , 2000 ) , 159 - 160 . Jump up ^ Maureen Furniss , Art in motion : animation aesthetics ( 1998 ) , 168 . Jump up ^ Jeff Belanger and Kirsten Dalley , The Nightmare Encyclopedia : Your Darkest Dreams Interpreted ( Career Press , 2005 ) , 235 . Jump up ^ Jacob Steingroot , `` A Grown - up 's Guide to Halloween Movies : Too embarrassed to put on a costume and go door to door ? Take advantage of having no bedtime by staying up late watching our favorite Halloween movies , '' Premiere ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Ed . H. Leigh Davis , `` Jack Skellington , '' Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Official Strategy Guide ( Indianapolis : Pearson Education , 2006 ) , 2 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Bogdanov , Chris Woodstra , Stephen Thomas Erlewine , All Music Guide : The Experts Guide to the Best Recordings ( Backbeat Books , 2001 ) , 997 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Clute and Jack Grant , The Encyclopedia of Fantasy ( Macmillan , 1999 ) , 686 . Jump up ^ Collura , By Scott . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas 3 - D : 13 Years and Three Dimensions Later '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry Beck , The Animated Movie Guide : The Ultimate Illustrated Reference to Cartoon , Stop - motion , And Computer - generated Feature Films ( Chicago Review Press , 2005 ) , 127 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Skellington ( Character ) from The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , '' The Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Ed . H. Leigh Davis , `` Sally , '' Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Official Strategy Guide ( Indianapolis : Pearson Education , 2006 ) , 6 . Jump up ^ Bryan Theiss , The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide ( 2004 ) , 35 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Frank ( 1993 ) . Tim Burton 's Nightmare Before Christmas . 114 Fifth Avenue , New York City , New York : Disney Enterprises . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 5378 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry Beck , The Animated Movie Guide : The Ultimate Illustrated Reference to Cartoon , Stop - motion , And Computer - generated Feature Films ( Chicago Review Press , 2005 ) , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Doctor Finklestein : That 's twice this month since you slipped deadly nightshade in my tea and run off . Sally : ( correcting him ) Three times . Doctor Finklestein : You 're mine , you know ! I made you ! With my own hands ... ( The Nightmare Before Christmas ) Jump up ^ Ed . H. Leigh Davis , `` Clown , '' Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Official Strategy Guide ( Indianapolis : Pearson Education , 2006 ) , 5 . Jump up ^ Ed . H. Leigh Davis , `` Corpse Kid , '' Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Official Strategy Guide ( Indianapolis : Pearson Education , 2006 ) , 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.nightmarebeforechristmas.net/downloads/info/471 Jump up ^ Ed . H. Leigh Davis , `` Hanging Men '' and `` Hanging Tree , '' Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Official Strategy Guide ( Indianapolis : Pearson Education , 2006 ) , 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.nightmarebeforechristmas.net/downloads/info/507 Jump up ^ Ed . H. Leigh Davis , `` Three Mr. Hydes , '' Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Official Strategy Guide ( Indianapolis : Pearson Education , 2006 ) , 8 . Jump up ^ Ed . H. Leigh Davis , `` Vampire Brothers , '' Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Official Strategy Guide ( Indianapolis : Pearson Education , 2006 ) , 7 . Jump up ^ Ed . H. Leigh Davis , `` Tall Witch '' and `` Short Witch , '' Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Official Strategy Guide ( Indianapolis : Pearson Education , 2006 ) , 8 . Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh , `` HAUNTED PARKS , '' Newsweek 144.16 ( 10 / 18 / 2004 ) : 73 . ^ Jump up to : Frederick J. Augustyn , Dictionary of Toys and Games in American Popular Culture ( Haworth Press , 2004 ) , 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Disney Fine Art : Tim Burton 's Nightmare Before Christmas Limited Edition by Artist Jim Salvati , '' TechWhack ( November 3rd , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ For an image of a Sally costume , see Bobwilson , `` Halloween gives teens a chance to scare , be silly , '' AVALANCHE - JOURNAL ( 10 / 31 / 2008 ) . Jump up ^ tk , `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack 's story , '' Disney Scary Storybook Collection ( New York : Disney Press , 2003 . ) , 5 . Jump up ^ Jim Edwards , `` Jack Skellington , Brand Manager , '' Brandweek 47.40 ( 10 / 30 / 2006 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Yvonne Tasker , Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers ( Routledge , 2002 ) , 76 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Morrison , Trajectories of the Fantastic : Selected Essays from the Fourteenth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1997 ) , 154 . Jump up ^ Philip Nel , Dr. Seuss : American Icon ( Continuum International Publishing Group , 2004 ) , 95 . Jump up ^ Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic , Critical White Studies : Looking Behind the Mirror ( Temple University Press , 1997 ) , 281 . Jump up ^ Ken Hanke ( 1999 ) . `` Burtonland '' . Tim Burton : An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 137 -- 148 . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 162 - 2 . Jump up ^ David Helpern ( December 1994 ) . `` Animated Dreams '' , Sight & Sound , pp. 33 -- 37 . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` OBSESSIVE FANS OF THE WEEK ! '' in Entertainment Weekly 909 ( 12 / 1 / 2006 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ Stephen Jones , The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror ( Carroll & Graf Publishers , 2002 ) , 75 . Jump up ^ Bryan Theiss , The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide ( Sasquatch Books , 2004 ) , 35 . Jump up ^ Jamie Frater , `` Top Ten Kids ' Movies Adults Will Love , '' The Ultimate Book of Top 10 Lists : A Mind - Boggling Collection of Fun , Fascinating and Bizarre Facts on Movies , Music , Sports , Crime , Celebrities , History , Trivia and More ( Berkeley : Ulysses Press , 2010 ) , 380 . External links ( edit ) `` Full cast and crew for The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , '' The Internet Movie Database `` Full cast and crew for The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge ( 2004 ) ( VG ) , '' The Internet Movie Database ( hide ) Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas_characters&oldid=808858161 '' Categories : The Nightmare Before Christmas Lists of Disney animated film characters Kingdom Hearts characters Disney characters originating in film Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 17 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the girl in nightmare before christmas | [
"Sally is Jack Skellington's love interest. She is a very pretty, loving, caring, and shy rag doll who told Jack that Christmas and Halloween shouldn't be mixed. She is originally patched together by Doctor Finkelstein. She is the only one to have doubts about Jack's Christmas plan. Although her creator attempts to keep her constantly imprisoned, she often manages escape by slipping him deadly nightshade, causing him to fall asleep. Nightshade is a flower that grows atop the grave of a dead witch, as seen before Jack's first song which induces temporary somnolence upon consumption. This becomes essential to Sally managing to trick the Doctor and escape. Despite her makeshift appearance, Sally is a determined individual with a good feel for what is right. Fiona Apple provides the vocals for \"Sally's Song\" on the 2006 special edition of The Nightmare Before Christmas: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, while Amy Lee provides the vocals for \"Sally's Song\" on Nightmare Revisited. She also appears in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge.[11]"
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-5726139440342317097 | List of New Girl episodes | List of New Girl episodes - wikipedia List of New Girl episodes New Girl is an American television sitcom that premiered on Fox on September 20 , 2011 . Zooey Deschanel stars as Jessica `` Jess '' Day , a well - liked and bubbly woman who is trying to get over her surprise breakup with her boyfriend . With the help of her best friend Cece Parekh ( Hannah Simone ) , she finds a new place to stay when she moves in with three single guys : Nick Miller ( Jake Johnson ) , an underachieving bartender ; Schmidt ( Max Greenfield ) , who thinks of himself as a modern - day Casanova ; and Coach ( Damon Wayans , Jr . ) , who leaves the series in the next episode and is replaced by Winston Bishop ( Lamorne Morris ) , a former professional athlete who achieved modest success abroad and is adjusting to life back in the United States . Coach reappears in the series during seasons three , four , five and seven . On May 14 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a seventh and final season , which will feature eight episodes . On January 4 , 2018 , it was announced that the seventh and final season would premiere on April 10 , 2018 , and also it would end with a one - hour series finale , which was aired on May 15 , 2018 . A total of 146 episodes of New Girl have aired over seven seasons , concluding the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) 25 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 23 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 22 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 5 22 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 6 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 7 8 April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Girl ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jake Kasdan Elizabeth Meriwether September 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) 1ATM79 10.28 `` Kryptonite '' Jake Kasdan Elizabeth Meriwether September 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 1ATM01 9.28 `` Wedding '' Jason Winer Donick Cary October 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) 1ATM04 8.65 `` Naked '' Jake Kasdan J.J. Philbin November 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) 1ATM02 7.42 5 5 `` Cece Crashes '' John Hamburg Rachel Axler November 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) 1ATM03 6.84 6 6 `` Thanksgiving '' Miguel Arteta Berkley Johnson November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) 1ATM06 6.91 7 7 `` Bells '' Peyton Reed Luvh Rakhe November 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 29 ) 1ATM05 7.59 8 8 `` Bad in Bed '' Jesse Peretz Josh Malmuth December 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) 1ATM07 6.79 9 9 `` The 23rd '' Jason Winer Donick Cary December 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) 1ATM10 6.82 10 10 `` The Story of the 50 '' Troy Miller Luvh Rakhe January 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) 1ATM08 6.97 11 11 `` Jess and Julia '' Jake Kasdan Story by : Luvh Rakhe Teleplay by : Elizabeth Meriwether & Luvh Rakhe January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) 1ATM12 7.29 12 12 `` The Landlord '' Peyton Reed Story by : Joe Port & Joe Wiseman Teleplay by : Berkley Johnson & Josh Malmuth February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) 1ATM11 6.83 13 13 `` Valentine 's Day '' Tucker Gates Lesley Wake Webster February 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) 1ATM13 6.47 14 14 `` Bully '' Dan Attias David Walpert February 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 21 ) 1ATM15 6.27 15 15 `` Injured '' Lynn Shelton Story by : Joe Port & Joe Wiseman and J.J. Philbin Teleplay by : J.J. Philbin March 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) 1ATM09 6.00 16 16 `` Control '' Jesse Peretz Brett Baer & Dave Finkel March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) 1ATM14 5.74 17 17 `` Fancyman '' ( Part 1 ) Peyton Reed J.J. Philbin & Nick Adams March 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) 1ATM16 5.18 18 18 `` Fancyman '' ( Part 2 ) Matt Shakman Berkley Johnson & Kim Rosenstock March 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) 1ATM17 4.96 19 19 `` Secrets '' David Wain Josh Malmuth April 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) 1ATM18 4.59 20 20 `` Normal '' Jesse Peretz Luvh Rakhe April 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) 1ATM19 5.23 21 21 `` Kids '' Tristram Shapeero Donick Cary & Lesley Wake Webster April 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) 1ATM20 5.22 22 22 `` Tomatoes '' Michael Spiller David Walpert & Kim Rosenstock April 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) 1ATM21 5.20 23 23 `` Backslide '' Nanette Burstein David Quandt May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) 1ATM22 4.40 24 24 `` See Ya '' Michael Spiller Story by : Elizabeth Meriwether Teleplay by : Brett Baer & Dave Finkel May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) 1ATM23 5.61 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Girl ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` Re-Launch '' Steve Pink Kay Cannon September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 2ATM01 5.35 26 `` Katie '' Larry Charles Elizabeth Meriwether September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 2ATM02 5.18 27 `` Fluffer '' Fred Goss J.J. Philbin October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 2ATM04 4.99 28 `` Neighbors '' Steve Pink Berkley Johnson October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 2ATM03 4.94 29 5 `` Models '' Eric Appel Josh Malmuth October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 2ATM05 5.16 30 6 `` Halloween '' Jesse Peretz David Iserson October 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 2ATM06 4.75 31 7 `` Menzies '' Jason Woliner Kim Rosenstock November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) 2ATM07 4.35 32 8 `` Parents '' Jesse Peretz Ryan Koh November 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) 2ATM08 4.11 33 9 `` Eggs '' Neal Brennan Kay Cannon November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 2ATM09 4.12 34 10 `` Bathtub '' Tristram Shapeero Donick Cary December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) 2ATM10 4.10 35 11 `` Santa '' Craig Zisk Luvh Rakhe December 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) 2ATM11 4.18 36 12 `` Cabin '' Alec Berg J.J. Philbin January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 2ATM12 3.78 37 13 `` A Father 's Love '' Jake Kasdan Berkley Johnson & Josh Malmuth January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 2ATM13 3.65 38 14 `` Pepperwood '' Lynn Shelton Nick Adams January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 2ATM14 4.05 39 15 `` Cooler '' Max Winkler Rebecca Addelman January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 2ATM15 4.74 40 16 `` Table 34 '' Tristram Shapeero David Iserson February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 2ATM16 4.83 41 17 `` Parking Spot '' Fred Goss Rebecca Addelman February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 2ATM17 4.31 42 18 `` TinFinity '' Max Winkler Kim Rosenstock & Josh Malmuth February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 2ATM18 4.29 43 19 `` Quick Hardening Caulk '' Lorene Scafaria Story by : Brett Baer & Dave Finkel Teleplay by : Ryan Koh March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 2ATM19 4.26 44 20 `` Chicago '' Jake Kasdan Luvh Rakhe March 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 2ATM20 4.19 45 21 `` First Date '' Lynn Shelton J.J. Philbin & Berkley Johnson April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 2ATM22 4.77 46 22 `` Bachelorette Party '' Matt Sohn Kay Cannon & Sophia Lear April 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) 2ATM21 4.09 47 23 `` Virgins '' Alec Berg Elizabeth Meriwether April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 2ATM23 3.57 48 24 `` Winston 's Birthday '' Max Winkler Brett Baer & Dave Finkel May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 2ATM24 3.94 49 25 `` Elaine 's Big Day '' Jake Kasdan Christian Magalhães & Bob Snow May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 2ATM25 4.07 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Girl ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 50 `` All In '' Max Winkler Elizabeth Meriwether September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 3ATM01 5.53 51 `` Nerd '' Fred Goss Kay Cannon September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 3ATM02 4.04 52 `` Double Date '' Max Winkler Luvh Rakhe October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 3ATM03 3.85 53 `` The Captain '' Fred Goss J.J. Philbin October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 3ATM04 3.96 54 5 `` The Box '' Andy Fleming Rob Rosell October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 3ATM05 3.45 55 6 `` Keaton '' David Katzenberg Dave Finkel & Brett Baer October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 3ATM06 3.74 56 7 `` Coach '' Russ Alsobrook David Feeney November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 3ATM07 3.85 57 8 `` Menus '' Trent O'Donnell Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 3ATM08 3.36 58 9 `` Longest Night Ever '' Nicholas Jasenovec Ryan Koh November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 3ATM09 3.26 59 10 `` Thanksgiving III '' Max Winkler Josh Malmuth November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 3ATM10 3.51 60 11 `` Clavado En Un Bar '' Eric Appel Berkley Johnson January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 3ATM11 3.20 61 12 `` Basketsball '' Lorene Scafaria Rebecca Addelman January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 3ATM13 3.24 62 13 `` Birthday '' Richie Keen Kim Rosenstock January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 3ATM12 3.75 63 14 `` Prince '' Fred Goss David Feeney & Rob Rosell February 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) 3ATM15 26.30 64 15 `` Exes '' Alex Hardcastle Nina Pedrad February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 3ATM14 3.48 65 16 `` Sister '' Max Winkler Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) 3ATM16 2.97 66 17 `` Sister II '' Bill Purple Ryan Koh & Luvh Rakhe February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 3ATM17 2.84 67 18 `` Sister III '' Jay Chandrasekhar Camilla Blackett March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 3ATM18 2.93 68 19 `` Fired Up '' Steve Welch Sophia Lear March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 3ATM19 2.48 69 20 `` Mars Landing '' Lynn Shelton Josh Malmuth & Nina Pedrad March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 3ATM20 2.49 70 21 `` Big News '' Steven Tsuchida Berkley Johnson & Kim Rosenstock April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 3ATM21 2.19 71 22 `` Dance '' Trent O'Donnell Rebecca Addelman & Ryan Koh April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 3ATM22 2.20 72 23 `` Cruise '' Elizabeth Meriwether Luvh Rakhe & Rob Rosell May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 3ATM23 2.40 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Girl ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 73 `` The Last Wedding '' Trent O'Donnell J.J. Philbin September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 4ATM01 3.04 74 `` Dice '' Lynn Shelton Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 4ATM02 2.35 75 `` Julie Berkman 's Older Sister '' Fred Goss Nina Pedrad September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 4ATM03 2.37 76 `` Micro '' Jay Chandrasekhar Josh Malmuth October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 4ATM04 2.61 77 5 `` Landline '' Trent O'Donnell Rob Rosell October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 4ATM05 2.26 78 6 `` Background Check '' Lorene Scafaria Rebecca Addelman November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 4ATM06 3.38 79 7 `` Goldmine '' Russ Alsobrook Berkley Johnson November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 4ATM07 3.04 80 8 `` Teachers '' Trent O'Donnell Kim Rosenstock November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 4ATM08 2.83 81 9 `` Thanksgiving IV '' Fred Goss David Feeney November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 4ATM09 2.77 82 10 `` Girl Fight '' Bill Purple Danielle Sanchez - Witzel December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 4ATM10 3.00 83 11 `` LAXmas '' Trent O'Donnell Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 4ATM11 3.28 84 12 `` Shark '' Alex Hardcastle Jacob Brown & Rob Rosell January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 4ATM12 3.19 85 13 `` Coming Out '' Bill Purple Sophia Lear January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 4ATM13 2.90 86 14 `` Swuit '' Trent O'Donnell Noah Garfinkel February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 4ATM14 2.96 87 15 `` The Crawl '' Jay Chandrasekhar Kim Rosenstock February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 4ATM15 2.71 88 16 `` Oregon '' Russ Alsobrook Nina Pedrad February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 4ATM16 3.08 89 17 `` Spiderhunt '' Steve Welch Berkley Johnson February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 4ATM17 2.85 90 18 `` Walk of Shame '' Christine Gernon Danielle Sanchez - Witzel March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 4ATM18 2.53 91 19 `` The Right Thing '' Erin O'Malley Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 4ATM19 2.32 92 20 `` Par 5 '' Trent O'Donnell Lamorne Morris & Rob Rosell April 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 4ATM20 2.14 93 21 `` Panty Gate '' Reginald Hudlin David Feeney & Veronica McCarthy April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 4ATM21 2.07 94 22 `` Clean Break '' Trent O'Donnell Story by : Rebecca Addelman Teleplay by : Rebecca Addelman & Kim Rosenstock May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 4ATM22 2.22 Season 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Girl ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 95 `` Big Mama P '' Erin O'Malley Berkley Johnson January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 5ATM03 3.33 96 `` What About Fred '' Eric Appel Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 5ATM01 3.25 97 `` Jury Duty '' Trent O'Donnell Josh Malmuth & Nina Pedrad January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 5ATM02 2.95 98 `` No Girl '' Elizabeth Meriwether Rob Rosell January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 5ATM04 2.84 99 5 `` Bob & Carol & Nick & Schmidt '' Jake Johnson Rob Rosell February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 5ATM05 2.94 100 6 `` Reagan '' Trent O'Donnell Kim Rosenstock February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 5ATM06 3.10 101 7 `` Wig '' Christine Gernon David Feeney February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 5ATM07 2.80 102 8 `` The Decision '' Trent O'Donnell Luvh Rakhe February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 5ATM08 2.68 103 9 `` Heat Wave '' Erin O'Malley Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 5ATM09 2.62 104 10 `` Goosebumps Walkaway '' Trent O'Donnell Berkley Johnson March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 5ATM10 2.65 105 11 `` The Apartment '' Christine Gernon Nina Pedrad March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 5ATM11 2.30 106 12 `` D - Day '' Michael Schultz Josh Malmuth March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 5ATM12 2.25 107 13 `` Sam , Again '' Steve Welch Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 5ATM13 2.21 108 14 `` 300 Feet '' Trent O'Donnell Sophia Lear April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 5ATM14 2.65 109 15 `` Jeff Day '' Jay Chandrasekhar Joe Wengert April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 5ATM15 1.92 110 16 `` Helmet '' Josh Greenbaum Sarah Nevada Smith April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 5ATM18 1.92 111 17 `` Road Trip '' Trent O'Donnell Noah Garfinkel April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 5ATM16 2.42 112 18 `` A Chill Day In '' Erin O'Malley Sarah Tapscott April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 5ATM17 1.87 113 19 `` Dress '' Trent O'Donnell David Feeney & Josh Malmuth May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 5ATM19 2.27 114 20 `` Return to Sender '' Russ Alsobrook Veronica McCarthy May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 5ATM20 1.88 115 21 `` Wedding Eve '' Trent O'Donnell Nina Pedrad & Kim Rosenstock May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 5ATM21 2.34 116 22 `` Landing Gear '' Erin O'Malley Luvh Rakhe May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 5ATM22 2.17 Season 6 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Girl ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 117 `` House Hunt '' Zooey Deschanel Luvh Rakhe September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 6ATM01 2.31 118 `` Hubbedy Bubby '' Steve Welch Sarah Tapscott September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 6ATM02 2.03 119 `` Single and Sufficient '' Michael Schultz Kim Rosenstock & Joe Wengert October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 6ATM03 2.03 120 `` Homecoming '' Trent O'Donnell Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 6ATM04 1.95 121 5 `` Jaipur Aviv '' Erin O'Malley Berkley Johnson October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 6ATM05 1.81 122 6 `` Ready '' Trent O'Donnell Noah Garfinkel November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 6ATM07 1.94 123 7 `` Last Thanksgiving '' Trent O'Donnell Joni Lefkowitz November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 6ATM08 1.76 124 8 `` James Wonder '' Trent O'Donnell Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 6ATM06 1.81 125 9 `` Es Good '' Trent O'Donnell Rob Rosell December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 6ATM09 1.73 126 10 `` Christmas Eve Eve '' Trent O'Donnell Sophia Lear December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 6ATM10 1.62 127 11 `` Raisin 's Back '' Dana Fox Eliot Glazer January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 6ATM11 2.48 128 12 `` The Cubicle '' Jay Chandrasekhar Kim Rosenstock January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 6ATM12 2.48 129 13 `` Cece 's Boys '' Trent O'Donnell Joe Wengert January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 6ATM13 2.37 130 14 `` The Hike '' Josh Greenbaum Sarah Tapscott January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 6ATM14 2.35 131 15 `` Glue '' Trent O'Donnell Marquita J. Robinson February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 6ATM15 2.23 132 16 `` Operation : Bobcat '' Steve Welch Lamar Woods February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 6ATM16 2.13 133 17 `` Rumspringa '' Josh Greenbaum Sophia Lear & Noah Garfinkel February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 6ATM17 2.25 134 18 `` Young Adult '' Jay Chandrasekhar Jason Daugherity February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 6ATM18 2.09 135 19 `` Socalyalcon VI '' Trent O'Donnell Berkley Johnson March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 6ATM20 1.79 136 20 `` Misery '' Erin O'Malley Luvh Rakhe March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 6ATM21 1.98 137 21 `` San Diego '' Trent O'Donnell David Feeney & Rob Rosell March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 6ATM22 2.16 138 22 `` Five Stars for Beezus '' Erin O'Malley Elizabeth Meriwether April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 6ATM19 2.00 Season 7 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Girl ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 139 `` About Three Years Later '' Erin O'Malley Berkley Johnson April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 7ATM01 1.83 140 `` Tuesday Meeting '' Josh Greenbaum Sarah Tapscott April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 7ATM02 1.58 141 `` Lillypads '' Trent O'Donnell J.J. Philbin April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 7ATM03 1.51 142 `` Where the Road Goes '' Michael Schultz Noah Garfinkel May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 7ATM04 1.33 143 5 `` Godparents '' Lamorne Morris Lamar Woods May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 7ATM05 1.32 144 6 `` Mario '' Jay Chandrasekhar Joe Wengert May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 7ATM06 1.32 145 7 `` The Curse of the Pirate Bride '' Josh Greenbaum Ann Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 7ATM07 1.47 146 8 `` Engram Pattersky '' Erin O'Malley Story by : Dave Finkel & Brett Baer Teleplay by : Elizabeth Meriwether May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 7ATM08 1.47 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adreeva , Nellie . `` ' New Girl ' : Final Season Details & How Last - Minute Renewal Was Clinched '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan . `` New Girl Season 7 Premiere Date Set '' . TVLine . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Finals : New Girl , Glee , NCIS , DWTS Results Adjusted Up ; Body of Proof Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Glee , New Girl , NCIS : LA , DWTS , Biggest Loser Adjusted Up ; Body of Proof Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Glee , Unforgettable , 90210 , Others Adjusted Up ; Body of Proof Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Glee , ' ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Full Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee , ' ' Last Man Standing ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Glee , ' ' Unforgettable ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Ringer , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up ; ' New Girl ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Glee , ' ' Unforgettable , ' ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Up ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' ' I Hate My Teenage Daughter ' ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' New Girl ' and ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Biggest Loser ' , ' DWTS ' ' NCIS : LA ' , ' New Girl ' , & ' Unforgettable ' Adjusted Up ; ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars Results ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Last Man Standing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' , ' Ringer ' , ' Biggest Loser ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Biggest Loser ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fashion Star ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Glee ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Biggest Loser ' , ' Last Man Standing ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' New Girl ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , & ' Ben & Kate ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS : LA ' , ' DWTS ' & ' Vegas ' Adjusted Up , ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' , ' X Factor ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' Happy Endings ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' , ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' & ' Take It All ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Betty White 's Off Their Rockers ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Taste ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Emily Owens M.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Raising Hope ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Smash ' , ' New Girl ' & ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Betty White 's 2nd Annual 90th Birthday Special ' and ' Vegas ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Golden Boy ' , ' The New Normal ' or ' Smash ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl , ' NCIS ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , & ' Splash ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' ' Body of Proof ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up & Final Super Bowl Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' The Goldbergs ' . ' Supernatural ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' Adjusted Down + Final Olympics Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Mind Games ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mind Games ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Manhattan Love Story ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' , & ' The Flash ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' About a Boy ' & ' Selfie ' Adjusted Down + Final Election Coverage Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Forever ' , ' New Girl ' or ' Weird Loners ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Limitless ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' rerun adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Crowded ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Game of Silence ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts down , ' Voice ' finale holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' ' The Mick ' and others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' The Wall , ' This Is Us , ' FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' NCIS , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne , The Middle , Lethal Weapon adjust up , Black - ish down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of New Girl episodes on IMDb List of New Girl episodes at TV.com hide New Girl Awards and nominations Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Normal '' `` Prince '' 5 6 7 Characters Jessica Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_Girl_episodes&oldid=843929307 '' Categories : Lists of American romance television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes New Girl episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2015 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 12 : 27 . About Wikipedia | how many episodes of last season of new girl | [
"On May 14, 2017, the series was renewed for a seventh and final season, which will feature eight episodes.[1] On January 4, 2018, it was announced that the seventh and final season would premiere on April 10, 2018, and also it would end with a one-hour series finale, which was aired on May 15, 2018.[2]"
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"eight"
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2813830296168539605 | List of supercentenarians from the United States | List of supercentenarians from the United States - wikipedia List of supercentenarians from the United States Jump to : navigation , search Walter Breuning , April 8 , 2010 , the second - oldest American - born man on record This article includes lists of supercentenarians from the United States ( people from the United States who have attained the age of at least 110 years ) . The Gerontology Research Group ( GRG ) , an organization that tracks supercentenarians and validates longevity claims , has validated claims of over 700 American supercentenarians and as of 19 April 2018 , lists six verified living American supercentenarians , the oldest of whom is Delphine Gibson , born August 17 , 1903 , aged 114 years , 245 days . The oldest person ever from the United States was Sarah Knauss , who died on December 30 , 1999 , aged 119 years , 97 days . Contents ( hide ) 1 Living American supercentenarians 1.1 Living American emigrant supercentenarians 2 100 oldest American people ever 2.1 American emigrant supercentenarians age 113 + 3 Chronological list of the oldest living persons in the United States since 1974 4 List of people 4.1 Ann Pouder 4.2 Florence Knapp 4.3 Ettie Mae Greene 4.4 Wilhelmina Kott 4.5 Mary Bidwell 4.6 Maggie Barnes 4.7 Mae Harrington 4.8 Mary Christian 4.9 Elena Slough 4.10 Charlotte Benkner 4.11 Emma Verona Johnston 4.12 Grace Thaxton 4.13 Bettie Wilson 4.14 Thomas Nelson , Sr . 4.15 Arbella Ewing 4.16 George Francis 4.17 Shelby Harris 5 Notes 6 References Living American supercentenarians ( edit ) Below is a list of supercentenarians who are living in the United States , from oldest to youngest . Rank Name Sex Birthdate Age as of 19 April 2018 Birthplace Residence Delphine Gibson August 17 , 1903 7004418840000000000 ♠ 114 years , 245 days South Carolina Pennsylvania Lessie Brown September 22 , 1904 7004414820000000000 ♠ 113 years , 209 days Georgia Ohio Clara Anderson July 2 , 1905 7004411990000000000 ♠ 112 years , 291 days Missouri Alaska Hester Ford August 15 , 1905 7004411550000000000 ♠ 112 years , 247 days North Carolina North Carolina 5 Iris Westman August 28 , 1905 7004411420000000000 ♠ 112 years , 234 days North Dakota North Dakota 6 Lucille Treccase October 18 , 1905 7004410910000000000 ♠ 112 years , 183 days Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Maggie Kidd December 8 , 1905 7004410400000000000 ♠ 112 years , 132 days Georgia Georgia Isabel Castaño Restrepo January 11 , 1906 7004410060000000000 ♠ 112 years , 98 days Colombia Florida Richard Arvin Overton May 11 , 1906 7004408860000000000 ♠ 111 years , 343 days Texas Texas Doris Farrar June 6 , 1906 7004408600000000000 ♠ 111 years , 317 days Maine Maine Laura Wright June 15 , 1906 7004408510000000000 ♠ 111 years , 308 days South Carolina South Carolina Mazie Ford June 28 , 1906 7004408380000000000 ♠ 111 years , 295 days Pennsylvania Florida Minnie Whicker July 24 , 1906 7004408120000000000 ♠ 111 years , 269 days Arkansas Arkansas Helen White September 21 , 1906 7004407530000000000 ♠ 111 years , 210 days South Carolina South Carolina Louise Schaaf October 16 , 1906 7004407280000000000 ♠ 111 years , 185 days Germany Illinois Beulah Meloche November 23 , 1906 7004406900000000000 ♠ 111 years , 147 days New York New York Miriam Moore January 28 , 1907 7004406240000000000 ♠ 111 years , 81 days Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Ellen Goodwill February 2 , 1907 7004406190000000000 ♠ 111 years , 76 days Kentucky Michigan Rosalie Esposito February 11 , 1907 7004406100000000000 ♠ 111 years , 67 days Connecticut Pennsylvania Lillian Cox February 22 , 1907 7004405990000000000 ♠ 111 years , 56 days Florida Texas Rosena Hankerson March 16 , 1907 7004405770000000000 ♠ 111 years , 34 days South Carolina South Carolina Icie Clark March 19 , 1907 7004405740000000000 ♠ 111 years , 31 days West Virginia Pennsylvania Helen Turner April 1 , 1907 7004405610000000000 ♠ 111 years , 18 days Maryland New Jersey Merle Phillips April 2 , 1907 7004405600000000000 ♠ 111 years , 17 days Arkansas Illinois Sixta Tulia Aguinaga de Posada April 22 , 1907 7004405400000000000 ♠ 110 years , 362 days Colombia New York Opal Goode June 3 , 1907 7004404980000000000 ♠ 110 years , 320 days Oklahoma Oklahoma Florence Carroll June 9 , 1907 7004404920000000000 ♠ 110 years , 314 days New York Connecticut Lona Collins June 18 , 1907 7004404830000000000 ♠ 110 years , 305 days Oklahoma Ohio Evelyn Kleine July 11 , 1907 7004404600000000000 ♠ 110 years , 282 days Minnesota Minnesota Hazel Schuth July 29 , 1907 7004404420000000000 ♠ 110 years , 264 days Illinois Wisconsin Ethel Sinclaire August 14 , 1907 7004404260000000000 ♠ 110 years , 248 days Georgia Georgia Laura Oblitas August 24 , 1907 7004404160000000000 ♠ 110 years , 238 days New Jersey New Jersey C.P. Crawford August 25 , 1907 7004404150000000000 ♠ 110 years , 237 days Mississippi Illinois Elizabeth Marazi August 27 , 1907 7004404130000000000 ♠ 110 years , 235 days Delaware Pennsylvania Dorothy Keller September 28 , 1907 7004403810000000000 ♠ 110 years , 203 days Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Catena Cavallaro October 21 , 1907 7004403580000000000 ♠ 110 years , 180 days Italy New York Bessie Hendricks November 7 , 1907 7004403410000000000 ♠ 110 years , 163 days Iowa Iowa Hazel Eikermann December 11 , 1907 7004403070000000000 ♠ 110 years , 129 days Kansas Colorado Katie Logemann December 15 , 1907 7004403030000000000 ♠ 110 years , 125 days Germany California Irene Dunham December 16 , 1907 7004403020000000000 ♠ 110 years , 124 days Michigan Michigan Mildred Lewis December 25 , 1907 7004402930000000000 ♠ 110 years , 115 days Florida Florida Thea Theissen December 28 , 1907 7004402900000000000 ♠ 110 years , 112 days Connecticut Connecticut Elsada Miriam Duncan January 15 , 1908 7004402720000000000 ♠ 110 years , 94 days Jamaica Georgia Stella Lennox January 31 , 1908 7004402560000000000 ♠ 110 years , 78 days North Dakota Illinois Pauline Ivey February 2 , 1908 7004402540000000000 ♠ 110 years , 76 days North Carolina North Carolina Edie Ceccarelli February 5 , 1908 7004402510000000000 ♠ 110 years , 73 days California California Rena Bagne March 2 , 1908 7004402250000000000 ♠ 110 years , 48 days Canada Minnesota Francis Smith March 3 , 1908 7004402240000000000 ♠ 110 years , 47 days Maine Florida Willie Mae Hardy March 11 , 1908 7004402160000000000 ♠ 110 years , 39 days Georgia Georgia Erna Zahn April 14 , 1908 7004401820000000000 ♠ 110 years , 5 days Wisconsin Minnesota Living American emigrant supercentenarians ( edit ) Rank Name Sex Birth date Age as of 19 April 2018 Birthplace Country of residence Maria Branyas Morera March 4 , 1907 7004405890000000000 ♠ 111 years , 46 days California Spain 100 oldest American people ever ( edit ) Below is a list of the longest lived American supercentenarians according to the GRG . Deceased Living † ^ denotes age at death , or , if living , age as of 19 April 2018 Rank Name Sex Day of Birth Day of death Age Birthplace Place of death or residence Sarah Knauss September 24 , 1880 December 30 , 1999 119 years , 97 days Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Lucy Hannah July 16 , 1875 March 21 , 1993 117 years , 248 days Alabama Michigan Susannah Mushatt Jones July 6 , 1899 May 12 , 2016 116 years , 311 days Alabama New York Gertrude Weaver July 4 , 1898 April 6 , 2015 116 years , 276 days Arkansas Arkansas 5 Elizabeth Bolden August 15 , 1890 December 11 , 2006 116 years , 118 days Tennessee Tennessee 6 Besse Cooper August 26 , 1896 December 4 , 2012 116 years , 100 days Tennessee Georgia 7 Jeralean Talley May 23 , 1899 June 17 , 2015 116 years , 25 days Georgia Michigan 8 Maggie Barnes March 6 , 1882 January 19 , 1998 115 years , 319 days North Carolina North Carolina 9 Dina Manfredini April 4 , 1897 December 17 , 2012 115 years , 257 days Italy Iowa 10 Christian Mortensen August 16 , 1882 April 25 , 1998 115 years , 252 days Denmark California 11 Edna Parker April 20 , 1893 November 26 , 2008 115 years , 220 days Indiana Indiana 12 Margaret Skeete October 27 , 1878 May 7 , 1994 115 years , 192 days Texas Virginia 13 Bernice Madigan July 24 , 1899 January 3 , 2015 115 years , 163 days Massachusetts Massachusetts 14 Gertrude Baines April 6 , 1894 September 11 , 2009 115 years , 158 days Georgia California 15 Bettie Wilson September 13 , 1890 February 13 , 2006 115 years , 153 days Mississippi Mississippi 16 Susie Gibson October 31 , 1890 February 16 , 2006 115 years , 108 days Mississippi Alabama 17 Augusta Holtz August 3 , 1871 October 21 , 1986 115 years , 79 days Prussia Missouri 18 Maude Farris - Luse January 21 , 1887 March 18 , 2002 115 years , 56 days Michigan Michigan 19 Antonia Gerena Rivera May 19 , 1900 June 2 , 2015 115 years , 14 days Puerto Rico Florida 20 Mary Bidwell May 19 , 1881 April 25 , 1996 114 years , 342 days Connecticut Connecticut 21 Mary Josephine Ray May 17 , 1895 March 7 , 2010 114 years , 294 days Canada New Hampshire 22 Goldie Steinberg October 30 , 1900 August 16 , 2015 114 years , 290 days Moldova New York 23 Neva Morris August 3 , 1895 April 6 , 2010 114 years , 246 days Iowa Iowa 24 Delphine Gibson August 17 , 1903 Living 7004418840000000000 ♠ 114 years , 245 days South Carolina Living in Pennsylvania 25 Blanche Cobb September 8 , 1900 May 1 , 2015 114 years , 235 days Georgia Florida 26 Mathew Beard July 9 , 1870 February 16 , 1985 114 years , 222 days Virginia Florida 27 Carrie Lazenby February 9 , 1882 September 14 , 1996 114 years , 218 days Georgia Illinois 28 Myrtle Dorsey November 22 , 1885 June 25 , 2000 114 years , 216 days Ohio Ohio 29 Walter Breuning September 21 , 1896 April 14 , 2011 114 years , 205 days Minnesota Montana 30 Eunice Sanborn July 20 , 1896 January 31 , 2011 114 years , 195 days Louisiana Texas 31 Grace Clawson November 15 , 1887 May 28 , 2002 114 years , 194 days United Kingdom New York 32 Wilhelmina Kott March 7 , 1880 September 6 , 1994 114 years , 183 days Illinois Illinois Adelina Domingues February 19 , 1888 August 21 , 2002 114 years , 183 days Cape Verde California 34 Charlotte Benkner November 26 , 1889 May 14 , 2004 114 years , 180 days Germany Ohio 35 Ettie Mae Greene September 8 , 1877 February 26 , 1992 114 years , 171 days West Virginia West Virginia 36 Dominga Velasco May 12 , 1901 October 11 , 2015 114 years , 152 days Mexico California 37 Irene Frank October 1 , 1881 February 28 , 1996 114 years , 150 days Texas Missouri 38 Olivia Patricia Thomas June 29 , 1895 November 16 , 2009 114 years , 140 days Iowa New York 39 Anna Henderson March 5 , 1900 July 1 , 2014 114 years , 118 days Georgia Pennsylvania 40 Emma Verona Johnston August 6 , 1890 December 1 , 2004 114 years , 117 days Iowa Ohio Mamie Rearden September 7 , 1898 January 2 , 2013 114 years , 117 days South Carolina Georgia 42 Bettie Chatmon April 30 , 1884 August 16 , 1998 114 years , 108 days Louisiana Texas 43 Odie Matthews December 28 , 1878 April 14 , 1993 114 years , 107 days Texas Arizona 44 Florence Knapp October 10 , 1873 January 11 , 1988 114 years , 93 days Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Elena Slough July 4 , 1889 October 5 , 2003 114 years , 93 days Pennsylvania New Jersey 46 Mary Anna Boone February 10 , 1887 May 13 , 2001 114 years , 92 days Kentucky Kentucky 47 Delma Kollar October 31 , 1897 January 24 , 2012 114 years , 85 days Kansas Oregon 48 Ila Jones August 21 , 1903 November 10 , 2017 114 years , 81 days Georgia Georgia 49 Maggie Renfro November 14 , 1895 January 22 , 2010 114 years , 69 days Louisiana Louisiana 50 Emma Tillman November 22 , 1892 January 28 , 2007 114 years , 67 days North Carolina Connecticut Anna Stoehr October 15 , 1900 December 21 , 2014 114 years , 67 days Iowa Minnesota 52 Leila Denmark February 1 , 1898 April 1 , 2012 114 years , 60 days Georgia Georgia 53 Adele Dunlap December 12 , 1902 February 5 , 2017 114 years , 55 days New Jersey New Jersey 54 Naomi Conner August 30 , 1899 October 18 , 2013 114 years , 49 days Texas Texas Ora Holland December 24 , 1900 February 11 , 2015 114 years , 49 days Missouri Oklahoma 56 Grace Thaxton June 18 , 1891 July 6 , 2005 114 years , 18 days New York Kentucky 57 Soledad Mexia August 13 , 1899 August 30 , 2013 114 years , 17 days Mexico California 58 Minnie Ward November 19 , 1885 December 2 , 1999 114 years , 13 days Tennessee Massachusetts 59 Arbella Ewing March 13 , 1894 March 22 , 2008 114 years , 9 days Texas Texas 60 Catherine Hagel November 28 , 1894 December 6 , 2008 114 years , 8 days Minnesota Minnesota 61 Emma Otis October 22 , 1901 October 25 , 2015 114 years , 3 days Washington Washington 62 Fred Hale December 1 , 1890 November 19 , 2004 113 years , 354 days Maine New York 63 Miriam Carpelan July 8 , 1882 June 22 , 1996 113 years , 350 days United Kingdom California Elsie Thompson April 5 , 1899 March 21 , 2013 113 years , 350 days Pennsylvania Florida 65 Bertha Fry December 1 , 1893 November 14 , 2007 113 years , 348 days Indiana Indiana 66 Mae Harrington January 20 , 1889 December 29 , 2002 113 years , 343 days New York New York 67 Daisey Bailey March 30 , 1896 March 7 , 2010 113 years , 342 days Tennessee Michigan 68 Agatha Mitchell March 26 , 1887 February 25 , 2001 113 years , 336 days Virginia Virginia 69 Goldie Michelson August 8 , 1902 July 8 , 2016 113 years , 335 days Ukraine Massachusetts 70 Clara Huhn January 28 , 1887 December 20 , 2000 113 years , 327 days Nebraska California 71 Corinne Dixon Taylor April 2 , 1893 February 14 , 2007 113 years , 318 days District of Columbia District of Columbia 72 Mary Christian June 12 , 1889 April 20 , 2003 113 years , 312 days Massachusetts California 73 Ruth Newman September 23 , 1901 July 29 , 2015 113 years , 309 days California California 74 Evelyn Kozak August 14 , 1899 June 11 , 2013 113 years , 301 days New York New York 75 Louisiana Hines April 13 , 1899 February 1 , 2013 113 years , 294 days Alabama Michigan 76 Mississippi Winn March 31 , 1897 January 14 , 2011 113 years , 289 days Louisiana Louisiana 77 Fannie Thomas April 14 , 1867 January 22 , 1981 113 years , 283 days Illinois California 78 Opal Thompson January 13 , 1901 October 20 , 2014 113 years , 280 days Oklahoma California 79 Johnson Parks October 15 , 1884 July 17 , 1998 113 years , 275 days Georgia Florida 80 Mary Parr January 29 , 1889 October 29 , 2002 113 years , 273 days Indiana Florida 81 Beatrice Farve April 30 , 1895 January 19 , 2009 113 years , 264 days Georgia Georgia 82 Amalia Barone October 6 , 1884 June 26 , 1998 113 years , 263 days Italy Connecticut 83 Zora Wriggle February 24 , 1880 November 7 , 1993 113 years , 256 days Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 84 John Ingram McMorran June 19 , 1889 February 24 , 2003 113 years , 250 days Michigan Florida 85 Mary McKinney May 30 , 1873 February 2 , 1987 113 years , 248 days California California 86 Ella Schuler September 5 , 1897 May 7 , 2011 113 years , 244 days Nebraska Kansas 87 Gladys Swetland April 18 , 1892 December 14 , 2005 113 years , 240 days Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 88 Meta Dishman June 1 , 1903 January 20 , 2017 113 years , 233 days Virginia Virginia 89 Mary Randall April 1 , 1887 November 12 , 2000 113 years , 225 days Arkansas Texas 90 Delina Filkins May 4 , 1815 December 4 , 1928 113 years , 214 days New York New York 91 Lessie Brown September 22 , 1904 Living 7004414820000000000 ♠ 113 years , 209 days Georgia Living in Ohio 92 Mary Kelly June 7 , 1851 December 30 , 1964 113 years , 206 days Michigan California 93 Nelle Hunt July 28 , 1887 February 8 , 2001 113 years , 195 days Missouri Missouri Helen Stetter November 18 , 1893 June 1 , 2007 113 years , 195 days Nebraska Nebraska 95 Carrie Hardrick November 6 , 1887 May 14 , 2001 113 years , 189 days Texas Texas 96 Mamie Eva Keith March 22 , 1873 September 20 , 1986 113 years , 182 days Illinois Illinois 97 Beryl Kapaun June 4 , 1899 November 7 , 2012 113 years , 156 days South Dakota South Dakota 98 Emma Wilson May 12 , 1870 October 13 , 1983 113 years , 154 days Missouri Missouri 99 Jane Markle October 10 , 1883 March 12 , 1997 113 years , 153 days Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Helen Wheat September 16 , 1902 February 16 , 2016 113 years , 153 days Pennsylvania Maryland American emigrant supercentenarians age 113 + ( edit ) Below is a list of people aged at least 113 who were born in the United States and live or have died in another country . Rank Name Sex Birth date Death date Age State of birth Country of death or residence Marie Josephine Gaudette March 25 , 1902 July 13 , 2017 115 years , 110 days New Hampshire Italy Merle Barwis December 23 , 1900 November 22 , 2014 113 years , 334 days Iowa Canada Cora Hansen March 25 , 1899 April 18 , 2012 113 years , 24 days Minnesota Canada Chronological list of the oldest living persons in the United States since 1974 ( edit ) From To Name Sex Reported age ( s ) when oldest Reported lifespan State of death Unidentified May 18 , 1974 Clarida Roy ? -- 110 October 19 , 1863 -- May 18 , 1974 110 years , 211 days Maine May 18 , 1974 August 6 , 1976 ( 2 years , 80 days ) Mary Bittlebrun 110 -- 112 March 19 , 1864 -- August 6 , 1976 112 years , 140 days Arkansas August 6 , 1976 December 2 , 1977 ( 1 year , 118 days ) Sophia DeMuth 110 -- 111 June 30 , 1866 -- December 2 , 1977 111 years , 155 days Nebraska December 2 , 1977 January 22 , 1981 ( 3 years , 51 days ) Fannie Thomas 110 -- 113 April 14 , 1867 -- January 22 , 1981 113 years , 283 days California January 22 , 1981 November 13 , 1982 ( 1 year , 295 days ) Nellie Spencer 111 -- 113 August 24 , 1869 -- November 13 , 1982 113 years , 81 days New Jersey November 13 , 1982 October 13 , 1983 ( 334 days ) Emma Wilson 112 -- 113 May 12 , 1870 -- October 13 , 1983 113 years , 154 days Missouri October 13 , 1983 February 16 , 1985 ( 1 year , 126 days ) Mathew Beard 113 -- 114 July 9 , 1870 -- February 16 , 1985 114 years , 222 days Florida February 16 , 1985 October 21 , 1986 ( 1 year , 247 days ) Augusta Holtz 113 -- 115 August 3 , 1871 -- October 21 , 1986 115 years , 79 days Missouri October 21 , 1986 February 2 , 1987 ( 104 days ) Mary McKinney 113 May 30 , 1873 -- February 2 , 1987 113 years , 248 days California February 2 , 1987 January 11 , 1988 ( 343 days ) Florence Knapp 113 -- 114 October 10 , 1873 -- January 11 , 1988 114 years , 93 days Pennsylvania January 11 , 1988 March 21 , 1993 ( 5 years , 69 days ) Lucy Hannah 112 -- 117 July 16 , 1875 -- March 21 , 1993 117 years , 248 days Michigan March 21 , 1993 May 7 , 1994 ( 1 year , 47 days ) Margaret Skeete 114 -- 115 October 27 , 1878 -- May 7 , 1994 115 years , 192 days Virginia May 7 , 1994 September 6 , 1994 ( 122 days ) Wilhelmina Kott 114 March 7 , 1880 -- September 6 , 1994 114 years , 183 days Illinois September 6 , 1994 December 30 , 1999 ( 5 years , 115 days ) Sarah Knauss 113 -- 119 September 24 , 1880 -- December 30 , 1999 119 years , 97 days Pennsylvania December 30 , 1999 June 25 , 2000 ( 178 days ) Myrtle Dorsey 114 November 22 , 1885 -- June 25 , 2000 114 years , 216 days Ohio June 25 , 2000 March 18 , 2002 ( 1 year , 266 days ) Maude Farris - Luse 113 -- 115 January 21 , 1887 -- March 18 , 2002 115 years , 56 days Michigan March 18 , 2002 May 28 , 2002 ( 71 days ) Grace Clawson 114 November 15 , 1887 -- May 28 , 2002 114 years , 194 days Florida May 28 , 2002 August 21 , 2002 ( 85 days ) Adelina Domingues 114 February 19 , 1888 -- August 21 , 2002 114 years , 183 days California August 21 , 2002 December 29 , 2002 ( 130 days ) Mae Harrington 113 January 20 , 1889 -- December 29 , 2002 113 years , 343 days New York December 29 , 2002 April 20 , 2003 ( 112 days ) Mary Christian 113 June 12 , 1889 -- April 20 , 2003 113 years , 312 days California April 20 , 2003 October 5 , 2003 ( 168 days ) Elena Slough 113 -- 114 July 4 , 1889 -- October 5 , 2003 114 years , 93 days New Jersey October 5 , 2003 May 14 , 2004 ( 222 days ) Charlotte Benkner 113 -- 114 November 16 , 1889 -- May 14 , 2004 114 years , 180 days Ohio May 14 , 2004 December 1 , 2004 ( 201 days ) Emma Verona Johnston 113 -- 114 August 6 , 1890 -- December 1 , 2004 114 years , 117 days Ohio December 1 , 2004 December 11 , 2006 ( 2 years , 10 days ) Elizabeth Bolden 114 -- 116 August 15 , 1890 -- December 11 , 2006 116 years , 118 days Tennessee December 11 , 2006 January 28 , 2007 ( 48 days ) Emma Tillman 114 November 22 , 1892 -- January 28 , 2007 114 years , 67 days Connecticut January 28 , 2007 February 14 , 2007 ( 17 days ) Corinne Dixon Taylor 113 April 2 , 1893 -- February 14 , 2007 113 years , 318 days District of Columbia February 14 , 2007 November 26 , 2008 ( 1 year , 286 days ) Edna Parker 113 -- 115 April 20 , 1893 -- November 26 , 2008 115 years , 220 days Indiana November 26 , 2008 September 11 , 2009 ( 289 days ) Gertrude Baines 114 -- 115 April 6 , 1894 -- September 11 , 2009 115 years , 158 days California September 11 , 2009 March 7 , 2010 ( 177 days ) Mary Josephine Ray 114 May 17 , 1895 -- March 7 , 2010 114 years , 294 days New Hampshire March 7 , 2010 April 6 , 2010 ( 30 days ) Neva Morris 114 August 3 , 1895 -- April 6 , 2010 114 years , 246 days Iowa April 6 , 2010 January 31 , 2011 ( 300 days ) Eunice Sanborn 113 -- 114 July 20 , 1896 -- January 31 , 2011 114 years , 195 days Texas January 31 , 2011 December 4 , 2012 ( 1 year , 308 days ) Besse Cooper 114 -- 116 August 26 , 1896 -- December 4 , 2012 116 years , 100 days Georgia December 4 , 2012 December 17 , 2012 ( 13 days ) Dina Manfredini 115 April 4 , 1897 -- December 17 , 2012 115 years , 257 days Iowa December 17 , 2012 April 6 , 2015 ( 2 years , 110 days ) Gertrude Weaver 114 -- 116 July 4 , 1898 -- April 6 , 2015 116 years , 276 days Arkansas April 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2015 ( 72 days ) Jeralean Talley 115 -- 116 May 23 , 1899 -- June 17 , 2015 116 years , 25 days Michigan June 17 , 2015 May 12 , 2016 ( 330 days ) Susannah Mushatt Jones 115 -- 116 July 6 , 1899 -- May 12 , 2016 116 years , 311 days New York May 12 , 2016 July 8 , 2016 ( 57 days ) Goldie Michelson 113 August 8 , 1902 -- July 8 , 2016 113 years , 335 days Massachusetts July 8 , 2016 February 5 , 2017 ( 212 days ) Adele Dunlap 113 -- 114 December 12 , 1902 -- February 5 , 2017 114 years , 55 days New Jersey February 5 , 2017 Present ( 1 year , 73 days ) Delphine Gibson 113 -- 114 * born August 17 , 1903 114 years , 245 days Living in Pennsylvania List of people ( edit ) Ann Pouder ( edit ) Ann Pouder on her 110th birthday ; photograph from June , 1919 National Geographic Magazine Ann Pouder ( née Alexander Poudar ) ( London , United Kingdom April 8 , 1807 -- Baltimore , Maryland , United States July 10 , 1917 ) was one of the first modernly recognized British American supercentenarians . Her age at death was 110 years , 93 days . When Pouder was twelve years old , her family emigrated to the United States . There she lived the following 98 years of her life in Baltimore , Maryland . She married Nepalese American Citizen Alexander Poudar , although became a widow very early and had no children . Her extreme longevity claim was certified by Alexander Graham Bell . In her last few months , she was bedridden , blind , and almost deaf , but her mind remained sharp . Florence Knapp ( edit ) Florence Knapp ( October 10 , 1873 -- January 11 , 1988 ) was , for the last two weeks of her life , recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest person in the world . Born in Lansdale , Pennsylvania , she lived in nearby Montgomery Square much of her life and came from a large and long - lived family , eight of her siblings dying in their 80s and 90s and one sister reaching age 108 . By October 1987 , when she was honored by the Pennsylvania legislature , she was recognized by Guinness as the oldest person in the United States , and the death of Anna Eliza Williams on December 27 , 1987 , meant that Knapp became the oldest verified living person . Her death , aged 114 years 93 days , just 15 days after , meant that she never appeared in a Guinness Book as the oldest living person . Her death caused some confusion as to who her successor was , with Guinness recognition and press publicity alighting first on Orpha Nusbaum ( August 1875 -- March 1988 ) , who died before the 1989 edition 's deadline , then Birdie May Vogt ( August 1876 -- July 1989 ) , who appeared in the 1989 edition 's main text , then Jeanne Calment , mentioned in the addenda section , and finally in November 1988 on Carrie C. White , whose claim to birth in November 1874 was accepted . However , with recent census research calling White 's authentication into question , Calment may very well have been Florence Knapp 's actual immediate successor . Ettie Mae Greene ( edit ) Ettie Mae Greene née Thomas ( September 8 , 1877 -- February 26 , 1992 ) was an American supercentenarian who was recognized by Guinness World Records as the ' oldest living American ' in 1991 ( later , the SSA study would replace her with Lucy Hannah , who was apparently older ) . She was born in Wayside , West Virginia , and worked as a seamstress and a farmer . Greene died of a cold at the Springfield Comprehensive Care Center in Springfield , West Virginia . At the time of her death at the age of 114 years , 171 days , she had nine children ( four of whom she had outlived ) , 21 grandchildren , 47 great - grandchildren and 37 great - great - grandchildren . She still holds the record for being the oldest person in the state of West Virginia . Wilhelmina Kott ( edit ) Wilhelmina Kott née Geringer ( March 7 , 1880 -- September 6 , 1994 ) was an American supercentenarian recognized by Guinness World Records as the ' oldest living American ' in its 1995 edition , following the death of Margaret Skeete . She was born in Peru , Illinois , as one of 16 children to George and Sophia Geringer . She moved to Chicago in 1881 , where she lived almost her entire life . She married Charles Kott in 1899 . She died on September 6 , 1994 , aged 114 years 183 days . Mary Bidwell ( edit ) Mary Electa Bidwell née Nobel ( May 19 , 1881 -- April 25 , 1996 ) was an American supercentenarian . She died at age 114 years , 342 days on April 25 , 1996 . She is the oldest person ever to die in Connecticut . Her parents were Charles Woodruff Bidwell and Alice Beach Nobel . She was a descendant of John Bidwell , one of the founders of Hartford , Connecticut . Bidwell worked as a teacher in a one - room school house for six years . She married Charles Hubbell Bidwell , a distant cousin , in 1906 . Bidwell lived on her own in North Haven , Connecticut , until she was 110 . Bidwell died at the Arden House , a nursing home in Hamden , Connecticut . Maggie Barnes ( edit ) Maggie Pauline Barnes née Hinnant ( March 6 , 1882 -- January 19 , 1998 ) was an American supercentenarian . She was a resident of Johnston County , North Carolina . Barnes died from complications following a minor foot infection . Barnes , who was born to a slave and married a tenant farmer , was survived by four children ; 11 of her children preceded her in death . Some dispute exists as to her date of birth . Though the 1882 date is written in the family 's bible , the 1900 US Census lists her as having been born in 1881 , and her marriage license says she was born in 1880 . Authenticating to the latest of those dates , Barnes was 115 years , 319 days old when she died . Barnes is the oldest person ever in U.S. state of North Carolina on record . Mae Harrington ( edit ) Mae Harrington ( née Maxwell ; January 20 , 1889 -- December 29 , 2002 ) was an American supercentenarian who became the world 's oldest living person upon the death of Adelina Domingues . Harrington was also the oldest living American and the oldest person ever from the state of New York , breaking the record held since the 1920s by then world 's oldest person Delina Filkins , also 113 , but her own record was subsequently broken on May 28 , 2005 by Grace Thaxton , who was born in the state before moving to and dying in Kentucky . Because her age was not authenticated during her lifetime , the public recognition she was due went to another 113 - year - old , Mary Parr ( January 29 , 1889 -- October 29 , 2002 ) , who was born nine days after her , dying two months before her , as her age was only validated posthumously . Mary Christian ( edit ) Mary Dorothy Christian ( née Perry , June 12 , 1889 -- April 20 , 2003 ) was an American supercentenarian who became the oldest recognized person in the United States at age 113 upon the death of 113 - year - old Mae Harrington and was succeeded in this title by another 113 - year - old , Elena Slough . Perry was born in Taunton , Massachusetts to parents whose name had been anglicized from Perreira ( she was of Portuguese descent ) . She spent much of her life in California , where she died in a San Pablo , California nursing home at 113 years and 312 days . Elena Slough ( edit ) Elena Proctor Slough née Rodenbaugh ( July 4 , 1889 -- October 5 , 2003 ) was the oldest recognized person in the United States from the death of Mary Christian on April 20 , 2003 , until Slough 's own death , aged 114 years 93 days , six months later . After her death , the oldest recognized person in the United States was Charlotte Benkner . Born in Horsham , Pennsylvania , she married twice and had children by each marriage . Her 90 - year - old daughter died three days before her , at the same Cape May , New Jersey nursing home . Some sources date her birth to 1888 , but the oldest records state that she was born in 1889 . Charlotte Benkner ( edit ) Charlotte Benkner ( née Enterlein ; November 16 , 1889 -- May 14 , 2004 ) was an American supercentenarian and the oldest verified living person from Elena Slough 's death in 2003 until sufficient documentation was found to validate the age of Ramona Trinidad Iglesias - Jordan of Puerto Rico in March 2004 . The subsequent recognition of María Capovilla of Ecuador in December 2005 moved Benkner down to third place at the time of her death , Benkner was born in Leipzig , Germany , and emigrated to the U.S. in 1896 . She grew up in Peekskill , New York , where her family ran the Albert Hotel , and as a young woman once met then President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt . On her 1908 marriage to Karl Benkner , she moved west , living in Pennsylvania and Ohio before retiring to Arizona . Already a supercentenarian and the oldest person in Arizona , Benkner returned to Ohio to live in North Lima . She became the oldest recognized person in the United States when 114 - year - old Elena Slough died in October 2003 . She lived with her sister Tillie O'Hare ( the youngest of the siblings ) , whom she once cared for when their parents were running the hotel , until Tillie ( born February 15 , 1904 ) died , just three weeks shy of becoming a centenarian , on January 25 , 2004 . Benkner survived her sister by only four months , dying at age 114 years 180 days after she was briefly hospitalized in Youngstown , Ohio , and was buried in Peekskill . Emma Verona Johnston ( edit ) Emma Verona Johnston ( née Calhoun ) ( August 6 , 1890 -- December 1 , 2004 ) was an American supercentenarian recognized as the `` oldest living American '' from Charlotte Benkner 's death in May 2004 until her own death almost 7 months later at age 114 years , 117 days . Johnston was born in Indianola , Iowa to a large family . She was the oldest living graduate of Drake University , where she was a member of the Class of 1912 . At age 98 , she moved from Iowa to Ohio in order to live with her daughter and son - in - law . She continued to be in good health even when she attained supercentenarian status , still being able to walk up steps , she was also alert and able to engage in conversations . Charlotte Benkner 's death on May 14 , 2004 left Johnston as the oldest documented person in the United States . She died in Worthington , Ohio on December 1 , 2004 . Grace Thaxton ( edit ) Grace Thaxton ( née Menges ) ( June 18 , 1891 - July 6 , 2005 ) was one of oldest people in the United States until her death on July 6 , 2005 , age 114 years and 18 days . She became New York state 's all - time recordholder on May 28 , 2005 , aged 113 years 344 days , breaking the record set by Mae Harrington in December 2002 . Thaxton almost lived to see her son Robert ( July 12 , 1915 -- 2011 ) turn 90 six days after her death , July 12 . Thaxton 's mother ( 1860 -- 1969 ) lived to 109 . Bettie Wilson ( edit ) Bettie Antry Wilson née Rutherford ( September 13 , 1890 -- February 13 , 2006 ) was thought to be the oldest verified living person in the United States upon the death of 114 - year - old Emma Verona Johnston on December 1 , 2004 until the subsequent verification of Elizabeth Bolden . Both were born in the rural South -- where they lived less than 100 miles apart . Born of freed slaves , Solomon and Delia Rutherford , she is the oldest resident of the state of Mississippi ever recorded ( the previous record was 113 years , 12 days set in 1994 ) . In late April 2005 , Wilson moved into a new home funded by donations . Wilson celebrated her 115th birthday in September 2005 , at which time she ranked as the third - oldest living person in the world . Wilson died at her New Albany home on February 13 , 2006 , aged 115 years , 153 days . She was survived by her son , five grandchildren , 46 great - grandchildren , 95 great - great - grandchildren and 38 great - great - great grandchildren . Thomas Nelson , Sr. ( edit ) Thomas D. Nelson , Sr. ( July 8 , 1895 -- January 9 , 2007 ) was , at age 111 , the oldest living man in the United States and the second - oldest man in the world from December 7 , 2006 ( the death of Moses Hardy ) , for one month until his own death , aged 111 years , 185 days . He had been living in Port Arthur , Texas , since the early 1930s . He opened a candy shop in the mid-1930s , and worked there for more than 60 years . Arbella Ewing ( edit ) Arbella Ewing ( née Perkins ) ( March 13 , 1894 -- March 22 , 2008 ) was , at the time of her death at age 114 , the third - oldest living person in the world behind Edna Parker of United States and Maria de Jesus of Portugal , the second - oldest person in the United States and the oldest living African American . Ewing , the fourth of 12 children , grew up in Streetman , Texas , and married Frank Ewing in 1915 , after which she moved to South Dallas . Her former house is still located in South Dallas today . She had a sister named Annie , who was born in 1904 and was 103 at the time of her death . When she was an adult , she worked in a local bikeshop in Streetman . Her great - grandparents were slaves in Mississippi . After marrying Frank Ewing , they had a daughter , named Claudia , who died in 1970 . The Ewing family stated she was a gem in the family according to The Dallas Morning News . She lived in her own home in Dallas until the age of 113 , after breaking her hip at her birthday party , she was moved into a personal care home , where she eventually died nine days after having reached the age of 114 . The people close to her attributed her longevity to positive thinking . George Francis ( edit ) George Rene Francis ( June 6 , 1896 -- December 27 , 2008 ) was an American supercentenarian and the joint second - oldest living man in the world , together with Englishman Henry Allingham , until Francis 's death aged 112 years , 204 days . He was also the oldest living man in the United States , following the death of Antonio Pierro on February 8 , 2007 . Francis was from New Orleans , Louisiana , but since 1949 lived in Sacramento , California , where a local newspaper published a poem that Francis enjoyed reciting to friends and the public throughout his life . He credited his longevity to nature , and enjoyed a rich diet of pork , eggs , milk and lard . He gave up smoking cigars at the age of 75 . Francis attempted to join the army in World War I but was rejected for service in 1918 as being too short and small ( he weighed only about 100 pounds ( 45.35 kg ) ) . Despite this , he later was a boxer before becoming a barber and then a chauffeur . Francis claimed to have met Louis Armstrong and Booker T. Washington and to have seen Babe Ruth hit a home run . His wife died in 1964 . Shelby Harris ( edit ) Shelby Harris ( March 31 , 1901 -- July 25 , 2012 ) , an African American , was the oldest verified man in the United States ( since the death of Walter Breuning on April 14 , 2011 ) , the third - oldest man in the world and Illinois 's oldest living person at the time of his death . A native of Ayrshire , Indiana , Harris worked in coal mines and a foundry . At 41 he joined the Army for World War II , but a broken ankle ended his training . A deacon of his church until he was 102 , Harris entered a Rock Island nursing home at 105 . At his death he was a great - great - great - grandfather , his youngest grandson was 57 years old . Harris died on July 25 , 2012 , aged 111 years , 116 days . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holtz was born in the Province of Posen , which was a part of the German Empire at the time of her birth . Today , this area is a part of Poland . Jump up ^ Steinberg was born in Kishinev , which had then been a part of the Russian Empire ; it is now located in Moldova Jump up ^ Domingues was born in Cape Verde , which was at that time a Portuguese colony . Now it is an independent country . Jump up ^ Michelson was born in a part of Ukraine , which was then part of the Russian Empire . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Verified Supercentenarian Cases -- USA ( As of April 28 , 2007 ) '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Validated Living Supercentenarians '' . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Sarah Knauss , the World 's Oldest Person , Turns 119 '' . The Morning Call . September 25 , 1999 . Archived by WebCite on March 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest person misses millennium '' . CNN . Archived by WebCite on March 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Nothing Fazes Oldest Woman '' . Associated Press . April 19 , 1998 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest person dies . She is the oldest verified American in history '' . London : The Guardian . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest living Georgia resident turns 113 '' . 11alive.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Woman living in Miami Beach turns 112 today '' . Wopular . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest living World War II veteran Richard Overton turns 111 '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ One of Maine 's oldest residents celebrates 111th birthday Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Flach ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Retired Saluda teacher qualifies for 111 candles on her birthday cake '' . The State . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cady Herring . `` Local volunteer Mazie Ford turns 111 - years - old '' . sun-sentinel.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Roseville Woman Celebrates Her 111th Birthday '' . Sacramento.cbslocal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Correspondent , DIANNE POSTON OWENS . `` Legacy Foundation honors Marion County resident White on her 111th birthday '' . scnow.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago area woman celebrates 111th birthday '' . abc7chicago.com. 16 October 2017 Retrieved 20 October 2017 Jump up ^ Larry Robinson ( 2017 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Beulah Meloche still going strong at 110 years old '' . Watertown Daily Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Happy 111th ! Mim Moore is 24th oldest person in the U.S. - Lititz Record Express '' . lititzrecord.com . January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calhoun County 's oldest known woman , Ellen Goodwill , turns 111 years old '' . battlecreekenquirer.com . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Woman celebrates 110th birthday by dancing '' . 6abc.com . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FOX . `` Happy 110th Birthday to LIllian Cox ! '' . fox26houston.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Jonathan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Rosena Hankerson turns 110 '' . thepeoplesentinel.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Icie Clark celebrates birthday No. 110 '' . post-gazette.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey woman celebrates 110th birthday on April Fools ' Day '' . abc7ny.com. April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Merle Phillips On The Secret To Living 111 Years '' . 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Good Life : Positive achievements for April 28 '' . poughkeepsiejournal.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Still feelin ' ' Goode ' after 110 years '' . news-ridgecrest.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.today.com/video/today-celebrates-milestone-birthdays-anniversaries-june-12-2017-965349443957 in Jump up ^ `` Local woman beats the odds , turns 110 '' . wkyc.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At 110 , long life is in the cards for Evelyn Kleine -- MyNortheaster.com '' . www.mynortheaster.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : [email protected] , Kevin Hall . `` Moultrian Sinclaire celebrates 110 years '' . moultrieobserver.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fair Lawn woman celebrates 110th birthday , may now be oldest N.J. resident '' . northjersey.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lansing man turns 110 years old '' . abc7chicago.com . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kayla . `` For the record books : Northampton County woman celebrates 110th birthday '' . mcall.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loman , Cindy . `` Celebrating birthdays '' . greensboro.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At 110 , Woman Bypasses All in Age in North Salem '' . tapinto.net . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 110 years young - News , Sports , Jobs - Messenger News '' . www.messengernews.net . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Woman Celebrates 110th Birthday '' . whotv.com . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hugo woman turns 110 years old '' . kdvr.com . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Lori . `` Finally a tame birthday celebration '' . recordnet.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Oldest bath school bombing surviving student complains how awful it was '' . lansingstatejournal.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Estro woman celebrates her 110th birthday on chirstmas '' . wate.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thea Theissen celebrates her 110th birthday with family '' . waow.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Northam , Mitchell . `` 110 - year - old Milton woman to be honored by city '' . ajc . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Secret to living 110 years old kick in the pants Stella Lennox '' . Nbcnewyork.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Birthday milestone : 110 '' . yourdailyjournal.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mendocino County community honors Willits resident Edie Ceccarelli on her 110th birthday '' . ukiahdailyjournal.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://thevalleyexpress.com/2018/03/03/ortonville-woman-celebrates-110th-birthday/ Jump up ^ http://www.winknews.com/2018/03/03/naples-man-celebrates-110th-birthday-35th-wedding-anniversary/ Jump up ^ `` Georgia woman turns 110 years young '' . 11alive.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zahn becomes a super centenarian News , Sports , Jobs - The Journal '' . www.nujournal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Compleix 110 anys la persona més gran de la Garrotxa '' . Olot Televisió ( in Catalan ) . 2017 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` GRG Verified Supercentenarian Cases ( As of July 8 , 2013 ) '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRG Deaths in 2012 '' . Gerontology Research Group . 2014 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayback Machine '' . Grg.org . June 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRG Deaths for 2009 ( in Chronological Order ) ( as of December 24 , 2010 ) '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRG Deaths for 2010 ( in Chronological Order ) ( as of May 29 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRG Deaths in 2011 '' . Gerontology Research Group . Jump up ^ `` World 's Fifth Oldest Person Turns 114 In Central Texas '' . KWTX.com . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Validated Supercentenarian Cases ( Public List ) as of Oct. 6 , 2009 '' . Gerontology Research Group . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : GRG Deaths for 2007 ( in Chronological Order ) ( As of February 4 , 2011 ) Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ GRG World 's Oldest Person Titleholders ( since 1955 ) Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aunt Mary Bittlebrun turns 111 '' . El Dorado News - Times . March 20 , 1975 . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In The Nation '' . The Times Daily . December 5 , 1977 . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulletin Journal - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Jump up ^ Maier , H. , Gampe , J. , Jeune , B. , Vaupel , J.W. , Robine , J. - M. ( 2010 ) . Demographic research monographs - Supercentenarians . Springer Publishing . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 11520 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Maier , Heiner ( May 17 , 2010 ) . Supercentenarians . Google Books . pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 9783642115202 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nation 's Oldest Dies At 113 '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest American dies age 114 '' . BBC News . October 6 , 2003 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holley , Joe ( 2007 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Corinne Dixon Taylor , 113 ; Family Helped Build SE '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aiken Standard Newspaper Archives , Mar 9 , 2010 , p. 6 - NewspaperArchive ® '' . Newspaperarchive.com . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second oldest person in world dies aged 114 '' . The Telegraph . April 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Besse Cooper , World 's Oldest Person , Dies at Age 116 '' . TIME . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 115 - year - old Iowa Woman Dies , Was World 's Oldest Person '' . KCRG - TV9 . December 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Camden nursing home resident -- almost 117 -- now the world 's oldest known person '' . Magnoliareporter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest American , Jeralean Talley , Turns 114 Years Old '' . TIME.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This woman is the only person left born in the 1800s '' . USA Today . May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 113 - year - old Jewish woman now oldest person in the US '' . Jerusalem Post . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest American , Goldie Michelson , Dies at Home at Age 113 '' ( Press release ) . Worcester , Massachusetts : ABC News . Associated Press . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Young says the new oldest American is New Jersey resident Adele Dunlap , who 's also 113 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Young , Louis Epstein , L. Stephen Coles . Rejuvenation Research . August 2008 , 11 ( 4 ) : 851 -- 852 . doi : 10.1089 / rej. 2008.0777 . Jump up ^ GRG Official Tables , Notes for Table A. Archived August 18 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( This document mentions a report that Ann Pouder 's lifespan was validated by Alexander Graham Bell . ) Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maurice Ernest , The Longer Life -- A Critical Survey of Many Claims to Abnormal Longevity , of various Theories on duration of life and old age , and of divers attempts at rejuvenation , READ BOOKS , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 4067 - 9799 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 9799 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Florence Knapp , Former Teacher , 114 '' . Nytimes.com. 13 January 1988 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ettie Mae Greene , Seamstress , 114 '' . The New York Times . February 29 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` G1870s '' . Gerontology Research Group . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Social Security Death Index ; 040383799 ^ Jump up to : Collins , Gail ( December 29 , 1996 ) . `` Life is Long '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Mary Electa Bidwell was supposed to be listed as the Guinness Book of World Records 's oldest living American , but she died shortly before the publication 's deadline . 1876 -- 1996 Mary Thompson , who was slightly older , could n't qualify for Guinness 's title , either -- as the daughter of ex-slaves , she had no birth certificate -- but in 1992 she did receive the ultimate American tribute to longevity , a mention by Willard Scott on the Today show . ^ Jump up to : `` Mary Electa Bidwell . Oldest person in the USA '' . Bidwell House Museum . 1996 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , Mary Electa Bidwell , at 114 , is the oldest person in the United States . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest person in the U.S. still teaching life lessons '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2002 . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . Mary Bidwell has a long memory because she has had a long life . At 114 , she is the oldest person in the United States . Jump up ^ Jeune , Bernard ; et al. ( May 2010 ) . `` Jeanne Calment and her Successors . '' . In Maier , Heiner . Supercentenarians ( Demographic Research Monographs ) . Springer . pp. 298 -- 299 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 11519 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Musante , Glenna B. ( January 22 , 1998 ) `` Johnston woman , one of world 's oldest , dies at 117 '' The Raleigh News & Observer . Section : News ; B1 . Jump up ^ Jonas Kover . `` Clinton woman 's ' everyday ' life ends at age 113 in nursing home '' . Observer - Dispatch . January 1 , 2003 . Section A , Page 01 . Jump up ^ Charles Burress ( November 8 , 2002 ) . `` 113 - year - old is oldest American '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ David Porter ( October 6 , 2003 ) . `` Oldest American dies in her sleep '' . Lawrence Journal . Associated Press . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlotte Benkner , 114 ; 2nd - Oldest Person in World Lived ' Steadily ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 May 2004 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Lima woman dies at age 114 '' . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guinness World Records 2005 . Guinness World Records ISBN 978 - 0553588101 ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest Person Ready To Turn 114 '' . Cbsnews.com . ^ Jump up to : Bischoff , Katrin ( 2005 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Frieda Müller , der älteste Mensch in Deutschland , ist am Donnerstag in Potsdam gestorben : 110 Jahre , neun Monate und drei Tage '' . Berliner Zeitung ( in German ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` OBITUARY for Mrs. Emma Johnson , December 3 , 2004 '' . Grg.org . Jump up ^ `` Verona Johnston - Drake Heritage Collections '' . Lib.drake.edu . Jump up ^ `` LA Times report at the Gerontology Research Group '' . Grg.org. 2005 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Verified Supercentenarian Cases -- USA ( Legacy List ) '' . grg.org . Gerontology Research Group . April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bettie Wilson , 115 ; One of Three Oldest Americans ( LA Times ) Jump up ^ Ashley Sanders ( July 8 , 2006 ) . `` PA 's Nelson celebrates birthday milestone '' . Port Arthur News . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 ... The creator and proprietor of Nelson 's Confectionery on Lincoln Avenue celebrated his 111th birthday Saturday surrounded by his friends and family . Jump up ^ Ashley Sanders ; Mary Meaux ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Second - oldest man leaves sweet legacy '' . Port Arthur , Texas : Port Arthur News . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Texan was thought to be the world 's 3rd - oldest person '' . Los Angeles Times . March 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flick , David ( March 8 , 2008 ) . `` Dallas woman , 114 , says she lived cleanly , kept to herself '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen , Jon ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` Family 's ' diamond ' turning 111 '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Francis , oldest man in the United States , dies at 112 '' . latimes.com . Los Angeles Times . December 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jason Dearen ( December 28 , 2008 ) . `` Oldest man in the US dies in Sacramento at 112 '' . The Sacramento Bee . Sacramento , CA : The McClatchy Company . Associated Press . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Francis died Saturday of congestive heart failure at a nursing home in Sacramento Jump up ^ `` Recent Deaths for 2008 '' . Gerontology Research Group . GRG Interactive . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Man 's Plea for Justice '' ( PDF ) . The Sacramento Bee . Sacramento , CA : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Magagnini ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Life looks good at 110 -- A witness to history from Jim Crow to Barack Obama -- and a family treasure '' . sacbee.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kay Luna , `` Shelby Harris , nation 's oldest man , dies in RI '' , Quad - City Times , July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` King for the day , veteran celebrates 110 years '' by Rikeshia Davidson , The United States Army ( March 30 , 2011 ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` America 's oldest man dies age 111 ... and the old romantic cited love as the secret to his long life '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2012 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rashah McChesney , `` RI man celebrates his 110th birthday '' , Quad - City Times , April 19 , 2011 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supercentenarians . ( hide ) Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists , painters and sculptors Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders and soldiers Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of notable surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence 120 . http://obits.nj.com/obituaries/starledger/obituary.aspx?n=lure-ryan&pid=188146004 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_supercentenarians_from_the_United_States&oldid=837141936 '' Categories : American supercentenarians Lists of supercentenarians by country Hidden categories : CS1 Catalan - language sources ( ca ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the oldest person living in the united states | [
"This article includes lists of supercentenarians from the United States (people from the United States who have attained the age of at least 110 years). The Gerontology Research Group (GRG), an organization that tracks supercentenarians and validates longevity claims, has validated claims of over 700 American supercentenarians [1] and as of 19 April 2018, lists six verified living American supercentenarians, the oldest of whom is Delphine Gibson, born August 17, 1903, aged 114 years, 245 days.[2] The oldest person ever from the United States was Sarah Knauss, who died on December 30, 1999, aged 119 years, 97 days.[3][4][5][6]"
] | [
"Delphine Gibson"
] |
-2005186219437347056 | Philippe Petit | Philippe Petit - wikipedia Philippe Petit Philippe Petit Petit at the 81st Academy Awards in February 2009 ( 1949 - 08 - 13 ) 13 August 1949 ( age 69 ) Nemours , Seine - et - Marne , France Occupation High - wire artist Philippe Petit ( French pronunciation : ( filip pəti ) ; born 13 August 1949 ) is a French high - wire artist who gained fame for his high - wire walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City , on the morning of August 7 , 1974 as well as his high wire walk between the towers of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris , 1971 . For his unauthorized feat 400 metres ( 1,000 feet ) above the ground -- which he referred to as `` le coup '' -- he rigged a 200 - kilogram ( 440 - pound ) cable and used a custom - made 8 - metre ( 30 - foot ) long , 25 - kilogram ( 55 - pound ) balancing pole . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire . The following week , he celebrated his 25th birthday . All charges were dismissed in exchange for him doing a performance in Central Park for children . Since then , Petit has lived in New York , where he has been artist - in - residence at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine , also a location of other aerial performances . He has done wire walking as part of official celebrations in New York , across the United States , and in France and other countries , as well as teaching workshops on the art . In 2008 , Man on Wire , a documentary directed by James Marsh about Petit 's walk between the towers , won numerous awards . He was also the subject of a children 's book and an animated adaptation of it , released in 2005 . The Walk , a movie based on Petit 's walk , was released in September 2015 , starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit and directed by Robert Zemeckis . He also became adept at equestrianism , juggling , fencing , carpentry , rock - climbing , and bullfighting . Spurning circuses and their formulaic performances , he created his street persona on the sidewalks of Paris . In the early 1970s , he visited New York City , where he frequently juggled and worked on a slackline in Washington Square Park . Contents 1 Early life 2 World Trade Center walk 2.1 Planning 2.2 Event 2.3 Aftermath 3 Later life 4 Legacy and honors 5 Works and performances 5.1 Major high - wire performances 5.2 Bibliography 5.3 Filmography 6 In culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Further reading 8.3 Articles and interviews 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Petit was born in Nemours , Seine - et - Marne , France ; his father Edmond Petit was an author and an Army pilot . At an early age , Petit discovered magic and juggling . He loved to climb , and at 16 , he took his first steps on a tightrope wire . He told a reporter , Within one year , I taught myself to do all the things you could do on a wire . I learned the backward somersault , the front somersault , the unicycle , the bicycle , the chair on the wire , jumping through hoops . But I thought , `` What is the big deal here ? It looks almost ugly . '' So I started to discard those tricks and to reinvent my art . In June 1971 , Petit secretly installed a cable between the two towers of Notre Dame de Paris . On the morning of June 26 , 1971 , he `` juggled balls '' and `` pranced back and forth '' as the crowd below applauded . World Trade Center walk ( edit ) Before his Twin Towers walk , Petit was known to New Yorkers for his frequent tightrope - walking performances and magic shows in the parks of New York , especially Washington Square Park . Petit 's most famous performance was in August 1974 , conducted on a wire between the roofs of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Manhattan , a quarter mile above the ground . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire , during which he walked , danced , lay down on the wire , and saluted watchers from a kneeling position . Office workers , construction crews and policemen cheered him on . Planning ( edit ) Petit conceived his `` coup '' when he was 18 , when he first read about the proposed construction of the Twin Towers and saw drawings of the project in a magazine , which he read while sitting at a dentist 's office in 1968 . Petit was seized by the idea of performing there , and began collecting articles on the Towers whenever he could . What was called the `` artistic crime of the century '' took Petit six years of planning , during which he learned everything he could about the buildings and their construction . In the same period , he began to perform high wire walking at other famous places . Rigging his wire secretly , he performed as a combination of circus act and public display . In 1971 , he performed his first such walk between the towers of the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , while priests were simultaneously being ordained inside the building . In 1973 , he walked a wire rigged between the two north pylons of the Sydney Harbour Bridge , in Sydney , Australia . In planning for the Twin Towers walk , Petit had to learn how to accommodate such issues as the swaying of the high towers due to wind , which was part of their design ; effects of wind and weather on the wire at that height , how to rig a 200 ft ( 61 m ) steel cable across the 138 ft ( 42 m ) gap between the towers ( at a height of 1,368 ft ( 417 m ) ) , and how to gain entry with his collaborators , first to scope out the conditions and lastly , to stage the project . They had to get heavy equipment to the rooftops . He traveled to New York on numerous occasions to make first - hand observations . Since the towers were still under construction , Petit and one of his collaborators , New York - based photographer Jim Moore , rented a helicopter to take aerial photographs of the buildings . Jean - François and Jean - Louis helped him practice in a field in France , and accompanied him to take part in the final rigging of the project , as well as to photograph it . Francis Brunn , a German juggler , provided financial support for the proposed project and its planning . Petit and his crew gained entry into the towers several times and hid in upper floors and on the roofs of the unfinished buildings in order to study security measures , in addition to analyzing the construction and identifying places to anchor the wire and cavalletti . Using his own observations , drawings , and Moore 's photographs , Petit constructed a scale model of the towers in order to design the needed rigging to prepare for the wire walk . Working from an ID of an American who worked in the building , Petit made fake identification cards for himself and his collaborators ( claiming that they were contractors who were installing an electrified fence on the roof ) to gain access to the buildings . Prior to this , Petit had carefully observed the clothes worn by construction workers and the kinds of tools they carried . He also took note of the clothing of office workers so that some of his collaborators could pose as white collar workers . He observed what time the workers arrived and left , so he could determine when he would have roof access . As the target date of his `` coup '' approached , he claimed to be a journalist with Metropolis , a French architecture magazine , so that he could gain permission to interview the workers on the roof . The Port Authority allowed Petit to conduct the interviews , which he used as a pretext to make more observations . He was once caught by a police officer on the roof , and his hopes to do the high - wire walk were dampened . He eventually regained the confidence to proceed . On the night of Tuesday , 6 August 1974 , Petit and his crew had a lucky break and got a ride in a freight elevator to the 110th floor with their equipment . They stored it just 19 steps below the roof . In order to pass the cable across the void , Petit and his crew had settled on using a bow and arrow attached to a rope . They had to practice this many times to perfect their technique . They first shot across a fishing line , which was attached to larger ropes , and finally to the 450 - pound steel cable . The team was delayed when the heavy cable sank too fast , and had to be pulled up manually for hours . Petit had already identified points at which to anchor two tiranti ( guy lines ) to other points to stabilize the cable and keep the swaying of the wire to a minimum . Event ( edit ) Shortly after 7 am local time , Petit stepped out on the wire and started to perform . He was 1350 feet ( 411 m ) , a quarter mile , above the ground . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire , during which he walked , danced , lay down on the wire , and knelt to salute watchers . Crowds gathered on the streets below , and he said later he could hear their murmuring and cheers . When NYPD and PAPD officers learned of his stunt , they came up to the roofs of both buildings to try to persuade him to get off the wire . They threatened to pluck him off by helicopter . Petit got off when it started to rain . Aftermath ( edit ) There was extensive news coverage and public appreciation of Petit 's high - wire walk ; the district attorney dropped all formal charges of trespassing and other items relating to his walk . In exchange , he was required to give a free aerial show for children in Central Park . He performed on a high - wire walk in the Park above Belvedere Lake ( known now as Turtle Pond ) . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey gave Petit a lifetime pass to the Twin Towers ' Observation Deck . He autographed a steel beam close to the point where he began his walk . Petit 's high - wire walk is credited with bringing the Twin Towers much needed attention and even affection , as they initially had been unpopular . Critics such as historian Lewis Mumford had regarded them as ugly and utilitarian in design , and too large a development for the area . The Port Authority was having trouble renting out all of the office space . Mordicai Gerstein wrote and illustrated a children 's book , The Man Who Walked Between The Towers ( 2003 ) , which won a Caldecott Medal for his art . It was adapted and produced as an animated short film by the same title , directed by Michael Sporn and released in 2005 , which won several awards . The documentary film Man on Wire ( 2008 ) by UK director James Marsh is about Petit and his 1974 WTC performance ; it won both the World Cinema Jury and Audience awards at the Sundance Film Festival 2008 . It combines historical footage with re-enactment and has the spirit of a heist film . It also won awards at the 2008 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival in Durham , North Carolina , and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2009 . On stage with Marsh to accept the Oscar award , Petit made a coin vanish in his hands while thanking the Academy `` for believing in magic '' . He balanced the Oscar by its head on his chin to cheers from the audience . Petit 's memoir was adapted into a biographical drama entitled The Walk ( 2015 ) , directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit . Later life ( edit ) Petit has made dozens of public high - wire performances in his career ; in 1986 he re-enacted the crossing of the Niagara River by Blondin for an IMAX film . In 1989 , to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution , mayor Jacques Chirac invited him to walk an inclined wire strung from the ground at the Place du Trocadéro to the second level of the Eiffel Tower , crossing the Seine . Petit briefly headlined with the Ringling Brothers Circus , but preferred staging his own performances . During his stint with the circus and a practice walk , he suffered his only fall , from 45 feet ( 14 m ) , breaking several ribs . He says he has never fallen during a performance . `` If I had , I would n't be here talking about it . '' Petit regularly gives lectures and workshops internationally on a variety of topics and subjects . He single - handedly built a barn in the Catskill Mountains using the methods and tools of 18th - century timber framers . He wrote his eighth book , A Square Peg . He has also created an ebook for TED Books , entitled Cheating the Impossible : Ideas and Recipes from a Rebellious High - Wire Artist . Petit divides his time between New York City , where he is an artist in residence at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine , and a hideaway in the Catskill Mountains . Among those who have associated with some of his projects are such artists as : Mikhail Baryshnikov , Werner Herzog , Annie Leibovitz , Miloš Forman , Volker Schlöndorff , Twyla Tharp , Peter Beard , Marcel Marceau , Paul Auster , Paul Winter , Debra Winger , Robin Williams and Sting . Director James Signorelli assisted with the creation of the book To Reach the Clouds ( 2002 ) , about the Twin Towers walk . In the book , Petit not only wrote about his spectacular feat , and the events of his life which led up to it , but also expressed his feelings following the September 11 attacks during which the Twin Towers were destroyed . He wrote that on that morning , `` My towers became our towers . I saw them collapse -- hurling , crushing thousands of lives . Disbelief preceded sorrow for the obliteration of the buildings , perplexity descended before rage at the unbearable loss of life . '' Besides paying tribute to those who were killed , Petit also called for a rebuilding of the towers , promising that `` When the towers again twin - tickle the clouds , I offer to walk again , to be the expression of the builders ' collective voice . Together , we will rejoice in an aerial song of victory . '' Notwithstanding Petit 's wishes , the Twin Towers were eventually replaced by a different complex of buildings , thus precluding the possibility of Petit ( or anyone else ) repeating a similar feat at the World Trade Center site . Legacy and honors ( edit ) James Park Morton Interfaith Award Streb Action Maverick Award The Byrdcliffe Award Works and performances ( edit ) Major high - wire performances ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Philippe Petit '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Walk Location Notes 1971 Vallauris Vallauris , Alpes - Maritimes , France performance for artist Pablo Picasso 's 90th birthday Notre Dame Cathedral Notre Dame Cathedral Paris , France staged walk between towers without permission 1973 Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney , Australia staged walk between towers without permission World Trade Center World Trade Center New York City , New York , United States staged walk between towers without permission Central Park Central Park New York City Publicly authorized walk on inclined wire over Turtle Pond Laon Cathedral Laon Cathedral Laon , France performing on wire between the cathedral 's two spires for an international television special Louisiana Superdome Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana , United States walk on wire across interior for the opening of the stadium 1982 Cathedral of Saint John the Divine Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States interior walk in height of nave to celebrate renewal of the cathedral 's construction following a 40 - year hiatus Concert in the Sky Denver , Colorado , United States high - wire play directed and produced by Petit for the opening of the World Theatre Festival Skysong Purchase , New York , United States high - wire play directed and produced by Petit for the opening of `` Summerfare , '' the State University of New York Arts Festival Centre Georges Pompidou Centre Georges Pompidou Paris , France 1984 Corde Raide - Piano Volant Paris , France high - wire play directed and produced by Petit with pop - music singer - songwriter Jacques Higelin Paris Opera Paris Opera Paris , France high - wire improvisation with opera singer Margherita Zimmermann Museum of the City of New York Museum of the City of New York New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the opening of the museum 's Daring New York exhibit 1986 Ascent Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States concert for grand piano and high wire on an inclined cable above the nave of the cathedral Lincoln Center Lincoln Center New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the reopening of the Statue of Liberty Walking the Harp / A Bridge for Peace Jerusalem , Israel high - wire performance on an inclined cable linking the Jewish and Arab quarters for opening of Israel Festival under Jerusalemite Mayor Teddy Kollek Moondancer Portland Center for the Performing Arts Portland , Oregon , United States high - wire opera for the opening of the center Grand Central Dances Grand Central Terminal New York City , New York , United States high - wire choreography on wire set above the interior concourse of the terminal House of the Dead Paris , France creation of the role of the eagle in a production of From the House of the Dead ( 1930 ) , an opera by Leoš Janáček , directed by Volker Schlöndorff 1989 Tour Eiffel Paris , France spectacular walk -- for an audience of 250,000 -- on an inclined 700 - metre ( 2,300 - foot ) cable linking the Palais de Chaillot with the second story of the Eiffel Tower , commemorating the French Bicentennial and anniversary of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen , under Parisian Mayor Jacques Chirac American Overture American Center Paris , France high - wire play for the ground - breaking ceremony of the center Tokyo Walk Tokyo , Japan Japan 's first high - wire performance , to celebrate the opening of the Plaza Mikado building in Tokyo 's Akasaka district 1991 Viennalewalk Vienna , Austria high - wire performance evoking the history of cinema for the opening of the Vienna International Film Festival , directed by Werner Herzog Namur Namur , Belgium inclined walk to the Citadel of Vauban for a telethon benefiting children with leukemia Farinet Funambule ! Switzerland high - wire walk portraying the 19th - century Robin Hood of the Alps culminated by harvesting the world 's - smallest registered vineyard , to benefit abused children The Monk 's Secret Longing Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the Regents ' Dinner , at the centennial celebrations of the cathedral 1994 Historischer Hochseillauf Frankfurt , Germany historic high - wire walk on an inclined cable to celebrate the city 's 1,200 th anniversary , viewed by 500,000 spectators and the subject of a live , nationally broadcast television special 1995 Catenary Curve New York City , New York , United States performance during a conference on suspended structures , led by the architect Santiago Calatrava ACT New York City , New York , United States medieval performance to celebrate the 25th anniversary of a New York City youth program Crescendo Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States theatrical , allegorical New Year 's Eve performance on three different wires set in the nave of the cathedral as the farewell tribute to The Very Reverend James Parks Morton , Dean of the Cathedral , and his wife Pamela 1999 Millennium Countdown Walk Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History New York City , New York , United States Inauguration of the center 2002 Arts on the High Wire January 11 , 2002 Hammerstein Ballroom New York City , New York , United States benefit performance for the New York Arts Recovery Fund on an inclined wire , with clown Bill Irwin and pianist Évelyne Crochet Crystal Palace Jacob K. Javits Convention Center New York City , New York , United States Crossing Broadway New York City , New York , United States inclined walk , fourteen stories high , for the television talk show the Late Show with David Letterman ( performed regularly since 1993 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Philippe Petit , Trois Coups , ( Paris : Herscher , 1983 ) . ISBN 2 - 7335 - 0062 - 7 Philippe Petit , Two towers , I walk , ( New York : Reader 's Digest , 1975 ) , ASIN B00072LQRM Philippe Petit , On The High Wire , Preface by Marcel Marceau , Postface by Werner Herzog ( New York : Random House , 1985 ) . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71573 - X Philippe Petit , Funambule , ( Paris : Albin Michel , 1991 ) ISBN 978 - 2 - 226 - 04123 - 4 Philippe Petit , Traité du funambulisme , Preface by Paul Auster , ( Arles : Actus Sud , 1997 ) , ISBN 2 - 226 - 04123 - 0 , ( in French / en français ) Philippe Petit , Über Mir Der Offene Himmel , ( Stuttgart : Urachhaus , 1998 ) ISBN 978 - 3 - 8251 - 7209 - 1 Philippe Petit , Trattato di Funambolismo , ( Milano : Ponte Alle Grazie , 1999 ) ISBN 88 - 7928 - 450 - 9 Philippe Petit , To Reach The Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between The Twin Towers , ( New York , North Point Press , 2002 ) . ASIN B000UDX0JA , ISBN 0 - 86547 - 651 - 9 Philippe Petit , L'Art du Pickpocket , ( Arles : Actes Sud , 2006 ) ISBN 2 - 7427 - 6106 - 3 Philippe Petit , Alcanzar las nubes , ( Alpha Decay , Barcelona , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 84 - 934868 - 9 - 1 Philippe Petit , Man on Wire , ( Skyhorse Publishing , New York , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 60239 - 332 - 5 Philippe Petit , Why knot ? : how to tie more than sixty ingenious , useful , beautiful , lifesaving , and secure knots ! , ( Abrams Image , New York , 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0676 - 9 Philippe Petit , Creativity : The Perfect Crime , ( Riverhead Hardcover , 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1594631689 Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Location Role Notes Concert in the Sky Denver Centre Productions , Inc. , directed by Mark Elliot 1984 High Wire New York Prairie Dog Productions , directed by Sandi Sissel 1986 Niagara : Miracles , Myths and Magic Canada Blondin Seventh Man Films for the IMAX System , directed by Kieth Merrill 1989 Tour et Fil France FR3 / Totem Productions , directed by Alain Hattet 1991 Filmstunde Austria Werner Herzog Productions , directed by Werner Herzog Profile of Philippe Petit Washington , D.C. National Geographic Explorer Special 1994 The Man on the Wire Germany Documentary of the rigging and artistic preparations for Historischer Hochseillauf , Hessischer Rundfunk Television 1994 Historischer Hochseillauf Germany Live broadcast of the walk , Hessischer Rundfunk Television , directed by Sacha Arnz 1995 Mondo France Costa Gavras Productions , directed by Tony Gatlif 1995 Secrets of Lost Empires : The Incas Peru PBS / NOVA and BBC co-production , directed by Michael Barnes 2003 The Center of the World of New York City : A Documentary Film , Episode 8 : People & Events : Philippe Petit ( 1948 - ) New York City PBS 2005 The Man Who Walked Between the Towers USA Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios 2008 Man on Wire UK Wall to Wall / Red Box Films , directed by James Marsh , Academy Award winning documentary 2015 The Walk US 3D biographical drama directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit . In culture ( edit ) The song , `` Man on Wire '' by the band 27 is a tribute to Philippe Petit . The song , `` Sleepwalking , '' by Danish composer Ste van Holm is a tribute to Petit 's World Trade Center walk . The Low Anthem 's song , `` Boeing 737 '' , from their 2011 album Smart Flesh , refers to Petit 's Twin Towers walk . American rock band Incubus used a photo of Petit as the cover art for their album , If Not Now , When ? ( 2011 ) . Colum McCann 's National Book Award - winning novel , Let the Great World Spin ( 2009 ) , features Petit 's Twin Towers walk as its opening passage and a centrepiece to which numerous characters are connected . `` Funambulist '' , a song by American metal band Cormorant , is about his walk between the Twin Towers . The song `` Step Out Of The Void '' by musician Howard Moss is a tribute to Philippe Petit , in the album Outside the Pale ( 2013 ) . The song `` Man On A Wire '' by The Script on their fourth album , No Sound Without Silence , is influenced by Petit 's high - wire legacy . The song `` Stand Up Comedy '' by U2 on their twelfth album , No Line On The Horizon , references `` The wire is stretched in between our two towers '' . Petit was the inspiration for the 5th Anniversary 9 / 11 cover of The New Yorker magazine ( Sep. 11 , 2006 ) , `` Soaring Spirit '' , by John Mavroudis ( concept ) and Owen Smith ( art ) . That cover was named Cover of the Year by the American Society of Magazine Editors ( ASME ) . The two - part cover was a first for The New Yorker . See also ( edit ) Harry Gardiner Dan Goodwin Ivan Kristoff Owen Quinn Alain Robert The Flying Wallendas George Willig References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lichtenstein , Grace ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Combining the cunning of a second - story man with the nerve of an Evel Knievel , a French high - wire artist sneaked past guards at the World Trade center , ran a cable between the tops of its twin towers and tightrope - walked across it yesterday morning . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , James ( Director ) ( 2008 ) . Man on Wire ( Documentary ) . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Calvin , `` The Man Who Walks on Air , '' New Yorker Magazine , 1999 , excerpted in Life Story , by David Remnick , Modern Library Paperback edition , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Sneaky Juggler Has Ball Up In Sky At Notre Dame '' . The Ogden - Standard Examiner ( AP story ) . June 27 , 1971 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` WGBH American Experience . New York : The Center of the World - PBS '' . Jump up ^ Man On Wire DVD , `` Philippe Petit 's Sydney Harbor Bridge Crossing '' bonus feature . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Adam ( 19 January 2003 ) . `` The second part of Philippe Petit 's story '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Lichtenstein , Grace ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Before & After ; Talking of the Towers '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kilgannon , Corey ( 7 August 2005 ) . `` Tightrope Walk Between Twin Towers Is Recalled '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ kingkongphoto123 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) . `` My hero Phillipe Petit wins Oscar '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Adam Higginbotham , `` Touching the Void '' , The Observer , 19 January 2003 Jump up ^ `` The House That Came Wired '' . 22 March 2013 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ To Reach the Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between the Twin Towers - Philippe Petit - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2002 - 09 - 04 . ISBN 9781429921862 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : To Reach the Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between the Twin Towers - Philippe Petit - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ ROBERT SHERMAN , `` FESTIVALS ENDING '' , New York Times , 7 August 1993 Jump up ^ `` Edward Suzuki Profile '' . Edward.net . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Press Material - Philippe Petit '' ( PDF ) . cami.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 27 - Man On Wire ( Re-Wire ) '' . YouTube . 1974 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` sleepwalking_lyrics '' . Ste van Holm . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Dan ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` Low Anthem 's Circus High - Wire Act '' . Spin . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gotrich , Lars . `` Cormorant : Follow the Blackened Thread '' . NPR Music . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.howardmoss.com/apps/videos/videos/show/18236967-step-out-of-the-void Jump up ^ `` Best Cover Contest 2007 Winners & Finalists - ASME '' . Further reading ( edit ) Mordicai Gerstein , The Man Who Walked Between the Towers ( Roaring Brook Press , 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 1791 - 3 David Chelsea , 9 - 11 : Artists Respond feature entitled `` He Walks on Air 110 Stories High '' ( DC Comics , 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 881 - 5 Ralph Keyes , Chancing It : Why We Take Risks ( Little , Brown & Company , 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 316 - 49132 - 2 Angus K. Gillespie , Twin Towers : the Life of New York City 's World Trade Center ( Rutgers University Press , 1999 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2742 - 0 James Glanz and Eric Lipton , City in the Sky ( New York : Times Book , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7691 - 3 Colum McCann , Let the Great World Spin ( New York : Random House , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7399 - 0 Articles and interviews ( edit ) Rosenthal , Adam ( 1 September 2012 ) . `` Suspended Reading : Man on Wire , 9 / 11 and the Logic of the High - Wire . '' Screening the Past . Hager , Emily ( 12 August 2010 ) . `` Learning to Walk in the Slippers of a High - Wire Artist '' . New York Times . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Green , Penelope ( 21 September 2006 ) . `` A High - Wire Master Touches Down '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Higginbotham , Adam ( 19 January 2003 ) . `` On top of the world '' . London : The Guardian . Lazarovic , Sarah ( 9 January 2002 ) . `` The Daredevil in the Clouds '' . The National Post . Tomkins , Calvin ( 5 April 1999 ) . `` Onward and Upward with the Arts , `` The Man Who Walk on Air '' `` . The New Yorker . Mason , Anthony ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` The Great Feat Of Philippe Petit , CBS Evening News : Talking With The Man Who Walked The Twin Towers '' . CBS . Colbert , Stephen ( 27 January 2009 ) . `` Philippe Petit '' . Comedy Central . Langston , Bonnie ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Still Working the Wire '' . Daily Freeman . Tucker , Reed ( 13 April 2008 ) . `` The Man Who Walked Between the Twin Towers Stars in a New Documentary on his High - Wire Act '' . New York Post . Heller , Sabine ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Philippe Petit , Man On Wire : `` I 'm Afraid of Animals With Too Many Legs or No Legs at All '' `` . Huffington Post . Grace , Lichtenstein ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . New York Times . `` Not My Job : Philippe Petit '' . NPR. 7 February 2009 . External links ( edit ) Columbia Artists Management Inc . -- Philippe Petit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippe Petit . MSA - The Man Who Walked Between The Towers . Co-produced by Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios Philippe Petit Signature visible in the 1980s photos of Philippe Petit crossing the Twin Towers along with others Philippe Petit : The journey across the high wire , TED2012 , Filmed Mar 2012 , Posted May 2012 . BIBSYS : 9025269 BNE : XX4962208 BNF : cb13092282n ( data ) GND : 120783037 ISNI : 0000 0001 0786 853X LCCN : n82247843 NDL : 01167149 NLA : 35752846 SNAC : w6bp2s8p SUDOC : 030761328 VIAF : 100429990 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Petit&oldid=853218284 '' Categories : 1949 births Living people People from Nemours French emigrants to the United States French magicians French stunt performers Tightrope walkers Jugglers Unicyclists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 BLP articles lacking sources from August 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from November 2010 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 06 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who crossed the twin towers on a tightrope | [
"Philippe Petit (French pronunciation: [filip pəti]; born 13 August 1949) is a French high-wire artist who gained fame for his high-wire walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, on the morning of August 7, 1974 as well as his high wire walk between the towers of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, 1971.[1] For his unauthorized feat 400 metres (1,000 feet) above the ground – which he referred to as \"le coup\"[2] – he rigged a 200-kilogram (440-pound) cable and used a custom-made 8-metre (30-foot) long, 25-kilogram (55-pound) balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire. The following week, he celebrated his 25th birthday. All charges were dismissed in exchange for him doing a performance in Central Park for children.\n"
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"Philippe Petit"
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-4786513194093889163 | Land of the Midnight Sun | Land of the Midnight Sun - wikipedia Land of the Midnight Sun Jump to : navigation , search Land of the Midnight Sun may refer to : Any of the world 's northern regions above ( or close to ) the Arctic Circle , i.e. the Arctic Any of the world 's southern regions below ( or close to ) the Antarctic Circle , usually Antarctica Land of the Midnight Sun ( album ) , a 1976 album by Al Di Meola Land of the Midnight Sun , a song from the 2009 album Ancient Journeys by Cusco See also ( edit ) Midnight sun , the phenomenon affecting the polar regions ( and slightly lower latitudes ) where the sun shines at local midnight around summer solstice This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Land of the Midnight Sun . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_the_Midnight_Sun&oldid=818698549 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 02 : 10 . About Wikipedia | which region is called the land of the midnight sun | [
"\nAny of the world's northern regions above (or close to) the Arctic Circle, i.e. the Arctic\nAny of the world's southern regions below (or close to) the Antarctic Circle, usually Antarctica\nLand of the Midnight Sun (album), a 1976 album by Al Di Meola\nLand of the Midnight Sun, a song from the 2009 album Ancient Journeys by Cusco\n",
"\nAny of the world's northern regions above (or close to) the Arctic Circle, i.e. the Arctic\nAny of the world's southern regions below (or close to) the Antarctic Circle, usually Antarctica\nLand of the Midnight Sun (album), a 1976 album by Al Di Meola\nLand of the Midnight Sun, a song from the 2009 album Ancient Journeys by Cusco\n"
] | [
"Any of the world's northern regions above (or close to) the Arctic Circle",
"Any of the world's southern regions below (or close to) the Antarctic Circle"
] |
-5946091169265561375 | Geography of Africa | Geography of Africa - wikipedia Geography of Africa Jump to : navigation , search Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories , representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth 's surface . Within its regular outline , it comprises an area of 30,368,609 km ( 11,725,385 sq mi ) , including adjacent islands . Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro , its largest lake is Lake Victoria and its longest river is the Nile . Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea , Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez ( which is transected by the Suez Canal ) , 130 km ( 81 mi ) wide . For geopolitical purposes , the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt -- east of the Suez Canal -- is often considered part of Africa . From the most northerly point , Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia , at 37 ° 21 ′ N , to the most southerly point , Cape Agulhas in South Africa , 34 ° 51 ′ 15 '' S , is a distance approximately of 8,000 km ( 5,000 mi ) ; from Cap - Vert , 17 ° 31 ′ 13 '' W , the westernmost point , to Ras Hafun in Somalia , 51 ° 27 ′ 52 '' E , the most easterly projection , is a distance ( also approximately ) of 7,400 km ( 4,600 mi ) . The main structural lines of the continent show both the east - to - west direction characteristic , at least in the eastern hemisphere , of the more northern parts of the world , and the north - to - south direction seen in the southern peninsulas . Africa is thus mainly composed of two segments at right angles , the northern running from east to west , and the southern from north to south . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main features 2 Plateau region 3 Plains 4 Mountains 5 Rivers 6 Lakes 7 Islands 8 Climatic conditions 9 Health 10 Extreme points 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links Main features ( edit ) Satellite view of Africa The average elevation of the continent approximates closely to 600 m ( 2,000 ft ) above sea level , roughly near to the mean elevation of both North and South America , but considerably less than that of Asia , 950 m ( 3,120 ft ) . In contrast with other continents , it is marked by the comparatively small area of either very high or very low ground , lands under 180 m ( 590 ft ) occupying an unusually small part of the surface ; while not only are the highest elevations inferior to those of Asia or South America , but the area of land over 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) is also quite insignificant , being represented almost entirely by individual peaks and mountain ranges . Moderately elevated tablelands are thus the characteristic feature of the continent , though the surface of these is broken by higher peaks and ridges . ( So prevalent are these isolated peaks and ridges that a specialised term ( Inselberg - Landschaft , island mountain landscape ) has been adopted in Germany to describe this kind of country , thought to be in great part the result of wind action . ) As a general rule , the higher tablelands lie to the east and south , while a progressive diminution in altitude towards the west and north is observable . Apart from the lowlands and the Atlas mountain range , the continent may be divided into two regions of higher and lower plateaus , the dividing line ( somewhat concave to the north - west ) running from the middle of the Red Sea to about 6 deg . S. on the west coast . Africa can be divided into a number of geographic zones : The coastal plains -- often fringed seawards by mangrove swamps -- never stretching far from the coast , apart from the lower courses of streams . Recent alluvial flats are found chiefly in the delta of the more important rivers . Elsewhere , the coastal lowlands merely form the lowest steps of the system of terraces that constitutes the ascent to the inner plateaus . The Atlas range -- orthographically distinct from the rest of the continent , being unconnected with and separated from the south by a depressed and desert area ( the Sahara ) . Plateau region ( edit ) Topography of Africa The high southern and eastern plateaus , rarely falling below 600 m ( 2,000 ft ) , have a mean elevation of about 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The South African Plateau , as far as about 12 ° S , is bounded east , west and south by bands of high ground which fall steeply to the coasts . On this account South Africa has a general resemblance to an inverted saucer . Due south , the plateau rim is formed by three parallel steps with level ground between them . The largest of these level areas , the Great Karoo , is a dry , barren region , and a large tract of the plateau proper is of a still more arid character and is known as the Kalahari Desert . The South African Plateau is connected towards East African plateau , with probably a slightly greater average elevation , and marked by some distinct features . It is formed by a widening out of the eastern axis of high ground , which becomes subdivided into a number of zones running north and south and consisting in turn of ranges , tablelands and depressions . The most striking feature is the existence of two great lines of depression , due largely to the subsidence of whole segments of the Earth 's crust , the lowest parts of which are occupied by vast lakes . Towards the south the two lines converge and give place to one great valley ( occupied by Lake Nyasa ) , the southern part of which is less distinctly due to rifting and subsidence than the rest of the system . Farther north the western hollow , known as the Albertine Rift , is occupied for more than half its length by water , forming the Great Lakes of Tanganyika , Kivu , Lake Edward and Lake Albert , the first - named over 400 miles ( 640 km ) long and the longest freshwater lake in the world . Associated with these great valleys are a number of volcanic peaks , the greatest of which occur on a meridional line east of the eastern trough . The eastern branch of the East African Rift , contains much smaller lakes , many of them brackish and without outlet , the only one comparable to those of the western trough being Lake Turkana or Basso Norok . A short distance east of this rift - valley is Mount Kilimanjaro -- with its two peaks Kibo and Mawenzi , the latter being 5,889 m ( 19,321 ft ) , and the culminating point of the whole continent -- and Mount Kenya , which is 5,184 m ( 17,008 ft ) . Hardly less important is the Ruwenzori Range , over 5,060 m ( 16,600 ft ) , which lies east of the western trough . Other volcanic peaks rise from the floor of the valleys , some of the Kirunga ( Mfumbiro ) group , north of Lake Kivu , being still partially active . This could cause most of the cities and states to be flooded with lava and ash . The third division of the higher region of Africa is formed by the Ethiopian Highlands , a rugged mass of mountains forming the largest continuous area of its altitude in the whole continent , little of its surface falling below 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) , while the summits reach heights of 4400 m to 4550 m . This block of country lies just west of the line of the great East African Trough , the northern continuation of which passes along its eastern escarpment as it runs up to join the Red Sea . There is , however , in the centre a circular basin occupied by Lake Tsana . Both in the east and west of the continent the bordering highlands are continued as strips of plateau parallel to the coast , the Ethiopian mountains being continued northwards along the Red Sea coast by a series of ridges reaching in places a height of 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) . In the west the zone of high land is broader but somewhat lower . The most mountainous districts lie inland from the head of the Gulf of Guinea ( Adamawa , etc . ) , where heights of 1,800 to 2,400 m ( 5,900 to 7,900 ft ) are reached . Exactly at the head of the gulf the great peak of the Cameroon , on a line of volcanic action continued by the islands to the south - west , has a height of 4,075 m ( 13,369 ft ) , while Clarence Peak , in Fernando Po , the first of the line of islands , rises to over 2,700 m ( 8,900 ft ) . Towards the extreme west the Futa Jallon highlands form an important diverging point of rivers , but beyond this , as far as the Atlas chain , the elevated rim of the continent is almost wanting . Plains ( edit ) Much is Africa is made up of plains of the pediplain and etchplain type often occurring as steps . The etchplains aare commonly associated with laterite soil and inselbergs . The area between the east and west coast highlands , which north of 17 ° N is mainly desert , is divided into separate basins by other bands of high ground , one of which runs nearly centrally through North Africa in a line corresponding roughly with the curved axis of the continent as a whole . The best marked of the basins so formed ( the Congo basin ) occupies a circular area bisected by the equator , once probably the site of an inland sea . Running along the south of desert is the plains region known as the Sahel . The arid region , the Sahara -- the largest hot desert in the world , covering 9,000,000 km ( 3,500,000 sq mi ) -- extends from the Atlantic to the Red Sea . Though generally of slight elevation , it contains mountain ranges with peaks rising to 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) Bordered N.W. by the Atlas range , to the northeast a rocky plateau separates it from the Mediterranean ; this plateau gives place at the extreme east to the delta of the Nile . That river ( see below ) pierces the desert without modifying its character . The Atlas range , the north - westerly part of the continent , between its seaward and landward heights encloses elevated steppes in places 160 km ( 99 mi ) broad . From the inner slopes of the plateau numerous wadis take a direction towards the Sahara . The greater part of that now desert region is , indeed , furrowed by old water - channels . Mountains ( edit ) The following table gives the details of the chief mountains and ranges of the continent : Mountain Range Country Height ( m ) Height ( ft ) Prominence ( m ) Isolation ( km ) Kilimanjaro Eastern Rift volcanoes Tanzania 5895 19,340 5885 5510 Mt Kenya Eastern Rift volcanoes Kenya 5199 17,058 3825 323 Mt Stanley Rwenzori Mtns Uganda / DRC 5109 16,762 3951 830 Mt Meru Eastern Rift volcanoes Tanzania 4566 14,980 3170 70 Ras Dashen Semien Mountains Ethiopia 4533 14,872 3997 1483 Mt Karisimbi Virunga mountains Rwanda / DRC 4507 14,787 3312 207 Mt Elgon Eastern Rift volcanoes Uganda 4321 14,178 2458 339 Toubkal Atlas mountains Morocco 4167 13,671 3755 2078 Mt Cameroon Cameroon line Cameroon 4095 13,435 3901 2338 Mt Satima Aberdare range Kenya 4001 13,120 2081 77 Thabana Ntlenyana Drakensberg Lesotho 3482 11,422 2390 3003 Emi Koussi Tibesti mountains Chad 3445 11,302 2934 Sapitwa Peak Mulanje Massif Malawi 3002 9,849 2319 1272 Rivers ( edit ) Drainage basins of Africa From the outer margin of the African plateaus , a large number of streams run to the sea with comparatively short courses , while the larger rivers flow for long distances on the interior highlands , before breaking through the outer ranges . The main drainage of the continent is to the north and west , or towards the basin of the Atlantic Ocean . To the main African rivers belong : Nile ( the longest river of Africa ) , Congo ( river with the highest water discharge on the continent ) and the Niger , which flows half of its length through the arid areas . The largest lakes are the following : Lake Victoria ( Lake Ukerewe ) , Lake Chad , in the centre of the continent , Lake Tanganyika , lying between the Democratic Republic of Congo , Burundi , Tanzania and Zambia . There is also the considerably large Lake Malawi stretching along the eastern border of one of the poorest countries in the world - Malawi . There are also numerous water dams throughout the continent : Kariba on the river of Zambezi , Asuan in Egypt on the river of Nile and the biggest dam of the continent lying completely in The republic of Ghana is called Akosombo on the Volta river ( Fobil 2003 ) . The high lake plateau of the African Great Lakes region contains the headwaters of both the Nile and the Congo . The upper Nile receives its chief supplies from the mountainous region adjoining the Central African trough in the neighbourhood of the equator . From there , streams pour eastward into Lake Victoria , the largest lake in Africa ( covering over 26,000 square m . ) , and to the west and north into Lake Edward and Lake Albert . To the latter of these , the effluents of the other two lakes add their waters . Issuing from there , the Nile flows northward , and between the latitudes of 7 and 10 degrees north it traverses a vast marshy level , where its course is liable to being blocked by floating vegetation . After receiving the Bahr - el - Ghazal from the west and the Sobat , Blue Nile and Atbara from the Ethiopian Highlands ( the chief gathering ground of the flood - water ) , it separates the great desert with its fertile watershed , and enters the Mediterranean at a vast delta . The most remote head - stream of the Congo is the Chambezi , which flows southwest into the marshy Lake Bangweulu . From this lake issues the Congo , known in its upper course by various names . Flowing first south , it afterwards turns north through Lake Mweru and descends to the forest - clad basin of west equatorial Africa . Traversing this in a majestic northward curve , and receiving vast supplies of water from many great tributaries , it finally turns southwest and cuts a way to the Atlantic Ocean through the western highlands . North of the Congo basin , and separated from it by a broad undulation of the surface , is the basin of Lake Chad -- a flat - shored , shallow lake filled principally by the Chari coming from the southeast . West of this is the basin of the Niger , the third major river of Africa . With its principal source in the far west , it reverses the direction of flow exhibited by the Nile and Congo , and ultimately flows into the Atlantic -- a fact that eluded European geographers for many centuries . An important branch , however -- the Benue -- flows from the southeast . These four river basins occupy the greater part of the lower plateaus of North and West Africa -- the remainder consists of arid regions watered only by intermittent streams that do not reach the sea . Of the remaining rivers of the Atlantic basin , the Orange , in the extreme south , brings the drainage from the Drakensberg on the opposite side of the continent , while the Kunene , Kwanza , Ogowe and Sanaga drain the west coastal highlands of the southern limb ; the Volta , Komoe , Bandama , Gambia and Senegal the highlands of the western limb . North of the Senegal , for over 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) of coast , the arid region reaches to the Atlantic . Farther north are the streams , with comparatively short courses , reaching the Atlantic and Mediterranean from the Atlas mountains . Of the rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean , the only one draining any large part of the interior plateaus is the Zambezi , whose western branches rise in the western coastal highlands . The main stream has its rise in 11 ° 21 ′ 3 '' S 24 ° 22 ′ E , at an elevation of 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) . It flows to the west and south for a considerable distance before turning eastward . All the largest tributaries , including the Shire , the outflow of Lake Nyasa , flow down the southern slopes of the band of high ground stretching across the continent from 10 ° to 12 ° S. In the southwest , the Zambezi system interlaces with that of the Taukhe ( or Tioghe ) , from which it at times receives surplus water . The rest of the water of the Taukhe , known in its middle course as the Okavango , is lost in a system of swamps and saltpans that was formerly centred in Lake Ngami , now dried up . Farther south , the Limpopo drains a portion of the interior plateau , but breaks through the bounding highlands on the side of the continent nearest its source . The Rovuma , Rufiji and Tana principally drain the outer slopes of the African Great Lakes highlands . In the Horn region to the north , the Jubba and the Shebelle rivers begin in the Ethiopian Highlands . These rivers mainly flow southwards , with the Jubba emptying in the Indian Ocean . The Shebelle River reaches a point to the southwest . After that , it consists of swamps and dry reaches before finally disappearing in the desert terrain near the Jubba River . Another large stream , the Hawash , rising in the Ethiopian mountains , is lost in a saline depression near the Gulf of Aden . Between the basins of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans , there is an area of inland drainage along the centre of the Ethiopian plateau , directed chiefly into the lakes in the Great Rift Valley . The largest river is the Omo , which , fed by the rains of the Ethiopian highlands , carries down a large body of water into Lake Rudolf . The rivers of Africa are generally obstructed either by bars at their mouths , or by cataracts at no great distance upstream . But when these obstacles have been overcome , the rivers and lakes afford a vast network of navigable waters . The area of the Congo basin is greater than that of any other river except the Amazon , while the African inland drainage area is greater than that of any continent but Asia , where the corresponding area is 1,000,000 km ( 390,000 sq mi ) . Lakes ( edit ) The principal lakes of Africa are situated in the African Great Lakes plateau . As a rule , the lakes found within the Great Rift Valley have steep sides and are very deep . This is the case with the two largest of the type , Tanganyika and Nyasa , the latter with depths of 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) . Others , however , are shallow , and hardly reach the steep sides of the valleys in the dry season . Such are Lake Rukwa , in a subsidiary depression north of Nyasa , and Eiassi and Manyara in the system of the Great Rift Valley . Lakes of the broad type are of moderate depth , the deepest sounding in Lake Victoria being under 90 m ( 300 ft ) . Besides the African Great Lakes , the principal lakes on the continent are : Lake Chad , in the northern inland watershed ; Bangweulu and Mweru , traversed by the head - stream of the Congo ; and Lake Mai - Ndombe and Ntomba ( Mantumba ) , within the great bend of that river . All , except possibly Mweru , are more or less shallow , and Lake Chad appears to be drying up . Divergent opinions have been held as to the mode of origin of the African Great Lakes , especially Tanganyika , which some geologists have considered to represent an old arm of the sea , dating from a time when the whole central Congo basin was under water ; others holding that the lake water has accumulated in a depression caused by subsidence . The former view is based on the existence in the lake of organisms of a decidedly marine type . They include jellyfish , molluscs , prawns , crabs , etc . Lake m ft Chad 259 850 Mai - Ndombe 335 1100 Turkana 381 1250 Malawi 501 1645 Albert 618 2028 Tanganyika 800 2624 Ngami 899 2950 Mweru 914 3000 Edward 916 3004 Bangweulu 1128 3700 Victoria 1134 3720 Abaya 1280 4200 Kivu 1472 4829 Tana 1734 5690 Naivasha 1870 6135 Islands ( edit ) With the exception of Madagascar , the African islands are small . Madagascar , with an area of 587,041 km ( 226,658 sq mi ) , is , after Greenland , New Guinea and Borneo , the fourth largest island on the Earth . It lies in the Indian Ocean , off the S.E. coast of the continent , from which it is separated by the deep Mozambique channel , 400 km ( 250 mi ) wide at its narrowest point . Madagascar in its general structure , as in flora and fauna , forms a connecting link between Africa and southern Asia . East of Madagascar are the small islands of Mauritius and Réunion . There are also islands in the Gulf of Guinea on which lies the Republic of Sao Tomé and Príncipe ( islands of São Tomé and Príncipe ) . Part of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea is lying on the island of Bioko ( with the capital Malabo and the town of Lubu ) and the island of Annobón . Socotra lies E.N.E. of Cape Guardafui . Off the north - west coast are the Canary and Cape Verde archipelagoes . which , like some small islands in the Gulf of Guinea , are of volcanic origin . The South Atlantic Islands of Saint Helena and Ascension are classed as Africa but are situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge half way to South America . Climatic conditions ( edit ) Africa mean annual temperature Africa mean annual precipitation Africa map of Köppen climate classification . Lying almost entirely within the tropics , and equally to north and south of the equator , Africa does not show excessive variations of temperature . Great heat is experienced in the lower plains and desert regions of North Africa , removed by the great width of the continent from the influence of the ocean , and here , too , the contrast between day and night , and between summer and winter , is greatest . ( The rarity of the air and the great radiation during the night cause the temperature in the Sahara to fall occasionally to freezing point . ) Farther south , the heat is to some extent modified by the moisture brought from the ocean , and by the greater elevation of a large part of the surface , especially in East Africa , where the range of temperature is wider than in the Congo basin or on the Guinea coast . In the extreme north and south the climate is a warm temperate one , the northern countries being on the whole hotter and drier than those in the southern zone ; the south of the continent being narrower than the north , the influence of the surrounding ocean is more felt . The most important climatic differences are due to variations in the amount of rainfall . The wide heated plains of the Sahara , and in a lesser degree the corresponding zone of the Kalahari in the south , have an exceedingly scanty rainfall , the winds which blow over them from the ocean losing part of their moisture as they pass over the outer highlands , and becoming constantly drier owing to the heating effects of the burning soil of the interior ; while the scarcity of mountain ranges in the more central parts likewise tends to prevent condensation . In the inter-tropical zone of summer precipitation , the rainfall is greatest when the sun is vertical or soon after . It is therefore greatest of all near the equator , where the sun is twice vertical , and less in the direction of both tropics . Vegetation in February and August The rainfall zones are , however , somewhat deflected from a due west - to - east direction , the drier northern conditions extending southwards along the east coast , and those of the south northwards along the west . Within the equatorial zone certain areas , especially on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea and in the upper Nile basin , have an intensified rainfall , but this rarely approaches that of the rainiest regions of the world . The rainiest district in all Africa is a strip of coastland west of Mount Cameroon , where there is a mean annual rainfall of about 10,000 mm ( 394 in ) as compared with a mean of 11,600 mm ( 457 in ) at Cherrapunji , in Meghalaya , India . The two distinct rainy seasons of the equatorial zone , where the sun is vertical at half - yearly intervals , become gradually merged into one in the direction of the tropics , where the sun is overhead but once . Snow falls on all the higher mountain ranges , and on the highest the climate is thoroughly Alpine . The countries bordering the Sahara are much exposed to a very dry wind , full of fine particles of sand , blowing from the desert towards the sea . Known in Egypt as the khamsin , on the Mediterranean as the sirocco , it is called on the Guinea coast the harmattan . This wind is not invariably hot ; its great dryness causes so much evaporation that cold is not infrequently the result . Similar dry winds blow from the Kalahari Desert in the south . On the eastern coast the monsoons of the Indian Ocean are regularly felt , and on the southeast hurricanes are occasionally experienced . Health ( edit ) The climate of Africa lends itself to certain environmental diseases , the most serious of which are : malaria , sleeping sickness and yellow fever . Malaria is the most deadly environmental disease in Africa . It is transmitted by a genus of mosquito ( anopheles mosquito ) native to Africa , and can be contracted over and over again . There is not yet a vaccine for malaria , which makes it difficult to prevent the disease from spreading in Africa . Recently , the dissemination of mosquito netting has helped lower the rate of malaria . Yellow fever is a disease also transmitted by mosquitoes native to Africa . Unlike malaria , it can not be contracted more than once . Like chicken pox , it is a disease that tends to be severe the later in life a person contracts the disease . Sleeping sickness , or African trypanosomiasis , is a disease that usually affects animals , but has been known to be fatal to some humans as well . It is transmitted by the Tsetse fly and is found almost exclusively in Sub-Saharan Africa . This disease has had a significant impact on African development not because of its deadly nature , like Malaria , but because it has prevented Africans from pursuing agriculture ( as the sleeping sickness would kill their livestock ) . Extreme points ( edit ) These are the points that are farther north , south , east or west than any other location on the continent . Africa Northernmost point -- Iles des Chiens , Tunisia ( 37 ° 32'N ) Southernmost point -- Cape Agulhas , South Africa ( 34 ° 51'15 `` S ) Westernmost point -- Santo Antão , Cape Verde Islands ( 25 ° 25'W ) Easternmost point -- Rodrigues , Mauritius ( 63 ° 30'E ) The African pole of inaccessibility is close to the border of Central African Republic , South Sudan and Congo , near the town of Obo . Africa ( mainland ) Westernmost Point ( mainland ) -- Pointe des Almadies Northernmost point -- Ras ben Sakka ( Ra 's al Abyad ) ( Cape Blanc ) , Tunisia Southernmost point -- Cape Agulhas , South Africa Westernmost point -- Pointe des Almadies , Cap Vert Peninsula , Ngor , Dakar , Senegal ( 17 ° 33'22 `` W ) Easternmost point -- Ras Hafun ( Raas Xaafuun ) , Somalia ( 51 ° 27'52 `` E ) The highest point in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro , 5,891.8 m ( 19,330 ft ) in Tanzania . The lowest point is Lake Asal , 153 m ( 502 ft ) below sea level , in Djibouti . See also ( edit ) Africa portal List of national parks in Africa Outline of Africa # Geography of Africa Richard Grant 2014 . Africa . Geographies of Change . New York : Oxford University Press . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Heawood , Edward ; Cana , Frank Richardson ( 1911 ) . `` Africa '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 320 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Guillocheau , François ; Simon , Brendan ; Baby , Guillaume ; Bessin , Paul ; Robin , Cécile ; Dauteuil , Olivier ( 2017 ) . `` Planation surfaces as a record of mantle dynamics : The case example of Africa '' . Gondwana Research . Jump up ^ Physical map of Africa by National Geographic ^ Jump up to : `` Key Elements of Africa 's Geographic Landscape and Climate Patterns '' ( PDF ) . The Saylor Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Human African trypanosomiasis ( sleeping sickness ) '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ If the Prince Edward Islands are included in Africa , then Marion Island is the southernmost point at 46 ° 54 'S . Jump up ^ , the Kilimanjaro 2008 Precise Height Measurement Expedition . `` Precise Determination of the Orthometric Height of Mt . Kilimanjaro '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of Africa . Wikimedia Atlas of Africa Africa : The Human Footprint . Interactive map of human impact on Africa by National Geographic . Africa - Interactive Map with demographics and geopolitical information from the United States Army Africa Geography of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economy Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Etiquette Health Circumcision Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas By year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Africa&oldid=811210117 '' Categories : Geography of Africa Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano Kapampangan Latina မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Wolof Yorùbá Zazaki Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 05 : 08 . 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"The area between the east and west coast highlands, which north of 17° N is mainly desert, is divided into separate basins by other bands of high ground, one of which runs nearly centrally through North Africa in a line corresponding roughly with the curved axis of the continent as a whole. The best marked of the basins so formed (the Congo basin) occupies a circular area bisected by the equator, once probably the site of an inland sea.[1]"
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"desert"
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5419016942126415357 | Belgrade | Belgrade - wikipedia Belgrade For other uses , see Belgrade ( disambiguation ) . City in Belgrade , Serbia Belgrade Beograd Београд City City of Belgrade From the top : Panorama of New Belgrade , Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts , Kalemegdan Fortress , House of the National Assembly , Church of Saint Sava , City Hall and Belgrade night view Flag Coat of arms Belgrade Belgrade Show map of Serbia Show map of Europe Show all Coordinates : 44 ° 49 ′ N 20 ° 28 ′ E / 44.817 ° N 20.467 ° E / 44.817 ; 20.467 Coordinates : 44 ° 49 ′ N 20 ° 28 ′ E / 44.817 ° N 20.467 ° E / 44.817 ; 20.467 Country Serbia Region Belgrade Municipalities 17 Establishment Prior to 279 B.C. ( Singidunum ) Government Mayor Zoran Radojičić ( SNS ) Ruling parties SNS / SPS - PUPS / DSS Area City 359.96 km ( 138.98 sq mi ) Urban 1,035 km ( 400 sq mi ) Metro 3,222.68 km ( 1,244.28 sq mi ) Area rank 1st in Serbia Elevation 117 m ( 384 ft ) Population ( 2011 Census ) City 1,166,763 Rank 1st in Serbia Density 3,241 / km ( 8,390 / sq mi ) Urban 1,233,796 District 1,683,962 District density 514 / km ( 1,330 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Belgrader ( en ) Beograđanin ( sr ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 11000 Area code ( s ) + 381 ( 0 ) 11 ISO 3166 code RS - 00 Car plates BG Website www.beograd.rs Belgrade ( / ˈbɛlɡreɪd / BEL - grayd ; Serbian : Beograd / Београд , meaning `` white city '' , Serbian pronunciation : ( beǒɡrad ) ( listen ) ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia . It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers , where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans . The urban area of the City of Belgrade has a population of 1.23 million , while nearly 1.7 million people live within its administrative limits . One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe , the Vinča culture , evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC . In antiquity , Thraco - Dacians inhabited the region and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city , naming it Singidūn . It was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus , and awarded city rights in the mid-2nd century . It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s , and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire , Frankish Empire , Bulgarian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary before it became the capital of Serbian king Stephen Dragutin ( 1282 -- 1316 ) . In 1521 , Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo . It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule , which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro - Ottoman wars . Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841 . Northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918 , when the city was reunited . As a strategic location , the city was battled over in 115 wars and razed 44 times . Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia from its creation in 1918 . Belgrade has a special administrative status within Serbia and it is one of five statistical regions of Serbia . Its metropolitan territory is divided into 17 municipalities , each with its own local council . The city of Belgrade covers 3.6 % of Serbia 's territory , and around 24 % of the country 's population lives within its administrative limits . It is classified as a Beta - Global City . Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 Antiquity 1.3 Middle Ages 1.4 Ottoman rule and Austrian invasions 1.5 Principality / Kingdom of Serbia 1.6 World War I 1.7 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1.8 World War II 1.9 Socialist Yugoslavia 1.10 Breakup of Yugoslavia 1.11 Contemporary period 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Administration 3.1 Capital city 3.2 Municipalities 4 Demographics 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Museums 6.2 Architecture 6.3 Tourism 6.4 Nightlife 6.5 Sport 6.6 Fashion and Design 7 Media 8 Education 9 Transportation 10 International cooperation and honours 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Belgrade and Timeline of Belgrade history Prehistory ( edit ) See also : Prehistoric sites in Serbia and Prehistory of Southeastern Europe A Vinča culture figure Chipped stone tools found at Zemun show that the area around Belgrade was inhabited by nomadic foragers in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic eras . Some of these tools belong to the Mousterian industry , which are associated with Neanderthals rather than modern humans . Aurignacian and Gravettian tools have also been discovered there , indicating occupation between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago . Belgrade 1789 The first farming people to settle in the region are associated with the Neolithic Starčevo culture , which flourished between 6200 and 5200 BC . There are several Starčevo sites in and around Belgrade , including the eponymous site of Starčevo . The Starčevo culture was succeeded by the Vinča culture ( 5500 -- 4500 BC ) , a more sophisticated farming culture that grew out of the earlier Starčevo settlements which is also named for a site in the Belgrade region ( Vinča - Belo Brdo ) . The Vinča culture is known for its very large settlements , one of the earliest settlements by continuous habitation and some of the largest in prehistoric Europe ; anthropomorphic figurines such as the Lady of Vinča ; the earliest known copper metallurgy in Europe ; a proto - writing form developed prior to the Sumerians and Minoans , known as the Old European script , dating back to around 5300 BC . When it comes to the modern urban zone of the city , in the modern Cetinjska Street in downtown , a skull of a Paleolithic human was discovered in 1890 . The skull is dated to before 5000 BC . Antiquity ( edit ) Barutana lapidarium , ancient monuments from Singidunum The medieval walls of the Belgrade Fortress , where the walls of the Roman castrum Singidunum had been discovered Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrade 's geographical location comes from ancient myths and legends . The rock overlooking the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers has been identified as one of the places in the story of Jason and the Argonauts . The Paleo - Balkan tribes of Thracians and Dacians ruled this area prior to the Roman conquest . Belgrade was inhabited by a Thraco - Dacian tribe Singi ; after the Celtic invasion in 279 BC , the Scordisci took the city , naming it `` Singidūn '' ( dūn , fortress ) . In 34 -- 33 BC the Roman army led by Silanus reached Belgrade . It became the romanized Singidunum in the 1st century AD , and by the mid-2nd century , the city was proclaimed a municipium by the Roman authorities , evolving into a full - fledged colonia ( highest city class ) by the end of the century . Apart from the first Christian Emperor of Rome who was born in the territory of modern Serbia in Naissus -- Constantine I known as Constantine the Great -- another early Roman Emperor was born in Singidunum : Flavius Iovianus ( Jovian ) , the restorer of Christianity . Jovian reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire , ending the brief revival of traditional Roman religions under his predecessor Julian the Apostate . In 395 AD , the site passed to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire . Across the Sava from Singidunum was the Celtic city of Taurunum ( Zemun ) ; the two were connected with a bridge throughout Roman and Byzantine times . Middle Ages ( edit ) See also : Serbia in the Middle Ages Historical affiliations Kingdom of Serbia ( Syrmia ) 1282 -- 1325 Kingdom of Hungary 1325 -- 1404 Serbian Despotate 1404 -- 1427 Kingdom of Hungary 1427 -- 1521 Ottoman Empire 1521 -- 1688 Habsburg Monarchy 1688 -- 1690 Ottoman Empire 1690 -- 1717 Habsburg Monarchy 1717 -- 1739 Ottoman Empire 1739 -- 1789 Habsburg Monarchy 1789 -- 1791 Ottoman Empire 1791 -- 1806 Revolutionary Serbia 1806 -- 1813 Ottoman Empire 1813 -- 1867 Principality of Serbia 1867 -- 1882 Kingdom of Serbia 1882 -- 1915 Austria - Hungary 1915 -- 1918 Kingdom of Serbia 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918 -- 1941 Nazi Germany 1941 -- 1944 SFR Yugoslavia 1944 -- 1992 Serbia and Montenegro 1992 -- 2006 Republic of Serbia 2006 -- In 442 , the area was ravaged by Attila the Hun . In 471 , it was taken by Theodoric the Great , who continued into Greece . As the Ostrogoths left for Italy , the Gepids took over the city . In 539 it was retaken by the Byzantines . In 577 , some 100,000 Slavs poured into Thrace and Illyricum , pillaging cities and settling down . The Avars under Bayan I conquered the whole region by 582 . According to Byzantine chronicle De Administrando Imperio , the White Serbs had stopped in Belgrade on their way back home , asking the strategos for lands ; they received provinces in the west , towards the Adriatic , which they would rule as subjects to Heraclius ( 610 -- 641 ) . In 829 Khan Omurtag was able to add Singidunum and its environs to the First Bulgarian Empire . Siege of 1456 , Ottoman miniature . The first record of the name Belograd appeared on April , 16th , 878 , in a Papal letter to Bulgarian ruler Boris I. Later , this name appeared in several variants : Alba Graeca ( Greek city ) , Griechisch Wiessenburg ( Greek white castle ) , Nandor Alba ( City of the Bulgarians ) , Nandor Fejervar ( The white castle of the Bulgarians ) , Castelbianco ( White Castle ) , Alba Bulgarica ( Bulgarian City ) . For about four centuries , the city remained a battleground between the Byzantine Empire , the Kingdom of Hungary and the Bulgarian Empire . Basil II ( 976 -- 1025 ) installed a garrison in Belgrade . The city hosted the armies of the First and the Second Crusade ; while passing through during the Third Crusade , Frederick Barbarossa and his 190,000 crusaders saw Belgrade in ruins . King Stefan Dragutin ( r . 1276 -- 1282 ) received Belgrade from his father - in - law , Stephen V of Hungary in 1284 ; it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Syrmia , and Dragutin is regarded as the first Serbian king to rule over Belgrade as a vassal to the Kingdom of Hungary . Following the battles at Maritsa ( 1371 ) and Kosovo field ( 1389 ) , Serbia began to crumble as the Ottoman Empire conquered its southern territory . The north resisted through the Serbian Despotate , which had Belgrade as its capital . The city flourished under Stefan Lazarević , son of Serbian prince Lazar Hrebeljanović . Lazarević built a castle with a citadel and towers , of which only the Despot 's tower and west wall remain . He also refortified the city 's ancient walls , allowing the Despotate to resist the Ottomans for almost 70 years . During this time , Belgrade was a haven for many Balkan peoples fleeing Ottoman rule , and is thought to have had a population of 40,000 to 50,000 people . In 1427 , Stefan 's successor Đurađ Branković had to return Belgrade to the Hungarian king , and Smederevo became the new capital . Although the Ottomans captured most of the Serbian Despotate , Belgrade , known as Nándorfehérvár in Hungarian , was unsuccessfully besieged in 1440 and 1456 . As the city presented an obstacle to the Ottoman advance into Hungary and further , over 100,000 Ottoman soldiers besieged it in 1456 , in which the Christian army led by the Hungarian General John Hunyadi successfully defended it . The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world to this day . Ottoman rule and Austrian invasions ( edit ) See also : History of Ottoman Serbia Belgrade in 1684 Seven decades after the initial siege , on 28 August 1521 , the fort was finally captured by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his 250,000 soldiers and over 100 ships subsequently , most of the city was razed to the ground and its entire Orthodox Christian population was deported to Istanbul , to an area that has since become known as the Belgrade forest . Belgrade was made the seat of the district ( Sanjak ) , becoming the second largest Ottoman town in Europe at over 100,000 people , surpassed only by Constantinople . Ottoman rule also introduced Ottoman architecture , including numerous mosques , increasing the city 's Oriental influences . In 1594 , a major Serb rebellion was crushed by the Ottomans . Later , Grand vizier Sinan Pasha ordered the relics of Saint Sava to be publicly torched on the Vračar plateau ; in the 20th century , the Temple of Saint Sava was built to commemorate this event . Occupied by the Habsburgs three times ( 1688 -- 1690 , 1717 -- 1739 , 1789 -- 1791 ) , headed by the Holy Roman Princes Maximilian of Bavaria and Eugene of Savoy , and field marshal Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon respectively , Belgrade was quickly recaptured by the Ottomans and substantially razed each time . During this period , the city was affected by the two Great Serbian Migrations , in which hundreds of thousands of Serbs , led by two Serbian Patriarchs , retreated together with the Austrians into the Habsburg Empire , settling in today 's Vojvodina and Slavonia . Principality / Kingdom of Serbia ( edit ) At the beginning of the 19th century , Belgrade was predominantly inhabited by Muslim population . Traces of Ottoman rule and architecture -- such as mosques and bazaars -- were to remain a part of Belgrade 's townscape throughout a great time of the 19th century , even several decades after Serbia was granted autonomy from the Ottoman Empire . During the First Serbian Uprising , the Serbian revolutionaries held the city from 8 January 1807 until 1813 , when it was retaken by the Ottomans . After the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815 , Serbia reached semi-independence , which was formally recognized by the Porte in 1830 . Knez Mihailova street at the end of the 19th century Slavija Square . The development of Belgrade architecture after 1815 can be divided into four periods . In the first phase that lasted from 1815 to 1835 the dominant architectural style was still the Balkan or rather Balkan - Ottoman one . At the same time the interest for Central and Western European architecture started to grow . Between 1835 and 1850 a rise in the construction of neoclassicist and baroque buildings could be observed . One of the buildings from that time is the one in which the pedagogical museum is located today . The third phase ( 1850 -- 1875 ) was characterized by serious attempts of turning towards romanticism , which implied the combination of romanticist and gothic architecture with that from the early period of the renaissance . Typical of the last quarter of the 19th century was the eclecticist style on the basis of the renaissance and baroque . In 1841 , Prince Mihailo Obrenović moved the capital from Kragujevac to Belgrade . During his first reign ( 1815 -- 1839 ) Prince Miloš Obrenović consequently pursued the creation of new settlements , the colonization of new population and the aim to make Belgrade a center of administrative , military and cultural institutions . His project of creating a new market space ( čaršija ) was less successful . The new Abadžijska čaršija could n't compete against the already well - established market places of the city of Belgrade . Trade was still conducted in the centuries - old Donja čaršija and Gornja čaršija . New construction projects were typical for the Christian quarters and not so much for the Muslim ones . Until 1863 the number of Belgrade quarters decreases continuously , mainly as a consequence of the reduction of Muslim population . An Ottoman city map from that year counts only 9 quarters ( mahale ) . The names of only five are known today : Ali - pašina mahala , Reis - efendijina , Jahja - pašina , Bajram - begova and Laz Hadži - Mahmudova mahala . On 18 April 1867 the Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison , which had been since 1826 the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia , withdrawn from the Belgrade fortress . The only stipulation was that the Ottoman flag continue to fly over the fortress alongside the Serbian one . Serbia 's de facto independence dates from this event . The urban planner Emilijan Josimović had a significant impact on the urbanism of Belgrade in the last third of the 19th century . He conceptualized a regulation plan for Belgrade in 1867 , where he proposed an alternation of the town 's crooked streets with rectangular ones . Of great importance was also the construction of political and cultural institutions as well as parks . When it comes to Josimović 's work , Serbian scholars have often pointed out that it represented an important break with Ottoman traditions . However , Istanbul -- the capital city of the state to which Belgrade and Serbia officially still belonged -- at the same time underwent quite similar processes of urbanisation . In May 1868 , Prince Mihailo was assassinated with his cousin Anka Konstantinović while riding in a carriage through the park of his country residence With the Principality 's full independence in 1878 , and its transformation into the Kingdom of Serbia in 1882 , Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans , and developed rapidly . Nevertheless , conditions in Serbia as a whole remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country , even with the opening of a railway to Niš , Serbia 's second city , and in 1900 the capital had only 70,000 inhabitants ( at the time Serbia numbered 2.5 million ) . Yet by 1905 the population had grown to more than 80,000 , and by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , it had surpassed the 100,000 citizens , not counting Zemun which then belonged to Austria - Hungary . The first - ever projection of motion pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe was held in Belgrade , in June 1896 by Andre Carr , a representative of the Lumière brothers . He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year ; however , they have not been preserved . World War i ( edit ) The First World War began on 28 July 1914 when Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia . Most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade . Austro - Hungarian monitors shelled Belgrade on 29 July 1914 , and it was taken by the Austro - Hungarian Army under General Oskar Potiorek on 30 November . On 15 December , it was re-taken by Serbian troops under Marshal Radomir Putnik . After a prolonged battle which destroyed much of the city , between 6 and 9 October 1915 , Belgrade fell to German and Austro - Hungarian troops commanded by Field Marshal August von Mackensen on 9 October 1915 . The city was liberated by Serbian and French troops on 1 November 1918 , under the command of Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey of France and Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia . Since Belgrade was decimated as the front - line city , Subotica overtook the title of the largest city in the Kingdom for a short while . Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( edit ) King Alexander Bridge was destroyed in 1941 and rebuilt after the end of World War II , 1956 , as the single - span Branko 's Bridge . Theater square ( today Republic Square ) 1934 After the war , Belgrade became the capital of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 . The Kingdom was split into banovinas , and Belgrade , together with Zemun and Pančevo , formed a separate administrative unit . During this period , the city experienced fast growth and significant modernisation . Belgrade 's population grew to 239,000 by 1931 ( incorporating the town of Zemun , formerly in Austria - Hungary ) , and 320,000 by 1940 . The population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4.08 % a year . In 1927 , Belgrade 's first airport opened , and in 1929 , its first radio station began broadcasting . The Pančevo Bridge , which crosses the Danube , was opened in 1935 , while King Alexander Bridge over the Sava was opened in 1934 . On 3 September 1939 the first Belgrade Grand Prix , the last Grand Prix motor racing race before the outbreak of World War II , was held around the Belgrade Fortress and was followed by 80,000 spectators . The winner was Tazio Nuvolari . World War II ( edit ) On 25 March 1941 , the government of regent Crown Prince Paul signed the Tripartite Pact , joining the Axis powers in an effort to stay out of the Second World War and keep Yugoslavia neutral during the conflict . This was immediately followed by mass protests in Belgrade and a military coup d'état led by Air Force commander General Dušan Simović , who proclaimed King Peter II to be of age to rule the realm . Consequently , the city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe on 6 April 1941 , killing up to 2,274 people . Yugoslavia was then invaded by German , Italian , Hungarian , and Bulgarian forces . Belgrade was captured by subterfuge , with six German soldiers led by their officer Fritz Klingenberg pretending to be a larger force , accepted the surrender of the city . Belgrade was then occupied by the German Army later the same month and Belgrade became the seat of the puppet Nedić regime , headed by General Milan Nedić . German bombing of Belgrade in 1941 During the summer and fall of 1941 , in reprisal for guerrilla attacks , the Germans carried out several massacres of Belgrade citizens ; in particular , members of the Jewish community were subject to mass shootings at the order of General Franz Böhme , the German Military Governor of Serbia . Böhme rigorously enforced the rule that for every German killed , 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot . The resistance movement in Belgrade was led by Major Žarko Todorović from 1941 until his arrest in 1943 . Just like Rotterdam , which was devastated twice , by both German and Allied bombing , Belgrade was bombed once more during World War II , this time by the Allies on 16 April 1944 , killing at least 1,100 people . This bombing fell on the Orthodox Christian Easter . Most of the city remained under German occupation until 20 October 1944 , when it was liberated by the Red Army and the Communist Yugoslav Partisans . On 29 November 1945 , Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaimed the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia in Belgrade ( later to be renamed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 7 April 1963 ) . Higher estimates from the former secret police place the victim count of political persecutions in Belgrade at 10,000 . Socialist Yugoslavia ( edit ) When the war ended , the city was left with 11,500 demolished housing units . During the post-war period , Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the renewed Yugoslavia , developing as a major industrial center . In 1948 , construction of New Belgrade started . In 1958 , Belgrade 's first television station began broadcasting . In 1961 , the conference of Non-Aligned Countries was held in Belgrade under Tito 's chairmanship . In 1962 , Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport was built . In 1968 , major student protests led to several street clashes between students and the police . Breakup of Yugoslavia ( edit ) Ministry of Defense building damaged in the 1999 NATO bombing On 9 March 1991 , massive demonstrations led by Vuk Drašković were held in the city against Slobodan Milošević . According to various media outlets , there were between 100,000 and 150,000 people on the streets . Two people were killed , 203 injured and 108 arrested during the protests , and later that day tanks were deployed onto the streets to restore order . Further protests were held in Belgrade from November 1996 to February 1997 against the same government after alleged electoral fraud at local elections . These protests brought Zoran Đinđić to power , the first mayor of Belgrade since World War II who did not belong to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia or its later offshoot , the Socialist Party of Serbia . In 1999 , during the Kosovo War , NATO bombings caused substantial damage to the city . Among the sites bombed were the buildings of several ministries , the RTS building , several hospitals , the Hotel Jugoslavija , the Central Committee building , the Avala Tower , and the Chinese embassy . Several of these buildings have been left in their bombed states to serve as a memorial for the bombings . After the 2000 presidential elections , Belgrade was the site of major public protests , with over half a million people on the streets . These demonstrations resulted in the ousting of president Milošević . Contemporary period ( edit ) In 2014 , Belgrade Waterfront , a catalytic development , has been initiated headed by the Government of Serbia aimed at improving Belgrade 's cityscape and economy by revitalizing the Sava amphitheater , a neglected stretch of land on the right bank of the Sava river , between the Belgrade Fair and Belgrade Main railway station . Around € 3.5 billion will be invested by the Serbian government and their Emirati partners . The project includes office and luxury apartment buildings , five - star hotels , a shopping mall and Belgrade Tower . The project is , however , considered by many as ' controversial ' , since there are a number of uncertainties regarding its funding , necessity , as well as chosen architectural solutions . City is currently under rapid development and reconstruction , especially in the area of Novi Beograd , where many apartment and office buildings are under construction . Geography ( edit ) Panoramic view of Old city Belgrade lies 116.75 metres ( 383.0 ft ) above sea level and is located at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers . The historical core of Belgrade , Kalemegdan , lies on the right banks of both rivers . Since the 19th century , the city has been expanding to the south and east ; after World War II , New Belgrade was built on the left bank of the Sava river , connecting Belgrade with Zemun . Smaller , chiefly residential communities across the Danube , like Krnjača , Kotež and Borča , also merged with the city , while Pančevo , a heavily industrialized satellite city , remains a separate town . The city has an urban area of 360 square kilometres ( 140 sq mi ) , while together with its metropolitan area it covers 3,223 km ( 1,244 sq mi ) . On the right bank of the Sava , central Belgrade has a hilly terrain , while the highest point of Belgrade proper is Torlak hill at 303 m ( 994 ft ) . The mountains of Avala ( 511 m ( 1,677 ft ) ) and Kosmaj ( 628 m ( 2,060 ft ) ) lie south of the city . Across the Sava and Danube , the land is mostly flat , consisting of alluvial plains and loessial plateaus . One of the characteristics of the city terrain is mass wasting . On the territory covered by the General Urban Plan there are 1,155 recorded mass wasting points , out of which 602 are active and 248 are labeled as the `` high risk '' . They cover almost 30 % of the city territory and include several types of mass wasting . Downhill creeps are located on the slopes above the rivers , mostly on the clay or loam soils , inclined between 7 and 20 % . Most critical ones are in Karaburma , Zvezdara , Višnjica , Vinča and Ritopek , in the Danube valley , and Umka , and especially its neighborhood of Duboko , in the Sava valley . They have moving and dormant phases , and some of them have been recorded for centuries . Less active downhill creep areas include the entire Terazije slope above the Sava ( Kalemegdan , Savamala ) , which can be seen by the inclination of the Pobednik monument and the tower of the Cathedral Church , and the Voždovac section , between Banjica and Autokomanda . Sava river Landslides encompass smaller areas , develop on the steep cliffs , sometimes being inclined up to 90 % . They are mostly located in the artificial loess hills of Zemun : Gardoš , Ćukovac and Kalvarija . However , the majority of the land movement in Belgrade , some 90 % , is triggered by the construction works and faulty water supply system ( burst pipes , etc . ) . The neighborhood of Mirijevo is considered to be the most successful project of fixing the problem . During the construction of the neighborhood from the 1970s , the terrain was systematically improved and the movement of the land is today completely halted . Climate ( edit ) Belgrade has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) , with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation . Monthly averages range from 1.4 ° C ( 34.5 ° F ) in January to 23.0 ° C ( 73.4 ° F ) in July , with an annual mean of 12.5 ° C ( 54.5 ° F ) . There are , on average , 31 days a year when the temperature is above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , and 95 days when the temperature is above 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) . Belgrade receives about 691 millimetres ( 27 in ) of precipitation a year , with late spring being wettest . The average annual number of sunny hours is 2,112 . The highest officially recorded temperature in Belgrade was 43.6 ° C ( 110.5 ° F ) on 24 July 2007 , while on the other end , the lowest temperature was − 26.2 ° C ( − 15 ° F ) on 10 January 1893 . hide Climate data for Belgrade ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 37.4 ( 99.3 ) 43.6 ( 110.5 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 43.6 ( 110.5 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 0.2 ( 32.4 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 18.2 ( − 0.8 ) − 15.4 ( 4.3 ) − 12.4 ( 9.7 ) − 3.4 ( 25.9 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 4.7 ( 40.5 ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 7.8 ( 18 ) − 13.4 ( 7.9 ) − 18.2 ( − 0.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 46.9 ( 1.846 ) 40.0 ( 1.575 ) 49.3 ( 1.941 ) 56.1 ( 2.209 ) 58.0 ( 2.283 ) 101.2 ( 3.984 ) 63.0 ( 2.48 ) 58.3 ( 2.295 ) 55.3 ( 2.177 ) 50.2 ( 1.976 ) 55.1 ( 2.169 ) 57.4 ( 2.26 ) 690.9 ( 27.201 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 13 12 11 13 13 13 10 9 10 10 12 14 139 Average snowy days 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 33 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78 71 63 61 61 63 61 61 67 71 75 79 68 Mean monthly sunshine hours 72.2 101.7 153.2 188.1 242.2 260.9 290.8 274.0 204.3 163.1 97.0 64.5 2,111.9 Source : Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia Administration ( edit ) See also : Mayor of Belgrade Belgrade is a separate territorial unit in Serbia , with its own autonomous city authority . The Assembly of the City of Belgrade has 110 members , elected on four - year terms . A 13 - member City Council , elected by the Assembly and presided over by the mayor and his deputy , has the control and supervision of the city administration , which manages day - to - day administrative affairs . It is divided into 14 Secretariats , each having a specific portfolio such as traffic or health care , and several professional services , agencies and institutes . The 2014 Belgrade local elections were won by the Serbian Progressive Party , which formed a ruling coalition with the Socialist Party of Serbia . These elections ended the long - time rule of the Democratic Party , which was in power from 2004 to 2013 . The Mayor of Belgrade is Siniša Mali , a political independent affiliated with the Serbian Progressive Party . Capital city ( edit ) Palace of Serbia House of the National Assembly of Serbia at night The French embassy As the capital city , Belgrade is seat of all Serbian state authorities -- executive , legislative , judiciary , and the headquarters of almost all national political parties as well as 75 diplomatic missions . This includes the National Assembly , the Presidency , the Government of Serbia and all the ministries , Supreme Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court . Municipalities ( edit ) See also : Subdivisions of Belgrade Čukarica , Banovo Brdo and Savski Venac . Municipalities of Belgrade map The city is divided into 17 municipalities . Previously , they were classified into 10 `` urban '' ( lying completely or partially within borders of the city proper ) and 7 `` suburban '' municipalities , whose centres are smaller towns . With the new 2010 City statute , they were all given equal status , with the proviso that suburban ones ( except Surčin ) have certain autonomous powers , chiefly related with construction , infrastructure and public utilities . Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the Danube and Sava rivers , in the Šumadija region . Three municipalities ( Zemun , Novi Beograd ( `` New Belgrade '' ) , and Surčin ) , are on the northern bank of the Sava , in the Syrmia region , and the municipality of Palilula , spanning the Danube , is in both the Šumadija and Banat regions . Municipality Classification Area ( km ) Population ( 2011 ) Barajevo suburban 213 27,110 Čukarica urban 156 181,231 Grocka suburban 289 83,907 Lazarevac suburban 384 58,622 Mladenovac suburban 339 53,096 Novi Beograd urban 41 214,506 Obrenovac suburban 411 72,524 Palilula urban 451 173,521 Rakovica urban 31 108,641 Savski Venac urban 14 39,122 Sopot suburban 271 20,367 Stari Grad urban 5 48,450 Surčin urban 285 43,819 Voždovac urban 148 158,213 Vračar urban 56,333 Zemun urban 154 168,170 Zvezdara urban 32 151,808 Total 3,227 1,659,440 Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Demographics of Belgrade and Demographic history of Belgrade According to the 2011 census , the city has a population of 1,166,763 , while the urban area of Belgrade ( with adjacent urban settlements of Borča , Ovča , and Surčin included ) has 1,233,796 inhabitants , and the population of the metropolitan area ( the administrative area of the City of Belgrade ) stands at 1,659,440 people . Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1426 50,000 -- 1683 100,000 + 100.0 % 1800 25,000 − 75.0 % 1850 15,000 − 40.0 % 1860 22,000 + 46.7 % 1875 27,000 + 22.7 % 1880 36,000 + 33.3 % 1890 54,000 + 50.0 % 1900 69,000 + 27.8 % 1910 89,000 + 29.0 % 1921 111,739 + 25.5 % 1931 238,775 + 113.7 % 1948 397,911 + 66.6 % 1953 477,982 + 20.1 % 1961 657,362 + 37.5 % 1971 899,094 + 36.8 % 1981 1,087,915 + 21.0 % 1991 1,133,146 + 4.2 % 2002 1,119,642 − 1.2 % 2011 1,233,796 + 10.2 % Belgrade is home to many ethnicities from all over the former Yugoslavia and wider Balkans region . The main ethnic groups are : Serbs ( 1,505,448 ) , Roma ( 27,325 ) , Montenegrins ( 9,902 ) , Yugoslavs ( 8,061 ) , Croats ( 7,752 ) , Macedonians ( 6,970 ) , and Muslims by nationality ( 3,996 ) . Many people came to the city as economic migrants from smaller towns and the countryside , while tens of thousands arrived as refugees from Croatia , Bosnia - Herzegovina and Kosovo , as a result of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s . Between 10,000 and 20,000 Chinese are estimated to live in Belgrade ; they began immigrating in the mid-1990s . Block 70 in New Belgrade is known colloquially as the Chinese quarter . Many Middle Easterners , mainly from Syria , Iran , Jordan and Iraq , arrived in order to pursue their studies during the 1970s and 1980s , and have remained in the city . Settlements Population Belgrade 1,166,763 Borča 46,086 Grocka 26,904 Lazarevac 26,006 Obrenovac 25,429 Mladenovac 23,609 Sremčica 21,001 Surčin 18,205 Ripanj 11,088 Ugrinovci 10,807 Leštane 10,473 Although there are several historic religious communities in Belgrade , the religious makeup of the city is relatively homogenous . The Serbian Orthodox community is by far the largest , with 1,475,168 adherents . There are also 31,914 Muslims , 13,720 Roman Catholics , and 3,128 Protestants . There once was a significant Jewish community in Belgrade , but following the World War II Nazi occupation of the city , and subsequent Jewish emigration , their numbers have fallen from over 10,000 to just 295 . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Belgrade See also : Belgrade IT sector Business park Airport City Belgrade . Belgrade is the financial centre of Serbia and Southeast Europe , with a total of 17 million square metres ( 180 million square feet ) of office space . It is also home to the country 's Central Bank . Currently , over 600,000 people are employed in 120,286 companies , 60,000 enterprises and 50,000 shops . The City of Belgrade itself , owns 267,147 square metres ( 2,875,550 square feet ) of rentable office space . As at 2009 , Belgrade contained 31.4 % of Serbia 's employed population and generated over 38 % of its GDP . The City 's nominal GDP in 2014 was estimated at 16.97 billion USD , amounting to 859,329 RSD ( $10,086 ) per capita . GDP at purchasing power parity was estimated at $36.1 bn USD , which was $31,461 per capita in terms of purchasing power parity . New Belgrade is the country 's main business district and one of Southeastern Europe 's financial centers . It offers a range of facilities , such as hotels , congress halls ( e.g. Sava Centar ) , Class A and B office buildings , and business parks ( e.g. Airport City Belgrade ) . Over 1.2 million square metres ( 13 million square feet ) of land is currently under construction in New Belgrade , with the value of planned construction over the next three years estimated at over 1.5 billion euros . The Belgrade Stock Exchange is also located in New Belgrade , and has a market capitalization of € 6.5 billion ( US $9 billion ) . New Belgrade , main financial district With 6,924 companies in the IT sector ( 2013 data ) , Belgrade is one of the information technology centers for this part of Europe , with strong growth . Microsoft Development Center , located in Belgrade , was at the time of its establishment the fifth such center in the world . Many world IT companies choose Belgrade as their European or regional center of operations . These include Asus , Intel , Dell , Huawei and NCR , among others . The most famous Belgrade IT companies are Nordeus , ComTrade Group , MicroE , Endava etc . IT institutes in Belgrade include Mihajlo Pupin Institute and ILR. and new IT Park Zvezdara . Many IT entrepreneurs started in Belgrade , such as Voja Antonić and Veselin Jevrosimović . In September 2013 , the average Belgrade monthly salary stood at 53,564 RSD ( $635 ) in net terms , with the gross equivalent at 73,970 RSD ( $877 ) . The 2013 Annual Economist Intelligence Unit Survey ranked Belgrade the 86th most expensive out of 131 world cities . According to the 2015 Survey , 73 % of the City 's households owned a computer , 65.8 % had a broadband internet connection and 73.9 % had pay television services . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Belgrade The Grand Hall of the National Theatre Belgrade hosts many annual international cultural events , including the Film Festival , Theatre Festival , Summer Festival , Music Festival , Book Fair , Eurovision Song Contest 2008 , and the Beer Fest . The Nobel Prize winning author Ivo Andrić wrote his most famous work , The Bridge on the Drina , in Belgrade . Other prominent Belgrade authors include Branislav Nušić , Miloš Crnjanski , Borislav Pekić , Milorad Pavić and Meša Selimović . The most internationally prominent artists from Belgrade are Marina Abramović and Milovan Destil Marković . Most of Serbia 's film industry is based in Belgrade . FEST is an annual film festival that held since 1971 , and , through 2013 , had been attended by four million people and had presented almost 4,000 films . Belgrade Book Fair The city was one of the main centers of the Yugoslav new wave in the 1980s : VIS Idoli , Ekatarina Velika , Šarlo Akrobata and Električni Orgazam were all from Belgrade . Other notable Belgrade rock acts include Riblja Čorba , Bajaga i Instruktori and Partibrejkers . Today , it is the center of the Serbian hip hop scene , with acts such as Beogradski Sindikat , Škabo , Marčelo , and most of the Bassivity Music stable hailing from or living in the city . There are numerous theatres , the most prominent of which are National Theatre , Theatre on Terazije , Yugoslav Drama Theatre , Zvezdara Theatre , and Atelier 212 . The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is also based in Belgrade , as well as the National Library of Serbia . Other major libraries include the Belgrade City Library and the Belgrade University Library . Belgrade 's two opera houses are : National Theatre and Madlenianum Opera House . There are many foreign cultural institutions in Belgrade , including the Spanish Instituto Cervantes , the German Goethe - Institut and the French Institut français , which are all located in the central pedestrian area of Knez Mihailova Street . Other cultural centers in Belgrade are American Corner , Austrian Cultural Forum , British Council , Chinese Confucius Institute , Canadian Cultural Center , Hellenic Foundation for Culture , Italian Istituto Italiano di Cultura , Iranian Culture Center , Azerbaijani Culture Center and Russian Center for Science and Culture . European Union National Institutes for Culture operates a cluster of cultural centres from the EU . Following the victory of Serbia 's representative Marija Šerifović at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 , Belgrade hosted the Contest in 2008 . Museums ( edit ) See also : List of museums in Belgrade Republic square , Left : National Museum of Serbia -- Centre : Hotel Marriott Belgrade -- Right : National Theatre . The most prominent museum in Belgrade is the National Museum , founded in 1844 and currently closed for reconstruction which will be ended in 2018 . The museum houses a collection of more than 400,000 exhibits ( over 5600 paintings and 8400 drawings and prints , including many foreign masters like Bosch , Juan de Flandes , Titian , Tintoretto , Rubens , Van Dyck , Cézanne , G.B. Tiepolo , Renoir , Monet , Lautrec , Matisse , Picasso , Gauguin , Chagall , Van Gogh , Mondrian etc . ) and also the famous Miroslav 's Gospel . The Ethnographic Museum , established in 1901 , contains more than 150,000 items showcasing the rural and urban culture of the Balkans , particularly the countries of former Yugoslavia . The Museum of Contemporary Art was the first Contemporary art museum in Europe ( ( Disputed inline ) ) founded in 1958 and has a collection of around 35,000 works including Roy Lichtenstein , Andy Warhol , Joan Miró , David Hockney , Ivan Meštrović and others since 1900 . The museum is open renovated in 2017 . The Railway Museum is located within the railway company headquarters building The Military Museum houses a wide range of more than 25,000 military exhibits dating as far back as to the Roman period , as well as parts of a F - 117 stealth aircraft shot down by the Serbian army . The Museum of Aviation in Belgrade has more than 200 aircraft , of which about 50 are on display , and a few of which are the only surviving examples of their type , such as the Fiat G. 50 . This museum also displays parts of shot down US and NATO aircraft , such as the F - 117 and F - 16 . The Nikola Tesla Museum , founded in 1952 , preserves the personal items of Nikola Tesla , the inventor after whom the Tesla unit was named . It holds around 160,000 original documents and around 5,700 personal other items including his urne . The last of the major Belgrade museums is the Museum of Vuk and Dositej , which showcases the lives , work and legacy of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and Dositej Obradović , the 19th century reformer of the Serbian literary language and the first Serbian Minister of Education , respectively . Belgrade also houses the Museum of African Art , founded in 1977 , which has the large collection of art from West Africa . With around 95,000 copies of national and international films , the Yugoslav Film Archive is the largest in the region and among the 10 largest archives in the world . The institution also operates the Museum of Yugoslav Film Archive , with movie theatre and exhibition hall . The archive 's long - standing storage problems were finally solved in 2007 , when a new modern depository was opened . The Yugoslav Film Archive also exhibits original Charlie Chaplin 's stick and one of the first movies by Auguste and Louis Lumière . The Belgrade City Museum moved into a new building in downtown in 2006 . The museum hosts a range of collections covering the history of urban life since prehistory . The Museum of Yugoslav History has collection from Yugoslav era . Beside paintings , the most valuable are Moon rocks donated by Apollo 11 crew Neil Armstrong , Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins while visiting Belgrade in 1969 and from mission Apollo 17 donated by Richard Nixon in 1971 . Museum also houses Joseph Stalin 's sabre with 260 brilliants and diamonds , donated by Stalin himself . Ada Bridge night view Museum of Science and Technology moved to the building of the first city 's power plant in Dorćol in 2005 . Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of buildings in Belgrade , List of streets and squares in Belgrade , Bridges of Belgrade , Architectural projects in Belgrade , Religious architecture in Belgrade , and Gates of Belgrade Belgrade has wildly varying architecture , from the center of Zemun , typical of a Central European town , to the more modern architecture and spacious layout of New Belgrade . The oldest architecture is found in Kalemegdan Park . Outside of Kalemegdan , the oldest buildings date only from the 18th century , due to its geographic position and frequent wars and destructions . The oldest public structure in Belgrade is a nondescript Turkish türbe , while the oldest house is a modest clay house on Dorćol , from late 18th century . Western influence began in the 19th century , when the city completely transformed from an oriental town to the contemporary architecture of the time , with influences from neoclassicism , romanticism , and academic art . Serbian architects took over the development from the foreign builders in the late 19th century , producing the National Theatre , Old Palace , Cathedral Church and later , in the early 20th century , the National Assembly and National Museum , influenced by art nouveau . Elements of Neo-Byzantine architecture are present in buildings such as Vuk 's Foundation , old Post Office in Kosovska street , and sacral architecture , such as St. Mark 's Church ( based on the Gračanica monastery ) , and the Temple of Saint Sava . Architectural styles in Belgrade St. Michael 's Cathedral , Belgrade Knez Mihailova Monument of Gratitude to France St. Mark 's Church The Victor Belgrade University Library Belgrade Cooperative National Bank of Serbia building interior Monument to the Unknown Hero Royal Palace During the period of Communist rule , much housing was built quickly and cheaply for the huge influx of people fleeing the countryside following World War II , sometimes resulting in the brutalist architecture of the Blokovi ( `` Blocks '' ) of New Belgrade ; a socrealism trend briefly ruled , resulting in buildings like the Trade Union Hall . However , in the mid-1950s , the modernist trends took over , and still dominate the Belgrade architecture . Belgrade has the second oldest sewer system in Europe . Tourism ( edit ) See also : Tourism in Serbia Knez Mihailova Street . The historic areas and buildings of Belgrade are among the city 's premier attractions . They include Skadarlija , the National Museum and adjacent National Theatre , Zemun , Nikola Pašić Square , Terazije , Students ' Square , the Kalemegdan Fortress , Knez Mihailova Street , the Parliament , the Church of Saint Sava , and the Old Palace . On top of this , there are many parks , monuments , museums , cafés , restaurants and shops on both sides of the river . The hilltop Avala Monument and Avala Tower offer views over the city . Belgrade Fortress . Gardoš Tower Elite neighborhood of Dedinje is situated near the Topčider and Košutnjak parks . The beli dvor ( White Palace ) , house of royal family Karađorđević , is open for visitors . The palace has many valuable artworks . Nearby , Josip Broz Tito 's mausoleum , called The House of Flowers , documents the life of the former Yugoslav president . Ada Ciganlija is a former island on the Sava River , and Belgrade 's biggest sports and recreational complex . Today it is connected with the right bank of the Sava via two causeways , creating an artificial lake . It is the most popular destination for Belgraders during the city 's hot summers . There are 7 kilometres ( 4 miles ) of long beaches and sports facilities for various sports including golf , football , basketball , volleyball , rugby union , baseball , and tennis . During summer there are between 200,000 and 300,000 bathers daily . Ada Ciganlija Extreme sports are available , such as bungee jumping , water skiing , and paintballing . There are numerous tracks on the island , where it is possible to ride a bike , go for a walk , or go jogging . Apart from Ada , Belgrade has total of 16 islands on the rivers , many still unused . Among them , the Great War Island , at the confluence of Sava , stands out as an oasis of unshattered wildlife ( especially birds ) . These areas , along with nearby Small War Island , are protected by the city 's government as a nature preserve . There are 37 protected natural resources in the Belgrade urban area , among which eight are geo - heritage sites , i.e. Straževica profile , Mašin Majdan - Topčider , Profile at the Kalemegdan Fortress , Abandoned quarry in Barajevo , Karagača valley , Artesian well in Ovča , Kapela loess profile , and Lake in Sremčica . Other 29 places are biodiversity sites . Tourist income in 2016 amounted to nearly one billion euros ; with a visit of almost a million registered tourists . Of those , more than 70,000 arrived by 550 river cruisers . Average annual growth is between 13 % and 14 % . Nightlife ( edit ) Belgrade has a reputation for offering a vibrant nightlife ; many clubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city . The most recognizable nightlife features of Belgrade are the barges ( splav ) , spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers . Skadarlija , the city 's old bohemian neighbourhood Many weekend visitors -- particularly from Bosnia - Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia -- prefer Belgrade nightlife to that of their own capitals , due to a perceived friendly atmosphere , plentiful clubs and bars , cheap drinks , the lack of language difficulties , and the lack of restrictive night life regulation . Famous alternative clubs include Akademija and the KST ( Klub Studenata Tehnike ) , located in the basement of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering . One of the most famous sites for alternative cultural happenings in the city is the SKC ( Student Cultural Centre ) , located right across from Belgrade 's highrise landmark , the Belgrade Lady Tower . Concerts featuring famous local and foreign bands are often held at the center . SKC is also the site of various art exhibitions , as well as public debates and discussions . A more traditional Serbian nightlife experience , accompanied by traditional music known as Starogradska ( roughly translated as Old Town Music ) , typical of northern Serbia 's urban environments , is most prominent in Skadarlija , the city 's old bohemian neighborhood where the poets and artists of Belgrade gathered in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Skadar Street ( the centre of Skadarlija ) and the surrounding neighbourhood are lined with some of Belgrade 's best and oldest traditional restaurants ( called kafanas in Serbian ) , which date back to that period . At one end of the neighbourhood stands Belgrade 's oldest beer brewery , founded in the first half of the 19th century . One of the city 's oldest kafanas is the Znak pitanja ( `` ? '' ) . The Times reported that Europe 's best nightlife can be found in Belgrade . In the Lonely Planet 1000 Ultimate Experiences guide of 2009 , Belgrade was placed at the 1st spot among the top 10 party cities in the world . Sport ( edit ) See also : List of sporting events in Belgrade Serbian tennis player Novak Đoković was born in Belgrade . He is a 13 - time Grand Slam champion . The Štark Arena in New Belgrade , one of the largest indoor arenas in Europe . ( FIVB World League final game -- Brazil vs Serbia ) There are approximately one - thousand sports facilities in Belgrade , many of which are capable of serving all levels of sporting events . Belgrade has hosted several major sporting events recently , including Eurobasket 2005 , the 2005 European Volleyball Championship , the 2006 European Water Polo Championship , the European Youth Olympic Festival 2007 , and the 2009 Summer Universiade . The city is home to Serbia 's two biggest and most successful football clubs , Red Star Belgrade and Partizan Belgrade . Red Star won the 1991 UEFA Champions League ( European Cup ) . The two major stadiums in Belgrade are the Marakana ( Red Star Stadium ) and the Partizan Stadium . The rivalry between Red Star and Partizan is one of the fiercest in world football . Red Star Stadium . The Štark Arena has a capacity of 19,384 . It is used for major sporting events and large concerts . In May 2008 it was the venue for the 53rd Eurovision Song Contest . The Aleksandar Nikolić Hall is the main venue of basketball clubs KK Partizan , European champion of 1992 , and KK Crvena zvezda . In recent years , Belgrade has also given rise to several world - class tennis players such as Ana Ivanović , Jelena Janković and Novak Đoković . Ivanović and Đoković are the first female and male Belgraders , respectively , to win Grand Slam singles titles and been ATP number 1 with Jelena Janković . The Serbian national team won the 2010 Davis Cup , beating the French team in the finals played in the Belgrade Arena . Fashion and design ( edit ) Avala Tower Since 1996 , biannual ( autumn / winter and spring / summer seasons ) fashion weeks are held citywide . Numerous Serbian and foreign designers and fashion brands have their shows during Belgrade Fashion Week . The festival , which collaborates with London Fashion Week , has helped launch the international careers of local talents such as George Styler and Ana Ljubinković . British fashion designer Roksanda Ilincic , who was born in the city , also frequently presents her runway shows in Belgrade . In addition to fashion , there are two major design shows held in Belgrade every year which attract international architects and industrial designers such as Karim Rashid , Daniel Libeskind , Patricia Urquiola , and Konstantin Grcic . Both the Mikser Festival and Belgrade Design Week feature lectures , exhibits and competitions . Furthermore , international designers like Sacha Lakic , Ana Kraš , Bojana Sentaler , and Marek Djordjevic are originally from Belgrade . Media ( edit ) See also : List of media organisations in Belgrade Belgrade is the most important media hub in Serbia . The city is home to the main headquarters of the national broadcaster Radio Television Serbia ( RTS ) , which is a public service broadcaster . The most popular commercial broadcaster is RTV Pink , a Serbian media multinational , known for its popular entertainment programs . One of the most popular commercial broadcaster is B92 , another media company , which has its own TV station , radio station , and music and book publishing arms , as well as the most popular website on the Serbian internet . Other TV stations broadcasting from Belgrade include 1Prva ( formerly Fox televizija ) , Nova , N1 and others which only cover the greater Belgrade municipal area , such as Studio B . High - circulation daily newspapers published in Belgrade include Politika , Blic , Alo ! , Kurir and Danas . There are 2 sporting dailies , Sportski žurnal and Sport , and one economic daily , Privredni pregled . A new free distribution daily , 24 sata , was founded in the autumn of 2006 . Also , Serbian editions of licensed magazines such as Harper 's Bazaar , Elle , Cosmopolitan , National Geographic , Men 's Health , Grazia and others have their headquarters in the city . Education ( edit ) See also : List of educational institutions in Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering , Architecture and Civil Engineering , Belgrade University . Belgrade University Rectorate . Belgrade has two state universities and several private institutions of higher education . The University of Belgrade , founded in 1808 as the `` Great School '' , is the oldest institution of higher learning in Serbia . Having developed with the city in the 19th century , quite a few University buildings are a constituent part of Belgrade 's architecture and cultural heritage . With enrollment of nearly 90,000 students , the University is one of the Europe 's largest . There are also 195 primary ( elementary ) schools and 85 secondary schools . Of the primary schools , there are 162 regular , 14 special , 15 art , and 4 adult schools . The secondary school system has 51 vocational schools , 21 gymnasiums , 8 art schools and 5 special schools . The 230,000 pupils are managed by 22,000 employees in over 500 buildings , covering around 1.1 million square metres ( 12 million square feet ) . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Belgrade See also : Bridges in Belgrade Trams in Belgrade Belgrade Centre railway station , today 's main railway station Belgrade has an extensive public transport system based on buses ( 118 urban lines and more than 300 suburban lines ) , trams ( 12 lines ) , trolleybuses ( 8 lines ) , S - train ( 2 lines ) and Beovoz commuter rail ( 6 lines ) . Buses , trolleybuses and trams are run by GSP Beograd and SP Lasta , in cooperation with private companies on various bus routes . The S - train network , BG Voz , run by city government in cooperation with Serbian Railways , is a part of the integrated transport system , and currently has two lines ( Batajnica - Ovča and Belgrade - Center - Resnik ) . The BusPlus ticketing system based on contactless smart cards began operating in February 2012 . Daily connections link the capital to other towns in Serbia and many other European destinations through the central bus station . Beovoz was the suburban / commuter railway network that provided mass - transit services in the city , similar to Paris 's RER and Toronto 's GO Transit . The main usage of system was to connect the suburbs with the city centre . Beovoz was operated by Serbian Railways . However , this system was abolished back in 2013 , mostly due to introduction of more efficient BG Voz . Belgrade is one of the last big European capitals and cities with over a million people to have no metro or subway or other rapid transit system . Belgrade Metro is in planning . The main railway station is the main hub for international trains , while the new and ( at the present moment unfinished ) Belgrade Centre railway station is used as a terminus for most national intercity trains . Mostar interchange with E-75 Expressway opened in 1974 . The city is placed along the Pan-European corridors X and VII . The motorway system provides for easy access to Novi Sad and Budapest , in the north ; Niš to the south ; and Zagreb , to the west . Expressway is also toward Pancevo and new Expressway construction toward Obrenovac ( Montenegro ) is set scheduled for March 2017 . Belgrade bypass is connecting the E70 and E75 motorways and it is currently under construction . Situated at the confluence of two major rivers , the Danube and the Sava , Belgrade has 11 bridges -- the four main ones are Branko 's bridge , Ada Bridge , Pupin Bridge and the Gazela Bridge , both of which connect the core of the city to New Belgrade . Further , an `` inner magistral semi-ring '' is almost done and include a new Ada Bridge across the Sava river and Pupin Bridge across Danube river , which eased commuting within the city and unload the Gazela and Branko 's bridge traffic . The Port of Belgrade is on the Danube , and allows the city to receive goods by river . The city is also served by Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport , 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) west of the city centre , near Surčin . At its peak in 1986 , almost 3 million passengers travelled through the airport , though that number dwindled to a trickle in the 1990s . Following renewed growth in 2000 , the number of passengers reached approximately 2 million in 2004 and 2005 , over 2.6 million passengers in 2008 , reaching over 3 million passengers . All - time peak , with over 4 million passengers , was accomplished in 2014 , when Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport became the second fastest growing major airport in Europe . Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport . International Cooperation and honours ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia List of Belgrade 's sister and twin cities : Coventry , UK , since 1957 Chicago , USA , since 2005 Ljubljana , Slovenia , since 2010 Shanghai , China , since 2018 Other friendships and cooperations , protocols , memorandums : Astana , Kazakhstan , since 2016 , Agreement on Cooperation Tehran , Iran , since 2016 , Agreement on Cooperation Corfu , Greece , since 2010 , Protocol on Cooperation Shenzhen , China , since 2009 , Agreement on Cooperation Skopje , Macedonia , since 2006 , Letter of Intent Banja Luka , Bosnia - Herzegovina , since 2005 , Agreement on Cooperation Zagreb , Croatia , since 2003 , Letter of Intent Kiev , Ukraine , since 2002 , Agreement on Cooperation Tel Aviv , Israel , since 1990 , Agreement on Cooperation Bucharest , Romania , since 1999 , Agreement on Cooperation Beijing , China , since 1980 , Agreement on Cooperation Rome , Italy , since 1971 , Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation Athens , Greece , since 1966 , Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation Some of the city 's municipalities are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities ; for details see their respective articles . Belgrade has received various domestic and international honors , including the French Légion d'honneur ( proclaimed 21 December 1920 ; Belgrade is one of four cities outside France , alongside Liège , Luxembourg and Volgograd , to receive this honour ) , the Czechoslovak War Cross ( awarded 8 October 1925 ) , the Yugoslavian Order of the Karađorđe 's Star ( awarded 18 May 1939 ) and the Yugoslavian Order of the People 's Hero ( proclaimed on 20 October 1974 , the 30th anniversary of the overthrow of Nazi German occupation during World War II ) . All of these decorations were received for the war efforts during the World War I and World War II . In 2006 , Financial Times ' magazine Foreign Direct Investment awarded Belgrade the title of City of the Future of Southern Europe . 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Servia , Youngest Member of the European Family : or , A Residence in Belgrade , and Travels in the Highlands and Woodlands of the Interior , during the years 1843 and 1844 ( Project Gutenberg reprint ed . ) . London : Longman , Brown , Green and Longmans . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Sonja , Petrović ( 2015 ) . `` Town and city : Memories of daily life in pre-war Belgrade '' . Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU. 63 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 99 . doi : 10.2298 / GEI1501085P ( inactive 2018 - 05 - 03 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBelgradeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of the City of Belgrade Tourist Organization of Belgrade Environmental Atlas of Belgrade , Institute of Public Health of Belgrade . 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"Belgrade (/ˈbɛlɡreɪd/ BEL-grayd; Serbian: Beograd / Београд, meaning \"white city\", Serbian pronunciation: [beǒɡrad] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans.[6] The urban area of the City of Belgrade has a population of 1.23 million, while nearly 1.7 million people live within its administrative limits.[5]\n"
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-2451075907402346071 | US Airways Flight 1549 | US Airways Flight 1549 - Wikipedia US Airways Flight 1549 Jump to : navigation , search US Airways Flight 1549 Evacuation of US Airways Flight 1549 as it floats on the Hudson River Accident summary Date January 15 , 2009 Summary Controlled ditching after multiple large bird strikes Site Hudson River between New York City ( Manhattan ) and Weehawken , New Jersey ( near Port Imperial ) 40 ° 46 ′ 10 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 17 '' W / 40.7695 ° N 74.0046 ° W / 40.7695 ; - 74.0046 Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 10 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 17 '' W / 40.7695 ° N 74.0046 ° W / 40.7695 ; - 74.0046 Passengers 150 Crew 5 Fatalities 0 Injuries ( non-fatal ) 100 ( 95 minor , 5 serious ) Survivors 155 ( all ) Aircraft type Airbus A320 - 214 Operator US Airways Registration N106US Flight origin LaGuardia Airport , New York City Stopover Charlotte Douglas International Airport , Charlotte , North Carolina Destination Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport , Seattle , Washington US Airways Flight 1549 was an Airbus A320 - 214 which , in the climbout after takeoff from New York City 's LaGuardia Airport on January 15 , 2009 , struck a flock of Canada geese just northeast of the George Washington Bridge and consequently lost all engine power . Unable to reach any airport , pilots Chesley Sullenberger and Jeffrey Skiles glided the plane to a ditching in the Hudson River off Midtown Manhattan . All 155 people aboard were rescued by nearby boats and there were few serious injuries . The accident came to be known as the `` Miracle on the Hudson '' , and a National Transportation Safety Board official described it as `` the most successful ditching in aviation history . '' The Board rejected the notion that the pilot could have avoided ditching by returning to LaGuardia or diverting to nearby Teterboro Airport . The pilots and flight attendants were awarded the Master 's Medal of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators in recognition of their `` heroic and unique aviation achievement '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route , aircraft , crew and passengers 2 Accident 2.1 Takeoff and bird strike 2.2 Ditching and evacuation 2.3 Rescue 3 Aftermath 4 Investigation 5 Crew awards and honors 6 Media and popular culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links 10.1 US Airways press releases 10.2 Other links Route , aircraft , crew and passengers ( edit ) N106US at LaGuardia in 2001 On January 15 , 2009 , US Airways Flight 1549 with callsign ' CACTUS 1549 ' was scheduled to fly from New York City 's LaGuardia Airport ( LGA ) to Charlotte Douglas ( CLT ) , with direct onward service to Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport in Washington State . The aircraft was an Airbus A320 - 214 powered by two GE Aviation / Snecma - designed CFM56 - 5B4 / P turbofan engines . The pilot in command was 57 - year - old Chesley B. `` Sully '' Sullenberger , a former fighter pilot who had been an airline pilot since leaving the United States Air Force in 1980 . At the time , he had logged 19,663 total flight hours , including 4,765 in an A320 ; he was also a glider pilot and expert on aviation safety . First officer Jeffrey B. Skiles , 49 , had accrued 15,643 career flight hours , but this was his first Airbus A320 assignment since qualifying to fly it . There were 150 passengers and three flight attendants aboard . Accident ( edit ) Takeoff and bird strike ( edit ) LaGuardia Runway 4 departure . New York TRACON audio Air traffic control audio from about time of bird strike until ditching ( 3 : 10 long ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . The flight was cleared for takeoff to the northeast from LaGuardia 's Runway 4 at 3 : 24 : 56 pm Eastern Standard Time ( 20 : 24 : 56 UTC ) . With Skiles in control , the crew made its first report after becoming airborne at 3 : 25 : 51 as being at 700 feet ( 210 m ) and climbing . The weather at 2 : 51 p.m. was 10 miles visibility with broken clouds at 3,700 feet , wind 8 knots from 290 ° ; an hour later it was few clouds at 4,200 feet , wind 9 knots from 310 ° . At 3 : 26 : 37 Sullenberger remarked to Skiles : `` What a view of the Hudson today . '' Flight path flown ( red ) . Alternative trajectories to Teterboro ( blue ) and back toward La Guardia ( purple ) were simulated for the investigation . At 3 : 27 : 11 the plane struck a flock of Canada geese at an altitude of 2,818 feet ( 859 m ) about 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) north - northwest of LaGuardia . The pilots ' view was filled with the large birds ; passengers and crew heard very loud bangs and saw flames from the engines , followed by silence and an odor of fuel . Realizing that both engines had shut down , Sullenberger took control while Skiles worked the checklist for engine restart . The aircraft slowed but continued to climb for a further nineteen seconds , reaching about 3,060 feet ( 930 m ) at an airspeed of about 185 knots ( 343 km / h ; 213 mph ) , then began a glide descent , accelerating to 210 knots ( 390 km / h ; 240 mph ) at 3 : 28 : 10 as it descended through 1,650 feet ( 500 m ) . At 3 : 27 : 33 , Sullenberger radioed a Mayday call to New York Terminal Radar Approach Control ( TRACON ) : `` ... this is Cactus 1539 ( sic -- correct call sign was Cactus 1549 ) , hit birds . We 've lost thrust on both engines . We 're turning back towards LaGuardia '' . Air traffic controller Patrick Harten told LaGuardia 's tower to hold all departures , and directed Sullenberger back to Runway 13 . Sullenberger responded , `` Unable '' . Sullenberger asked if they could attempt to land in New Jersey , mentioning Teterboro Airport ; controllers obtained permission for a landing on Teterboro 's Runway 1 . Sullenberger responded : `` We ca n't do it ... We 're gon na be in the Hudson '' . The aircraft passed less than 900 feet ( 270 m ) above the George Washington Bridge . Sullenberger commanded over the cabin address system , `` Brace for impact '' , and the flight attendants relayed the command to passengers . Meanwhile , air traffic controllers asked the Coast Guard to caution vessels in the Hudson and ask them to prepare to assist with rescue . Ditching and evacuation ( edit ) Play media Coast Guard video of crash and rescue . About ninety seconds later , at 3 : 31 pm , the plane made an unpowered ditching , descending southwards at about 125 knots ( 140 mph ; 230 km / h ) into the middle of the North River section of the Hudson tidal estuary , at 40 ° 46 ′ 10 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 17 '' W / 40.7695 ° N 74.0046 ° W / 40.7695 ; - 74.0046 roughly opposite West 50th Street ( near the Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum ) in Manhattan and Port Imperial in Weehawken , New Jersey . Flight attendants compared the ditching to a `` hard landing '' with `` one impact , no bounce , then a gradual deceleration . '' The ebb tide then began to take the plane southward . Sullenberger opened the cockpit door and ordered evacuation . The crew began evacuating the passengers through the four overwing window exits and into an inflatable slide / raft deployed from the front right passenger door ( the front left slide failed to operate , so the manual inflation handle was pulled ) . A panicked passenger opened a rear door , which a flight attendant was unable to reseal . Water was also entering a hole in the fuselage and through cargo doors that had come open , so as the water rose the attendant urged passengers to move forward by climbing over seats . One passenger was in a wheelchair . Finally , Sullenberger walked the cabin twice to confirm it was empty . Play media Video beginning 20 minutes after ditching , with numerous ferries and rescue boats surrounding the aircraft . The air and water temperatures were about 19 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) and 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) respectively . Some evacuees waited for rescue knee - deep in water on the partially submerged slides , some wearing life - vests . Others stood on the wings or , fearing an explosion , swam away from the plane . One passenger , after helping with the evacuation , found the wing so crowded that he jumped into the river and swam to a boat . Rescue ( edit ) Sullenberger had ditched near boats to facilitate rescue . NY Waterway ferries Thomas Jefferson and then Governor Thomas H. Kean both arrived within minutes and began taking people aboard using a Jason 's cradle . Sullenberger advised the ferry crews to rescue those on the wings first , as they were in more jeopardy than those on the slides , which detached to become life rafts . As the plane drifted , passengers on one slide , fearing that the boat would crush them , shouted for it to steer away . The last person was taken from the plane at 3 : 55 pm . About 140 New York City firefighters responded to nearby docks , as did police , helicopters , and various vessels and divers . Other agencies provided medical help on the Weehawken side of the river , where most passengers were taken . The half - sunken plane surrounded by boats . Aftermath ( edit ) The aircraft tied up alongside Battery Park City . There were five serious injuries , including a deep laceration in flight attendant Doreen Welsh 's leg . Seventy - eight people were treated , mostly for minor injuries and hypothermia , twenty - four passengers and two rescuers treated at hospitals , with two passengers kept overnight . One passenger now wears glasses because of jet fuel damaging his eyes . No pets were being carried on the flight . Each passenger later received a letter of apology , $5,000 in compensation for lost baggage ( and $5,000 more if they could demonstrate larger losses ) and refund of the ticket price . In May 2009 they received any belongings that had been recovered . In addition , they reported offers of $10,000 each in return for agreeing not to sue US Airways . Many passengers and rescuers later experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms such as sleeplessness , flashbacks , and panic attacks ; some began an email support group . Patrick Harten , the controller who had worked the flight , said that `` the hardest , most traumatic part of the entire event was when it was over '' , and that he was `` gripped by raw moments of shock and grief '' . In an effort to prevent similar accidents , officials captured and gassed 1,235 Canada geese at 17 locations across New York City in mid-2009 and coated 1,739 goose eggs with oil to smother the developing goslings . Investigation ( edit ) The plane being recovered from the river during the night of January 17 . The partially submerged plane was moored to a pier near the World Financial Center in Lower Manhattan , roughly 4 miles ( 6 km ) downstream from the ditching location . The left engine , detached by the ditching , was recovered from the riverbed . On January 17 the aircraft was barged to New Jersey . Feather found in left engine . The initial National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) evaluation that the plane had lost thrust after a bird strike was confirmed by analysis of the cockpit voice and flight data recorders . It was soon reported that a few days earlier the plane had experienced a less severe compressor stall , and its passengers had been told an emergency landing might be required , but the affected engine was restarted . The NTSB later reported that a faulty temperature sensor had been the cause , and that the engine had not been damaged in that incident . On January 21 , the NTSB found evidence of soft - body damage in the right engine along with organic debris including a feather . The left engine also evidenced soft body impact , with : `` dents on both the spinner and inlet lip of the engine cowling . Five booster inlet guide vanes are fractured and eight outlet guide vanes are missing . '' Both engines , missing large portions of their housings , were sent to the manufacturer for examination . On January 31 , the plane was moved to Kearny , New Jersey . The bird remains were later identified by DNA testing to be Canada geese , which typically weigh more than engines are designed to withstand ingesting . Because the plane was assembled in France the European Aviation Safety Agency ( the European counterpart of the FAA ) and the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile ( the French counterpart of the NTSB ) joined the investigation , with technical assistance from Airbus Industrie and GE Aviation / Snecma , respectively the manufacturers of the airframe and the engines . The NTSB used flight simulators to test the possibility that the flight could have returned safely to LaGuardia or diverted to Teterboro ; only seven of the thirteen simulated returns to La Guardia succeeded , and only one of the two to Teterboro . Furthermore , the NTSB report called these simulations unrealistic : `` The immediate turn made by the pilots during the simulations did not reflect or account for real - world considerations . '' A further simulation , conducted with the pilot delayed by 35 seconds , crashed . In testimony before the NTSB , Sullenberger maintained that there had been no time to bring the plane to any airport , and that attempting to do so would likely have killed those onboard and more on the ground . The Board ultimately ruled that Sullenberger had made the correct decision , reasoning that the checklist for dual - engine failure is designed for higher altitudes , when pilots have more time to deal with the situation , and that while simulations showed that the plane might have just barely made it back to LaGuardia , those scenarios assumed an instant decision to do so , with no time allowed for assessing the situation . The NTSB concluded its investigation on May 4 , 2010 , identifying the probable cause as `` the ingestion of large birds into each engine , which resulted in an almost total loss of thrust in both engines . '' The final report credited the outcome to four factors : good decision - making and teamwork by the cockpit crew ( including decisions to immediately turn on the APU and to ditch in the Hudson ) ; the fact that the A320 is certified for extended overwater operation ( and hence carried life vests and additional raft / slides ) even though not required for that route ; the performance of the flight crew during the evacuation ; and the proximity of working vessels to the ditching site . Contributing factors were good visibility and a fast response from the ferry operators and emergency responders . The report also makes a range of recommendations to improve safety in such situations . N106US on display at Carolinas Aviation Museum . Author and pilot William Langewiesche asserted that insufficient credit was given to the A320 's fly - by - wire design , by which the pilot uses a side - stick to make control inputs to the flight control computers . The computers then impose adjustments and limits of their own to keep the plane stable , which the pilot can not override even in an emergency . This design allowed the pilots of Flight 1549 to concentrate on engine restart and deciding the course , without the burden of manually adjusting the glidepath to reduce the plane 's rate of descent . Sullenberger said that these computer - imposed limits also prevented him from achieving the optimum landing flare for the ditching , which would have softened the impact . In 2010 , the damaged plane ( excluding its engines ) was acquired for the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte , North Carolina , which held a reception on June 11 to commemorate the arrival in Charlotte of the plane 's body , with Sullenberger as keynote speaker and the passengers invited . Crew awards and honors ( edit ) The reactions of all members of the crew , the split second decision making and the handling of this emergency and evacuation was `` text book '' and an example to us all . To have safely executed this emergency ditching and evacuation , with the loss of no lives , is a heroic and unique aviation achievement . -- Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators citation An NTSB board member called the ditching `` the most successful ... in aviation history . These people knew what they were supposed to do and they did it and as a result , no lives were lost . '' The crew , especially Sullenberger , was praised , notably by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and New York State Governor David Paterson , who said : `` We had a Miracle on 34th Street . I believe now we have had a Miracle on the Hudson . '' U.S. President George W. Bush said he was `` inspired by the skill and heroism of the flight crew , '' and praised the emergency responders and volunteers . President - elect Barack Obama said that everyone was proud of Sullenberger 's `` heroic and graceful job in landing the damaged aircraft . '' He thanked the crew , whom he invited to his inauguration five days later . The Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators awarded the crew a Master 's Medal on January 22 , 2009 ; this is awarded only rarely , for outstanding aviation achievements at the discretion of the Master of the Guild . New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg presented the crew with the Keys to the City , and Sullenberger with a replacement copy of a library book lost on the flight , Sidney Dekker 's Just Culture : Balancing Safety and Accountability . Rescuers received Certificates of Honor . The crew received a standing ovation at the Super Bowl XLIII on February 1 , 2009 , and Sullenberger threw out the first pitch at the 2009 Major League Baseball season for the San Francisco Giants . His Giants ' jersey was inscribed with the name `` Sully '' and the number 155 -- the count of people aboard the plane . On July 28 , passengers Dave Sanderson and Barry Leonard organized a thank you luncheon for emergency responders from Hudson County , New Jersey , on the shores of Palisades Medical Center in North Bergen , New Jersey , where 57 passengers had been brought following their rescue . Present were members of the U.S. Coast Guard , North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue , NY Waterway Ferries , the American Red Cross , Weehawken Volunteer First Aid , the Weehawken Police Department , West New York E.M.S. , North Bergen E.M.S. , the Hudson County Office of Emergency Management , the New Jersey E.M.S. Task Force , the Guttenberg Police Department , McCabe Ambulance , the Harrison Police Department , and doctors and nurses who treated survivors . Sullenberger was named Grand Marshal for the 2010 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena , California . In August 2010 , Jeppesen issued an approach plate titled `` Hudson Miracle APCH , '' dedicated to the five crew of Flight 1549 and annotated `` Presented with Pride and Gratitude from your friends at Jeppesen . '' Sullenberger retired on March 3 , 2010 , after thirty years with US Airways and its predecessor , Pacific Southwest Airlines . At the end of his final flight he was reunited with Skiles and a number of the passengers from Flight 1549 . Media and popular Culture ( edit ) The accident was recorded by several closed - circuit television cameras . Various television reports and documentaries produced soon afterwards contained extensive video of the ditching and rescue , and recorded interviews with the aircrew , passengers , rescuers , and other key participants . These included : On February 8 , 2009 , the CBS program 60 Minutes broadcast three segments that included interviews with the aircrew as well as their reunion with passengers . The program aired again on July 5 , 2009 . `` Flight 1549 : A Routine Takeoff Turns Ugly '' `` Flight 1549 : Saving 155 Souls In Minutes '' `` Flight 1549 : An Emotional Reunion '' On February 19 , 2009 , Channel 4 in the United Kingdom aired a documentary entitled The Miracle of the Hudson Plane Crash included personal accounts from passengers , rescuers , and witnesses . On February 21 , 2009 , KGO - TV in San Francisco broadcast an interview in the `` Face to Face '' series . Dan Ashley talked to Captain and Mrs. Sullenberger about their experiences during and since the accident . On March 4 , 2009 , the Discovery Channel broadcast a one - hour documentary entitled Hudson Plane Crash -- What Really Happened , with computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) animations of the flight , and interviews with passengers , crew , witnesses , rescuers , and aviation safety experts . On January 10 , 2010 , TLC aired a documentary entitled Brace For Impact , aired again on April 14 in Australia as Brace For Impact : Inside The Hudson Plane Crash . In March 2011 , Ric Elias , a front - row passenger shared his experience during a TED Conference . Beginning in June 2011 , the University of North Carolina School of Filmmaking and Process Pictures , LLC worked with the Carolinas Aviation Museum to produce a documentary , which also looked at the impact of the incident on society . The crash was featured in the Discovery Channel ( Canada ) / National Geographic TV series Mayday on the episode Hudson Splash Down . It was also recreated in a National Geographic Channel TV special titled `` Miracle Landing on the Hudson , '' and in the United Kingdom for a Channel 5 special in 2011 . Garrison Keillor honored the entire flight crew by writing a song and performing it on his show , A Prairie Home Companion . The ditching is referenced in the song `` A Real Hero '' by College and Electric Youth , best known from the 2011 movie Drive . The lyrics of the second verse describe the water landing and the survival of the passengers and crew , as well alluding to the freezing river . Sullenberger 's memoir , Highest Duty : My Search for What Really Matters was adapted into a feature film Sully : Miracle on the Hudson , directed by Clint Eastwood , with Tom Hanks as Sullenberger and Aaron Eckhart as co-pilot Jeff Skiles . It was released by Warner Bros. on September 9 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) New York City portal New Jersey portal Aviation portal 2000s portal List of airline flights that required gliding Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A320 family Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 , brought down by mechanical failure caused by bird strikes , killing 168 people Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 , emergency landing on Bengawan Solo river after a dual engine flameout in 2002 Pan Am Flight 6 , successful no - lives - lost ditching of a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser in the Pacific Ocean , 1956 Ryanair Flight 4102 , which was brought down by bird strikes Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751 , emergency landing in woodland north of Stockholm after dual engine overheating & failure and a brief low - altitude glide ; no fatalities TACA Flight 110 , landed on to a levee east of New Orleans International Airport after dual engine flameout ; no casualties The 1963 Aeroflot Tupolev Tu - 124 Neva river ditching , a planned landing in a river which resulted in no casualties Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A serious injury is defined as any injury that ( 1 ) requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours , starting within seven days from the date that the injury was received ; ( 2 ) results in a fracture of any bone , except simple fractures of fingers , toes , or the nose ; ( 3 ) causes severe hemorrhages or nerve , muscle , or tendon damage ; ( 4 ) involves any internal organ ; or ( 5 ) involves second - or third - degree burns or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface . A minor injury is defined as any injury that does not qualify as a fatal or serious injury . Jump up ^ AWE1549 , also designated under a Star Alliance codeshare agreement as United Airlines Flight 1919 UA1919 . Jump up ^ Delivered in 1999 , the plane , registered N106US , was one of 74 A320s then in service at US Airways . At the time of the accident its airframe had logged 16,299 flights totaling 25,241 flight hours ; and the engines 19,182 and 26,466 hours . The last `` A Check '' ( performed every 550 flight hours ) was passed on December 6 , 2008 , and the last C Check ( annual comprehensive inspection ) on April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The engines are the primary source of electrical and hydraulic power for the aircraft flight control systems , but an auxiliary power unit ( APU ) can provide backup electrical power , and a ram air turbine ( RAT ) can be deployed into the airstream to provide backup hydraulic pressure and electrical power at certain speeds . Both the APU and RAT were operating as the plane descended onto the river . Jump up ^ The Airbus A320 has a control that closes valves and other openings in the fuselage , in order to slow flooding after a water landing , but the pilots did not activate it . Sullenberger later said this would have made little difference since the water impact tore substantial holes in the fuselage . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 3 '' . US Airways ( Press release ) . January 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Aircraft Accident Report : Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After Encountering a Flock of Birds and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River : US Airways Flight 1549 ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board ( Report ) . May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 830.2 '' . Code of Federal Regulations . October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Live Flight Track Log ( AWE1549 ) 15 - Jan - 2009 KLGA - KLGA '' . FlightAware . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 Initial Report '' ( Press release ) . US Airways . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 2 '' ( Press release ) . US Airways . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Olshan , Jeremy ; Livingston , Ikumulisa ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Quiet Air Hero Is Captain America '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Celia . `` US Airways Flight 1549 Crew receive prestigious Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators Award '' ( PDF ) . Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factbox - Downed US Airways plane had 16,000 take - offs '' . Thomson Reuters . January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N - Number Inquiry Results '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways -- Details and Fleet History '' . Planespotters.net . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 7 '' . US Airways . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 -- via Business Wire . Jump up ^ Goldman , Russell ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` US Airways Hero Pilot Searched Plane Twice Before Leaving '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mangan , Dan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Hero Pilots Disabled Plane to Safety '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Westfeldt , Amy ; Long , Colleen ; James , Susan ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Hudson River Hero Is Ex-Air Force Fighter Pilot '' . TIME . Associated Press . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Family of copilot from Hudson River plane crash speaks '' . WCBD - TV . Charleston , South Carolina . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forster , Stacy ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Co-pilot braved frigid waters to retrieve vests for passengers '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shiner , Linda ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Sully 's Tale '' . Air & Space . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways flight 1549 Airline releases crew information '' . US Airways . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Airways # 1549 '' . FlightAware . January 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft Accident Report '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . sec . meteorological information . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NTSB Report US Airways Flight 1549 Water Landing Hudson River January 15 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Flight 1549 lifted out of river ; flight recorders head to D.C '' . NJ.com . Associated Press . January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight 1549 Crew : Birds Filled Windshield '' . AVweb . January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wald , Matthew L. ; Baker , Al ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` 1549 to Tower : `` We 're Gonna End Up in the Hudson '' `` . The New York Times . p . A29 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trotta , Daniel ; Crawley , John ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` New York hails pilot who landed jetliner on river '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Turbofan Engine Malfunction Recognition and Response Final Report '' ( DOC ) . Federal Aviation Administration . July 17 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pasztor , Andy ; Carey , Susan ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Backup System Helped Pilot Control Jet '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wald , Matthew L. ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Was Flight 1549 's Pilot Fearful ? If So , His Voice Did n't Let On '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sniffen , Michael J. ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Pilot rejected 2 airport landings '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowy , Joan ; Sniffen , Michael J. ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Controller Thought Plane That Ditched Was Doomed '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Neumeister , Larry ; Caruso , David B. ; Goldman , Adam ; Long , Colleen ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` NTSB : Pilot landed in Hudson to avoid catastrophe '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . It all happened so fast , the crew never threw the aircraft 's `` ditch switch , '' which seals off vents and holes in the fuselage to make it more seaworthy . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum : Full Transcript : Aircraft Accident , AWE1549 , New York City , NY , January 15 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . June 19 , 2009 . p. 4 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Mike ; Meserve , Jeanne ; Ahlers , Mike ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Airplane crash - lands into Hudson River ; all aboard reported safe '' . CNN . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fausset , Richard ; Muskal , Michael ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` US Airways investigation focuses on missing engines '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Updates From Plane Rescue in Hudson River '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Pilot Is Hailed After Jetliner 's Icy Plunge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Presenters : Katie Couric , Steve Kroft ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Hero pilot , Plane , Coldplay '' . 60 Minutes . Season 40 . Los Angeles . CBS . KCBS - TV . Jump up ^ McCartney , Scott ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Sully , Do n't Hang Up '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ostrower , Jon ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Airbus Ditching Button '' . Flight International . Reed Business Information . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Petri , Tom ( February 11 , 2009 ) . Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure ( PDF ) ( Report ) . U.S. House of Representatives . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Rockoff , Jonathan D. ; Holmes , Elisabeth ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Pilot Lands Jet on Hudson , Saving All Aboard '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Martin ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` The world needed a hero . The pilot of the Hudson River air crash answered the call '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh : Johnston Press . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Michael ; Buettner , Russ ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` After Splash , Nerves , Heroics and Comedy '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Curkin , Scott ; Monek , Bob ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Miracle on the Hudson River '' . WABC - TV . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Art . `` Hero on the Hudson : Five years later ' miracle ' survivor describes his experience for local audience '' . The Hudson Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Science Aids Hudson Rescue Workers '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . February 2009 . Jump up ^ Kindergan , Ashley ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Young captain reacts like ' seasoned pro ' '' . NorthJersey.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pyle , Richard ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` Commuter ferries to rescue in NYC crash landing '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miracle of the Hudson Plane Crash '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Langewiesche , William ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` The miracle plane crash - landing on the Hudson River '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Schuster , Karla ; Bleyer , Bill ; Chang , Sophia ; DeStefano , Anthony M. ; Lam , Chau ; Mason , Bill ; McGowan , Carl ; Parascandola , Rocco ; Strickler , Andrew ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Commuter ferries , passengers aid in crash victim rescues '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 -- via Uniformed Firefighters Association . Jump up ^ Heightman , A.J. ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Airplane Crash Showcases Emergency Readiness '' . Journal of Emergency Medical Services . Elsevier . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Michael ; Baker , Al ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` A Quick Rescue Kept Death Toll at Zero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` A Small Town 's Recurring Role as a Rescue Beacon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Testament to Experienced Airline Flight Personnel Doing Their Jobs '' . Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute ( FAMRI ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot hailed for ' Hudson miracle ' '' . BBC News . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert ; Block , Melissa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Passengers Treated For Hypothermia '' . National Public Radio . All Things Considered . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DCA09MA026 '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Feuer , Alan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Odd Sight , Well Worth a Walk in the Cold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fahim , Kareem ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` $5,000 to Each Passenger on Crashed Jet for Lost Bags '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A.I.G. Balks at Claims From Jet Ditching in Hudson '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Passengers , Here Are Your Bags '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Bill ; Egan , Nicole Weisenssee ; Herbst , Diane ; McGee , Tiffany ; Bass , Shermakaye ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : The Right Stuff '' . People . pp. 60 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Air Traffic Controller Tells Gripping Tale of Hudson Landing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Akam , Simon ( October 4 , 2009 ) . `` For Culprits in Miracle on Hudson , the Flip Side of Glory '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Crews hoist plane 's engine from Hudson River '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Engine still attached to plane in Hudson , agency says '' . CNN . January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crane pulls airliner from Hudson '' . BBC News . January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson jet 's wreckage moved to N.J '' . MSNBC . January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Plane Crash - Lands in New York City 's Hudson River , Everyone Survives '' . Fox News . Associated Press . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Sending Go team to New York City for Hudson River Airliner Accident '' . National Transportation Safety Board . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Accident Report '' . National Transportation Safety Board . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Karen ; Epstein , Victor ; Weber , Harry ; Dearen , Jason ; Kesten , Lou ; Lowy , Joan ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Plane 's recorders lend support hero pilot 's story '' . The Herald - Dispatch . Huntington , West Virginia . Associated Press . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boudreau , Abbie ; Zamost , Scott ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Report on Earlier Flight 1549 Scare '' . CNN . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NY crash jet had earlier problem '' . BBC News . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Third Update on Investigation into Ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River '' . National Transportation Safety Board ( Press release ) . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Barry ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Second engine of US Airways Flight 1549 that landed in Hudson River has been found '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Issues update on investigation into ditching of US Airways jetliner into Hudson River '' . National Transportation Safety Board ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seeing a Lost Engine to the Surface '' . The New York Times . January 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Second Update on investigation of ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River '' . National Transportation Safety Board . January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Confirms Birds In Engines Of Flight 1549 '' . NJ.com . Associated Press . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ICAO Annex 13 Appendix '' . Investigation Process Research Resources . Jump up ^ `` Accident , Weehawken - Hudson River , on 15 January 2009 , AIRBUS A320 , N106US '' . Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyse ( in French ) . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of EADS ( Airbus ) Re : US Airways Flight US 1549 Accident in New York ( La Guardia ) '' . EADS ( Airbus ) . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Loss of Thrust in Both Engines After Encountering a Flock of Birds and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River US Airways Flight 1549 Airbus A320 ‐ 214 , N106US Weehawken , New Jersey January 15 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . May 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crew Actions and Safety Equipment Credited with Saving Lives in US Airways 1549 Hudson River Ditching , NTSB Says '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Johnny ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` After the Miracle '' . People . pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Paur , Jason ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Sullenberger Made the Right Move , Landing in the Hudson '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Yang , Carter ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` NTSB : Sully Could Have Made it Back to LaGuardia '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Sullenberger , Chesley ( June 19 , 2012 ) . Making a Difference ( video ) . Talks at Google . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spodak , Cassie ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Miracle on Hudson ' plane up for auction '' . CNN . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USAir Flt. 1549 Coming to Charlotte '' ( PDF ) . Contact : the Newsletter of the Carolinas Historic Aviation Commission . February 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Mark ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Applauding the airliner on which lives changed '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gast , Phil ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Miracle On The Hudson ' Plane Bound For NC '' . CNN . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flight 1549 wings arrive in Charlotte '' . News 14 Carolina . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Mark ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Aviation Museum lands flight 1549 engines '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorsey , Joe ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Miracle on the Hudson -- The Incredible Story of Captain `` Sully '' and US Airways Flight 1549 `` . Travel Thru History . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ; Bone , James ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Hero crash pilot Chesley Sullenberger offered key to city of New York '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Ray ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` In a Split Second , a Pilot Becomes a Hero Years in the Making '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on Plane Crash in New York City '' . Office of the Press Secretary , The White House ( Press release ) . January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chesley B. Sully Sullenberger Praised By Obama '' . Huffington Post . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Invites Flight 1549 Pilot and Crew to Inauguration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Bloomberg Presents Captain and Crew of US Airways Flight 1549 With Keys to the City '' . City of New York . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Bloomberg and US Airways Chief Executive Officer Doug Parker Honor Civilian and Uniformed Rescuers from Flight 1549 '' . City of New York . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hero pilot : Splash landing in Hudson ' surreal ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reid , John ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Mountain View school reunion at Giants ' opener '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miracle on the Hudson ' survivors to return to waterfront '' . The Union City Reporter . July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tirella , Tricia ( August 2 , 2009 ) . `` A pat on the back '' . The Union City Reporter . Jump up ^ Hradecky , Simon . `` The Hudson Miracle Approach '' . Aviation Herald . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miracle on the Hudson ' pilot Chesley Sullenberger retires '' . Syracuse.com . Associated Press . March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon , Tanya ; Radutzky , Michael ; Beecher , Lori ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : A Routine Takeoff Turns Ugly '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . Jump up ^ Radutzky , Michael ; Dubin , Jenny ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : Saving 155 Souls In Minutes '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . Jump up ^ Simon , Tanya ; Beecher , Lori ; Metz , Andrew ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 : An Emotional Reunion '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Face to Face : Dan Ashley and the Sullenbergers '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson Plane Crash -- What Really Happened '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Returning : The Force , Lewis . Airdate : Miracle at the Zoo , Hudson Plane Crash '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ Elias , Ric ( March 2011 ) . `` Ric Elias : Three things I learned while my plane crashed '' . TED . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Marla ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` UNCSA film students are documenting move of ' Miracle on the Hudson ' plane to Charlotte museum '' . University of North Carolina School of the Arts . Jump up ^ `` Process Pictures involved with documentary chronicling the impact of Flight 1549 on America '' . Process Pictures . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River Runway '' . Mayday . Season 11 . 2010 . Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel . Jump up ^ Miracle Landing on the Hudson . 2014 . National Geographic Channel . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River Landing '' . Air Crash. 2011 . Channel 5 ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` Post to the Host : US Airways Flight 1549 '' . A Prairie Home Companion . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Drive ' Song Inspired by Captain Sully Sullenberger and ' Mad Max ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Clint Eastwood 's Next Movie Revealed : Capt . `` Sully '' Sullenberger Tale `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart Joins Tom Hanks in Sully Sullenberger Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Clint Eastwood 's ' Sully ' Gets Early Fall Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to US Airways Flight 1549 . US Airways Press releases ( edit ) `` US Airways Flight 1549 Initial Report '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 15 , 2009 `` Press Release : `` Press Release : US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 2 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 15 , 2009 `` Press Release : US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 3 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 15 , 2009 `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 7 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 `` US Airways Flight 1549 Update # 8 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 `` US Airways Update Regarding Crew of Flight 1549 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 Parker , Doug ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` US Airways CEO Doug Parker makes statement regarding flight 1549 '' . US Airways . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 `` US Airways CEO Doug Parker Invited to Speak at Honor Ceremony Regarding Flight 1549 '' . phx.corporate-ir.net . Tempe , Arizona . January 16 , 2009 `` US Airways update regarding crew of flight 1549 '' . Tempe Arizona , January 19 , 2009 . Other links ( edit ) `` Information on the accident that occurred in New York on January 15 , 2009 '' . Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile . January 16 , 2009 . Krūms , Jānis ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` There 's a plane in the Hudson . I 'm on the ferry going to pick up the people . Crazy '' . TwitPic . `` US Airways 1549 ( AWE1549 ) , January 15 , 2009 '' . Federal Aviation Administration . March 2 , 2009 . exosphere3d ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Flight 1549 Alternate Audio , Multi-Perspective Composite Animation '' . YouTube . `` Cactus Flight 1549 Accident Reconstruction ( US Airways Animation ) '' . Exosphere3D . `` Analysis of Training for Emergency Water Landings Questions Assumptions , Inconsistencies '' ( PDF ) . Cabin Crew Safety . The Flight Safety Foundation . 33 ( 6 ) . November -- December 1998 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . `` Stress , Behavior , Training and Safety ( in Emergency Evacuation ) '' ( PDF ) . Cabin Crew Safety . The Flight Safety Foundation . 25 ( 3 ) . May -- June 1990 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Corrigan , Douglas ( April 2011 ) . `` The Demise of the Airline Pilot '' . Culture Wars . Process Pictures , LLC ( 2012 ) . `` ' The Miracle on the Hudson ' Teaser '' . Vimeo . `` Hudson Miracle Approach Chart '' . Jeppesen . `` Photos of the Airbus '' . Airliners.net . Gould , Joe ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Stayed high & dry on my trip to N.C '' . Daily News . 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4028082710662262690 | The House of the Rising Sun | The House of the Rising Sun - wikipedia The House of the Rising Sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The House of the Rising Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is a traditional folk song , sometimes called `` Rising Sun Blues '' . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the `` first folk rock hit '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and early versions 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early folk and blues releases 1.3 Van Ronk arrangement 2 The Animals ' version 2.1 Recording and releases 2.2 Reception 2.3 Charts 3 Frijid Pink version 3.1 Sales and certifications 4 Billboard Country Chart 4.1 Jody Miller version 4.2 Dolly Parton version 5 Five Finger Death Punch version 6 Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) 6.1 Charts 7 Possible real locations 8 References 9 External links Origin and early versions ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Like many classic folk ballads , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is of uncertain authorship . Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads , and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th - century ballad The Unfortunate Rake . According to Alan Lomax , `` Rising Sun '' was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs , and it was also a name for English pubs . He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th - century folk song , `` Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave '' , also known as `` Matty Groves '' , but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs . Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers . However , Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin , the `` rising sun '' referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV , which was brought to North America by French immigrants . `` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure Magazine . The lyrics of that version begin : There is a house in New Orleans , it 's called the Rising Sun It 's been the ruin of many a poor girl Great God , and I for one The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6 , 1933 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on November 3 , 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) . The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax , who , along with his father , was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress . On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky , Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro , Kentucky , in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle . In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner , the 16 - year - old daughter of a local miner . He called it The Rising Sun Blues . Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson , both eastern Kentucky singers . In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country , Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner , with reference to Martin 's version . Early folk and Blues releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1941 , Woody Guthrie recorded a version . A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White ( who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists ) was released by Mercury Records in 1950 . White learned the song from a `` white hillbilly singer '' , who might have been Ashley , in North Carolina in 1923 -- 1924 . Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song , in February 1944 and in October 1948 , called `` In New Orleans '' and `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , respectively ; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly 's Last Sessions ( 1994 , Smithsonian Folkways ) . In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records . The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s . Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958 , which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009 . Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs . In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album . Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self - titled debut album ; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career . Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 . Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin , recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967 . The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin ' the Blues , released on Vault records ( 1970 ) . Van Ronk arrangement ( edit ) In late 1961 , Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album , released in March 1962 . That release had no songwriting credit , but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk . In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home , Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version . Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk . I had learned it sometime in the 1950s , from a recording by Hally Wood , the Texas singer and collector , who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner . I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps -- a common enough progression in jazz , but unusual among folksingers . By the early 1960s , the song had become one of my signature pieces , and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it . The Animals ' version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for US release Single by The Animals from the album The Animals B - side `` Talkin ' ' bout You '' Released June 19 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 19 ) ( UK ) August 1964 ( USA ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded May 18 , 1964 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 59 , 4 : 29 Label Columbia Graphophone Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle , England , where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle . The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing . The Animals ' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard , rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions . The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of `` House of the Rising Sun '' during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry , using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers . It got a tremendous reaction from the audience , convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential , and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London to capture it . Recording and releases ( edit ) The song was recorded in just one take on May 18 , 1964 , and it starts with a now - famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine . According to Valentine , he simply took Dylan 's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio . The performance takes off with Burdon 's lead vocal , which has been variously described as `` howling , '' `` soulful , '' and as `` ... deep and gravelly as the north - east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him . '' Finally , Alan Price 's pulsating organ part ( played on a Vox Continental ) completes the sound . Burdon later said , `` We were looking for a song that would grab people 's attention . '' As recorded , `` House of the Rising Sun '' ran four and a half minutes , regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time . Producer Most , who initially did not really want to record the song at all , said that on this occasion : `` Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I ca n't take much credit for the production '' . He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length , saying `` We 're in a microgroove world now , we will release it . '' In the United States however , the original single ( MGM 13264 ) was a 2 : 58 version . The MGM Golden Circle reissue ( KGC 179 ) featured the unedited 4 : 29 version , although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2 : 58 . The edited version was included on the group 's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals , while the full version was later included on their best - selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album , The Best of the Animals . However , the very first American release of the full - length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go - Go ( MGM SE - 4306 ) , the cover of which , under the listing of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , described it as the `` Original uncut version . '' Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965 . `` House of the Rising Sun '' was not included on any of the group 's British albums , but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades , charting both times , reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982 , using the famous Wittlesbach organ . The Animals version was played in 6 / 8 meter , unlike the 4 / 4 of most earlier versions . Arranging credit went only to Alan Price . According to Burdon , this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label , and Alan Price 's first name was first alphabetically . However , this meant that only Price received songwriter 's royalties for the hit , a fact that has caused bitterness ever since , especially with Valentine . Reception ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' was a trans - Atlantic hit : after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964 , it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later , on September 5 , 1964 , where it stayed for three weeks , and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with the Beatles . It was the group 's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song . The song was also a hit in a number of other countries , including Ireland , where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later . Bob Dylan said he first heard The Animals ' version on his car radio and `` jumped out of his car seat '' because he liked it so much ; but he stopped playing the song after the Animals ' recording became a hit because fans accused him of plagiarism . Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals ' version -- like Dylan 's version before it -- was based on his arrangement of the song . Dave Marsh described the Animals ' take on `` The House of the Rising Sun '' as `` ... the first folk - rock hit , '' sounding `` ... as if they 'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire . '' Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that `` It was arguably the first folk rock tune , '' calling it `` a revolutionary single '' , after which `` the face of modern music was changed forever . '' The Animals ' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music . Writer Lester Bangs labeled it `` a brilliant rearrangement '' and `` a new standard rendition of an old standard composition . '' It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of `` Songs of the Century '' . In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats . A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain 's fourth - favourite number one song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Preceded by `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by The Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1964 -- September 19 , 1964 Succeeded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison Preceded by `` It 's Over '' by Roy Orbison UK Singles Chart number - one single July 9 , 1964 -- July 15 , 1964 Succeeded by `` It 's All Over Now '' by The Rolling Stones Frijid Pink version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for Danish , French and German releases ( French pressing pictured ) Single by Frijid Pink from the album Frijid Pink B - side `` Drivin ' Blues '' Released March 1970 ( 1970 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Psychedelic rock Length 4 : 44 ( album ) 3 : 23 ( single ) Label Parrot Records Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Michael Valvano Frijid Pink singles chronology `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) In 1969 , the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , which became an international hit in 1970 . Their version is in 4 / 4 time ( like Van Ronk 's and most earlier versions , rather than the 6 / 8 used by the Animals ) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson 's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah - wah effects , set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers . According to Stevers , the Frijid Pink recording of `` House of the Rising Sun '' was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios . Stevers later played snippets from that session 's tracks for Paul Cannon , the music director of Detroit 's premier rock radio station , WKNR ; the two knew each other , as Cannon was the father of Stevers 's girlfriend . Stevers recalled , `` we went through the whole thing and ( and Cannon ) did n't say much . Then ' House ( of the Rising Sun ) ' started up and I immediately turned it off because it was n't anything I really wanted him to hear . '' However , Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him , then advising Stevers , `` Tell Parrot ( Frijid Pink 's label ) to drop God Gave Me You ( the group 's current single ) and go with this one . '' Frijid Pink 's `` House of the Rising Sun '' debuted at # 29 on the WKNR hit parade dated January 6 , 1970 and broke nationally after some seven weeks -- during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times -- with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated February 27 , 1970 ( number 97 Canada 1970 / 01 / 31 ) with a subsequent three - week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on April 4 , 1970 . The certification of the Frijid Pink single `` House of the Rising Sun '' as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated May 30 , 1970 . The Frijid Pink single of `` House of the Rising Sun '' would give the song its most widespread international success , with Top Ten status reached in Austria ( number 3 ) , Belgium ( Flemish region , number 6 ) , Canada ( number 3 ) , Denmark ( number 3 ) , Germany ( two weeks at number 1 ) , Greece , Ireland ( number 7 ) , Israel ( number 4 ) , the Netherlands ( number 3 ) , Norway ( seven weeks at number 1 ) , Poland ( number 2 ) , Sweden ( number 6 ) , Switzerland ( number 2 ) , and the UK ( number 4 ) . The single also charted in Australia ( number 14 ) , France ( number 36 ) , and Italy ( number 54 ) . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Billboard country chart ( edit ) The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard 's country chart . Jody Miller version ( edit ) In 1973 , Jody Miller 's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart . Dolly Parton version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for German release Single by Dolly Parton from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs B - side `` Workin ' Girl '' Released September 1981 ( 1981 - 09 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded November 1980 Genre Country pop Length 4 : 02 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Mike Post Dolly Parton singles chronology `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) In September 1981 , Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs . Like Miller 's earlier country hit , Parton 's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman . The Parton version makes it quite blunt , with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton . Parton 's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts , where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Parton has occasionally performed the song live , including on her 1987 -- 88 television show , in an episode taped in New Orleans . Five Finger Death Punch version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Single by Five Finger Death Punch from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 Released February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Recorded November 2013 Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 07 Label Prospect Park Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of `` House of the Rising Sun '' on their fifth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 , which was later released as the album 's second single and the band 's third single of the Wrong Side era . The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City , a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas . The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States . It also in the video game Guitar Hero Live . Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) ( edit ) `` Le Pénitencier '' Single by Johnny Hallyday from the album ' Le Pénitencier ' Released October 1964 ( 1964 - 10 ) ( France ) Format 7 - inch single , 25 - cm LP Recorded September 1964 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Hugues Aufray / Vline Buggy , Alan Price Producer ( s ) Lee Hallyday Johnny Hallyday singles chronology `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) Music video `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live on French TV , 1966 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live at the Théâtre de Paris , 2013 ) on YouTube The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday . His version ( titled `` Le Pénitencier '' ) was released in October 1964 and spent one week at no . 1 on the singles sales chart in France ( from October 17 to 23 ) . In Wallonia ( French Belgium ) his single spent 28 weeks on the chart , also peaking at number 1 . He performed the song during his 2014 USA tour . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) France ( singles sales ) Possible real locations ( edit ) Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song , with varying plausibility . The phrase `` House of the Rising Sun '' is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel , but it is not known whether or not the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place . One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father , an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife . Therefore , the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse , from which one would be the first person to see the sun rise ( an idea supported by the lyric mentioning `` a ball and chain , '' though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print ) . Because women often sang the song , another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while treated for syphilis . Since cures with mercury were ineffective , going back was very unlikely . 1867 ad noting the `` Rising Sun Coffee House '' building for rent or lease Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence -- from old city directories and newspapers . The first was a small , short - lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s . It burned down in 1822 . An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim , including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution . Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site . The second possibility was a `` Rising Sun Hall '' listed in late 19th - century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street , at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood , which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club , commonly rented out for dances and functions . It also is no longer extant . Definite links to gambling or prostitution ( if any ) are undocumented for either of these buildings . A third was `` The Rising Sun '' , which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s , located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street . In various advertisements it is described as a `` Restaurant , '' a `` Lager Beer Salon , '' and a `` Coffee House . '' At the time , New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages . Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century . Among them `` was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun ... It was the Orleans Parish women 's prison . '' Bizarre New Orleans , a guidebook on New Orleans , asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam , Marianne LeSoleil Levant , whose surname means `` the rising sun '' in French . Another guidebook , Offbeat New Orleans , asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826 -- 830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874 , also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant . The building still stands , and Eric Burdon , after visiting at the behest of the owner , said , `` The house was talking to me . '' There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun , decorated in brothel style . The owners are fans of the song , but there is no connection with the original place . Not everyone believes that the house actually existed . Pamela D. Arceneaux , a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans , is quoted as saying : I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question , `` Where is the House of the Rising Sun ? '' without finding a satisfactory answer . Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel , there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the `` house '' is a brothel . Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison ; however , to paraphrase Freud : sometimes lyrics are just lyrics . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : York , Barry ( July 9 , 2004 ) . `` House of worship '' . The Age . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Marsh , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , NAL , 1989 . Entry # 91 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Ralph . `` Stories Behind the Song : ' House of the Rising Sun ' '' . BBC . BBC . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 21 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780810882966 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Matteson , Jr. , Richard L. , Richard Matteson . Bluegrass Picker 's Tune Book . Mel Bay Music . p. 111 . ISBN 9781609745523 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` House of the Rising Sun - the History and the Song '' . BBC h2g2 . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Todd ( 2001 ) . The Formative Dylan : Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961 - 1963 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0810841154 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Scarecrow Press ( 2013 ) ISBN 0810882965 , 9780810882966 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ The same opening lyrics are in the first recorded version in 1933 : Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle , `` House of the Rising Sun , The , '' The Traditional Ballad Index , 4.0 , Fresno State University , ( 2016 ) ( accessed October 19 , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads '' ( PDF ) . Volume 2 ( pages 11 -- 12 ) . Smithsonian Folkways. 2009 . pp. 27 -- 28 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` This is Tim Hardin '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : BBC Radio 4 program January 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Eric Burdon , I Used to Be an Animal , but I 'm All Right Now , Faber and Faber , 1986 , pp. 60 - 62 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Marshall , `` The rise of supergroup '' , Newcastle Evening Chronicle , August 17 , 2005 . Accessed May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gina Vivinetto , `` More animal magnetism '' , St. Petersburg Times , January 15 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' House of the Rising Sun `` '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Rolling Stone , posted December 9 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Kutner , Spencer Leigh , 1000 UK Number One Hits , Omnibus Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , S. ( 2013 ) , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 , Scarecrow Press , ISBN 978 - 0810882959 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 149 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1994 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muze article , `` Best Of The Animals ( Abkco ) '' , Tower Records . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk : The Mayor of MacDougal Street . Then , sometime in 1968 , Eric Burdon and the Animals made a number - one chart hit out of the damn thing . Same arrangement . I would have loved to sue for royalties , but I found that it is impossible to defend the copyright on an arrangement . Jump up ^ Lester Bangs , The British Invasion , in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , 1980 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4715 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1964 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Animals Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Frijid Pink entry , Allmusic . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David A. Carson . Grit , Noise , and Revolution : The Birth of Detroit Rock ' n ' Roll The University of Michigan Press ( 2009 reprint ) p. 239 Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Frijid Pink -- House of the Rising Sun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Le pénitencier - Johnny Hallyday - Hit-Parade.net '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` spanishcharts.com - Johnny Hallyday - Le pénitencier '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Le Pénitencier -- Wikipédia Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Johnny Hallyday -- Le pénitencier '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Unknown title '' . New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ New Digs For Old Things , June 26 , 2007 , New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) , retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEJ 's Blog '' . Jump up ^ Van Ronk , Dave and Wald , Elijah , `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' 2005 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82216 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` In Search of the House of the Rising Sun '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ B&B site , more theories External links ( edit ) Songfacts `` House Of The Rising Sun '' entry The sheet music The REAL Meaning Behind The Song `` House Of The Rising Sun Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Dylan ( album ) Side one `` You 're No Good '' `` Talkin ' New York '' `` In My Time of Dyin ' '' `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' `` Fixin ' to Die '' `` Pretty Peggy - O '' `` Highway 51 '' Side two `` Gospel Plow '' `` Baby , Let Me Follow You Down '' `` House of the Risin ' Sun '' `` Freight Train Blues '' `` Song to Woody '' `` See That My Grave Is Kept Clean '' The Animals The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography Book Category Sandi Thom Albums Smile ... It Confuses People The Pink & the Lily Merchants and Thieves Singles `` I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker ( With Flowers in My Hair ) '' `` What If I 'm Right '' `` Lonely Girl '' `` The Devil 's Beat '' `` Saturday Night '' `` This Ol ' World '' `` Gold Dust '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Maggie McCall '' Related articles Discography RCA Records Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category Five Finger Death Punch Ivan Moody Zoltan Bathory Jason Hook Chris Kael Jeremy Spencer Caleb Bingham Darrell Roberts Matt Snell Studio albums The Way of the Fist ( 2007 ) War Is the Answer ( 2009 ) American Capitalist ( 2011 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 ( 2013 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 ( 2013 ) Got Your Six ( 2015 ) Compilation albums A Decade of Destruction ( 2017 ) Singles `` The Bleeding '' `` Never Enough '' `` Stranger than Fiction '' `` Hard to See '' `` Walk Away '' `` Dying Breed '' `` No One Gets Left Behind '' `` Bad Company '' `` Far from Home '' `` Under and Over It '' `` Back for More '' `` Remember Everything '' `` Coming Down '' `` The Pride '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Battle Born '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' `` Jekyll and Hyde '' `` Wash It All Away '' `` My Nemesis '' Related articles Discography Invidia Miriam Makeba Studio albums Miriam Makeba ( 1960 ) The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba ( 1962 ) The World of Miriam Makeba ( 1963 ) The Voice of Africa ( 1964 ) Makeba Sings ! ( 1965 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magic of Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magnificent Miriam Makeba ( 1966 ) All About Miriam ( 1966 ) Pata Pata ( 1967 ) Makeba ! ( 1968 ) Keep Me in Mind ( 1970 ) A Promise ( 1974 ) Miriam Makeba & Bongi ( 1975 ) Country Girl ( 1978 ) Comme une symphonie d'amour ( 1979 ) Sangoma ( 1988 ) Welela ( 1989 ) Eyes on Tomorrow ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Song ( 1994 ) Homeland ( 2000 ) Reflections ( 2004 ) Compilations Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba ( 1975 ) The Queen of African Music ( 1987 ) Africa ( 1991 ) Singles `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1960 ) `` The Click Song '' / `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1963 ) `` Malaika '' / `` Malcolm X '' ( 1965 ) `` Pata Pata '' ( 1967 ) `` Mas que Nada '' ( 1967 ) `` I Shall Be Released '' / `` Iphi Ndilela ( Show Me the Way ) '' ( 1969 ) `` Soweto Blues '' ( 1988 ) `` Brand New Day '' `` Chauffeur Blues '' `` Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika '' People Bongi Makeba ( daughter ) Hugh Masekela ( 3rd husband ) Stokely Carmichael ( 4th husband ) Johnny Hallyday Studio albums Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime Solitudes à deux Hollywood À partir de maintenant En pièces détachées Pas facile Quelque part un aigle La Peur Hallyday 84 : Nashville en direct Rock'n'Roll Attitude Gang Cadillac Ça ne change pas un homme Rough Town Lorada Ce que je sais Sang pour sang À la vie , à la mort ! Ma vérité Le Cœur d'un homme L'Attente Singles `` T'aimer follement '' `` Souvenirs , souvenirs '' `` Itsy bitsy petit bikini '' `` Kili watch '' `` Viens danser le twist '' `` Retiens la nuit '' `` Ya ya twist '' `` Elle est terrible '' `` Tes tendres années '' `` Les Bras en croix '' ( c / w `` Quitte - moi doucement '' and `` Dis - moi oui '' on the EP ) `` Da dou ron ron '' `` Ma guitare '' `` Pour moi la vie va commencer '' `` Le Pénitencier '' `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' `` Quand revient la nuit '' `` Cheveux longs et idées courtes '' `` Noir c'est noir '' `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' `` Hey Joe '' `` Petite fille '' `` San Francisco '' `` À tout casser '' `` Cours plus vite Charlie '' `` Que je t'aime '' `` Ceux que l'amour a blessé '' `` Jésus Christ '' `` Deux amis pour un amour '' `` Essayez '' `` Oh ! Ma jolie Sarah '' `` Comme un corbeau blanc '' `` J'ai un problème '' ( with Sylvie Vartan ) `` Noël interdit '' `` Prends ma vie '' `` Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime '' `` Johnny Rider '' `` La Fille de l'été dernier '' `` La Terre promise '' `` Requiem pour un fou '' `` Derrière l'amour '' ( c / w `` Joue pas de rock'n'roll pour moi '' ) `` Gabrielle '' `` Ne me quitte pas '' ( live ) `` L'Envie '' ( live ) `` Que je t'aime '' ( live ) `` Tous ensemble '' `` Marie '' `` Mon plus beau Noël '' `` Ça n'finira jamais '' Other songs `` Je n'suis pas un héros '' Films Tales of Paris D'où viens - tu Johnny ? Cherchez l'idole À tout casser The Specialist Point de chute L'aventure , c'est l'aventure L'Animal Détective Terminus The Iron Triangle Why Not Me ? The Man on the Train Crime Spree Crimson Rivers II : Angels of the Apocalypse Quartier V.I.P. Jean - Philippe Vengeance The Pink Panther 2 Titeuf Salaud , on t'aime Rock'n Roll Chacun sa vie et son intime conviction Family Sylvie Vartan David Hallyday Laura Smet Related articles Johnny Hallyday discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Rising_Sun&oldid=820515890 '' Categories : American folk songs Music of New Orleans Songs about New Orleans Year of song unknown 1964 singles 1970 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway The Animals songs Alan Price songs B.B. King songs Bob Dylan songs Lead Belly songs Joan Baez songs Johnny Hallyday songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Miriam Makeba songs Nina Simone songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Dolly Parton songs Jody Miller songs Alt - J songs Demis Roussos songs Deram Records singles Folk songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles RCA Records Nashville singles Mercury Records singles Parrot Records singles MGM Records singles Five Finger Death Punch songs Songs about prostitutes Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Wallonia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 02 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings house of the rising sun original | [
"The oldest known recording of the song, under the title \"Rising Sun Blues\", is by Appalachian artists Clarence \"Tom\" Ashley and Gwen Foster, who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6, 1933.[6][11] Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather, Enoch Ashley. Roy Acuff, an \"early-day friend and apprentice\" of Ashley's, learned it from him and recorded it as \"Rising Sun\" on November 3, 1938.[6][11] Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated, for example, \"Rising Sun Blues\" by Ivy Smith (1927) and \"The Risin' Sun\" by Texas Alexander (1928).[5]",
"The oldest known recording of the song, under the title \"Rising Sun Blues\", is by Appalachian artists Clarence \"Tom\" Ashley and Gwen Foster, who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6, 1933.[6][11] Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather, Enoch Ashley. Roy Acuff, an \"early-day friend and apprentice\" of Ashley's, learned it from him and recorded it as \"Rising Sun\" on November 3, 1938.[6][11] Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated, for example, \"Rising Sun Blues\" by Ivy Smith (1927) and \"The Risin' Sun\" by Texas Alexander (1928).[5]"
] | [
"Clarence \"Tom\" Ashley",
"Gwen Foster"
] |
992996830352259818 | History of the United States Constitution | History of the United states Constitution - wikipedia History of the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Page one of the original copy of the United States Constitution The United States Constitution was written in 1787 during the Philadelphia Convention . The old Congress set the rules the new government followed in terms of writing and ratifying the new constitution . After ratification in eleven states , in 1789 its elected officers of government assembled in New York City , replacing the Articles of Confederation government . The original Constitution has been amended twenty - seven times . The meaning of the Constitution is interpreted and extended by judicial review in the federal courts . The original parchment copies are on display at the National Archives Building . Two alternative plans were developed in Convention . The nationalist majority , soon to be called `` Federalists , '' put forth the Virginia Plan , a consolidated government based on proportional representation among the states by population . The `` old patriots , '' later called `` Anti-Federalists , '' advocated the New Jersey Plan , a purely federal proposal , based on providing each state with equal representation . The Connecticut Compromise allowed for both plans to work together . Other controversies developed regarding slavery and a Bill of Rights in the original document . The drafted Constitution was submitted to the Confederation Congress . It in turn forwarded the Constitution as drafted to the states for ratification by the Constitutional method proposed . The Federalist Papers provided background and justification for the Constitution . Some states agreed to ratify the Constitution only if the amendments that were to become the Bill of Rights would be taken up immediately by the new government , and they were duly proposed in the first session of the First Congress . Once the Confederation Congress certified that eleven states had ratified the Constitution , elections were held , the new government began on March 4 , 1789 , and the Articles Congress dissolved itself . Later Amendments address individual liberties and freedoms , federal relationships , election procedures , terms of office , expanding the electorate , ending slavery , financing government , consumption of alcohol and Congressional pay . Criticism over the life of the Constitution has centered on expanding democracy and states rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Declaration of Independence 2 Revolutionary Congress 3 Articles of Confederation 4 Steps to a convention 4.1 Mount Vernon Conference 4.2 Constitutional reforms considered 4.3 Annapolis Convention 5 Constitutional Convention 5.1 Sessions 5.1. 1 Convening 5.1. 2 Agenda 5.1. 3 Slavery in debate 5.2 `` Great Compromise '' 5.3 Two new branches 5.4 Re-allocate power 5.4. 1 Increase Congress 5.4. 2 Limit governments 5.4. 3 Population power 5.4. 3.1 House changes 5.4. 3.2 Senate changes 5.5 Final document 6 Ratification of the Constitution 7 Amendments to the Constitution 7.1 Bill of Rights 7.2 Subsequent amendments 8 Criticism of the Constitution 8.1 Expand democracy 8.2 States ' rights 9 History of the physical document 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Footnotes 13 References 13.1 Primary sources 13.2 Scholarly studies 14 External links Declaration of Independence ( edit ) Main article : United States Declaration of Independence On June 4 , 1776 , a resolution was introduced in the Second Continental Congress declaring the union with Great Britain to be dissolved , proposing the formation of foreign alliances , and suggesting the drafting of a plan of confederation to be submitted to the respective states . Independence was declared on July 4 , 1776 ; the preparation of a plan of confederation was postponed . Although the Declaration was a statement of principles , it did not create a government or even a framework for how politics would be carried out . It was the Articles of Confederation that provided the necessary structure to the new nation during and after the American Revolution . The Declaration , however , did set forth the ideas of natural rights and the social contract that would help form the foundation of constitutional government . The era of the Declaration of Independence is sometimes called the `` Continental Congress '' period . John Adams famously estimated as many as one - third of those resident in the original thirteen colonies were patriots . Scholars such as Gordon Wood describe how Americans were caught up in the Revolutionary fervor and excitement of creating governments , societies , a new nation on the face of the earth by rational choice as Thomas Paine declared in Common Sense . Republican government and personal liberty for `` the people '' were to overspread the New World continents and to last forever , a gift to posterity . These goals were influenced by Enlightenment philosophy . The adherents to this cause seized on English Whig political philosophy as described by historian Forrest McDonald as justification for most of their changes to received colonial charters and traditions . It was rooted in opposition to monarchy they saw as venal and corrupting to the `` permanent interests of the people . '' To these partisans , voting was the only permanent defense of the people . Elected terms for legislature were cut to one year , for Virginia 's Governor , one year without re-election . Property requirements for suffrage for men were reduced to taxes on their tools in some states . Free blacks in New York could vote if they owned enough property . New Hampshire was thinking of abolishing all voting requirements for men but residency and religion . New Jersey let women vote . In some states , senators were now elected by the same voters as the larger electorate for the House , and even judges were elected to one - year terms . These `` radical Whigs '' were called the people `` out - of - doors . '' They distrusted not only royal authority , but any small , secretive group as being unrepublican . Crowds of men and women massed at the steps of rural Court Houses during market - militia - court days . Shays Rebellion is a famous example . Urban riots began by the out - of - doors rallies on the steps of an oppressive government official with speakers such as members of the Sons of Liberty holding forth in the `` people 's `` committees '' until some action was decided upon , including hanging his effigy outside a bedroom window , or looting and burning down the offending tyrant 's home . Revolutionary Congress ( edit ) The government of the First and Second Continental Congress , the period from September 1774 to March 1 , 1781 is referred to as the Revolutionary Congress . Beginning in 1777 , the substantial powers assumed by Congress `` made the league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history '' . The process created the United States `` by the people in collectivity , rather than by the individual states '' , because only four had state constitutions at the time of the Declaration of Independence founding the nation , and three of those were provisional . Prior to the Articles of Confederation , and the Articles Congress , the Supreme Court in Ware v. Hylton and again in Penhallow v. Doane 's Administrators , perceived Congress as exercising powers derived from the people , expressly conferred through the medium of state conventions or legislatures , and , once exercised , `` impliedly ratified by the acquiescence and obedience of the people '' . Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was unanimously adopted in 1781 once Maryland agreed . Over the previous four years , it had been used by Congress as a `` working document '' to administer the early United States government , win the Revolutionary War and secure the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) with Great Britain . Lasting successes during its life prior to the Constitutional Convention included the Land Ordinance of 1785 whereby Congress promised settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains full citizenship and eventual statehood . Some historians characterize this period from 1781 to 1789 as weakness , dissension , and turmoil . Other scholars view the evidence as reflecting an underlying stability and prosperity . But signs of returning prosperity in some areas did not slow growing domestic and foreign problems . Nationalists saw that the confederation 's central government was not strong enough to establish a sound financial system , regulate trade , enforce treaties , or go to war when needed . The Congress was the sole organ of the national government , without a national court to interpret law nor an executive branch to enforce them , in the states or on individuals . Governmental functions , including declarations of war and calls for an army , were supported in some degree for some time , by each state voluntarily , or not . These newly independent states separated from Britain no longer received favored treatment at British ports . The British refused to negotiate a commercial treaty in 1785 because the individual American states would not be bound by it . Congress could not act directly upon the States nor upon individuals . It had no authority to regulate foreign or interstate commerce . Every act of government was left to the individual States . Each state levied taxes and tariffs on other states at will , which invited retaliation . Congress could vote itself mediator and judge in state disputes , but states did not have to accept its decisions . The weak central government could not back its policies with military strength , embarrassing it in foreign affairs . The British refused to withdraw their troops from the forts and trading posts in the new nation 's Northwest Territory , as they had agreed to do in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . British officers on the northern boundaries and Spanish officers to the south supplied arms to Native American tribes , allowing them to attack American settlers . The Spanish refused to allow western American farmers to use their port of New Orleans to ship produce . Revenues were requisitioned by Congressional petition to each state . None paid what they were asked ; sometimes some paid nothing . Congress appealed to the thirteen states for an amendment to the Articles to tax enough to pay the public debt as principal came due . Twelve states agreed , Rhode Island did not , so it failed . The Articles required super majorities . Amendment proposals to states required ratification by all thirteen states , all important legislation needed 70 % approval , at least nine states . Repeatedly , one or two states defeated legislative proposals of major importance . Without taxes the government could not pay its debt . Seven of the thirteen states printed large quantities of its own paper money , backed by gold , land , or nothing , so there was no fair exchange rate among them . State courts required state creditors to accept payments at face value with a fraction of real purchase power . The same legislation that these states used to wipe out the Revolutionary debt to patriots was used to pay off promised veteran pensions . The measures were popular because they helped both small farmers and plantation owners pay off their debts . The Massachusetts legislature was one of the five against paper money . It imposed a tightly limited currency and high taxes . Without paper money veterans without cash lost their farms for back taxes . This triggered Shays Rebellion to stop tax collectors and close the courts . Troops quickly suppressed the rebellion , but nationalists like George Washington warned , `` There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set fire to . '' Steps to a Convention ( edit ) Mount Vernon conference ( edit ) Main article : Mount Vernon Conference An important milestone in interstate cooperation outside the framework of the Articles of Confederation occurred in March 1785 , when delegates representing Maryland and Virginia met in Virginia , to address navigational rights in the states 's common waterways . On March 28 , 1785 , the group drew up a thirteen - point proposal to govern the two states ' rights on the Potomac River , Pocomoke River , and Chesapeake Bay . Known as the Mount Vernon Compact ( formally titled the `` Compact of 1785 '' ) , this agreement not only covered tidewater navigation but also extended to issues such as toll duties , commerce regulations , fishing rights , and debt collection . Ratified by the legislatures of both states , the compact , which is still in force , helped set a precedent for later meetings between states for discussions into areas of mutual concern . The conference 's success encouraged James Madison to introduce a proposal in the Virginia General Assembly for further debate of interstate issues . With Maryland 's agreement , on January 21 , 1786 , Virginia invited all the states to attend another interstate meeting later that year in Annapolis , Maryland , to discuss the trade barriers between the various states . Constitutional reforms considered ( edit ) The Articles Congress received a report on August 7 , 1786 from a twelve - member `` Grand Committee '' , appointed to develop and present `` such amendments to the Confederation , and such resolutions as it may be necessary to recommend to the several states , for the purpose of obtaining from them such powers as will render the federal government adequate to '' its declared purposes . Seven amendments to the Articles of Confederation were proposed . Under these reforms , Congress would gain `` sole and exclusive '' power to regulate trade . States could not favor foreigners over citizens . Tax bills would require 70 % vote , public debt 85 % , not 100 % . Congress could charge states a late payment penalty fee . A state withholding troops would be charged for them , plus a penalty . If a state did not pay , Congress could collect directly from its cities and counties . A state payment on another 's requisition would earn annual 6 % . There would have been a national court of seven . No - shows at Congress would have been banned from any U.S. or state office . These proposals were , however , sent back to committee without a vote and were not taken up again . Annapolis Convention ( edit ) Main article : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) The Annapolis Convention , formally titled `` A Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government '' , convened at George Mann 's Tavern on September 11 , 1786 . Delegates from five states gathered to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and establish standard rules and regulations . At the time , each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority in these matters . Appointed delegates from four states either arrived too late to participate or otherwise decided not attend . Because so few states were present , delegates did not deem `` it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission . '' However , they did adopt a report calling for another convention of the states to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . They desired that Constitutional Convention take place in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 . Legislatures of seven states -- Virginia , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , North Carolina , New Hampshire , Delaware , and Georgia -- immediately approved and appointed their delegations . New York and others hesitated thinking that only the Continental Congress could propose amendments to the Articles . George Washington was unwilling to attend an irregular convention like failed Annapolis Convention . Congress then called the convention at Philadelphia . The `` Federal Constitution '' was to be changed to meet the requirements of good government and `` the preservation of the Union '' . Congress would then approve what measures it allowed , then the state legislatures would unanimously confirm whatever changes of those were to take effect . Constitutional Convention ( edit ) See also : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Independence Hall , south wing . Philadelphia Washington as Convention President Twelve state legislatures , Rhode Island being the only exception , sent delegates to convene at Philadelphia in May 1787 . While the resolution calling the Convention specified that its purpose was to propose amendments to the Articles , through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that the Convention would propose a Constitution with a fundamentally new design . Sessions ( edit ) The Congress of the Confederation endorsed a plan to revise the Articles of Confederation on February 21 , 1787 . It called on each state legislature to send delegates to a convention `` ' for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ' in ways that , when approved by Congress and the states , would ' render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union . ' '' To amend the Articles into a workable government , 74 delegates from the twelve states were named by their state legislatures ; 55 showed up , and 39 eventually signed . On May 3 , eleven days early , James Madison arrived to Philadelphia and met with James Wilson of the Pennsylvania delegation to plan strategy . Madison outlined his plan in letters that ( 1 ) State legislatures each send delegates , not the Articles Congress . ( 2 ) Convention reaches agreement with signatures from every state . ( 3 ) The Articles Congress approves forwarding it to the state legislatures . ( 4 ) The state legislatures independently call one - time conventions to ratify , selecting delegates by each state 's various rules of suffrage . The Convention was to be `` merely advisory '' to the people voting in each state . ( show ) Delegates to the Constitutional Convention Order Name State represented aa 1 Washington , George George Washington Virginia ab 2 Langdon , John John Langdon New Hampshire ac 3 Gilman , Nicholas Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire ad 4 Gorham , Nathaniel Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts ae 5 King , Rufus Rufus King Massachusetts af 6 Johnson , William Samuel William Samuel Johnson Connecticut ag 7 Sherman , Roger Roger Sherman Connecticut ah 8 Hamilton , Alexander Alexander Hamilton New York ai 9 Livingston , William William Livingston New Jersey aj 10 Brearley , David David Brearley New Jersey ak 11 Paterson , William William Paterson New Jersey al 12 Dayton , Jonathan Jonathan Dayton New Jersey am 13 Franklin , Benjamin Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania an 14 Mifflin , Thomas Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania ao 15 Morris , Robert Robert Morris Pennsylvania ap 16 Clymer , George George Clymer Pennsylvania aq 17 FitzSimons , Thomas Thomas FitzSimons Pennsylvania ar 18 Ingersoll , Jared Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania as 19 Wilson , James James Wilson Pennsylvania at 20 Morris , Gouverneur Gouverneur Morris Pennsylvania au 21 Read , George George Read Delaware av 22 Bedford , Jr. , Gunning Gunning Bedford , Jr . Delaware aw 23 Dickinson , John John Dickinson Delaware ax 24 Bassett , Richard Richard Bassett Delaware ay 25 Broom , Jacob Jacob Broom Delaware az 26 McHenry , James James McHenry Maryland bb 27 Jenifer , Daniel of St. Thomas Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland bc 28 Carroll , Daniel Daniel Carroll Maryland bd 29 Blair , Jr. , John John Blair , Jr . Virginia be 30 Madison , Jr. , James James Madison , Jr . Virginia bf 31 Blount , William William Blount North Carolina bg 32 Spaight , Richard Dobbs Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina bh 33 Williamson , Hugh Hugh Williamson North Carolina bi 34 Rutledge , John John Rutledge South Carolina bj 35 Pinckney , Charles Cotesworth Charles Cotesworth Pinckney South Carolina bk 36 Pinckney , Charles Charles Pinckney South Carolina bl 37 Butler , Pierce Pierce Butler South Carolina bm 38 Few , William William Few Georgia bn 39 Baldwin , Abraham Abraham Baldwin Georgia bp Χ Gerry , Elbridge Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts bq Χ Mason , George George Mason Virginia br Χ Randolph , Edmund Edmund Randolph Virginia bs ⋈ Davie , William William Davie North Carolina bt ⋈ Ellsworth , Oliver Oliver Ellsworth Massachusetts bu ⋈ Houston , William William Houston New Jersey bv ⋈ Houstoun , William William Houstoun Georgia bw ⋈ Lansing , John John Lansing New York bx ⋈ Martin , Alexander Alexander Martin North Carolina by ⋈ Martin , Luther Luther Martin Maryland bz ⋈ McClurg , James James McClurg Virginia cc ⋈ Mercer , John John Mercer Maryland cd ⋈ Pierce , William William Pierce Georgia ce ⋈ Strong , Caleb Caleb Strong Massachusetts cf ⋈ Wythe , George George Wythe Virginia cg ⋈ Yates , Robert Robert Yates New York Signed the Constitution Refused to sign the Constitution Dropped out of the convention Convening ( edit ) George Washington arrived on time , Sunday , the day before the scheduled opening . For the entire duration of the Convention , Washington was a guest at the home of Robert Morris , Congress ' financier for the American Revolution and a Pennsylvania delegate . Morris entertained the delegates lavishly . William Jackson , in two years to be the president of the Society of the Cincinnati , had been Morris ' agent in England for a time ; and he won election as a non-delegate to be the convention secretary . The nationalists organize George Washington Convention President Nathaniel Gorham , MA Chair , Cmte. of the Whole The convention was scheduled to open May 14 , but only Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations were present . The Convention was postponed until a quorum of seven states gathered on Friday the 25th . George Washington was elected the Convention president , and Chancellor ( judge ) George Wythe ( Va ) was chosen Chair of the Rules Committee . The rules of the Convention were published the following Monday . Nathaniel Gorham ( Ma ) was elected Chair of the `` Committee of the Whole '' . These were the same delegates in the same room , but they could use informal rules for the interconnected provisions in the draft articles to be made , remade and reconnected as the order of business proceeded . The Convention officials and adopted procedures were in place before the arrival of nationalist opponents such as John Lansing ( NY ) and Luther Martin ( MD ) . By the end of May , the stage was set . The Constitutional Convention voted to keep the debates secret so that the delegates could speak freely , negotiate , bargain , compromise and change . Yet the proposed Constitution as reported from the Convention was an `` innovation '' , the most dismissive epithet a politician could use to condemn any new proposal . It promised a fundamental change from the old confederation into a new , consolidated yet federal government . The accepted secrecy of usual affairs conducted in regular order did not apply . It became a major issue in the very public debates leading up to the crowd - filled ratification conventions . Despite the public outcry against secrecy among its critics , the delegates continued in positions of public trust . State legislatures chose ten Convention delegates of their 33 total for the Articles Congress that September . Agenda ( edit ) Every few days , new delegates arrived , happily noted in Madison 's Journal . But as the Convention went on , individual delegate coming and going meant that a state 's vote could change with the change of delegation composition . The volatility added to the inherent difficulties , making for an `` ever - present danger that the Convention might dissolve and the entire project be abandoned . '' Nationalist floor leaders from biggest states James Madison , VA `` Father of the Constitution '' James Wilson , PA `` unsung hero of Convention '' Although twelve states sent delegations , there were never more than eleven represented in the floor debates , often fewer . State delegations absented themselves at votes different times of day . There was no minimum for a state delegation ; one would do . Daily sessions would have thirty members present . Members came and went on public and personal business . The Articles Congress was meeting at the same time , so members would absent themselves to New York City on Congressional business for days and weeks at a time . But the work before them was continuous , even if attendance was not . The Convention resolved itself into a `` Committee of the Whole '' , and could remain so for days . It was informal , votes could be taken and retaken easily , positions could change without prejudice , and importantly , no formal quorum call was required . The nationalists were resolute . As Madison put it , the situation was too serious for despair . They used the same State House , later named Independence Hall , as the Declaration signers . The building setback from the street was still dignified , but the `` shaky '' steeple was gone . When they adjourned each day , they lived in nearby lodgings , as guests , roomers or renters . They ate supper with one another in town and taverns , `` often enough in preparation for tomorrow 's meeting . '' Delegates reporting to the Convention presented their credentials to the Secretary , Major William Jackson of South Carolina . The state legislatures of the day used these occasions to say why they were sending representatives abroad . New York thus publicly enjoined its members to pursue all possible `` alterations and provisions '' for good government and `` preservation of the Union '' . New Hampshire called for `` timely measures to enlarge the powers of Congress '' . Virginia stressed the `` necessity of extending the revision of the federal system to all its defects '' . Consolidated national v. pure `` federal '' Edmund Randolph , VA consolidated government William Paterson , NJ states and congress equal On the other hand , Delaware categorically forbade any alteration of the Articles one - state , equal vote , one - vote - only provision in the Articles Congress . The Convention would have a great deal of work to do to reconcile the many expectations in the chamber . At the same time , delegates wanted to finish their work by fall harvest and its commerce . May 29 , Edmund Randolph ( VA ) proposed the Virginia Plan that would serve as the unofficial agenda for the Convention . It was weighted toward the interests of the larger , more populous states . The intent was to meet the purposes set out in the Articles of Confederation , `` common defense , security of liberty and general welfare '' . The Virginia Plan was national , authority flowed from the people . If the people will ratify them , changes for better republican government and national union should be proposed . Much of the Virginia Plan was adopted . All the powers in the Articles transfer to the new government . Congress has two houses , the ' house ' apportioned by population . It can enact laws affecting more than one state and Congress can override a veto . The President can enforce the law . The Supreme Court and inferior courts rule on international , U.S. and state law . The Constitution is the supreme law and all state officers swear to uphold the Constitution . Every state is a republic , and new states can be admitted . The Articles Congress continued until the new system started . Amendments are possible without Congress . The Convention recommendations went to Congress , from them to the states . State legislatures set the election rules for ratification conventions , and the people `` expressly '' chose representatives to consider and decide about the Constitution . June 15 , William Patterson ( NJ ) proposed the Convention minority 's New Jersey Plan . It was weighted toward the interests of the smaller , less populous states . The intent was to preserve the states from a plan to `` destroy or annihilate '' them . The New Jersey Plan was purely federal , authority flowed from the states . Gradual change should come from the states . If the Articles could not be amended , then advocates argued that should be the report from the Convention to the states . Although the New Jersey Plan only survived three days as an alternate proposal , substantial elements of it were adopted . The articles were `` revised , corrected and enlarged '' for good government and preservation of the Union . The Senate is elected by the states , at first by the state legislatures . Congress passes acts for revenue collected directly in the states , and the rulings of state courts are reviewed by the Supreme Court . State apportionment for taxes failed , but the ' house ' is apportioned by the population count of free inhabitants and three - fifths of others originally . States can be added to the Union . Presidents appoint federal judges . Treaties entered into by Congress are the supreme law of the land . All state judiciaries are bound to enforce treaties , state laws notwithstanding . The President can raise an army to enforce treaties in any state . States treat a violation of law in another state as though it happened there . Current knowledge of drafting the Constitution comes primarily from the Journal left by James Madison , found chronologically incorporated in Max Farrand 's `` The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 '' , which included the Convention Journal and sources from other Federalists and Anti-Federalists . Scholars observe that it is unusual in world history for the minority in a revolution to have the influence that the `` old patriot '' Anti-Federalists had over the `` nationalist '' Federalists who had the support of the revolutionary army in the Society of the Cincinnati . Both factions were intent on forging a nation in which both could be full participants in the changes which were sure to come , since that was most likely to allow for their national union , guarantee liberty for their posterity , and promote their mutual long - term material prosperity . Slavery in debate ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States The contentious issue of slavery was too controversial to be resolved during the Convention . But it was at center stage in the Convention three times , June 7 regarding who would vote for Congress , June 11 in debate over how to proportion relative seating in the ' house ' , and August 22 relating to commerce and the future wealth of the nation . Once the Convention looked at how to proportion the House representation , tempers among several delegates exploded over slavery . When the Convention progressed beyond the personal attacks , it adopted the existing `` federal ratio '' for taxing states by three - fifths of slaves held . On August 6 , the Committee of Detail reported its proposed revisions to the Randolph Plan . Again the question of slavery came up , and again the question was met with attacks of outrage . Over the next two weeks , delegates wove a web of mutual compromises relating to commerce and trade , east and west , slave - holding and free . The transfer of power to regulate slave trade from states to central government could happen in 20 years , but only then . Later generations could try out their own answers . The delegates were trying to make a government that might last that long . Migration of the free or `` importation '' of indentures and slaves could continue by states , defining slaves as persons , not property . Long - term power would change by population as counted every ten years . Apportionment in the House would not be by wealth , it would be by people , the free citizens and three - fifths the number of other persons meaning propertyless slaves and taxed Indian farming families . In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson sent a message to the 9th Congress on their constitutional opportunity to remove U.S. citizens from the transatlantic slave trade `` ( violating ) human rights '' . The 1807 `` Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves '' took effect the first instant the Constitution allowed , January 1 , 1808 . The United States joined the British Parliament that year in the first `` international humanitarian campaign '' . In the 1840 - 1860 era abolitionists denounced the Fugitive Slave Clause and other protections of slavery . William Lloyd Garrison famously declared the Constitution `` a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell . '' In ratification conventions , the anti-slavery delegates sometimes began as anti-ratification votes . Still , the Constitution `` as written '' was an improvement over the Articles from an abolitionist point of view . The Constitution provided for abolition of the slave trade but the Articles did not . The outcome could be determined gradually over time . Sometimes contradictions among opponents were used to try to gain abolitionist converts . In Virginia , Federalist George Nicholas dismissed fears on both sides . Objections to the Constitution were inconsistent , `` At the same moment it is opposed for being promotive and destructive of slavery ! '' But the contradiction was never resolved peaceably , and the failure to do so contributed to the Civil War . `` Great Compromise '' ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise Roger Sherman ( CT ) , although something of a political broker in Connecticut , was an unlikely leader in the august company of the Convention . But on June 11 , he proposed the first version of the Convention 's `` Great Compromise '' . It was like the proposal he made in the 1776 Continental Congress . Representation in Congress should be both by states and by population . There , he was voted down by the small states in favor of all states equal , one vote only . Now in 1787 Convention , he wanted to balance all the big - state victories for population apportionment . He proposed that in the second ' senate ' branch of the legislature , each state should be equal , one vote and no more . The motion for equal state representation in a ' senate ' failed : 6 against , 5 for . `` Men of original principles '' Luther Martin , MD if not state equality create regional nations After these defeats , the delegates who called themselves the `` old patriots '' of 1776 and the `` men of original principles '' organized a caucus in the Convention . William Paterson ( NJ ) spoke for them introducing his `` New Jersey Plan '' . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , a signer of the Declaration of Independence , was with them . Supporters explained that it `` sustained the sovereignty of the states '' , while the Edmund Randolph ( VA ) `` Virginia Plan '' erased it . The Convention had no authority to propose anything not sent up from state legislatures , and the states were not likely to adopt anything new . The `` nationalists '' answered , The Convention could not conclude anything , but it could recommend anything . `` Patriots '' said if their legislature knew anything about proposals for consolidated government , it would not have sent anyone . `` Nationalists '' countered , that it would be treason to withhold any proposal for good government when the salvation of the American republic was at stake . Three sessions after its introduction , the New Jersey Plan failed : 7 against , 3 for , 1 divided . For nearly a month there was no progress ; small states were seriously thinking of walking out of the Convention . Then June 25 , the `` original principles '' men finally won a vote . The ' senate ' would be chosen by the state legislatures , not the people , passed : 9 for , 2 against . The basis of representation for both the ' house ' and the ' senate ' re-surfaced . Sherman tried a second time to get his idea for a ' house ' on the basis of population and a ' senate ' on an equal states basis . The `` big states '' got their population ' house ' win , then his equal state ' senate ' motion was dropped without a vote . The majority adjourned `` before a determination was taken in the House . '' Luther Martin ( MD ) insisted that he would rather divide the Union into regional governments than submit to a consolidated government under the Randolph Plan . Sherman 's proposal came up again for the third time from Oliver Ellsworth ( CT ) . In the `` senate '' , the states should have equal representation . Advocates said that it could not be agreed to , the union would fall apart somehow . Big states would not be trusted , the small states could confederate with a foreign power showing `` more good faith '' . If delegates could not unite behind this here , one day the states could be united by `` some foreign sword '' . On the question of equal state representation , the Convention adjourned in the same way again , `` before a determination was taken in the House . '' . On July 2 , the Convention for the fourth time considered a `` senate '' with equal state votes . This time a vote was taken , but it stalled again , tied at 5 yes , 5 no , 1 divided . The Convention elected one delegate out of the delegation of each state onto a Committee to make a proposal ; it reported July 5 . Nothing changed over five days . July 10 , Lansing and Yates ( NY ) quit the Convention in protest over the big state majorities repeatedly overrunning the small state delegations in vote after vote . No direct vote on the basis of ' senate ' representation was pushed on the floor for another week . But the Convention floor leaders kept moving forward where they could . First the new ' house ' seat apportionment was agreed , balancing big and small , north and south . The big states got a decennial census for ' house ' apportionment to reflect their future growth . Northerners had insisted on counting only free citizens for the ' house ' ; southern delegations wanted to add property . Benjamin Franklin 's compromise was that there would be no `` property '' provision to add representatives , but states with large slave populations would get a bonus added to their free persons by counting three - fifths other persons . On July 16 , Sherman 's `` Great Compromise '' prevailed on its fifth try . Every state was to have equal numbers in the United States Senate . Washington ruled it passed on the vote 5 yes , 4 no , 1 divided . It was not that five was a majority of twelve , but to keep the business moving forward , he used precedent established in the Convention earlier . Now some of the big - state delegates talked of walking out , but none did . Debate over the next ten days developed an agreed general outline for the Constitution . Small states readily yielded on many questions . Most remaining delegates , big - state and small , now felt safe enough to chance a new plan . Two new branches ( edit ) Ruler as `` chief magistrate '' John Dickinson , DE for one - person president The Constitution innovated two branches of government that were not a part of the U.S. government during the Articles of Confederation . Previously , a thirteen - member committee had been left behind in Philadelphia when Congress adjourned to carry out the `` executive '' functions . Suits between states were referred to the Articles Congress , and treated as a private bill to be determined by majority vote of members attending that day . On June 7 , the `` national executive '' was taken up in Convention . The `` chief magistrate '' , or ' presidency ' was of serious concern for a formerly colonial people fearful of concentrated power in one person . But to secure a `` vigorous executive '' , nationalist delegates such as James Wilson ( PA ) , Charles Pinckney ( SC ) , and John Dickenson ( DE ) favored a single officer . They had someone in mind whom everyone could trust to start off the new system , George Washington . After introducing the item for discussion , there was a prolonged silence . Benjamin Franklin ( Pa ) and John Rutledge ( SC ) had urged everyone to speak their minds freely . When addressing the issue with George Washington in the room , delegates were careful to phrase their objections to potential offenses by officers chosen in the future who would be ' president ' `` subsequent '' to the start - up . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , Edmund Randolph ( VA ) and Pierce Butler ( SC ) all objected , preferring two or three persons in the executive , as had the ancient Roman Republic . Nathaniel Gorham was Chair of the Committee of the Whole , so Washington sat in the Virginia delegation where everyone could see how he voted . The vote for a one - man ' presidency ' carried 7 - for , 3 - against , New York , Delaware and Maryland in the negative . Virginia , along with George Washington , had voted yes . As of that vote for a single ' presidency ' , George Mason ( VA ) gravely announced to the floor , that as of that moment , the Confederation 's federal government was `` in some measure dissolved by the meeting of this Convention . '' First national court ( s ) Rufus King , MA district courts = flexibility The Convention was following the Randolph Plan for an agenda , taking each resolve in turn to move proceedings forward . They returned to items when overnight coalitions required adjustment to previous votes to secure a majority on the next item of business . June 19 , and it was Randolph 's Ninth Resolve next , about the national court system . On the table was the nationalist proposal for the inferior ( lower ) courts in the national judiciary . Pure 1776 republicanism had not given much credit to judges , who would set themselves up apart from and sometimes contradicting the state legislature , the voice of the sovereign people . Under the precedent of English Common Law according to William Blackstone , the legislature , following proper procedure , was for all constitutional purposes , `` the people . '' This dismissal of unelected officers sometimes took an unintended turn among the people . One of John Adams clients believed the First Continental Congress in 1775 had assumed the sovereignty of Parliament , and so abolished all previously established courts in Massachusetts . In the Convention , looking at a national system , Judge Wilson ( PA ) sought appointments by a single person to avoid legislative payoffs . Judge Rutledge ( SC ) was against anything but one national court , a Supreme Court to receive appeals from the highest state courts , like the South Carolina court he presided over as Chancellor . Rufus King ( MA ) thought national district courts in each state would cost less than appeals that otherwise would go to the ' supreme court ' in the national capital . National inferior courts passed but making appointments by ' congress ' was crossed out and left blank so the delegates could take it up later after `` maturer reflection . '' Re-allocate power ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention created a new , unprecedented form of government by reallocating powers of government . Every previous national authority had been either a centralized government , or a `` confederation of sovereign constituent states . '' The American power - sharing was unique at the time . The sources and changes of power were up to the states . The foundations of government and extent of power came from both national and state sources . But the new government would have a national operation . To meet their goals of cementing the Union and securing citizen rights , Framers allocated power among executive , senate , house and judiciary of the central government . But each state government in their variety continued exercising powers in their own sphere . Increase Congress ( edit ) The Convention did not start with national powers from scratch , it began with the powers already vested in the Articles Congress with control of the military , international relations and commerce . The Constitution added ten more . Five were minor relative to power sharing , including business and manufacturing protections . One important new power authorized Congress to protect states from the `` domestic violence '' of riot and civil disorder , but it was conditioned by a state request . The Constitution increased Congressional power to organize , arm and discipline the state militias , to use them to enforce the laws of Congress , suppress rebellions within the states and repel invasions . But the Second Amendment would ensure that Congressional power could not be used to disarm state militias . Taxation substantially increased the power of Congress relative to the states . It was limited by restrictions , forbidding taxes on exports , per capita taxes , requiring import duties to be uniform and that taxes be applied to paying U.S. debt . But the states were stripped of their ability to levy taxes on imports , which was at the time , `` by far the most bountiful source of tax revenues '' . Congress had no further restrictions relating to political economy . It could institute protective tariffs , for instance . Congress overshadowed state power regulating interstate commerce ; the United States would be the `` largest area of free trade in the world . '' The most undefined grant of power was the power to `` make laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution '' the Constitution 's enumerated powers . Limit governments ( edit ) As of ratification , sovereignty was no longer to be theoretically indivisible . With a wide variety of specific powers among different branches of national governments and thirteen republican state governments , now `` each of the portions of powers delegated to the one or to the other ... is ... sovereign with regard to its proper objects '' . There were some powers that remained beyond the reach of both national powers and state powers , so the logical seat of American `` sovereignty '' belonged directly with the people - voters of each state . Besides expanding Congressional power , the Constitution limited states and central government . Six limits on the national government addressed property rights such as slavery and taxes . Six protected liberty such as prohibiting ex post facto laws and no religious tests for national offices in any state , even if they had them for state offices . Five were principles of a republic , as in legislative appropriation . These restrictions lacked systematic organization , but all constitutional prohibitions were practices that the British Parliament had `` legitimately taken in the absence of a specific denial of the authority . '' The regulation of state power presented a `` qualitatively different '' undertaking . In the state constitutions , the people did not enumerate powers . They gave their representatives every right and authority not explicitly reserved to themselves . The Constitution extended the limits that the states had previously imposed upon themselves under the Articles of Confederation , forbidding taxes on imports and disallowing treaties among themselves , for example . In light of the repeated abuses by ex post facto laws passed by the state legislatures , 1783 -- 1787 , the Constitution prohibited ex post facto laws and bills of attainder to protect United States citizen property rights and right to a fair trial . Congressional power of the purse was protected by forbidding taxes or restraint on interstate commerce and foreign trade . States could make no law `` impairing the obligation of contracts . '' To check future state abuses the framers searched for a way to review and veto state laws harming the national welfare or citizen rights . They rejected proposals for Congressional veto of state laws and gave the Supreme Court appellate case jurisdiction over state law because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land . The United States had such a geographical extent that it could only be safely governed using a combination of republics . Federal judicial districts would follow those state lines . Population power ( edit ) The British had relied upon a concept of `` virtual representation '' to give legitimacy to their House of Commons . It was not necessary to elect anyone from a large port city , or the American colonies , because the representatives of `` rotten boroughs '' , the mostly abandoned medieval fair towns with twenty voters , `` virtually represented '' them . Philadelphia in the colonies was second in population only to London . They were all Englishmen , supposed to be a single people , with one definable interest . Legitimacy came from membership in Parliament of the sovereign realm , not elections from people . As Blackstone explained , the Member is `` not bound ... to consult with , or take the advice , of his constituents . '' As Constitutional historian Gordon Wood elaborated , `` The Commons of England contained all of the people 's power and were considered to be the very persons of the people they represented . '' G. Morris , PA provinces forever While the English `` virtual representation '' was hardening into a theory of Parliamentary sovereignty , the American theory of representation was moving towards a theory of sovereignty of the people . In their new constitutions written since 1776 , Americans required community residency of voters and representatives , expanded suffrage , and equalized populations in voting districts . There was a sense that representation `` had to be proportioned to the population . '' The Convention would apply the new principle of `` sovereignty of the people '' both to the House of Representatives , and to the United States Senate . House changes ( edit ) Once the Great Compromise was reached , delegates in Convention then agreed to a decennial census to count the population . The Americans themselves did not allow for universal suffrage for all adults . Their sort of `` virtual representation '' said that those voting in a community could understand and themselves represent non-voters when they had like interests that were unlike other political communities . There were enough differences among people in different American communities for those differences to have a meaningful social and economic reality . Thus New England colonial legislatures would not tax communities which had not yet elected representatives . When the royal governor of Georgia refused to allow representation to be seated from four new counties , the legislature refused to tax them . The 1776 Americans had begun to demand expansion of the franchise , and in each step , they found themselves pressing towards a philosophical `` actuality of consent . '' The Convention determined that the power of the people , should be felt in the House of Representatives . For the U.S. Congress , persons alone were counted . Property was not counted . Senate changes ( edit ) The Convention found it more difficult to give expression to the will of the people in new states . What state might be `` lawfully arising '' outside the boundaries of the existing thirteen states ? The new government was like the old , to be made up of pre-existing states . Now there was to be admission of new states . Regular order would provide new states by state legislatures for Kentucky , Tennessee and Maine . But the Articles Congress had by its Northwest Ordnance presented the Convention with a new issue . Settlers in the Northwest Territory might one day constitute themselves into `` no more than five '' states . More difficult still , most delegates anticipated adding alien peoples of Canada , Louisiana and Florida to United States territory . Generally in American history , European citizens of empire were given U.S. citizenship on territorial acquisition . Should they become states ? Some delegates were reluctant to expand into any so `` remote wilderness '' . It would retard the commercial development of the east . They would be easily influenced , `` foreign gold '' would corrupt them . Western peoples were the least desirable Americans , only good for perpetual provinces . There were so many foreigners moving out west , there was no telling how things would turn out . These were poor people , they could not pay their fair share of taxes . It would be `` suicide '' for the original states . New states could become a majority in the Senate , they would abuse their power , `` enslaving '' the original thirteen . If they also loved liberty , and could not tolerate eastern state dominance , they would be justified in civil war . Western trade interests could drag the country into an inevitable war with Spain for the Mississippi River . As time wore on , any war for the Mississippi River was obviated by the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the 1812 American victory at New Orleans . Even if there were to be western states , a House representation of 40,000 might be too small , too easy for the westerners . `` States '' had been declared out west already . They called themselves republics , and set up their own courts directly from the people without colonial charters . In Transylvania , Westsylvania , Franklin , and Vandalia , `` legislatures '' met with emissaries from British and Spanish Empires in violation of the Articles of Confederation , just as the sovereign states had done . In the Constitution as written , no majorities in Congress could break up the larger states without their consent . `` New state '' advocates had no fear of western states achieving a majority one day . For example , the British sought to curb American growth . That brought hate , then separation . Follow the same rule , get the same results . Congress has never been able to discover a better rule than majority rule . If they grow , let them rule . As they grow , they must get all their supplies from eastern businesses . Character is not determined by points of a compass . States admitted are equals , they will be made up of our brethren . Commit to right principles , even if the right way , one day , benefits other states . They will be free like ourselves , their pride will not allow anything but equality . It was at this time in the Convention that Reverend Manasseh Cutler arrived to lobby for western land sales . He brought acres of land grants to parcel out . Their sales would fund most of the U.S. government expenditures for its first few decades . There were allocations for the Ohio Company stockholders at the Convention , and for others delegates too . Good to his word , in December 1787 , Cutler led a small band of pioneers into the Ohio Valley . The provision for admitting new states became relevant at the purchase of Louisiana . It was constitutionally justifiable under the `` treaty making '' power of the federal government . The agrarian advocates sought to make the purchase of land that had never been administered , conquered , or formally ceded to any of the original thirteen states . Jefferson 's Democratic - Republicans would divide the Louisiana Purchase into states , speeding land sales to finance the federal government with no new taxes . The new populations of new states would swamp the commercial states in the Senate . They would populate the House with egalitarian Democrat - Republicans to overthrow the Federalists . Jefferson dropped the proposal of Constitutional amendment to permit the purchase , and with it , his notion of a confederation of sovereign states . Final document ( edit ) After nearly four months of debate , on September 8 , 1787 , the final text of the Constitution was set down and revised . Then , an official copy of the document was engrossed by Jacob Shallus . The effort consisted of copying the text ( prelude , articles and endorsement ) on four sheets of vellum parchment , made from treated animal skin and measuring approximately 28 inches ( 71 cm ) by 23 inches ( 58 cm ) , probably with a goose quill . Shallus engrossed the entire document except for the list of states at the end of the document , which are in Alexander Hamilton 's handwriting . On September 17 , 1787 , following a speech given by Benjamin Franklin , 39 delegates endorsed and submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation . Ratification of the Constitution ( edit ) Territorial extent of the United States , 1790 . Massachusetts ' Rufus King assessed the Convention as a creature of the states , independent of the Articles Congress , submitting its proposal to Congress only to satisfy forms . Though amendments were debated , they were all defeated . On September 28 , 1787 , the Articles Congress resolved `` unanimously '' to transmit the Constitution to state legislatures for submitting to a ratification convention according to the Constitutional procedure . Several states enlarged the numbers qualified just for electing ratification delegates . In doing so , they went beyond the Constitution 's provision for the most voters for the state legislature . Delaware , on December 7 , 1787 , became the first State to ratify the new Constitution , with its vote being unanimous . Pennsylvania ratified on December 12 , 1787 , by a vote of 46 to 23 ( 66.67 % ) . New Jersey ratified on December 19 , 1787 , and Georgia on January 2 , 1788 , both with unanimous votes . The requirement of ratification by nine states , set by Article Seven of the Constitution , was met when New Hampshire voted to ratify , on June 21 , 1788 . In New York , fully two thirds of the convention delegates were at first opposed to the Constitution . Hamilton led the Federalist campaign , which included the fast - paced appearance of The Federalist Papers in New York newspapers . An attempt to attach conditions to ratification almost succeeded , but on July 26 , 1788 , New York ratified , with a recommendation that a bill of rights be appended . The vote was close -- yeas 30 ( 52.6 % ) , nays 27 -- due largely to Hamilton 's forensic abilities and his reaching a few key compromises with moderate anti-Federalists led by Melancton Smith . Following Massachusetts 's lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A minority of the Constitution 's critics continued to oppose the Constitution . Maryland 's Luther Martin argued that the federal convention had exceeded its authority ; he still called for amending the Articles . Article 13 of the Articles of Confederation stated that the union created under the Articles was `` perpetual '' and that any alteration must be `` agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State '' . However , the unanimity required under the Articles made all attempts at reform impossible . Martin 's allies such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was '' , seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . New York Anti 's `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' . It failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately only North Carolina and Rhode Island would wait for amendments from Congress before ratifying . The Constitution was ratified by the states in the following order : Date State Votes Yea Nay December 7 , 1787 Delaware 30 0 December 11 , 1787 Pennsylvania 46 23 December 18 , 1787 New Jersey 38 0 January 2 , 1788 Georgia 26 0 5 January 9 , 1788 Connecticut 128 40 6 February 6 , 1788 Massachusetts 187 168 7 April 26 , 1788 Maryland 63 11 8 May 23 , 1788 South Carolina 149 73 9 June 21 , 1788 New Hampshire 57 47 10 June 25 , 1788 Virginia 89 79 11 July 26 , 1788 New York 30 27 12 November 21 , 1789 North Carolina 194 77 13 May 29 , 1790 Rhode Island 34 32 Article VII of the proposed constitution stipulated that only nine of the thirteen states would have to ratify for the new government to go into effect for the participating states . By the end of July 1788 , eleven states had ratified the Constitution , and soon thereafter , the process of organizing the new government began . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for it to go into effect . Congress fixed the city of New York as the temporary seat of the new government and set the dates for the election of representatives and presidential electors . It also set the date for operations to begin under the new government . This occurred on March 4 , 1789 , when the First Congress convened . The membership of the new Congress was decidedly federalist . In the eleven - state ( minus North Carolina and Rhode Island ) Senate 20 were Federalist and two Anti-federalist ( both from Virginia ) . The House included 48 Federalists and 11 Anti-federalists ( from four states : Massachusetts , New York , South Carolina , and Virginia ) . On April 6 the House and Senate held a joint meeting to count the electoral vote . George Washington was unanimously elected the first president , even receiving the electoral vote of ardent anti-federalist Patrick Henry . John Adams of Massachusetts was elected vice president . Both were sworn into office on April 30 , 1789 . The business of setting up the new government was completed . Anti-Federalists ' fears of personal oppression by Congress were allayed by amendments passed under the floor leadership of James Madison during the first session of Congress . These first ten Amendments became known as the Bill of Rights . Objections to a potentially remote federal judiciary were reconciled with 13 federal courts ( 11 states , plus Maine and Kentucky ) , and three federal riding circuits out of the Supreme Court : Eastern , Middle and South . Suspicion of a powerful federal executive was answered by Washington 's cabinet appointments of once - Anti-Federalists Edmund Jennings Randolph as Attorney General and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State . What Constitutional historian Pauline Maier termed a national `` dialogue between power and liberty '' had begun anew . Amendments to the Constitution ( edit ) Since the beginning of federal operations under the Constitution in 1789 through the beginning of 2013 , approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in the United States Congress . Of these , thirty - three have been approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Prior to the Twenty - seventh Amendment , which languished for 202 years , 7 months , 12 days before being ratified ( submitted for ratification in 1789 as part of the Bill of Rights , but not ratified until 1992 ) , the Twenty - second Amendment held the record for longest time taken to successfully complete the ratification process -- 3 years , 11 months , 6 days . The Twenty - sixth Amendment holds the record for shortest time taken -- 3 months , 8 days . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . The U.S. constitutional amendment process . Bill of rights ( edit ) Main article : United States Bill of Rights Wikisource has original text related to this article : United States Bill of Rights Much of opposition to the proposed Constitution within several states arose , not because the machinery of the new frame of government was considered unworkable or because strengthening the union between the 13 states viewed as undesirable . The debates in the state ratifying conventions centered around the absence of anything equivalent to the bill of rights found in several state constitutions . George Mason , a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , and the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , refused to sign the document because he felt it did not specifically spell out or protect individual rights sufficiently . He also opposed the constitution when it was brought before the state for ratification . He acquiesced and the convention voted narrowly to give its assent only after it was decided that a list of twenty proposed amendments be sent along with the state 's resolution of ratification . Delegates to Massachusetts ' convention had many of the same concerns , and along with its notification of approval made a request for nine alterations , the first among them being `` that it be explicitly declared that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved to the states to be exercised by them . '' New York , not to be outdone , appended a list of thirty - two requested amendments plus a lengthy statement of impressions and explanations about the new Constitution to their affirmative vote . The sharp Anti-Federalist critique of the Constitution did not abate after it became operational , and by the time the First Congress convened in March 1789 , there existed widespread sentiment in both the House and Senate in favor of making alterations . That September , Congress adopted twelve amendments and sent to the states for ratification . Ten of these were ratified by the required number of states in December 1791 and became part of the Constitution . These amendments enumerate freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution , such as freedom of religion , freedom of speech , a free press , and free assembly ; the right to keep and bear arms ; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure , security in personal effects , and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause ; indictment by a grand jury for a capital or `` infamous crime '' ; guarantee of a speedy , public trial with an impartial jury ; and prohibition of double jeopardy . In addition , the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States . Subsequent amendments ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Additional amendments to the United States Constitution Amendments to the Constitution subsequent to the Bill of Rights cover a wide range of subjects . Several have added significant content to the original document . One of the most far - reaching is the Fourteenth , ratified in 1868 , which establishes a clear and simple definition of citizenship and guarantees equal treatment under the law . Also significant are the Fifteenth , Nineteenth , Twenty - fourth , and Twenty - sixth , which were enacted to extend the right to vote to persons previously considered ineligible and also to protect their exercise of that right . One Amendment , the Eighteenth , which criminalized the production , transport and sale of alcohol nationwide , was later repealed by another , the Twenty - first . Nine ratified amendments ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 22 , and 25 ) have explicitly superseded or modified the text of the original Constitution . Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3a Regarding how the apportionment of representatives and direct taxes among the states is determined . Superseded by the Fourteenth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 1 Regarding the senators from each state being chosen by the legislature of that state . Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , Section 1 Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 2 Regarding the filling of vacancies in the senate . Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 4 , Clause 2 Regarding when each year the Congress must assemble . Modified by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 4 Regarding Congress ' restricted taxation power . Superseded by the Sixteenth Amendment Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 1b Regarding the length of the president 's and vice president 's term of office . Temporarily modified by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 1 Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 3 Regarding Electoral College voting procedures . Superseded by the Twelfth Amendment Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 5 Regarding eligibility for holding the office of president . Modified by the Twenty - second Amendment , Section 1 Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 Regarding presidential powers and duties if the presidency is vacant or if the President is unable to discharge said powers and duties . Superseded by the Twenty - fifth Amendment Article 3 , Section 2 , Clause 1 Regarding the diversity jurisdiction given to the judiciary to hear cases between a state and citizens of another state . Modified by the Eleventh Amendment Article 4 , Section 2 , Clause 3 Regarding persons held ( involuntarily ) to service or labor . Superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment , Section 1 α -- In 1865 , the Thirteenth Amendment rendered the formula prescribed in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 , whereby only three - fifths of all other Persons ( slaves ) were counted when determining a state 's total population for apportionment purposes , moot de jure . Three years later , the entire first sentence of the clause was superseded by the Fourteenth Amendment , Section 2 . This later amendment however , left Congress ' taxation power unchanged , as the replacement clause in it made no mention of apportionment of direct taxes . Even so , Congress ' ability to levy taxes was still governed by Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 of the Constitution . β -- Section 1 of the Seventeenth Amendment , regarding the six - year term of office for senators , was shortened for those persons whose term as senator ended on March 4 , 1935 , 1937 , and 1939 , by the interval between January 3 and March 4 , of that year ( 61 days ) by the Twentieth Amendment , which became part of the Constitution on January 23 , 1933 and the changes made by Section 1 took effect on October 15 , 1933 . This amendment also had a de facto effect on Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 1a , for although the election was held as prescribed , the term of office for the persons elected to Congress in November 1932 , was in effect shortened by the same interval of days . γ -- The term of office for the persons elected President and Vice President ( Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Nance Garner respectively ) in November 1932 , was shortened by the interval between January 20 and March 4 , 1937 ( 44 days ) , by the Twentieth Amendment . δ -- The fourth sentence of the Twelfth Amendment , regarding the Vice President acting as President if the House , when the choice is theirs to make , has not elected a President by March 4 , has been superseded by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 3 . Further information : List of amendments to the United States Constitution Criticism of the Constitution ( edit ) Expand democracy ( edit ) In the early twentieth century Lochner era , the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional various state laws that limited labor contracts . The Constitution was criticized as putting the government at the beck and call of big business . More recent criticism has often been academic and limited to particular features . University of Texas law professor Sanford Levinson wonders whether it makes sense for the Connecticut Compromise to give `` Wyoming the same number of votes as California , which has roughly seventy times the population '' . Levinson thinks this imbalance causes a `` steady redistribution of resources from large states to small states . '' Levinson is critical of the Electoral College as it allows the possibility of electing presidents who do not win the majority , or even plurality , of votes . Five times in American history , presidents have been elected despite failing to win a plurality of the popular vote : 1824 ( John Quincy Adams ) , 1876 ( Rutherford B. Hayes ) , 1888 ( Benjamin Harrison ) , 2000 ( George W. Bush ) and 2016 ( Donald Trump ) . The current impeachment powers do not give the people a quick way to remove incompetent or ill presidents , in his view . Others have criticized gerrymandering . Yale professor Robert A. Dahl sees a problem with an American tendency towards worship of the Constitution itself . ( See American civil religion ) He sees aspects of American governance which are `` unusual and potentially undemocratic : the federal system , the bicameral legislature , judicial review , presidentialism , and the electoral college system . '' Levinson and Labunski and others have called for a Second Constitutional Convention , although professors like Dahl believe there is no real hope this would ever happen . French journalist Jean - Philippe Immarigeon wrote in Harper 's that the `` nearly 230 - year - old constitution stretched past the limits of its usefulness '' , and suggested key problem points were the inability to call an election when government became gridlocked , a several month period between inauguration of a president and when he or she takes office , and inability of the lower house of Congress to influence serious foreign policy decisions such as ending a war when faced with a veto . University of Virginia professor Larry Sabato advocates an amendment to organize presidential primaries . Sabato details more objections in his book A More Perfect Constitution . He opposes life tenure for Federal Court judges , including Supreme Court justices . He also writes that `` If the 26 least populated states voted as a bloc , they would control the U.S. Senate with a total of just under 17 % of the country 's population . '' Sabato further contends that the Constitution is in need of an overhaul , and argues that only a national constitutional convention can bring the document up to date and settle many of the issues that have arisen over the past two centuries . States ' rights ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John C. Calhoun In United States history , four periods of widespread Constitutional criticism have been characterized by the idea that specific political powers belong to state governments and not to the federal government -- a doctrine commonly known as states rights . At each stage , states ' rights advocates failed to develop a preponderance in public opinion or to sustain the democratic political will required to alter the generally held constitutional understanding and political practice in the United States . At its adoption among the people in the state ratification conventions , the `` men of original principles '' opposed the new national government as violating the Whig philosophy generally accepted among the original thirteen colonies in 1776 . According to this view , Congress as a legislature should be only equal to any state legislature , and only the people in each state might be sovereign . They are now referred to as the Anti-Federalists in American historiography . The proponents of `` state sovereignty '' and `` states rights '' were outvoted in eleven of thirteen state ratification conventions , then thirteen of thirteen , to `` ordain and establish '' the Constitution . During Andrew Jackson 's administration , South Carolina objected to U.S. government 's `` tariff of abominations '' collected as federal duties in Charleston Harbor . The Nullification Crisis ensued . Justification for the nullifiers was found in the U.S. Senate speeches and writings of John C. Calhoun . He defended slavery against the Constitutional provisions allowing its statutory regulation or its eventual abolition by Constitutional amendment , most notably in his Disquisition on Government . The crisis was averted when once General Jackson declared he would march a U.S. army into South Carolina and hang the first nullifier he saw from the first tree , and a new negotiated tariff , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , satisfactory to South Carolina was enacted . Despite this , a states - rights - based defense of slavery persisted amongst Southerners until the American Civil War ; conversely , Northerners explored nullification of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . Abraham Lincoln kept a portrait of Andrew Jackson above his desk at the War Department during efforts to defend the Constitution as understood by a national majority of people and states at that time . In the mid-19th Century during the administrations of Abraham Lincoln , Andrew Johnson and Ulysses S. Grant , the United States suffered a tragic passage through the Civil War and Reconstruction . An important survey of the philosophical and legal underpinnings of `` States Rights '' as held by secessionists and Lost Cause advocates afterwards is found in the speeches of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government . Davis defended secession by appealing to the `` original principles '' of the Founders ' 1776 Revolutionary generation , and by expanding on William Blackstone 's doctrine of legislative supremacy . By the elections of 1872 , all states which had been admitted to the United States in accordance with the Constitution were fully represented in the U.S. Congress . Jefferson Davis Following the Supreme Court 1954 holding in Brown v. Board of Education , President Dwight D. Eisenhower used National Guard and U.S. paratroopers to enforce the rulings of the Federal Courts as they pertained to the Constitution . The `` States Rights '' doctrine was again appealed to during the mid-20th Century resistance to racial integration in the schools , notably in Arkansas ' Little Rock Nine , Alabama 's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Virginia 's Massive Resistance . Public schools in every state are now racially integrated by law under the authority of the U.S. Constitution . The tradition is seen in many shorter episodes of limited minority protest against the United States . During the War of 1812 , Federalists conducted a Hartford Convention proposing New England secession during wartime to reopen trade with the declared enemy of the United States . It led to accusations of treason and the demise of the Federalist Party as a force in American politics . In 1921 , the Maryland Attorney General sued to block woman suffrage . He argued in Leser v. Garnett that state legislatures were Constitutionally the sole determiners of who should vote in what federal or state elections , and that the 19th Amendment was improper . The Supreme Court 's judicial review of the state court findings held that the 19th Amendment was Constitutional , and that it applied to the women 's right to vote in every state . Women now vote in every state under the authority of the U.S. Constitution . One exceptional example of `` states rights '' persuading overwhelming majorities in a democratic and sustained way , and so transforming the nation came in the John Adams administration . Fear had spread that radical democratic sentiment might turn subversive as it had in the French Reign of Terror . But the Federalist - sponsored Alien and Sedition Acts meant to preempt the danger led to suppression of opposition press . The political reaction in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions sparked public opposition against the Federalist policy and led to twenty - four years of Constitutionally elected Democratic - Republican Party rule through six administrations of Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and James Monroe . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , opponents of federal laws prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana have based their objections partially on states ' rights grounds , as have opponents of federal laws and regulations pertaining to firearms . States ' rights under the constitution has also been recently raised as an issue on a number of other occasions , most notably regarding Common Core , the Affordable Care Act , and same - sex marriage . History of the physical document ( edit ) At first , little interest was shown in the parchment object itself . Madison had custody of it as Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) but having left Washington , he had lost track of it in the years leading to his death . A publisher had access to it in 1846 for a book on the Constitution . In 1883 historian J. Franklin Jameson found the parchment folded in a small tin box on the floor of a closet at the State , War and Navy Building . In 1894 the State Department sealed the Declaration and Constitution between two glass plates and kept them in a safe . The two parchment documents were turned over to the Library of Congress by executive order , and in 1924 President Coolidge dedicated the bronze - and - marble shrine for public display of the Constitution in the main building . The parchments were laid over moisture absorbing cellulose paper , vacuum - sealed between double panes of insulated plate glass , and protected from light by a gelatin film . Although building construction of the Archives Building was completed in 1935 , in December 1941 they were moved from the Library of Congress until September 1944 , and stored at the U.S. Bullion Depository , Fort Knox , Kentucky , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address . In 1951 following a study by the National Bureau of Standards to protect from atmosphere , insects , mold and light , the parchments were re-encased with special light filters , inert helium gas and proper humidity . They were transferred to the National Archives in 1952 . Since 1952 , the `` Charters of Freedom '' have been displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building . Visual inspections have been enhanced by electronic imaging . Changes in the cases led to removal from their cases July 2001 , preservation treatment by conservators , and installment in new encasements for public display in September 2003 . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) History of democracy List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of amendments to the United States Constitution Republicanism in the United States Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Notes ( edit ) ^ The colonists , for example , claimed the right `` to life , liberty , and property '' , `` the rights , liberties , and immunities of free and natural - born subjects within the realm of England '' ; the right to participate in legislative councils ; `` the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage , according to the course of ( the common law of England ) '' ; `` the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal charters , or secured by their several codes of provincial laws '' ; `` a right peaceably to assemble , consider of their grievances , and petition the king . '' They further declared that the keeping of a standing army in the colonies in time of peace without the consent of the colony in which the army was kept was `` against law '' ; that it was `` indispensably necessary to good government , and rendered essential by the English constitution , that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other '' ; that certain acts of Parliament in contravention of the foregoing principles were `` infringement and violations of the rights of the colonists . '' Text in C. Tansill ( ed . ) , Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States , H. Doc . No. 358 , 69th Congress , 1st sess. ( 1927 ) , 1 . See also H. Commager ( ed . ) , Documents of American History ( New York ; 8th ed. 1964 ) , 82 . ^ Text in Tansill , op . cit. , 10 . ^ Id. , 19 . ^ Id. , 21 . ^ George Mason , Edmund Randolph , James Madison , and Alexander Henderson were appointed commissioners for Virginia ; Thomas Johnson , Thomas Stone , Samuel Chase , and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer for Maryland . ^ Text of the resolution and details of the compact may be found in Wheaton v. Wise , 153 U.S. 155 ( 1894 ) . ^ Tansill , op . cit. , 38 . ^ Id. , 39 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Historians following Charles A. Beard emphasize this aspect of the U.S. Constitution . Although An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States is discredited among modern scholars , Beard 's legacy is that the economic , financial and commercial aspects of American history are almost always included in a survey of any topic . Jump up ^ The meeting at Mount Vernon was past and prologue . All nine were leaders in the Revolution , seven served in the Continental Congress . Five attended the Constitutional Convention , one later served the new government as Attorney General , two on the Supreme Court , and two as President . In the Revolution , three served in uniform , two were judges , two merchants , one financier . Two had been immigrants . The host was George Washington , General of the Continental Army , President of the Constitutional Convention and first U.S. President . Commissioner and Virginia jurist George Mason was the `` Father of the Virginia Bill of Rights '' and attended the Constitutional Convention and the Virginia Ratification Convention . Edmund Randolph , was a Continental Army officer , member of Congress and the Constitutional Convention , would be Virginia governor and U.S. Attorney General . ( Neither Randolph nor Madison actually attended the conference ; Gov. Patrick Henry had not informed them of the date . ) James Madison , signer of the Declaration , member of Congress , `` Father of the Constitution '' at the Convention , led the Virginia Ratification Convention , `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' , and President . Alexander Henderson served during the Revolution as an officer in the Virginia militia . He was a Scottish - born merchant , the `` Father of the American chain store '' . The Maryland commissioners included jurist Thomas Johnson from England . He was the first independent Governor of Maryland and member of Congress serving on a finance committee with later Convention members Benjamin Franklin , John Dickinson and future Chief Justice John Jay . Johnson himself would be a U.S. Supreme Court Justice . Wealthy Thomas Stone was a signer of the Declaration of Independence , and championed Union when Maryland was reluctantly the last to sign the Articles of Confederation . Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer was a member of Congress who worked with Benjamin Franklin , James Madison , John Dickinson and George Washington . Jenifer was the financial administrator for Maryland who helped it recover from economic depression , and a member of the Constitutional Convention . Samuel Chase signed the Declaration of Independence and served on the U.S. Supreme Court . Jump up ^ In the event , the signed Constitution was merely forwarded to the state legislatures without amendment or endorsement . But the states did receive a recommendation that each call a ratification convention apart from the state legislature according to each state 's suffrage and timing . All but Rhode Island did so . Rhode Island and North Carolina did not join the United States until after the Constitutional government began in 1789 . Jump up ^ George Washington 's participation lent prestige to the proceedings , attracting some of the best minds in America . Some 1776 notables did not attend , such as Tom Paine , Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , of the older generation , and Thomas Jefferson , and John Adams , of the younger . Jump up ^ In the Articles Congress , a state could not be represented on the floor until two delegates were present . The Convention quorum of seven states was met the first day with New York with two of its five delegates present that first day , New Jersey with three , Pennsylvania with four of its eight , Delaware with three of its five , Virginia with all seven , North Carolina with four of its five , and South Carolina with all four . Massachusetts and Georgia had each one delegate of their respective four present on the 25th . See Constitutional Convention for a complete listing of state delegations arrived in Philadelphia . Jump up ^ The rules of a formal body can determine outcomes . The nationalist `` Federalists '' will make a point of setting the rules to win the later ratification conventions . Their ratification strategy was to take up each article and section , with no votes on measures until completing the document . This delay suited different objectives . The intent was to persuade in Massachusetts , to accommodate in Virginia , and to await news in New York Jump up ^ In view of the Martin - Lansing `` small state '' positions and their importance in U.S. intellectual history , relative sizes of the states in 1787 can be ranked from the Constitution 's enumeration for the first House of Representatives . States free or with gradual emancipation had 35 Representatives : Pennsylvania eight . Massachusetts eight , New York six , Connecticut five , New Jersey four , New Hampshire three , Rhode Island one . States with a sizable 3 / 5 bonus for non-citizen slaves had 30 representatives at first : Virginia ten , Maryland six , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , Georgia three and Delaware one . ( See U.S. Constitution , Article I , Section 2 . ) Jump up ^ Both the British House of Commons and their North American colonial assemblies were secret . Debates of the Articles Congress were not reported . Jump up ^ Elements of Randolph 's `` Virginia Plan '' proposal as submitted were not adopted . Members of Congress did not have one term , then barred from any U.S. or state office for a number of years after . A ' senate ' was not apportioned by state taxes paid . The ' senate ' is not elected by the ' house ' from state legislature nominees . Congress does not veto state laws , and coerce noncompliant states . The ' president ' might be elected by Congress for two terms . A `` council of revision '' made up of the ' president ' and some of the ' supreme court ' could veto any act of Congress or veto of state legislature . None of these provisions were incorporated into the draft `` Constitution '' as forwarded by Congress to the states for their ratification conventions of representatives of the people voting , as each state legislature allowed . Jump up ^ Elements of Paterson 's `` New Jersey Plan '' proposal as submitted were not adopted . State courts did not interpret federal legislation , with appeals to the Supreme Court only . States in the Union can not be `` diminished '' . Presidents are one person , not three persons . Presidents can serve more than one term . A majority of state Governors can not remove a President . The rule of naturalization was not the same for every state in the 19th Century . Immigrants could become citizens and vote in northern states years before they were eligible for U.S. citizenship . Powers not expressly enumerated belong to the states was out - voted in Convention , but in the first ten amendments , the Tenth Amendment specifies powers not expressly given to the Congress reside with the states or with the people . Jump up ^ The Constitution sets up a bicameral legislature which enacts law only if there are national majorities both among ( a ) the states in the ' senate ' and ( b ) the people in the ' house ' . At the time the Constitution was ratified , it balanced states equally relative to slavery in the Senate . There were six states north of Pennsylvania , and six states south of it . Pennsylvania , the `` keystone '' state , split Senators one - one at first . After Pennsylvania abolished slavery , the next state to enter the Union in 1792 was Kentucky , which was admitted with slavery . That action maintained a `` sectional equality '' between free - soil states and slave - holding states , 7 -- 7 . Then in 1850 , California was admitted as a free state , then Minnesota , Oregon and Kansas followed as free states before outbreak of the Civil War . The Constitution 's House of Representatives began nearly equal , but the decennial census reallocated power away from declining slave - economies and towards the places which supported more people . Over time , ten years at a time , under the Constitution , the state antecedents , wealth , commerce and militias matter less than the numbers of people it can sustain in its domestic economy . Jump up ^ Section 2 of Article I provides in part : `` Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states ... by adding to the whole number of free persons , including those bound to service for a term of years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three - fifths of all other persons . '' State population for U.S. representation or taxes was to exclude all numbers of untaxed Native - Americans. -- `` Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states ... by adding to the whole number of free persons , including those bound to service for a term of years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three - fifths of all other persons '' . Jump up ^ He was the son of a shoemaker , now a farmer and lawyer . Although awkward , vulgar and laughable to more polished colleagues , he was an honest political broker . The most frequent speakers on the Convention floor were Madison , Wilson , G. Morris , all nationalists . Roger Sherman of Connecticut , a small - state ' federal ' delegate , was fourth . His legislative philosophy was , `` When you are a minority , talk . When you are a majority , vote . '' Among the small - state advocates , he would make the most speeches throughout the Convention . Arriving right behind the nationalist leaders on May 30 , Sherman was reported to prefer a `` patch up '' of the existing Confederacy . Another small state delegate , George Read ( DE ) agreed with the nationalists that state legislatures were a national problem . But rather than see larger states overshadow the small , he 'd prefer to see all state boundaries erased . Big - state versus small - state antagonisms hardened early . Jump up ^ The nationalists had proposed a ' senate ' smaller than the ' house ' , but still proportioned by population : one senator for small , two senators for medium , and three senators for large population states . Sherman argued that the bicameral British Parliament had a House of Lords equal with the House of Commons to protect their propertied interests apart from the people . He was voted down , this time by the big states . Jump up ^ The most important were Lansing and Yates ( NY ) , Bedford ( DE ) , Paterson and Brearly ( NJ ) and Martin ( MD ) . Other supporters of note were Mason ( VA ) , Gerry ( MA ) , Ellsworth and Sherman ( CT ) . Jump up ^ Yates and Lansing ( NY ) would walk out July 10 . New York voted as a `` small '' state on big - state - small - state issues . It had no western frontier like Pennsylvania and Virginia , for instance . In 1787 , the Erie Canal did not tie New York to the west , and Philadelphia was still the nation 's largest commercial and banking center , followed by Boston . Jump up ^ Pierce Butler of South Carolina was generally a nationalist , representing up - country interests against the state - dominating big plantations , but on this , he switched between Resolution 7 and Resolution 8 , speaking with the small - states , supporting a two - or three - person ' presidency ' . Cromwell had started well enough , but his Interregnum turned out badly . Jump up ^ The Articles of Confederation gave Congress control of ( 1 ) the military : appoint and commission officers , build a navy , regulate uniform justice , and use privateers. ( 2 ) international relations : declare war and make peace , exchange ambassadors , enter treaties and alliances , establish admiralty courts , punish crimes on the high seas and regulate captures , and manage trade and affairs with non-state Indians . ( 3 ) commerce : value of coin , uniform standards of weights and measures , post offices , borrow money and establish courts to adjudicate issues between states . Jump up ^ McDonald lists his five `` minor powers '' as governing the federal district , punishing crimes against the law of nations , copyrights and patents , bankruptcies and counterfeiting . Jump up ^ States would lose more powers with the addition of Constitutional Amendments , the 14th will extend national Bill of Rights freedoms to states , the 15th and 19th will enlarge state citizenship , and the 18th will strip state legislatures of U.S. Senator election . Jump up ^ Property right provisions included prohibiting restrictions on slavery within the country until 1808 ; banning export duties , direct taxes , and port preference ; taxing interstate commerce , and confiscating estates . Jump up ^ Guarantees for liberty in the original Constitution included prohibiting suspension of the writ of habeas corpus except in times of rebellion or invasion , prohibiting ex post facto laws and bills of attainder , providing for impeachment of all civil officers , Jury trial in criminal cases , narrowing the definition of treason by direct action and two witnesses , and forbidding religious qualifications for national office . Jump up ^ In a republic , theory proposed that the people 's agent ( represented by the House of Representatives ) would originate money bills . No money could be spent but by legislative appropriation . Military appropriations were limited to two - years duration . There could be no dual office - holding in the national government and no titles of nobility . Jump up ^ The Articles prohibited each state from treating with foreign governments , exchanging ambassadors , grant titles of nobility , maintaining their own armies or ships of war or privateers , they were not to engage in war unless invaded , lay taxes on imports . The states under the Articles of Confederation were not to make treaties among themselves . Jump up ^ This was necessary since Blackstone held the British Parliament was restrained from ex post facto laws only in criminal matters . Jump up ^ But because the 18th Century Founders did not choose universal suffrage for representatives or for direct proposition referendums does not mean that they did not have to argue the point down and outvote their opponents . In a letter to James Sullivan , May 26 , 1776 , John Adams asked rhetorically , `` Shall we say , that every member of the community , old and young , male and female , as well as rich and poor , must consent , expressly , to every act of legislation ? '' His answer was , for 1776 , No . Jump up ^ This point was the principal reason for Maryland 's reluctance to ratify the Articles in the first place , delaying its unanimous adoption from 1777 to 1783 . Luther Martin ( MD ) stopped any spontaneously arising western claim of independent statehood by ensuring that the United States owned all the backlands ceded by the states . Jump up ^ Federalists ruled the first twelve years of government with a President by Washington and Adams . The Democratic - Republicans ruled for the next twenty - four , and arguably after one - term John Quincy Adams , for another thirty years under the Jacksonian Democrats . Jump up ^ Connecticut expanded electorate to add all town meeting voters ; Massachusetts dropped property requirements ; New Hampshire dropped certain property requirements , and added town delegates ; Rhode Island put the question to a referendum which rejected the ratification convention , the Federalist minority centered in Newport and Providence boycotted the election ; Virginia dropped `` legal and Constitutional requirements '' to expand the freehold electorate ; New York dropped property requirements , timed assembly elections at the same time , and allowed up to five sequential days of voting until the voting rolls were `` complete '' . Jump up ^ Opposition to ratification was led by Governor George Clinton ; the opposition also suggested that New York reserve the right to withdraw if the Constitution were not amended . Madison led the first session of the first Congress to propose amendments , and ten of the twelve were made Constitutional . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. , `` The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 '' ( 1972 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84723 - 7 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. , American Historical Association Presidential Address AHA December 28 , 1976 . Viewed June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1987 ) ch. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1987 ) ; Nevins ( 1924 ) Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1950 ) ^ Jump up to : Morris ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ; The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 ( 1950 ) . When Congress could borrow no more money , it sold western lands . This revenue source would grow to provide the Early Republic with half of its annual expenditures , freeing the states of national tax burdens . Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The Power of The Purse : A History of American Public Finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Flexner , James Thomas , George Washington and the New Nation : 1783 -- 1793 ( 1970 ) 3 : 100 Jump up ^ `` Mount Vernon Conference '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Vernon Conference '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ General Assembly of Maryland , 1786 Md . Laws c. 1 , Virginiaplaces.org Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court , WHARTON v. WISE , 153 U.S. 155 ( 1894 ) Jump up ^ Morris , Richard Brandon ( 1987 ) . The forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 015733 - 3 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Proposed Amendments to the Articles of Confederation text . August 7 , 1786 Report of Continental Congress ( Journals 31 : 494 -- 98 ) . Teaching American History . Viewed December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress , 31 : 494 -- 98 pp. 498n , 515 , 518 . Viewed December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor Jr. , Morris J. `` Appendix A : The Annapolis Convention '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . Washington D.C : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 264 . LCCN 87001353 . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 276 . ISBN 9780195176001 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tansill , C. ( ed . ) , Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States , H. Doc . No. 358 , 69th Congress , 1st sess. ( 1927 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : NARA . `` National Archives Article on the Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` National Archives Article on the Constitution '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 22 , 267 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 15 , 24 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 15 , 19 -- 20 , 54 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 23 , 41 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 50 , 52 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand 1974 , pp. 18 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . ed. , The Records of Federal Convention of 1787 , Yale University Press 1974 . ISBN 0300000804 pp. 18 -- 23 , Madison 's Journal , May 29 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . ed. , The Records of Federal Convention of 1787 , Yale University Press ISBN 0300000804 pp. 18 -- 23 , Yates ' Journal , June 16 pp. 257 -- 60 Jump up ^ Farrand 2010 , pp. 242 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand 1974 , pp. 242 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Farrand 's Records '' , viewed September 15 , 2011 . The Yale University Press reprint is ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School makes Madison 's Journal available online by date - link , which is particularly helpful in comparing multiple editions . Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention . A complete Gregorian Calendar for the year is available online : 1787 Calendar Archived 2011 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Madison 's Journal with errors from several sources can be found online as a searchable text and linked index edited by Gaillard Hunt ( 1903 ) . Journal of the Constitution in The Writings of James Madison , vol. IV . 1787 . Putnam Sons 1903 . In Farrand , the source documents are organized by date including those from the Convention Journal , Rufus King ( MA ) , and James McHenry ( MD ) , along with later Anti-federalists Robert Yates ( NY ) , and William Paterson ( NJ ) . Farrand corrects errors among revisions that Madison made to his Journal while in his seventies . ( Farrand , 1974 pp. v -- ix ) . The work includes additional sources , cross references in the daily notes , a general index , and an index of every clause in the Constitution throughout the debates . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 197 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress , `` House of Representatives , 9th Congress , 2nd Session '' , History of Congress , `` Importation of Slaves '' pp. 241 -- 42 . Viewed October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice . `` Slavery and Justice '' p. 35 . Viewed October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillip Shaw Paludan , A Covenant with Death : the Constitution , Law , and Equality in the Civil War Era ( 1975 ) pp. 2 -- 4 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 201 , 284 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ See South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession ( December 24 , 1860 ) , reprinted in Richard Hofstadter , Great Issues in American History . Volume II , Vintage Books ( 1958 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 ; Abraham Lincoln , Message to Congress ( July 4 , 1861 ) reprinted in Hofstadter , supra . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 ' ( 1966 , 1974 ) , Yale University Press 1937 reprint four vols . Vol . I , p. 202 Madison , Mr. Sherman 's motion June 11 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 104 , 105 , 107 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , Vol . I. p. 322 Madison , Mr. King 's motion June 19 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 227 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , Vol . I. p. 408 Madison , on the question `` that the members of the 2nd branch be chosen by the individual legislatures . '' . June 25 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , V.I , p. 436 Journal . June 27 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 131 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , V.I , p. 460 . Journal . June 29 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 138 - 139 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 140 , 187 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 185 - 186 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 227 - 228 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 55 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 63 -- 66 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 276 -- 77 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 262 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate , The Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . in the Constitution of the United States , p. 1193 . Government Printing Office , 1995 , viewed 08 / 11 / 2011 Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 263 -- 67 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 277 - 278 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 279 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 268 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 271 -- 72 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 174 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 184 , 186 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 177 -- 78 , 183 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 282 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 80 -- 81 , 176 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 181 , 184 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ John R. Vile , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 674 - 4 . Jump up ^ NARA . `` National Archives Article on the Entire Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 54 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : Maier 2010 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ WikiSource . `` Articles of Confederation '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ratification Dates and Votes -- The U.S. Constitution Online '' . USConstitution.net . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States of America '' . WikiSource . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Fathers : Virginia '' . FindLaw Constitutional Law Center . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Jefferson Cyclopedia '' , Thomas Jefferson & John P. Foley , Funk and Wagnalls Company , NY and London 1900 , `` Anti-Federalists , and '' p. 38 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . Jump up ^ For dates proposed and ratified : U.S. Congress , House . The Constitution of the United States of America , As Amended , H. Doc . 102 -- 188 , 102nd Cong. , 2nd sess. , ( Washington : GPO , 1992 ) . Length of ratification process calculated : http://www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html ^ Jump up to : James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : With a Summary of the Actions of the States in Ratification of the Provisions Thereof . Richmond , Virginia : Virginia Department on Constitutional Government . ^ Jump up to : `` Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . Charters of Freedom : Constitution of the United States . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XII '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIV '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVI '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVII '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XX '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Article II : Executive Branch '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXV '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Phillips , The Lochner Court , Myth and Reality : Substantive Due Process from the 1890s to the 1930s ( 2001 ) , preface ^ Jump up to : Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How the People Can Correct It ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Popular vote , Electoral College vote at odds ? '' . USA Today . November 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 2006 ) . Our Undemocratic Constitution : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How We the People Can Correct It ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530751 - 1 . Jump up ^ Randall Kennedy ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Books : Randall Kennedy '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Nora Krug ( reviewer ) ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` Radical Re-readings -- Our Undemocratic Constition : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How We the People Can Correct It ) by Sanford Levinson '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a More Democratic Congress ? Our Imperfect Democratic Constitution : The Critics Examined '' . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Dahl ( February 11 , 2002 ) . `` How Democratic Is the American Constitution ? '' . Yale University Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Stanford Levinson Proposes a New Constitutional Convention '' . Colorado Law -- Univ. of Colorado at Boulder . January 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jean - Philippe Immarigeon , Harper 's Magazine , February 2014 issue , Dissolve Congress : A cure for constitutional crisis , Accessed Jan. 25 , 2014 , `` ... America 's institutional breakdown ... '' ^ Jump up to : Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Larry J. Sabato interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( 18 October 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sabato , A More Perfect Constitution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tim Devaney ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) . `` States move to counter gay marriage ruling '' . TheHill . Jump up ^ Robert G. Ferris and James H. Charleton , The Signers of the Constitution ( 1986 ) p. 245 Jump up ^ Stephen Puleo , American Treasures : The Secret Efforts to Save the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Gettysburg Address . Jump up ^ Ferris and Charleton , The Signers of the Constitution ( 1986 ) pp. 246 -- 48 Jump up ^ Since 1987 , inspections were enhanced by an electronic imaging monitoring system developed for NARA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California . In 1995 , conservators noticed changes in the glass encasements of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights . Glass experts from Libby - Owens - Ford ( the original manufacturer of the encasement glass ) and the Corning Glass Museum identified signs of deterioration . Both the glass experts and the National Archives Advisory Committee on Preservation recommended that the Charters be re-encased by 2002 for document safety . ( NARA website ) Jump up ^ National Archives publication , Archives building history Archived 2012 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... Viewed August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Archives were set up by Franklin Roosevelt in 1934 . It keeps 1 -- 3 % of government documents to be kept forever . These are over 9 billion text records , 20 million photographs , 7 million maps , charts , and architectural drawings and over 365,000 reels of film . The monumental Archives Building was inadequate by the 1960s , so new facilities were built in College Park , MD . Work on electronic archives progresses . Fitzpatrick , Laura. , A Brief History of The National Archives , Thursday , May 21 , 2009 . Viewed August 19 , 2011 . Primary sources ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part One : September 1787 to February 1788 ( The Library of America , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 940450 - 42 - 9 Bailyn , Bernard , ed . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part Two : January to August 1788 ( The Library of America , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 940450 - 64 - X Max Farrand , ed. , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 ( 4 vols. , 1911 -- 1937 ; rev . ed. 1966 ) . Madison , James . Jonathan Elliot 's Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 3 : Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 as Reported by James Madison . 1989 . 811 pp . Scott , James Brown , ed . James Madison 's notes of debates in the Federal convention of 1787 and their relation to a more perfect society of nations 1918 . Martin , Luther . Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 . 1838 . Pole , J.R. , ed . The Federalist Indianapolis : Hackett , 2005 . 512 pp . Jump up ^ Max Farrand ( 1911 ) . `` The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , 3 vols '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1 January 1911 ) . `` The records of the Federal convention of 1787 '' . Yale university press ; ( etc. , etc . ) Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Search : ( ( subject : '' Farrand , Max '' OR subject : `` Max Farrand '' OR creator : `` Farrand , Max '' OR creator : `` Max Farrand '' OR creator : `` Farrand , M . '' OR title : `` Max Farrand '' OR description : `` Farrand , Max '' OR description : `` Max Farrand '' ) OR ( `` 1869 - 1945 '' AND Farrand ) ) AND ( - mediatype : software ) `` . archive.org . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Search : Records Federal Convention 1787 '' . archive.org . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , James Brown ( 1 January 1918 ) . `` James Madison 's notes of debates in the Federal convention of 1787 and their relation to a more perfect society of nations '' . New York , Oxford University Press , American branch . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Scott , James Brown . `` 1787 : Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1838 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 ( from old catalog ) '' . Cincinnati , A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1821 ) . `` Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled at Philadelphia ... '' Printed by Websters and Skinners . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the United States of America '' . Washington : Govt . Print . Off . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1844 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Louisville , Ky . : A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1838 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the 1787 , : for the purpose of forming the Constitution of the United States of America '' . A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the United States of America '' . Govt . Print . Off . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) ( United States . Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) ) -- The Online Books Page '' . upenn.edu . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Scholarly studies ( edit ) Adair , Douglass ( author ) ; Colbourn , Trevor ( editor ) . Fame and the Founding Fathers : Writings of Douglass Adair . W.W. Norton for Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1974 ; reprint ed. , Liberty Fund , 1998 . Collection of essays by one of the most influential scholars on the intellectual origins of the Constitution . Adams , Willi Paul . The First American Constitutions . University of North Carolina Press , 1980 ; revised and expanded edition , Madison House , 2000 . Focusing on the state constitutions framed in the era of Revolutionary constitutionalism and their relationship to the Constitution of 1787 . Berkin , Carol . A Brilliant Solution : Inventing the American Constitution . 2002 . 310 pp. broad and accessible overview Bernstein , Richard B. , with Rice , Kym S. Are We to Be a Nation ? The Making of the Constitution . Harvard University Press , 1987 , 324 pp. Broad - focus overview , written for scholars and general readers alike , of the `` age of experiments in government '' spanning the period from the early 1750s through the early 1790s , and giving careful attention to the intellectual context and origins of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights . Bernstein , Richard B. Amending America : If We Love the Constitution So Much , Why Do We Keep Trying to Change It ? Times Books , 1993 ; paperback , University Press of Kansas , 1995 . 398 pp. History of the Constitution 's amending process , focusing on the links between the Constitution and American national identity and values . Bowen , Catherine ( 2010 ) ( First published 1966 ) . Miracle at Philadelphia : the story of the Constitutional Convention , May to September , 1787 . New York : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 10261 - 2 . Collier , Christopher . All Politics Is Local : Family , Friends , and Provincial Interests in the Creation of the Constitution . U. Press of New England , 2003 . 224 pp . Collier , Christopher and Collier , James Lincoln . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . 1986 . 331 pp . Currie , David P . The Constitution in Congress : Democrats and Whigs , 1829 -- 1861 . U. of Chicago Press , 2005 . 346 pp . Edling , Max . A Revolution in Favor of Government : Origins of the United States Constitution and the Making of the American State , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2003 . Jensen , Merrill . The New Nation a History of the United States During the Confederation 1781 -- 1789 , 1950 . Johnson , Allen . Union and Democracy . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1915 . Kernell , Samuel , ed . James Madison : The Theory and Practice of Republican Government . 2003 . 381 pp . Kyvig , David . Explicit & Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . University Press of Kansas , 1996 . Bancroft - Prize - winning history of the Constitution 's amending process . Levy , Leonard W. ; Karst , Kenneth ; and Mahoney , Dennis , eds . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution 4 volumes ( 1986 ) . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1958 ) . We the People : The Economic Origins of the Constitution . University of Chicago Press . McDonald , Forrest . E Pluribus Unum : The Formation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1790 . Reprint Edition , Liberty Fund . McDonald , Forrest . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas , 1995 . McGuire , Robert A. To Form a More Perfect Union : A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution . 2003 . 395 pp . Morris , Richard B . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . 1987 . 416 pp. political and economic survey of 1780s and writing of Constitution Nevins , Allan . The American States During and After the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . 1924 ( ISBN 0 - 678 - 00510 - 9 ) Robertson , David Brian ( 2005 ) . `` Madison 's Opponents and Constitutional Design '' . American Political Science Review . 99 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 43 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003055405051622 . Tasi , Robert L. , America 's Forgotten Constitutions : Defiant Visions of Power and Community ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2014 ) . Wood , Gordon S . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1969 . Massive , Bancroft - Prize - winning examination of the intellectual , constitutional , and political history of the new nation from the opening of the American Revolution to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution . External links ( edit ) Madison letter to Jefferson informing him of proceedings of the Constitutional Convention The Fathers of the Constitution ; a chronicle of the establishment of the Union by Max Farrand 1869 -- 1945 The Framers of the Constitution : Biographical sketches by William Pierce The Federalist Papers United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=809063054 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Constitutional history of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 4. how many houses of the legislature were set up under the constitution | [
"Much of the Virginia Plan was adopted.[i] All the powers in the Articles transfer to the new government. Congress has two houses, the 'house' apportioned by population. It can enact laws affecting more than one state and Congress can override a veto. The President can enforce the law. The Supreme Court and inferior courts rule on international, U.S. and state law. The Constitution is the supreme law and all state officers swear to uphold the Constitution. Every state is a republic, and new states can be admitted.[39] The Articles Congress continued until the new system started. Amendments are possible without Congress. The Convention recommendations went to Congress, from them to the states. State legislatures set the election rules for ratification conventions, and the people \"expressly\" chose representatives to consider and decide about the Constitution.[38]"
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"two houses"
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-7854127429275343280 | The Good Doctor (TV series) | The Good Doctor ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Good Doctor ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based , see Good Doctor ( TV series ) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical Drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Irene Keng Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 6 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia Sony Pictures Television ABC Studios Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website abc.go.com/shows/the-good-doctor The Good Doctor is an American medical - drama television series , developed by David Shore , based on the 2013 South Korean series of the same name . The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , with Shore serving as showrunner . The series began airing on ABC on September 25 , 2017 . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Chuku Modu , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from a small town , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to join the prestigious surgical department at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy : A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez : Attending surgeon . Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne : A resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu : A resident . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : A hospital board member who is a friend of Dr. Glassman and whose grandfather founded the hospital . Irene Keng as Sarah Chen : A resident . Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews : Chief of surgery . Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman : President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki : Chair and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital . Guest ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also plays a boy in the present named Evan that looks like the brother . Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Michael Muhney Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews : Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to his job interview at the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy encounters a boy injured when a glass fixture shatters and falls on him and jumps in to assist , his unique perspective on the world guiding him through the procedure . He also helps another doctor who is there , by instructing him on how to stop the boy from dying . On the way to the hospital , Shaun notices that the boy 's vitals have changed , and argues that something is wrong , but no one believes him . Dr. Aaron Glassman , president at the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun despite his autism , while Dr. Marcus Andrews fights against him . Dr. Claire Browne tries to prove herself to her overconfident superior Dr. Neil Melendez . The doctors realize that Shaun is right and ask for his assistance in saving the boy 's life , which he does . During his childhood , Shaun suffers due to an abusive father and bullies at school , but is protected and assisted by his younger brother , Steve , until tragedy strikes . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 `` Oliver '' John Dahl Bill Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a patient a liver . They ca n't fly on their way back due to the fog rolling out and are forced to use a police escort . Problems keep coming one after the other ; first , the liver 's temperature went above the required maximum , forcing them to have a sudden stop at a local store , where they cool it by submerging it in slush . As they proceed with their journey , Shaun discovers that the liver has a clot . With only two hours of viability left , the duo decide to perform an operation on the way in order to remove the clot and flash the left lobe , to protect it from the ice bath . Back at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver is discovered to have alcohol in his system ; a likelihood that he might be moved to the bottom of the list . Chuck later confesses that he actually took a drink on his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and the future patients , the hospital decides to move Chuck to the bottom of the list . To their dismay , Shaun and Claire arrive back , only to find out that the liver has to be taken to another patient in another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Through an ultrasound , an expectant woman 's fetus is diagnosed with a tumor at its tail bone ; the mom has Antiphospholipid syndrome , making surgery a high risk . Dr. Melendez suggests termination of the pregnancy but Shaun interjects by suggesting clotting pre-operatively with an infusion of unfractionated heparin , angering his attendees . During surgery , there is a complication ; a blood clot at the artery in her heart . Dr. Kalu has an idea that they should stop her heart and put her on a bypass machine for the duration of the surgery ; that way she wo n't have an heart attack , which turns out to be successful . With a patient needing a boil lanced , Dr. Melendez assigns Shaun and Dr. Browne on the case , as a punishment for the former for being late . The patient turns out to be a pornographic actress ; she does not have a boil but a large Bartholin gland abscess and they prep her for surgery the following day . They successfully drain the abscess but discover that she has a Perineal myoma underneath . The fabroid tumor is wrapped around the nerve that facilitates feeling in her genitals . Therefore , the doctors have to remove the tumor but they have to sever the nerve ; hence , losing all feeling in her genitals . Shaun comes up the idea of grafting the distal end of the pudendal nerve to the branch of the femoral cutaneous nerve from her inner thigh ; this will lead to her losing feeling in her thigh while preserving feeling in her genitals . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve , forming a bond with him . The boy 's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm ; unbeknownst to Evan , he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Shaun later suspects that he might have been misdiagnosed with cancer but indeed was suffering from Langerhans cell histiocytosis . In order not to give both Evan and his parents false hopes , Shaun decides to lie , attempting to perform a bone marrow arspiration , but he is caught red - handed by the parents . Subsequently , Evan starts coughing out blood , sending him to the OR . While on the operating table , Dr. Neil Mendelez and Dr. Claire Browne discover that the cancer had metastasized , undoubtable proof that he is indeed suffering with terminal cancer . The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 55 - year old man , brought to the hospital by his estranged son , with an allergy causing him to have convulsions . Dr. Browne later finds out that the man is suffering from Echinococcus , a cyst form of tapeworms . Saddened by Evan 's fate , Shaun reads Evan the final few pages of To Kill a Mockingbird , a book of Steve 's that he never finished reading before he died . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Dr. Kalau tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a damaged leg who can either have it amputated , or have an artificial bone inserted . The relative newness of the latter procedure causes a conflict between the man 's parent and his soon - to - be bride . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBD 8 `` Apple '' TBA TBA November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with Asperger syndrome was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did n't pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Unger ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Horace Andrews ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Ira Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and mentor to Shaun . He was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . With the series order in May , Modu 's character was revealed to have changed to Dr. Jared Kalu ; Harper 's character changed to Dr. Marcus Andrews ; and Schiff 's character changed to Dr. Aaron Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . Filming ( edit ) Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and is set to conclude on March 1 , 2018 . The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Marketing ( edit ) A full length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 50 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 based on 28 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum , '' but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot ; Sawyer Barth In Fox 's ' Amy 's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Schedule : Primetime Fall 2017 - 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 Lead Sheet '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mount Rushmore '' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42 : 49 . ABC . Jump up ^ Michael Muhney ( @ michaelmuhney ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Bike rides and @ GoodDoctorABC ... Vancouver 's quite the fun city to work and play in ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 106 ) `` 22 Steps '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - good doctor , the on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Filming Locations Archive '' . What 's Filming ? . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . August 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Patrick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now '' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Trailers for ABC 's New 2017 - 2018 Shows : ' Roseanne ' Returns , Zach Braff Forms ' Alex , Inc . ' & More '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's New Show Trailers : A Critic 's Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ; Greene , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor , ' ' The Gospel of Kevin , ' ' Alex , Inc . ' : ABC Fall TV Trailers , Ranked and Reviewed '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Trailer : 33 Million Views And Counting '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Jeff ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . 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( TBA ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars Junior ( 2018 ) Deception ( TBA ) For the People ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( TBA ) Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Doctor_(TV_series)&oldid=808885124 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American drama television series American medical television series American television series based on South Korean television series Autism in television English - language television programs Television series by ABC Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in California Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 20 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the doctor in the new show the good doctor | [
"The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy, a young surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital. Antonia Thomas, Nicholas Gonzalez, Chuku Modu, Beau Garrett, Hill Harper, Richard Schiff, and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show. The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017. On October 3, 2017, ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes."
] | [
"Freddie Highmore"
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-9007700866621752486 | I Will Wait | I Will Wait - wikipedia I Will Wait Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Mumford & Sons . For the song by Hootie & the Blowfish , see I Will Wait ( Hootie & the Blowfish song ) . For the song by Swedish artist Isa Tengblad , see I Will Wait ( Isa song ) . Not to be confused with I Will Wait for You . `` I Will Wait '' Single by Mumford & Sons from the album Babel Released August 7 , 2012 Format 7 '' CD digital download Recorded 2011 -- 12 Genre Indie folk , folk rock , bluegrass Length 4 : 36 Label Gentlemen of the Road Island Songwriter ( s ) Marcus Mumford Producer ( s ) Markus Dravs Mumford & Sons singles chronology `` Roll Away Your Stone '' ( 2010 ) `` I Will Wait '' ( 2012 ) `` Lover of the Light '' ( 2012 ) `` Roll Away Your Stone '' ( 2010 ) `` I Will Wait '' ( 2012 ) `` Lover of the Light '' ( 2012 ) Alternative cover Promotional artwork `` I Will Wait '' is a song by English rock band Mumford & Sons . The track was first released in the United States on August 7 , 2012 as the lead single from the band 's second studio album , Babel ( 2012 ) . This is their most successful song to date surpassing their biggest hits , `` Little Lion Man '' and `` The Cave '' . It reached the top ten in the New Zealand , Irish , Canadian and Scottish national charts , and was voted into fifth place in Australian radio station Triple J 's Hottest 100 of 2012 . The song is playable in the video game Guitar Hero Live . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Critical reception 3 Track listing 4 Charts 4.1 Commercial performance 4.2 Weekly charts 4.3 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Fred & Nick . It was filmed at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado . Critical reception ( edit ) The song has received generally favourable reviews . Grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly gave the song a positive review , saying how the song `` hearkens back to their Grammy - nomination - festooned single `` The Cave '' with its shouted refrain , triumphant horns , a driving kick drum , and an earnest lyric about a relationship so perfect it has Marcus Mumford kneeling down in reverence , raising his hands , and wishing for his mind to be `` freed from the lies . '' '' Stephanie Middleton of The Celebrity Cafe said , `` With untouched vocals and harmonies , the boys manage to create yet another genuine Mumford & Sons track . '' Katie Hasty of HitFix gave the song a B+ , saying `` Marcus is a softie , but he 's got a problem with repetition , '' but also said `` they bring it home when they jump up an octave and beat the hell out of the chorus . '' She concluded with , `` This song could be really huge . '' Liv Carter of Urban Country News awarded the song a ' thumbs - up ' . Reviewing the song after it started receiving airplay at country radio , she called it `` a perfect piece of folk - rock that more than deserves to be introduced to the wider country radio audience . '' Rolling Stone magazine named the song the 13th best song of 2012 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I Will Wait '' 4 : 36 2013 Brit Awards No . Title Length 1 . `` I Will Wait ( Live from the BRITs ) '' 4 : 48 Charts ( edit ) Commercial performance ( edit ) The song sold 153,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release . It is also their highest - charting song both in the US and the UK to date . It has sold over 2 million copies in the US as of April 2013 , their second song to do so . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 13 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 23 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 93 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 53 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 34 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 20 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 48 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 50 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 11 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 37 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 52 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United States August 7 , 2012 Digital download United Kingdom 9 September 2012 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mumford & Sons - ' I Will Wait ' - Single '' . iTunes ( US ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` I Will Wait Mumford & Sons Music Video '' . MTV Music . MTV Networks . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons release new single , ' I Will Wait ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2012 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons - `` I Will Wait '' - Review `` . The Celebrity Cafe . 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons promise ' I Will Wait ' in first official song from ' Babel ' '' . HitFix. 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Carter , Liv . `` Single Review : ' I Will Wait ' -- Mumford & Sons '' . Urban Country News . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ 50 Best Songs of 2012 : Mumford Sons , ' I Will Wait ' Rolling Stone Jump up ^ `` On the charts : Mumford & Sons ' fans ca n't wait for Babel '' . Rolling Stone . 2012 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Week Ending March 31 , 2013 . Songs : `` Thrift Shop '' Sets First Quarter Record `` . Yahoo Music ( Chart Watch ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results -- Euro Digital Songs 2012 - 10 - 06 '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Mumford & Sons Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2012 - 10 - 06 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2012 - 10 - 06 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rock Songs for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Rock Airplay for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Alternative Songs for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Mumford & Sons . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Mumford & Sons . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Airplay Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Triple A Songs : 2013 ( Year - End ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart > January 14 , 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Wait in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Mumford & Sons -- I Will Wait '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons - ' I Will Wait ' - Single '' . iTunes ( UK ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . External links ( edit ) `` I Will Wait '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) ( hide ) Mumford & Sons Marcus Mumford Winston Marshall Ben Lovett Ted Dwane Albums Sigh No More ( 2009 ) Babel ( 2012 ) Wilder Mind ( 2015 ) Live albums Live at Shepherd 's Bush Empire The Road to Red Rocks Studio extended plays Mumford & Sons Love Your Ground The Cave and the Open Sea Mumford & Sons , Laura Marling & Dharohar Project The Wedding Band -- The First Dance Johannesburg Live extended plays iTunes Festival : London 2009 iTunes Festival : London 2010 iTunes Festival : London 2012 Live from Bull Moose Apple Music Festival : London 2015 Singles `` Little Lion Man '' `` Winter Winds '' `` The Cave '' `` Roll Away Your Stone '' `` I Will Wait '' `` Lover of the Light '' `` Whispers in the Dark '' `` Babel '' `` Believe '' `` The Wolf '' `` Ditmas '' `` Tompkins Square Park '' `` There Will Be Time '' `` Just Smoke '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations List of songs Laura Marling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Wait&oldid=798271246 '' Categories : 2012 singles Mumford & Sons songs Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Folk rock songs 2012 songs Island Records singles Songs written by Marcus Mumford Song recordings produced by Markus Dravs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 23 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song i will wait for you | [
"\"I Will Wait\" is a song by English rock band Mumford & Sons. The track was first released in the United States on August 7, 2012 as the lead single from the band's second studio album, Babel (2012).[1] This is their most successful song to date surpassing their biggest hits, \"Little Lion Man\" and \"The Cave\". It reached the top ten in the New Zealand, Irish, Canadian and Scottish national charts, and was voted into fifth place in Australian radio station Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2012. The song is playable in the video game Guitar Hero Live."
] | [
"Mumford & Sons"
] |
-6869477953283365080 | American Ninja Warrior | American Ninja Warrior - wikipedia American Ninja Warrior This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search American Ninja Warrior Genre Sports entertainment Sports competition Created by Ushio Higuchi Directed by Patrick McManus Presented by Matt Iseman Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Kristine Leahy Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 130 Production Executive producer ( s ) Arthur Smith Kent Weed Brian Richardson Anthony Storm Kristen Stabile Producer ( s ) David Markus Briana Vowels John Gunn Royce Toni J.D. Pruess Matthew Silverberg Max Poris Camera setup Multiple - camera Running time 36 -- 128 minutes Production company ( s ) A. Smith & Co . Release Original network G4 ( 2009 -- 2013 ) ; NBC ( 2012 -- present ) Esquire Network ( 2014 -- 2016 ) USA Network ( 2017 -- present ) Original release December 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 12 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by American Ninja Challenge ( 2006 -- 08 ) Related shows Sasuke Ultimate Beastmaster External links Website www.nbc.com/american-ninja-warrior Production website www.anwcasting.com American Ninja Warrior ( sometimes abbreviated as ANW ) is an American sports entertainment competition that is a spin - off of the Japanese television series Sasuke . It features hundreds of competitors attempting to complete a series of obstacle courses of increasing difficulty , trying to make it to the national finals on the Las Vegas Strip , in hopes of becoming an `` American Ninja Warrior '' . To date only two competitors , rock - climbers Isaac Caldiero and Geoff Britten , have won the course and achieved `` Total Victory '' . Caldiero is the only competitor to win the cash prize . The series began on the now - defunct cable channel G4 and now airs on NBC with encore episodes airing on USA Network and NBC Sports Network . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Hosts and co-hosts 2.1 Timeline 3 Format 3.1 Contestant eligibility 3.2 City qualifying 3.2. 1 City timeline 3.3 City finals 3.4 Mount Midoriyama 4 Series overview and season synopses 4.1 Season 1 ( 2009 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2010 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2011 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2012 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2013 ) 4.6 Season 6 ( 2014 ) 4.7 Season 7 ( 2015 ) 4.8 Season 8 ( 2016 ) 4.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 5 ANW Specials 5.1 USA vs. the World / Japan 5.1. 1 USA vs. Japan ( Las Vegas , January 2014 ) 5.1. 2 USA vs. the World ( Las Vegas , September 2014 ) 5.1. 3 USA vs. the World II ( Las Vegas , January 2016 ) 5.1. 4 USA vs. The World III ( June 2017 ) 5.2 All - Stars 5.2. 1 All Stars ( May 2016 ) 5.2. 2 All Stars II ( February 2017 ) 5.3 Celebrity Ninja Warrior 6 Team Ninja Warrior 7 Reception 7.1 Awards and nominations 7.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8 International broadcasts 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History American Ninja Warrior succeeded G4 's American Ninja Challenge as the qualifying route for Americans to enter Sasuke . Beginning with the fourth season in 2012 , regional finalists and wild card competitors competed on a nearly identical Mount Midoriyama course in Las Vegas , Nevada , rather than traveling to Japan to compete on Sasuke . Hosts and co-hosts American Ninja Warrior was originally hosted by G4 's American television personality Blair Herter , and actress and former television correspondent Alison Haislip . In the second season , American actor , comedian , and television host Matt Iseman joined the show , replacing Herter . Additionally , Jimmy Smith was brought in as a co-host , while Haislip was the sideline reporter . The panel remained the same throughout season three . For season 4 , skier Jonny Moseley was brought in as the new co-host , replacing Smith . American journalist , sportscaster , and documentary filmmaker Angela Sun replaced Haislip . For season 5 , two newcomers were added . Sports analyst and former NFL football player Akbar Gbaja - Biamila replaced Moseley , while ESPN sportscaster and model Jenn Brown replaced Sun as sideline reporter . The season five panel remained the same through the sixth season . For season 7 , CBS Sports reporter Kristine Leahy joined the show as the new sideline reporter , replacing Brown . The roster stayed the same through season 9 . The current panel consists of Iseman , Gbaja - Biamila , and Leahy . Timeline Season Year Host Co-host Sideline reporter 2009 Blair Herter Alison Haislip N / A Matt Iseman Jimmy Smith Alison Haislip 2011 2012 Jonny Moseley Angela Sun 5 2013 Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Jenn Brown 6 2014 7 2015 Kristine Leahy 8 2016 9 2017 Format Potential contestants go through a rigorous series of steps before the possibility of becoming the next American Ninja Warrior . Over 3,500 athletes have attempted to conquer Mount Midoriyama and become an American Ninja Warrior since the series began in 2009 . Contestant eligibility There are some requirements possible contestants have to meet before participating at a regional qualifier . Contestants must be legal residents of the US and be in decent physical shape . There is no upper age limit , but participants must be at least 21 years old . Contestants have to fill out a 20 - page questionnaire and make a video about themselves . The required length of the video has differed over the years . Submission video length requirements have varied from 2 to 8 minutes , depending on the season . Producers select 100 applicants from each region to participate in their regional qualifiers . Producers also select 20 to 30 `` walk - ons '' who in some cases wait for weeks camping outside to get a chance on the course . 1,000 people applied to compete in season one , 5,000 people in season 6 , 50,000 in season 7 , and 70,000 in season 8 . City qualifying In each city , the competitors the producers have selected competing on a 6 - obstacle course in hopes of making it to the city finals . The top 30 finishers make it to the city finals . Also , in Season 9 , the top 5 women make it . The first obstacle is the quintuple steps or the floating steps and is the same for the rest of the cities for that season . Then comes an obstacle that moves along tracks . Next is either a balance obstacle or an upper - body obstacle . The other type will be fourth . Fifth is usually a grip obstacle , and sixth is the Warped Wall . In Season 9 , the balance or the grip obstacle is an obstacle previously found in Stage 1 of Mount Midoryama . The obstacles are given by the sideline reporter at the beginning of every episode . City timeline City Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Dallas , TX Denver , CO Baltimore , MD St. Louis , MO Kansas City , MO Houston , TX Orlando , FL Pittsburgh , PA San Pedro , CA Atlanta , GA Indianapolis , IN Oklahoma City , OK Philadelphia , PA San Antonio , TX Daytona Beach , FL Cleveland , OH City finals City finals courses are the follow - up to each city qualifying course . Qualifying and finals courses are filmed back - to - back , usually over two days . The top 15 finishers overall from each city finals course move on to compete in the National Finals . In addition , as of season 9 , the top two women in each city finals are guaranteed to advance , even if they do not finish in the top 15 . Small prizes ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 are awarded to first , second , and third finishers who complete the finals course . Mount Midoriyama Mount Midoriyama is the finals course for American Ninja Warrior . Located on the Las Vegas strip , it consists of four stages , each containing various obstacles of increasing difficulty . Competitors must complete all of the 23 obstacles . Should they complete the first three stages , competitors will advance to Stage 4 , where competitors attempt to climb the 75 - foot rope climb , known as Mount Midoriyama , in 30 seconds or less . Should a competitor achieve Total Victory , he or she receives a money prize of $500,000 from season 4 to season 6 , and $1,000,000 from season 7 . Beginning in season 8 , if multiple competitors complete stage 4 , the competitors split the prize money , although in prior years the fastest competitor would receive the full amount . Stage 1 consists of obstacles that test the competitors ' agility and speed . The first stage is timed , and only the competitors who successfully complete it within the time limit of 2 : 30 advance to Stage 2 . Stage 2 consists of obstacles that test the competitors ' strength and speed . Competitors must complete challenges that strain their upper - body strength ( such as the Salmon Ladder ) without running out of time . Just as in the first stage , only the competitors who successfully finish within the time limit of 4 : 00 move on to Stage 3 . Stage 3 consists of obstacles that test the competitors ' upper body and grip strength . It is the only stage in Mt . Midoriyama that has no time limit . Like Stages 1 and 2 , only the competitors who successfully complete Stage 3 move on . Stage 4 of Mt . Midoriyama is a 75 - foot rope climb . Competitors must complete the rope climb and hit the buzzer in under 30 seconds . Series overview and season synopses This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 1 ( 2009 ) The first season of American Ninja Warrior was held in Los Angeles , where hundreds of competitors came to challenge themselves against the course and qualify for a shot at making it to Japan to compete in Sasuke 23 later in the year . The special premiered on December 12 , 2009 , on G4 TV and was hosted by G4 's Blair Herter and Alison Haislip . Notable competitors this season included freerunners Levi Meeuwenberg and Brian Orosco , mixed martial artist Jason `` Mayhem '' Miller , and Hollywood stuntman Rich King . Out of the ten Americans who qualified to compete at Mount Midori in Japan , only Rich King , Levi Meeuwenberg and Brian Orosco successfully completed Stage 1 . The majority of the American Ninja Warrior competitors ran out of time or failed the obstacles . Levi Meeuwenberg was the only American competitor to complete Stage 2 . The sole American competitor on Stage 3 , he fell on the `` Shin - Cliffhanger '' , and his run came to an end . Season 2 ( 2010 ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 2 ) The second season premiered on December 8 , 2010 , on G4 and concluded on January 2 , 2011 . It began in Venice Beach , California , where 300 competitors took on the course . The 15 semi-finalists moved on to the `` Ninja Warrior Boot Camp '' in the remote California mountains , where they competed in a series of team challenges . Then the finalists moved on to compete in the season finale of American Ninja Warrior 2 as a part of Sasuke 26 at Mount Midori in Japan . No competitor made it beyond Stage 3 . Season 3 ( 2011 ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 3 ) The third season began airing on July 31 , 2011 , on G4 and concluded with the finale airing on August 22 , 2011 , as a two - hour primetime special on NBC . Tryouts took place in May 2011 at Venice Beach , California . After the tryouts , the top 15 competitors competed in Ninja Warrior Boot Camp with the top 10 moving on to Japan for the finals of the competition as a part of Sasuke 27 and a chance at becoming the first American to conquer the course and win a $500,000 endorsement deal with K - Swiss . No competitors made it beyond Stage 3 . Season 4 ( 2012 ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 4 ) The fourth season of American Ninja Warrior began airing on May 20 , 2012 , on both G4 and NBC . There were six regional competitions held in three locations : Venice Beach ( Southwest and Northwest ) , Dallas ( Midwest and Midsouth ) , and Miami ( Northeast and Southeast ) , that determined the 100 competitors to participate in the qualifying rounds . The winner of the ANW season 4 competition would receive $500,000 and the coveted `` American Ninja Warrior '' title . The season finale , held in Las Vegas , was the first time that Mount Midori was held on U.S. soil . Submission videos for American Ninja Warrior season 4 had been collected since January 25 , 2012 . The entire format was changed as well -- regional qualifiers in different parts of the country were aired , and the Mt . Midori course was recreated just off the Las Vegas Strip for the national finals . The regional qualifiers would narrow down its selections down to 30 contestants who finished its qualifying course in the fastest time as well as the contestants who finished the furthest the fastest . Qualifying obstacles would include common Stage 1 obstacles such as the Quintuple steps and the Warped wall , but its contents would change from city to city . The 30 contestants were then cut in half in the regional finals where the course would extend to include common Stage 2 and Stage 3 obstacles such as the Salmon Ladder , Cliffhanger and Body Prop . The 90 contestants who qualified ( including wild cards ) earned tickets to Las Vegas to challenge Mt . Midori . Brent Steffensen was the first American to defeat the Ultimate Cliffhanger on Stage 3 , and he made it the farthest that season , falling on the Hang Climb . He was the only competitor to reach Stage 3 in this competition . Season 5 ( 2013 ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 5 ) The fifth season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on June 30 , 2013 , on G4 with subsequent shows airing on NBC and G4 . Notably , the sideboard advertising along the course listed Esquire Network as the broadcaster as the fifth season was to premiere after G4 's transition to Esquire on April 22 , 2013 . The network switch was eventually delayed to September 23 , 2013 , and Esquire took over Style Network 's channel space instead . Because of this , additional reruns of the season aired on Saturday nights on NBC through the summer to maintain ratings momentum due to G4 's lame duck status , with ANW being their only new program since they wound down all their original programming in January 2013 . The success of the NBC re-airings led to the series being considered for NBC 's main summer schedule for the next season . Regional competitions were held in Venice Beach , Baltimore , Miami , and Denver . Tryouts for the season began in February 2013 and ended with the last of the regional rounds taking place the following May . The finale was once again held in Las Vegas . No one defeated Stage 3 , but Brian Arnold fell on the last obstacle , the Flying Bar , making him the farthest - going American on the Mount Midori course since Kane Kosugi reached the final stage on Sasuke 8 . Season 6 ( 2014 ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 6 ) The sixth season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on May 26 , 2014 , on NBC with subsequent shows airing on Monday nights at 9 : 00 pm EST and Tuesday nights at 8 : 00 pm EST on Esquire Network . Regional competitions were held at Venice Beach , Dallas , St. Louis , Miami , and Denver . The season finale was again held in Las Vegas , the permanent home of the U.S. version of Mount Midori . Notable competitors this season included The Biggest Loser personal trainer Kim Lyons , U.S. Olympic gymnasts Jonathan Horton and Terin Humphrey , among others . Female competitor Kacy Catanzaro became the first female to make it up the `` Warped Wall '' in the Dallas Qualifiers . Later in the Dallas Finals , she became the first woman to complete that finals course , in 8 minutes , 59 seconds . Again , no competitor achieved `` total victory '' . Kacy 's run has over ten million views . Joe Moravsky , the `` Weatherman '' , made it farther than anyone on Season 6 , falling on the Hang Climb , where Brent Steffensen failed two years ago . Season 7 ( 2015 ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 7 ) The seventh season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on NBC on May 25 , 2015 . This season 's grand prize was increased from $500,000 to $1,000,000 . Qualifying and finals courses were held in Venice Beach , Kansas City , Houston , Orlando , Pittsburgh , as well as a special military - only course in San Pedro . Stage 1 had a total of 38 finishers including Brent Steffensen and Dustin McKinney . In Stage 2 , 30 of the 38 competitors failed . Only eight were remaining in Stage 3 including Drew Dreschel , Abel Gonzalez , Isaac Caldiero , Ian Dory , Jeremiah Morgan , Kevin Bull , Joe Moravsky and Geoff Britten . Only two competitors finished the course : Isaac Caldiero and Geoff Britten . It was the first time that any American had finished Stage 3 . The season concluded with a victory : Geoff Britten was the first to complete Stage 4 with a second remaining ; however , Isaac Caldiero achieved the Stage 4 rope climb in a faster time and was awarded the grand prize of $1,000,000 and the title of `` American Ninja Warrior '' . Geoff Britten was the first Ninja to complete all six courses in a single season . Season 8 ( 2016 ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 8 ) Season 8 of American Ninja Warrior began on June 1 , 2016 , on NBC , with encore episodes airing the following day on Esquire Network . Regional competitions were held in Los Angeles , Atlanta , Indianapolis , Oklahoma City , and Philadelphia , with 28 new obstacles . Over 40 percent more women registered for season 8 compared to the previous season . Additionally , prize money for possible Stage 4 winners would now be split equally among competitors who complete the rope climb in under 30 seconds . In Philadelphia 's city finals , no competitors completed the finals course , a first in American Ninja Warrior history . In Stage 1 of the National Finals , many veterans of the show such as Geoff Britten and Brent Steffensen were eliminated early , while Jessie Graff became the first woman to complete Stage 1 , placing fifth . Tyler Yamauchi became the shortest person ever to complete the Jumping Spider obstacle at 5'1 `` . Only 17 competitors successfully completed Stage 1 , the lowest in ANW history . On Stage 2 , all athletes were eliminated except Drew Drechsel and Daniel Gil . During Stage 3 , both Drechsel and Gil could not complete the course . Gil fell on the Ultimate Cliffhanger , while Drechsel went the farthest , but fell on the Hang Climb . Contrary to season 7 's multiple winners , no season 8 competitor was even able to complete Stage 3 . Season 9 ( 2017 ) Main article : American Ninja Warrior ( season 9 ) Season 9 of American Ninja Warrior began on June 12 , 2017 , on NBC . The premiere was preceded by a special episode , `` Celebrity Ninja Warrior '' on May 25 , 2017 , the U.S. Red Nose Day , which was followed by a `` USA vs. the World '' special on June 4 . New for season 9 , the top 5 women in each city qualifying course qualified for the city finals course , and the top two women in each city finals qualify for national finals , regardless of their placement overall . Also this season , fans are given the opportunity to design their own obstacles through ANW Obstacle Design Challenge and 7 fan - submitted obstacles has been featured in the show . ANW specials This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) USA vs. the World / Japan USA vs. Japan ( Las Vegas , January 2014 ) During the season 5 finale of American Ninja Warrior , NBC announced that a special `` USA vs. Japan '' matchup would take place , the first - ever team competition in American Ninja Warrior 's history . The two - hour special premiered on January 13 , 2014 , at 8 pm EST on NBC and matched five Japanese Sasuke All - Stars and New Stars - heroes of the original Ninja Warrior - against five American stars representing American Ninja Warrior at the American reconstruction of the Mount Midoriyama course in Las Vegas . At stake was the United States vs. Japan championship ; also branded as the first world championship for Sasuke / American Ninja Warrior , and a trophy to match . The special featured American Ninja Warrior 's regular broadcasting crew : analysts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila along with sideline reporter Jenn Brown . The teams faced off on each stage in turn , with each stage hosting its own round of five one - on - one matches and no competitor allowed to run the same stage twice . The first national team to win three matches out of five earned the point ( s ) for that stage . Stage One was worth one point , while Stage Two was worth two points and Stage Three was worth three . In the event of a 3 - 3 tie after the first three stages , the tiebreaker would be a one - off showdown where each country would pick one team member for a race to the top of the Final Stage . The winners of the special were the Americans over Japan . Final Score : Americans : 6 , Japan : 0 . Rosters United States Japan Paul Kasemir ( `` Mr. Consistency '' ) Brent Steffensen ( Mount Midoriyama veteran ) James McGrath ( `` The Beast '' ) 3 - time Midoriyama veteran Travis Rosen ( `` The Tennessee Trader '' ) 3 - time Midoriyama veteran Brian Arnold Top finisher at ANW 5 ( Flying Bar ) Shingo Yamamoto ( `` The Godfather '' ) All - Star , veteran of every Sasuke season Yuuji Urushihara ( `` The Grand Champion '' ) New Star , two total victories in Sasuke Ryo Matachi ( `` The Superfan '' ) New Star , reached Final Stage once Hitoshi Kanno ( `` The Muscle '' ) New Star , reached Final Stage once Kazuma Asa ( `` The Speed Demon '' ) New Star , Stage 1 world record holder ( at the time . ) USA vs. the World ( Las Vegas , September 2014 ) During the Season 6 finale , NBC announced that another special entitled `` USA vs. the World '' matchup would take place in Las Vegas under a new format . On September 15 , Team USA competed against a returning Team Japan , and a new team , Team Europe . This was the `` Second Annual International Competition '' that pitted top competitors from the United States American Ninja Warrior , Japan Ninja Warrior ( Sasuke ) , and also European All Stars . The three - hour special aired on September 15 , 2014 , on NBC with an encore airing September 16 , 2014 , on Esquire . The special once again was hosted by hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila as well as sideline reporter Jenn Brown . The winners of the special were the Europeans , winning over America and Japan . Rosters Team rosters were revealed late summer 2014 . Team USA Team Japan Team Europe Brian Arnold - 36 , Brighton , CO - American athlete who has come short on the Stage 3 course. * Elet Hall ( `` The Natural '' ) - 24 , Cavetown , MD - one of only two men to make it to Stage 3 in season 6 . Paul Kasemir ( `` Mr. Consistency '' ) - 28 , Longmont , CO - the M.V.P. of the team that defeated the Japanese two years ago . Joe Moravsky ( `` The Weatherman '' ) - 25 , Sherman , CT - went further than anyone else in season 6 . Travis Rosen ( The Tennessee Trader `` ) - 40 , Franklin , TN - A 2 - time part of Team USA and captain of 2014 's all - star group . Hitoshi Kanno ( `` The Muscle '' ) - 29 , Kashiwa , Japan Reached Sasuke Final Stage , ten - time Sasuke veteran Kazuma Asa ( `` The Speed Demon '' ) - 32 , Amagasaki , Japan - Stage 1 world record holder Ryo Matachi - 25 , Kawasaki , Japan - Reached Sasuke Final Stage Yusuke Morimoto ( `` The SASUKE Kid '' ) - 22 , Tosa , Japan - Sasuke rising star , competing seven times , first competing at age 15 Shingo Yamamoto ( `` The Godfather '' ) , - 40 , Tokyo , Japan - Captain of Team Japan and only athlete to compete in all 32 seasons of Sasuke Tim Shieff ( `` Livewire '' ) - 26 , London , England - Captain of Team Europe , world champion professional free runner , ANW veteran , competing on three seasons . Sean McColl - 27 , Chambery , France - Canadian professional World Champion rock climber and current overall climbing champion Stefano Ghisolfi - 21 , Turin , Italy - Professional World Cup rock climber , number one ranked Italian climber Miska Sutela - 23 , Oulu , Finland - Ninja Warrior superfan , has trained all over the world , including Japan , trained with the Sasuke All - Stars . Built 35 NW obstacles in his parent 's backyard to train on . Vadym Kuvakin - 29 , Kherson , Ukraine - Former Olympic gymnast , current member of the Cirque du Soleil cast for `` La Reve '' in Las Vegas Final Score : Europe : 10 , USA : 9 , Japan : 0 Highlights Joe Moravsky beat Brent Steffenson 's record ( from ANW 4 ) for the fastest time in Stage 1 , beating Steffenson 's time of 1 : 14.53 with a time of 1 : 12.72 . However , Tim Shieff beat Moravsky 's time in a subsequent heat by finishing in 1 : 02.70 - the fastest time ever on Stage 1 in ANW history . Travis Rosen achieved the fastest time by an American on Stage 2 with 1 : 48.00 , but Sean McColl finished with a time of 1 : 46.51 , the fastest of the season . All three Americans ( Travis Rosen , Elet Hall , and Brian Arnold ) completed Stage 2 , with Sean McColl also completing it for Team Europe . Yusuke Morimoto made ANW history by becoming the first athlete to ever finish Stage 3 with a time of 5 : 38.91 . Stefano Ghisolfi also completed Stage 3 in the same heat , beating Morimoto 's time finishing in 4 : 46.89 . Ryo Matachi followed by becoming the third athlete to complete Stage 3 with a time of 5 : 04.67 . In the last run of Stage 3 , Brian Arnold became the second American athlete to complete the stage ( after Kane Kosugi did it in Sasuke 8 ) with a time of 4 : 39.90 , the fastest time of the four finishers . Arnold 's finish moved USA into a tie with Team Europe , forcing a deciding tie - break on Stage 4 . For the first time in ANW history , the athletes competed on Stage 4 . Travis Rosen was selected as the first competitor on ANW to attempt the final stage and he made it all the way up Midoriyama 's 90 - foot tower with a 77 - foot rope with a time of 0 : 35.77 . However , Sean McColl beat Rosen 's time by 3 / 10th of a second ( 0 : 00.31 ) , winning the competition for Team Europe as they became the World Champions of ANW . Rosen missed on his first attempt at hitting the buzzer at the end of the rope climb . USA vs. the World ii ( Las Vegas , January 2016 ) NBC announced that another USA vs. the World matchup would again take place in Las Vegas . It was the second such worldwide special to unite ANW alumni , Sasuke all - stars , and European competitors for the season 7 finale . The 3 - hour special aired on January 31 , 2016 , on NBC . It was hosted by the current American Ninja Warrior hosts , Matt Iseman , Akbar Gbaja - Biamila , and co-host Kristine Leahy . The winners of the special were the Americans , winning over Europe and Japan . Rosters Team rosters were revealed in December 2015 . Team USA Team Japan Team Europe Isaac Caldiero - 33 , Las Vegas , NV - American athlete who won the $1 million prize for conquering Midoriyama the fastest in 2015 . Kevin Bull ( `` The Bull '' ) - 31 , Scotts Valley , CA - Famous for his inverted dismount on Cannonball Alley in season 6 . Selected as the alternate . Joe Moravsky ( `` The Weatherman '' ) - 26 , Sherman , CT - Completed every stage he 's participated in except stage 3 . Geoff Britten * ( `` Popeye '' ) - 37 , First American ever to defeat Midoriyama and the first American Ninja Warrior . Drew Drechsel - 26 , Fairfield , CT - Only competitor in the competition to have made it to the third stage on both Sasuke and American Ninja Warrior . Ian Dory - 25 , Rock climber who made it to the Flying Bar in season 7 . Kenji Takahashi ( `` Kong '' ) - 39 , Kawagoe , Japan - Competitor who has only failed the Second Stage once in nine tries . Has made it to the Final Stage . Masashi Hioki - 35 , Chiba City , Japan - Has made it to the Third Stage twice . Ryo Matachi - 26 , Tokyo , Japan - Only competitor to be featured in all USA vs. The World competitions . Reached the Fourth Stage Twice . Third competitor to complete the Third stage on American soil . Yusuke Morimoto - 23 , Tosa , Japan - Returning from the previous USA vs. The World special . First competitor to complete the Third Stage on American soil . Reached Total Victory in Sasuke 31 . Tomohiro Kawaguchi ( `` Tomo '' ) - 33 , Tokyo , Japan - Has made it to the Final Stage once . Tim Shieff ( `` Livewire '' ) - 27 , London , England - Returning from last year 's USA vs. The World special . Sean McColl - 28 , Chambery , France - Returning from last year 's USA vs. The World special . Stefano Ghisolfi - 22 , Turin , Italy - Returning from last year 's USA vs. The World special . Tim Champion - 20 , Exeter , England - Made it to Stage 2 in Ninja Warrior UK Alexander Mars - 28 , Stockholm , Sweden - Winner of Swedish Ninja Warrior Note : * Britten was unable to compete due to flu - like symptoms with a fever of 103 and was replaced by alternate Joe Moravsky who was standing by . Highlights On Stage 1 , Drew Drechsel gets the fastest time of the season with a time of 1 : 18.61 , beating Tim Shieff 's time of 1 : 25.33 . On Stage 2 , Sean McColl edged out both Drew Drechsel 's time of 1 : 34.46 , and Joe Moravsky 's time of 1 : 23.69 , beating them with a speedy time of 1 : 19.86 , the fastest of the ANW season . On Stage 3 , in the last heat , Yusuke Morimoto was the only member of Team Japan to finish this stage with a time of 6 : 29.38 . However , Sean McColl got a faster time with 5 : 42.25 , putting Team Europe in the lead . Isaac Caldiero was the last to compete and needed the 3 - point win in order to put Team USA on top . Caldiero brought his team to victory with an impressive time of 4 : 28.84 , the fastest of the season . Final Score : USA : 10 , Europe : 9 , Japan : 0 USA vs. the World iii ( June 2017 ) The 3 - hour special episode aired on June 4 , 2017 ; it was unofficially the first episode of season 9 . Once again , it was hosted by the current American Ninja Warrior hosts , Matt Iseman , Akbar Gbaja - Biamila , and co-host Kristine Leahy . This year , Team USA and Team Europe faced a new challenger ; Team Latin America . Highlights Jessie Graff became the first woman in ANW history , and to compete and successfully finish , Stage 2 in Las Vegas . This was the POM Wonderful `` Run of the Night '' . She was also the first woman representing the United States in the USA vs. The World competition . Josh Levin and Drew Drechsel both completed Stage 3 , putting them on a list of only a handful of athletes to do so . Team USA Team Europe Team Latin America Jessie Graff - 32 , Calabasas , CA - Stuntwoman , first female athlete to ever compete in this competition . Drew Drechsel ( `` Real Life Ninja '' ) - 27 , Fairfield , CT - Team Captain , Gym Owner , only competitor to have made it farther than anyone in both the national finals and the Sasuke 32 and 33 . Daniel Gil - 23 , Houston , TX - ANW Trainer , one of the fastest competitors in ANW history . Jake Murray - 29 , Denver , CO - Wedding Photographer , one of the fastest competitors on Stage 1 . Brian Arnold - 38 , Brighton , CO - Salesman , ANW Veteran ; 3rd time in this competition . Josh Levin - 22 , Sunnyvale , CA - ANW Rookie , International Rock Climbing Champion . Stefano Ghisolfi - 23 , Turin , Italy - Top Professional Rock Climber in Europe . Sean McColl - 28 , Chambery , France - # 1 Ranked Professional Rock Climber in the World . Tim Shieff ( `` Livewire '' ) - 28 , London , England - Team Captain , holds the record for fastest time on Stage 1 . Djarke Tonnesen - 24 , Copenhagen , Denmark - Graphic Design Student , former Gymnast . Made it to the finals on Denmark 's Ninja Warrior . Owen McKenzie ( `` The Stuff '' ) - 32 , London , England - Gas Engineer , ANW Rookie . Top finisher on Ninja Warrior UK . Alexander Mars - 29 , Stockholm , Sweden - Real Estate Manager , ultimate frisbee competitor , winner of Ninja Warrior Sweden . Wid Eriksen - 26 , Mexico City , Mexico - Acrobat , Freeruning competitor . Diego Gonzalez - 26 , Mexico City , Mexico , - Industrial Engineer , # 1 Ranked Rock Climber in Mexico . Santiago De Alba - 23 , Mexico City , Mexico - Bouldering Champion of Mexico . David Saikin - 29 , Bariloche , Argentina - # 1 Ranked Rock Climber in Argentina . Karl Fow - 28 , Caracas , Venezuela - Top Professional Freerunner in Venezuela . Danee Marmolejo - 24 , Mexico City , Mexico - Professional Stuntman , Freerunner . Final Score : Team USA : 10 , Team Europe : 7 , Team Latin America : 1 . All - Stars All Stars ( May 2016 ) On May 29 , 2016 , prior to the premiere of season eight , NBC aired a two - hour all - star special in which hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila chose their own all - star teams composed of three veterans , one rookie , and one woman . Teams competed on stages two , three , and four of the regular season finals course , Mt . Midoriyama , as well as competitions on a supersized course by testing their skills in competitions on the giant peg board , 40 - foot Salmon Ladder , Flying Shelf Grab , Jump Hang , and concluded with a race to the top of the `` Mega '' Warped Wall . The all - star winners were Team Akbar who won the team competition , beating Team Matt 5 - 3 . Additionally , competitor Joe Moravsky completed Stage 2 in a record time of 1 : 08 : 52 . All Stars ii ( February 2017 ) On February 20 , 2017 , NBC aired a second two - hour all - star special . Like the previous year 's competition , ANW hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila chose their own all - star teams , this year composed of one veteran , one breakout star , and one woman . Team Matt featured Chris Wilczewski , Najee Richardson , and Jesse `` Flex '' Lebreck . Team Akbar featured Grant McCartney , Neil `` Crazy '' Craver , and Meagan Martin . Also , sideline interviewer Kristine Leahy got to pick her own team , which consisted of Jessie Graff , Flip Rodriguez , and Nicholas Coolridge . Teams competed as a relay race to finish sections of stages one , two , and three of the regular season finals course , Mt . Midoriyama . Next , was the skills competition on a supersized course where individual contestants tested their skills in competition on the 75 - feet tall Endless Invisible Ladder , the 4 - story high Super Salmon Ladder , Supersonic Shelf Grab , Striding Steps , and the Mega Wall , which is now 20 feet high . The all - star winners were Team Kristine who won the team relay race competition , beating Team Matt and last year 's champions Team Akbar . Their highlight of the night was completing Stage 3 in a record time of 5 : 30 : 62 , making this the POM Wonderful Run of the Night . Celebrity Ninja Warrior NBC announced a special entitled `` Celebrity Ninja Warrior for Red Nose Day '' which aired on May 25 , 2017 . Celebrity Ninja Warrior featured celebrities competing on the American Ninja Warrior course while being coached by ANW favorites . The course featured modified obstacles : Floating Steps , Cannonball Drop , Fly Wheels , Block Run , Battering Ram , and the Warped Wall . After completing the course , Stephen Amell , also completed the Salmon Ladder ( which he performed in a scene on Arrow ) and unsuccessfully attempted a new obstacle , the Swinging Pegboard ; Amell 's run was named the M&M 's `` Run of the Night . '' For every obstacle the celebrities completed , M&M 's and The Rockefeller Foundation pledged to donate $5,000 to Red Nose Day . Celebrities Coaches Stephen Amell Kacy Catanzaro Derek Hough Daniel Gil Erika Christensen David `` Flip '' Rodriguez Natalie Morales Grant McCartney Nikki Glaser Jessie Graff Jeff Dye Meagan Martin Mena Suvari Natalie Duran Nick Swisher Drew Dreschel Ashton Eaton Kevin Bull Team Ninja Warrior Main article : Team Ninja Warrior On October 9 , 2015 , Esquire Network announced a spin - off of American Ninja Warrior which would feature 24 three - person teams ( two men and one woman ) of popular ANW alumni . The teams compete head - to - head against each other , running the course simultaneously , thus creating a new live duel dynamic . The two teams with the fastest times advance to the finale where one team will be crowned the winners and receive a cash prize . Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila host alongside actor and journalist , Alex Curry . The series is Esquire Network 's most - watched program in the channel 's history . On May 31 , 2016 , Esquire Network ordered a sixteen - episode second season that also included a five - episode special college edition that had college - aged competitors go head - to - head against rival schools . On March 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Team Ninja Warrior will be moving to sibling cable channel USA Network as Esquire Network winds down its linear channel operations and relaunches as an online only service . The show 's second season premiered proper on April 18 . Reception Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Result ref 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show American Ninja Warrior Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition TV Show American Ninja Warrior Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Reality - Competition Program American Ninja Warrior Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show American Ninja Warrior Nominated U.S. Nielsen ratings Season Time slot ( ET ) Episodes Premiered Ended Network TV season Season averages ( Live + SD ) Most - watched episode ( millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( millions ) Date Finale viewers ( millions ) Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating Saturday 6 : 00 pm 8 December 12 , 2009 N / A December 19 , 2009 N / A G4 2009 -- 10 N / A N / A N / A Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 10 December 8 , 2010 N / A December 23 , 2010 N / A 2010 -- 11 N / A N / A N / A Sunday 9 : 00 pm 10 July 31 , 2011 N / A August 22 , 2011 N / A 2011 N / A N / A N / A Monday 9 : 00 pm 9 May 20 , 2012 6.20 July 23 , 2012 4.87 NBC G4 2012 5.11 1.9 6.78 5 Monday 8 : 00 pm 12 July 1 , 2013 3.07 September 17 , 2013 4.04 2013 4.96 1.6 5.81 6 Monday 9 : 00 pm 14 May 26 , 2014 4.65 September 15 , 2014 5.21 NBC Esquire 2014 5.33 1.8 5.83 7 Monday 8 : 00 pm 15 May 25 , 2015 5.87 September 14 , 2015 6.17 2015 6.54 1.9 7.32 8 13 June 1 , 2016 6.35 September 12 , 2016 5.88 2016 6.28 1.8 7.01 9 15 June 12 , 2017 5.36 September 18 , 2017 TBD NBC USA 2017 TBD TBD TBD International broadcasts In Australia and New Zealand , the show is broadcast on SBS 2 , TV3 and Four . On April 25 , 2016 , it was announced Canadian broadcaster CTV picked up American Ninja Warrior for its 2016 summer broadcast schedule . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the show is broadcast on Challenge . In Israel , the show is broadcast on Yes Action . In 2016 Croatian RTL started broadcasting the show . The show is also shown in Finland on Sub-TV . In the Netherlands the show was first broadcast in 2017 on SBS 6 , where their own Ninja Warrior NL has been broadcast . See also Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge References Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior '' . parentstv.org . Parents Television Council . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About American Ninja Warrior & Cast Bios '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior ( a Titles & Air Dates Guide ) '' . Epguides.com. 2015 - 06 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior 4 Seasons 2013 '' . amazon.com . 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Jump up ^ Alex Garofalo ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' Tryouts 2015 : How To Get Cast On Season 7 '' . Ibtimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Kelly . `` 9 Fierce Facts About ' American Ninja Warrior ' '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chapin , Adele ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Why Does Everyone Want to Become an American Ninja Warrior ? '' . racked.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Sensation `` American Ninja Warrior '' Stays the Course for a Sixth - Season Renewal on NBC and Esquire Network `` . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' Season 8 's Biggest Obstacle : Compensation For The Athletes '' . IBTimes . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` American Ninja Warrior '' Makes History with First Winner `` . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When is the Premiere Date of American Ninja Warrior Season 8 ? '' . waitwith.us . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Kate ( 2011 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' storms Japan 's Mount Midori '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( 2011 ) . `` A ' Ninja Warrior ' Upgrade Into Network Prime Time '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` G4 and NBC Partner to Broadcast New Season of ' American Ninja Warrior ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ishimoto , Moye ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` American Ninja Warrior Tryouts Begin -- Calling All Aspiring Ninjas For Season 5 ! '' . G4 Media . The Feed . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finals for ' American Ninja Warrior ' Denver auditions slated for Monday night '' . Gannett Company . KUSA ( TV ) . May 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior Official Site - Esquire Network '' . esquire.com . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Katie ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Night 2 of ' American Ninja Warrior ' Vegas finals made Jessie Graff 's run shine even brighter '' . espn.com/espnw . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ninja Warrior ' plans USA vs. Japan matchup '' . USA Today . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC to Present Thrilling Three Hour Special ' American Ninja Warrior : USA vs. The World ' Monday September 15 - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Ed B. `` American Ninja Warrior : USA VS . The World Coming In September '' . TVFishbowl . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Sets ' American Ninja Warrior ' Special ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matera , Avery ( 2017 ) . `` Jessie Graff Just Broke an Incredible ' American Ninja Warrior ' Record '' . SELF . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Katie ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) . `` American Ninja Warrior Jessie Graff is now the first woman to complete Stage 2 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` '' AMERICAN NINJA WARRIOR '' ( X ) `` ALL STARS '' ORIGINAL `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott . `` American Ninja Warrior 2016 Results : Recap from May 29 Episode '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' : New celebrity edition will feature Derek Hough , Stephen Amell and more '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Esquire Network orders New High - Octane Competition Series `` Team Ninja Warrior '' `` . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` TV News Roundup : ' American Ninja Warrior ' Spinoff to Premiere in January & More '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cast & Crew '' . tv.esquire.com . Esquire Network . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Esquire Network Announces Second Season of Hit Series `` Team Ninja Warrior '' `` . TheFuton Critic . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Team Ninja Warrior ' Moving To USA As Sibling Esquire Shuts Down Linear Service - Deadline Hollywood ( published March 6 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. 2015 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NOMINEES & WINNERS '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy ® Awards Nominations Announcement July 14 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . emmys.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Summer 2012 Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Summer 2013 Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Summer 2014 Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Ninja Warrior : Season Eight Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals end with a bang : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ready , Set , Leap ! AMERICAN NINJA WARRIOR Joins CTV 's 2016 Summer Schedule '' . OttawaCitizen.com . Postmedia Network Inc . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Ninja Warrior . 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"In Philadelphia's city finals, no competitors completed the finals course, a first in American Ninja Warrior history. In Stage 1 of the National Finals, many veterans of the show such as Geoff Britten and Brent Steffensen were eliminated early, while Jessie Graff became the first woman to complete Stage 1, placing fifth.[27] Tyler Yamauchi became the shortest person ever to complete the Jumping Spider obstacle at 5'1\". Only 17 competitors successfully completed Stage 1, the lowest in ANW history.[27] On Stage 2, all athletes were eliminated except Drew Drechsel and Daniel Gil. During Stage 3, both Drechsel and Gil could not complete the course. Gil fell on the Ultimate Cliffhanger, while Drechsel went the farthest, but fell on the Hang Climb. Contrary to season 7's multiple winners, no season 8 competitor was even able to complete Stage 3."
] | [
"no competitors"
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3554056134980968191 | William Henry Harrison | William Henry Harrison - wikipedia William Henry Harrison This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other people named William Henry Harrison , see William Henry Harrison ( disambiguation ) . 9th President of the United States William Henry Harrison C. 1850 daguerreotype of an oil portrait by A.S. Southworth and J.J. Hawes 9th President of the United States In office March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 Vice President John Tyler Preceded by Martin Van Buren Succeeded by John Tyler United States Minister to Gran Colombia In office May 24 , 1828 -- September 26 , 1829 President John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Preceded by Beaufort Taylor Watts Succeeded by Thomas Patrick Moore United States Senator from Ohio In office March 4 , 1825 -- May 20 , 1828 Preceded by Ethan Allen Brown Succeeded by Jacob Burnet Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio 's 1st district In office October 8 , 1816 -- March 3 , 1819 Preceded by John McLean Succeeded by Thomas R. Ross Governor of the Indiana Territory In office January 10 , 1801 -- December 28 , 1812 Appointed by John Adams President John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Thomas Posey Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the Northwest Territory In office March 4 , 1799 -- May 14 , 1800 Delegate Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by William McMillan Constituency At - large district Secretary of the Northwest Territory In office June 28 , 1798 -- October 1 , 1799 Governor Arthur St. Clair Preceded by Winthrop Sargent Succeeded by Charles Willing Byrd Personal details ( 1773 - 02 - 09 ) February 9 , 1773 Charles City County , Colony of Virginia , British America April 4 , 1841 ( 1841 - 04 - 04 ) ( aged 68 ) White House , Washington , D.C. , United States Cause of death Pneumonia Resting place Harrison Tomb State Memorial North Bend , Ohio Political party Democratic - Republican ( 1799 -- 1828 ) Whig ( 1836 -- 1841 ) Spouse ( s ) Anna Symmes ( m . 1795 ) Children 10 , including John Scott Harrison and Carter Bassett Harrison Parents Benjamin Harrison V Elizabeth Bassett Alma mater Hampden -- Sydney College University of Pennsylvania Profession Military officer Signature Military service Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Army Indiana Territory militia Years of service 1791 -- 1798 , 1811 , 1812 -- 1814 Rank Major General ( Army ) Unit Legion of the United States Commands Army of the Northwest Battles / wars Northwest Indian War ( Siege of Fort Recovery Battle of Fallen Timbers ) Tecumseh 's War ( Battle of Tippecanoe ) War of 1812 ( Siege of Fort Wayne Battle of the Thames ) This article is part of a series about William Henry Harrison Electoral history Family Military service Northwest Indian War Siege of Fort Recovery Battle of Fallen Timbers Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 Siege of Fort Wayne Battle of the Thames 9th President of the United States Presidency Appointments Cabinet Campaign for the presidency Primaries Tippecanoe and Tyler Too 1840 election inauguration William Henry Harrison Sr. ( February 9 , 1773 -- April 4 , 1841 ) was an American military officer , a principal contributor in the War of 1812 , and the ninth president of the United States ( 1841 ) . He was the last president born before the American Revolution , and died of pneumonia just 31 days into his term , thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history . He was the first president to die in office , and his death sparked a brief constitutional crisis . Its resolution left unsettled Constitutional questions as to the presidential line of succession until the passage of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967 . Harrison was a son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison , the 23rd United States President ( 1889 -- 1893 ) . Before election as president , Harrison served as the first congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory and the first Governor of Indiana Territory . He gained national fame for leading U.S. forces against Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 , where he earned the nickname `` Old Tippecanoe '' . He was promoted to major general in the subsequent War of 1812 , and served in the Battle of the Thames the following year . This battle resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the dissolution of the Native American coalition which Tecumseh had led . After the war , Harrison moved to Ohio , where he was elected to the United States House of Representatives . In 1824 , the state legislature elected him to the United States Senate . He served a truncated term after being appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia in May 1828 . In Santa Fe de Bogotá , he spoke with president Simón Bolívar , urging Bolívar to guide his nation toward American - style democracy . Harrison returned to private life on his farm in Ohio until he was nominated for the presidency as one of several Whig Party candidates in the election of 1836 . He received more votes than any other Whig , but was defeated by Democrat Martin Van Buren , and returned again to his farm . Van Buren soon became a major target of criticism from the Whigs following the Panic of 1837 . Seeking to run a non-controversial and less ideological war hero who could defeat Van Buren based on popularity , a unified Whig Party nominated Harrison over party founder Henry Clay and fellow general Winfield Scott . John Tyler of Virginia was selected as his running mate , and Harrison and Tyler defeated Van Buren in the 1840 election . At the time , he was the oldest president ever elected . However , Harrison died of pneumonia in April 1841 , at the age of 68 , a month after taking office . Tyler then assumed the presidency , setting a major precedent . Due to the short length of Harrison 's presidency , scholars and historians often forgo listing him in rankings of U.S. presidents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Early military career 1.3 Marriage and family 2 Political career 2.1 U.S. Congress 2.2 Indiana territorial governor 3 Army general 3.1 Tecumseh and Tippecanoe 3.2 War of 1812 4 Postwar life 4.1 Public office 4.2 Private citizen 4.3 1836 presidential campaign 4.4 1840 presidential campaign 5 Presidency ( 1841 ) 5.1 Shortest presidency 5.2 Administration and cabinet 6 Death and funeral 6.1 Impact of death 7 Legacy 7.1 Historical reputation 7.2 Honors and tributes 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Coat of Arms of William Henry Harrison Early life and education ( edit ) William Henry Harrison , the seventh and youngest child of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Bassett Harrison , was born on February 9 , 1773 , at Berkeley Plantation , the Harrison family home in Charles City County , Virginia . He was a member of a prominent political family of entirely English descent , whose ancestors had been in Virginia since the 1630s . Harrison was also the last U.S. president born as a British subject before the American Revolution . William 's father was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress ( 1774 -- 1777 ) and who signed the Declaration of Independence . The senior Harrison also served in the Virginia legislature , and as the fifth governor of Virginia ( 1781 -- 84 ) in the years during and after the American Revolutionary War . William 's older brother , Carter Bassett Harrison , represented Virginia in the U.S. House ( 1793 -- 99 ) . Harrison was tutored at home until age 14 when he entered Hampden -- Sydney College , a Presbyterian college in Virginia . He remained there for three years , receiving a classical education that included Latin , Greek , French , logic , and debate . Harrison 's Episcopalian father removed him from the college , possibly for religious reasons , and he then briefly attended a boys ' academy in Southampton County , before his father had him transfer to Philadelphia for medical training in 1790 . He boarded with Robert Morris and entered the University of Pennsylvania , where he studied medicine under Doctor Benjamin Rush. ; Harrison later told his biographer that he did not enjoy the subject . In the spring of 1791 , shortly after he began his medical studies , his father died . When the eighteen - year - old Harrison , who was left in the guardianship of Morris , discovered that his family 's financial situation left him without funds for further schooling , he abandoned medical school in favor of a military career . Early military career ( edit ) Governor Henry Lee III of Virginia , a friend of Harrison 's father , learned of William 's situation and persuaded him to join the military . Within twenty - four hours of meeting Lee , eighteen - year - old Harrison was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Army , 1st Infantry Regiment . He was initially assigned to Fort Washington , the present - day site of Cincinnati , in the Northwest Territory , where the army was engaged in the ongoing Northwest Indian War . Harrison was promoted to lieutenant after Major General `` Mad Anthony '' Wayne took command of the western army in 1792 following a disastrous defeat under Arthur St. Clair , its previous commander . In 1793 he became Wayne 's aide - de-camp and learned how to successfully command an army on the American frontier ; he participated in Wayne 's decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20 , 1794 , which brought the Northwest Indian War to a successful close . Harrison was a signatory of the Treaty of Greenville ( 1795 ) as witness to Wayne , the principal negotiator for the U.S.. Under the terms of the treaty , a coalition of Native Americans ceded a portion of their lands to the federal government that opened two - thirds of present - day Ohio to settlement by European Americans . Following his mother 's death in 1793 , Harrison inherited a portion of his family 's Virginia estate , including approximately 3,000 acres ( 12 km ) of land and several slaves . Harrison , who was serving in the army at the time , sold his land to his brother . Marriage and family ( edit ) In 1795 , at age 22 , Harrison met Anna Tuthill Symmes of North Bend , Ohio . She was a daughter of Anna Tuthill and Judge John Cleves Symmes , who served as a colonel in the American Revolutionary War , as a representative to the Congress of the Confederation , and became a prominent figure in Ohio . Harrison asked the judge for permission to marry Anna but was refused -- the pair waited until Symmes left on business , eloped and were married on November 25 , 1795 , at the North Bend home of Doctor Stephen Wood , treasurer of the Northwest Territory . The couple honeymooned at Fort Washington since Harrison was still on military duty . Two weeks later , at a farewell dinner for General Wayne , Judge Symmes confronted his new son - in - law for the first time since the wedding , sternly demanding to know how Harrison intended to support a family . Harrison responded , `` by my sword , and my own right arm , sir . '' Afterward , still concerned about Harrison 's ability to provide for Anna , Judge Symmes sold the young couple 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land in North Bend . Symmes did not come to accept Harrison until he had achieved fame on the battlefield . William and Anna Harrison had ten children : Elizabeth Bassett ( 1796 -- 1846 ) , John Cleves Symmes ( 1798 -- 1830 ) , Lucy Singleton ( 1800 -- 1826 ) , William Henry ( 1802 -- 1838 ) , John Scott ( 1804 -- 1878 ) father of future U.S. President Benjamin Harrison , Benjamin ( 1806 - 1840 ) , Mary Symmes ( 1809 -- 1842 ) , Carter Bassett ( 1811 -- 1839 ) , Anna Tuthill ( 1813 -- 1865 ) , James Findlay ( 1814 -- 1817 ) . Anna , who was frequently in poor health during the marriage , primarily due to her many pregnancies , outlived William by twenty - three years . She died on February 25 , 1864 , at age eighty - eight . In a biography of Walter Francis White -- African - American civil rights leader and N.A.A.C.P president -- historian Kenneth Robert Janken indicates that White 's mother Madeline Harrison was said to have traced some of her mixed - race white ancestry to Harrison in Virginia . According to Janken , she opined that Dilsia , a female slave belonging to William Henry Harrison , had six children by him , born into slavery . Four were said to be sold to a planter in La Grange , Georgia , including a daughter , Marie Harrison . Marie was said to be Madeline 's mother . No evidence corroborating these assertions has been discovered . Political career ( edit ) Harrison began his political career when he resigned from the military effective June 1 , 1798 . and campaigned among his friends and family for a post in the Northwest Territorial government . With the aid of his close friend Timothy Pickering , who was serving as U.S. Secretary of State , Harrison received a recommendation to replace Withrop Sargent , the outgoing territorial secretary . President John Adams appointed Harrison to the position in July 1798 . Harrison frequently served as acting territorial governor during the absences of Governor Arthur St. Clair . U.S. Congress ( edit ) Harrison had many friends in the eastern aristocracy , and quickly gained a reputation among them as a frontier leader . He ran a successful horse - breeding enterprise that won him acclaim throughout the Northwest Territory . Harrison became a champion of lower land prices , a primary concern of settlers in the Territory at the time . The U.S. Congress had legislated a territorial land policy that led to high land costs , which many of the territory 's residents disliked . In October 1799 , after it had been determined that the Northwest Territory 's population had reached a sufficient number to have a delegate in the U.S. Congress , Harrison ran for election . He campaigned to encourage further migration to the territory , which eventually led to statehood . Engraved portrait print c. 1800 of William Henry Harrison at age 27 as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the Northwest Territory At - Large , by Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint - Mémin , 1770 - 1852 . Note the misspelling of the name . In 1798 , at age twenty - six , Harrison defeated Arthur St. Clair Jr. , the son of the territorial governor , by one vote to become the Northwest Territory 's first congressional delegate , and served in the Sixth United States Congress from March 4 , 1799 , to May 14 , 1800 . As the Northwest Territory 's delegate to Congress , he had no authority to vote on legislative bills , but he was permitted to serve on a committee , submit legislation , and engage in debate . Harrison became chairman of the Committee on Public Lands and successfully promoted passage of the Land Act of 1800 , which made it easier to buy land in the Northwest Territory in smaller tracts at a low cost . The sale price for public lands was set at $2 per acre . This became an important contributor to rapid population growth of the Northwest Territory . Harrison also served on the committee that decided how to divide the Northwest Territory into smaller sections . The committee recommended splitting the territory into two segments . The eastern section , which continued to be known as the Northwest Territory , comprised the present - day state of Ohio and eastern Michigan ; the western section was named the Indiana Territory and consisted of the present - day states of Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , a portion of western Michigan , and the eastern portion of Minnesota . The two new territories were formally established in 1800 following the passage of 2 Stat. 58 . On May 13 , 1800 , President John Adams appointed Harrison as the governor of the newly established Indiana Territory , based on his ties to the west and seemingly neutral political stances . Harrison , caught unaware , was reluctant to accept the position until he received assurances from the Jeffersonians that he would not be removed from office after they gained power in the upcoming elections . After Harrison 's governorship was confirmed by the U.S. Senate , he resigned from Congress to become the first Indiana territorial governor in 1801 . Indiana territorial governor ( edit ) See also : History of slavery in Indiana and Indiana Territory Harrison arrived at Vincennes , the capital of the newly established Indiana Territory on January 10 , 1801 , to begin his duties . U.S. presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , both of whom were members of the Democratic - Republican Party , reappointed Harrison as the Indiana territorial governor in 1803 , 1806 , and 1809 -- Harrison was among the few Federalist appointees to so retain his post . On December 28 , 1812 , Harrison resigned his position as territorial governor to continue his military career during the War of 1812 . In 1804 , while serving as the Indiana territorial governor , Harrison was assigned additional duties to administer the civilian government of the District of Louisiana , a part of the Louisiana Territory that included land north of the 33rd parallel . In October 1804 , when a civilian government went into effect , Harrison served as the Louisiana district 's executive leader . Harrison administered the district 's affairs for five weeks , until the Louisiana Territory was formally established , effective July 4 , 1805 , and Brigadier General James Wilkinson assumed the duties of the Louisiana territorial governor . In 1805 Harrison built a plantation - style home near Vincennes that he named Grouseland , alluding to the birds on the property ; the thirteen - room home was one of the first brick structures in the territory . During his term as territorial governor , Harrison 's home served as a center of social and political life in the territory . The farm has been restored and is a popular , modern - day tourist attraction . After the territorial capital was moved to Corydon in 1813 , Harrison built a second home at nearby Harrison Valley . In addition to his duties as territorial governor , Harrison founded Jefferson University at Vincennes in 1801 . The school was incorporated as Vincennes University on November 29 , 1806 , and is one of two U.S. colleges founded by a U.S. President ; the other is the University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson . Governor Harrison had wide - ranging powers in the new territory , including authority to appoint territorial officials and the legislature , as well as authority to divide the territory into smaller political districts and counties . One of his primary responsibilities was to obtain title to Indian lands that would allow future settlement and increase the territory 's population , a requirement for statehood . Harrison was eager to expand the territory for personal reasons as well ; his political fortunes were tied to Indiana 's eventual statehood . On February 8 , 1803 , when President Jefferson reappointed Harrison as the Indiana territorial governor , he also granted Harrison the authority to negotiate and conclude treaties with the Indians . Between 1803 and 1809 , Harrison supervised eleven treaties with Indian leaders that provided the federal government with large tracts of land ( more than 60,000,000 acres ( 240,000 km ) ) that included the southern third of present - day Indiana and most of present - day Illinois for further settlement . The 1804 Treaty of St. Louis with Quashquame required the Sauk and Meskwaki tribes to cede much of western Illinois and parts of Missouri to the federal government . Many of the Sauk , especially Black Hawk , greatly resented this treaty and the loss of lands , a primary reason the Sauk sided with the United Kingdom during the War of 1812 . Harrison thought the Treaty of Grouseland ( 1805 ) appeased some of the Indians , but tensions remained high along the frontier . The Treaty of Fort Wayne ( 1809 ) raised new tensions when Harrison purchased land from the Miami tribe , who claimed ownership of the land , more than 2.5 million acres ( 10,000 km2 ) of land inhabited by the Shawnee , Kickapoo , Wea , and Piankeshaw peoples . Harrison rushed the treaty process by offering large subsidies to the tribes and their leaders so that the treaty would be in force before President Jefferson left office and the administration changed . Although Harrison 's pro-slavery position made him unpopular with the Indiana Territory 's antislavery supporters , he used his political power to make several attempts to introduce slavery into the territory . His efforts were ultimately unsuccessful due to the territory 's growing anti-slavery movement . In 1803 , Harrison lobbied Congress to vote in favor of a petition to suspend Article VI of the Northwest Ordinance for ten years , a move that would allow slavery in the Indiana Territory . At the end of the suspension period citizens in the territories covered under the ordinance could decide for themselves whether to permit slavery . Harrison claimed the suspension was necessary to encourage settlement and would make the territory economically viable , but Congress rejected the idea . In 1803 and 1805 Harrison and the appointed territorial judges enacted territorial laws that evaded the provisions outlined in Article VI of the Ordinance , authorized indentures , allowed slaves to be brought into the territory , and gave their masters authority to determine the length of indentured servitude . The pro-slavery laws caused a significant stir in the territory . In 1809 , after the separation of the western portion of the Indiana Territory to create the Illinois Territory , elections were held to select members of territorial legislature 's upper and lower houses for the first time . ( Previously , lower - house members were elected , but the territorial governor appointed members to the upper house . ) Harrison found himself at odds with the legislature after the antislavery faction came to power and the eastern portion of the Indiana Territory grew to include a large , antislavery population . When the Indiana Territory 's general assembly convened in 1810 , its antislavery faction immediately repealed the indenturing laws enacted in 1803 and in 1805 . After 1809 Harrison 's political authority declined as the Indiana territorial legislature assumed more authority and the territory advanced toward statehood . By 1812 Harrison had moved away and resumed his military career . President Jefferson , the primary author of the Northwest Ordinance , had made a secret compact with James Lemen to defeat the proslavery movement led by Harrison . Although he was a slaveholder , Jefferson did not want slavery to expand into the Northwest Territory , as he believed the institution should eventually end . Under the `` Jefferson - Lemen compact '' , Jefferson donated money to Lemen to found churches in Illinois and Indiana to stop the proslavery movement . In Indiana , the founding of an antislavery church led to citizens ' signing a petition and organizing politically to defeat Harrison 's efforts to legalize slavery in the territory . Jefferson and Lemen were both instrumental in defeating Harrison 's attempts in 1805 and 1807 to secure approval to expand slavery in the territory . Army general ( edit ) Tecumseh and Tippecanoe ( edit ) Main articles : Tecumseh 's War and Battle of Tippecanoe An Indian resistance movement against U.S. expansion had been growing through the leadership of the Shawnee brothers , Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ( The Prophet ) . The conflict became known as Tecumseh 's War . Tenskwatawa convinced the native tribes that they would be protected by the Great Spirit and no harm could befall them if they would rise up against the white settlers . He encouraged resistance by telling the tribes to pay white traders only half of what they owed and to give up all the white man 's ways , including their clothing , muskets , and especially whiskey , which was becoming known as evil for American Indians . 1915 version of a depiction of Tecumseh believed to have been sketched c. 1808 In August 1810 , Tecumseh led 400 armed warriors down the Wabash River to meet with Harrison in Vincennes . As the warriors were dressed in war paint , their sudden appearance at first frightened the soldiers at Vincennes . The leaders of the group were escorted to Grouseland , where they met Harrison . Tecumseh insisted that the Fort Wayne Treaty was illegitimate . He argued that no one tribe could sell land without the approval of the other tribes ; he asked Harrison to nullify it and warned that Americans should not attempt to settle the lands sold in the treaty . Tecumseh informed Harrison that he had threatened to kill the chiefs who signed the treaty if they carried out its terms , and that his confederation of tribes was growing rapidly . Harrison said the Miami were the owners of the land and could sell it if they so chose . He rejected Tecumseh 's claim that all the Indians formed one nation . He said each tribe could have separate relations with the United States if they chose to . Harrison argued that the Great Spirit would have made all the tribes speak one language if they were to be one nation . Tecumseh launched an `` impassioned rebuttal '' , but Harrison was unable to understand his language . A Shawnee friendly to Harrison cocked his pistol from the sidelines to alert Harrison that Tecumseh 's speech was leading to trouble . Some witnesses reported that Tecumseh was encouraging the warriors to kill Harrison . Many of the warriors began to pull their weapons , representing a substantial threat to Harrison and the town , which held a population of only 1,000 . Harrison pulled his sword . Tecumseh 's warriors backed down after the officers had pulled their firearms in defense of Harrison . Chief Winnemac , who was friendly to Harrison , countered Tecumseh 's arguments and told the warriors that since they had come in peace , they should return home in peace . Before leaving , Tecumseh informed Harrison that unless the treaty were nullified , he would seek an alliance with the British . After the meeting , Tecumseh journeyed to meet with many of the tribes in the region , hoping to create a confederation to battle the United States . In 1811 , while Tecumseh was traveling , Harrison was authorized by Secretary of War William Eustis to march against the nascent confederation as a show of force . Harrison led an army of more than 1,000 men north , to intimidate the Shawnee into making peace . Instead , the tribes launched a surprise attack on Harrison 's army early on November 7 , in what became known as the Battle of Tippecanoe . Harrison defeated the tribal forces at Prophetstown , next to the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers . Harrison was hailed as a national hero and the battle became famous . However , his troops had greatly outnumbered the attackers , and suffered many more casualties during the battle . When reporting to Secretary Eustis , Harrison informed him the battle occurred near the Tippecanoe River ( which led to its naming ) , and he feared an imminent reprisal attack . The first dispatch did not make clear which side had won the conflict , and the secretary at first interpreted it as a defeat . The follow - up dispatch made the U.S. victory clear . When no second attack came , the defeat of the Shawnee was more certain . Eustis demanded to know why Harrison had not taken adequate precautions in fortifying his camp against attacks . Harrison countered by saying he had considered the position strong enough . The dispute was the catalyst of a disagreement between Harrison and the Department of War that continued into the War of 1812 . The press did not cover the battle at first , and one Ohio paper misinterpreted Harrison 's dispatch to Eustis to mean he was defeated . By December , as most major American papers carried stories on the battle , public outrage over the Shawnee attack grew . At a time of high tensions with the United Kingdom , many Americans blamed the British for inciting the tribes to violence and supplying them with firearms . In response , Congress passed resolutions condemning the British for interfering in American domestic affairs . A few months later , on June 18 , 1812 , the U.S. government declared war against United Kingdom . Shortly thereafter , Harrison left Vincennes to seek a military appointment . War of 1812 ( edit ) This portrait of Harrison originally showed him in civilian clothes as the congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory in 1800 , but the uniform was added after he became famous in the War of 1812 . The outbreak of war with the British in 1812 led to continued conflict with Indians in the Northwest . Harrison briefly served as a major general in the Kentucky militia until the U.S. government commissioned him to command the Army of the Northwest , on September 17 , 1812 . Although Harrison received federal military pay for his service , he also collected a territorial governor 's salary from September until December 28 , 1812 , when he formally resigned as governor and continued his military service . After the American defeat in the Siege of Detroit , General James Winchester , who became the commander of the Army of the Northwest , offered Harrison the rank of brigadier general . Harrison also wanted sole command of the army . In September 1812 , after President James Madison removed Winchester from command , Harrison became commander of the fresh recruits . Initially , the British and their Indian allies greatly outnumbered Harrison 's troops . During the winter of 1812 -- 13 Harrison constructed a defensive position along the Maumee River in northwest Ohio and named it Fort Meigs in honor of the Ohio governor Return J. Meigs Jr ... After receiving reinforcements in 1813 , Harrison took the offensive and led the army north to battle the Shawnee and their British allies . Harrison won victories in the Indiana Territory and in Ohio and recaptured Detroit , before invading Upper Canada ( present - day Ontario ) . Harrison 's army defeated the British on October 5 , 1813 , at the Battle of the Thames , in which Tecumseh was killed . This pivotal battle is considered to be one of the great American victories in the war , second only to the Battle of New Orleans . In 1814 U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong divided the command of the army , assigning Harrison to a `` backwater '' post and giving control of the front to one of Harrison 's subordinates . ( Armstrong and Harrison had disagreed over the lack of coordination and effectiveness in the invasion of Canada . ) In May , following Harrison 's reassignment , he resigned from the army ; his resignation was accepted later that summer . After the war ended , Congress investigated Harrison 's resignation and determined that Armstrong had mistreated him during his military campaign and that his resignation was justified . Congress awarded Harrison a gold medal for his services during the War of 1812 . Following the defeat of the British and their Indian allies in western Canada , Harrison and Lewis Cass , governor of the Michigan Territory , were delegated the responsibility for negotiating a peace treaty with the Indians , known as the Treaty of Greenville ( 1814 ) . In June 1815 , at President Madison 's request , the U.S. government appointed Harrison to serve as one of the commissioners responsible for negotiating a second postwar treaty with the Indians that became known as the Treaty of Spring Wells ( 1815 ) . Both treaties were advantageous to the United States . In the Spring Wells treaty the tribes ceded a large tract of land in the west , providing additional land for American purchase and settlement . Postwar life ( edit ) Public office ( edit ) After John Gibson replaced Harrison as Indiana territorial governor in 1812 and Harrison 's resignation from the army in 1814 , he returned to his family in North Bend . Harrison cultivated his land and enlarged the log cabin farmhouse , but he soon returned to public life . In 1816 Harrison was elected to complete the term of John McLean of Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives , where Harrison represented the state from October 8 , 1816 , to March 3 , 1819 . In 1817 Harrison declined to serve as Secretary of War under President Monroe . In 1819 he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and served until 1821 , having lost the election for Ohio governor in 1820 . In 1822 he ran for a seat in the U.S. House , but lost by 500 votes to James W. Gazlay . In 1824 Harrison was elected to the U.S. Senate , where he served until May 20 , 1828 . Fellow westerners in Congress called Harrison a `` Buckeye '' , a term of affection related to the native Ohio buckeye tree . He was an Ohio presidential elector in 1820 for James Monroe and for Henry Clay in 1824 . Appointed in 1828 as minister plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia , Harrison resigned from Congress and served in his new post until March 8 , 1829 . He arrived in Bogotá on December 22 , 1828 and found the condition of Colombia saddening . Harrison reported to the Secretary of State that the country was on the edge of anarchy , including his opinion that Simón Bolívar was about to become a military dictator . While minister in Colombia , Harrison wrote a rebuke to Bolívar , stating `` the strongest of all governments is that which is most free '' . He called on Bolívar to encourage the development of a democracy . In response , Bolívar wrote , `` The United States ... seem destined by Providence to plague America with torments in the name of freedom '' , a sentiment that achieved fame in Latin America . When the new administration of President Andrew Jackson took office in March 1829 , Harrison was recalled so the new president could make his own appointment to the position ; he returned to the United States in June . Private citizen ( edit ) After Harrison returned to the United States from Colombia , he settled on his farm in North Bend , Ohio , his adopted home state , living in relative retirement after nearly four decades of government service . Having accumulated no substantial wealth during his lifetime , he subsisted on his savings , a small pension , and the income produced by his farm . Harrison cultivated corn and established a distillery to produce whiskey . After a brief time in the liquor business , he became disturbed by the effects of alcohol on its consumers , and closed the distillery . In a later address to the Hamilton County Agricultural Board in 1831 , Harrison said he had sinned in making whiskey , and hoped that others would learn from his mistake and stop the production of liquors . In these early years , Harrison also earned money from his contributions to a biography written by James Hall , entitled A Memoir of the Public Services of William Henry Harrison , published in 1836 . That year , he made an unsuccessful run for the presidency as a Whig candidate . Between 1836 and 1840 , Harrison served as Clerk of Courts for Hamilton County . This was his job when he was elected president in 1840 . About this time , Harrison met African - American abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor George DeBaptiste who lived in nearby Madison . The two became friends , and DeBaptiste became his personal servant , staying with Harrison until his death . By 1840 , when Harrison campaigned for president a second time , over a dozen books had been published on his life . He was hailed by many as a national hero . 1836 presidential campaign ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1836 Chromolithograph campaign poster for William Henry Harrison Harrison was the Northern Whig candidate for president in 1836 , one of only two times in American history when a major political party intentionally ran more than one presidential candidate ( the Democrats ran two candidates in 1860 ) . Vice President Martin Van Buren , the Democratic candidate , was popular and deemed likely to win the election against an individual Whig candidate . The Whig plan was to elect popular Whigs regionally , deny Van Buren the 148 electoral votes needed for election , and force the House of Representatives to decide the election . They hoped the Whigs would control the House after the general elections . ( This strategy would have failed , as the Democrats retained a majority in the House following the election . ) Harrison ran in all the free states except Massachusetts , and the slave states of Delaware , Maryland , and Kentucky . Hugh L. White ran in the remaining slave states except for South Carolina . Daniel Webster ran in Massachusetts , and Willie P. Mangum in South Carolina . The plan narrowly failed , as Van Buren won the election with 170 electoral votes . A swing of just over 4,000 votes in Pennsylvania would have given that state 's 30 electoral votes to Harrison , and the election would have been decided in the House of Representatives . 1840 presidential campaign ( edit ) Main article : William Henry Harrison presidential campaign , 1840 Poster of Harrison 's accomplishments Harrison was the Whig candidate and faced the incumbent Van Buren in the 1840 election . He was chosen over more controversial members of the party , such as Clay and Webster , and based his campaign on his military record and on the weak U.S. economy , caused by the Panic of 1837 . In a ploy to blame Van Buren for the depressed economy , the Whigs nicknamed the latter `` Van Ruin '' . The Democrats ridiculed Harrison by calling him `` Granny Harrison , the petticoat general '' , because he resigned from the army before the War of 1812 ended . When asking voters whether Harrison should be elected , the Democrats asked what Harrison 's name spelled backwards would be : `` No Sirrah '' . They also cast Harrison as a provincial , out - of - touch , old man who would rather `` sit in his log cabin drinking hard cider '' than attend to the administration of the country . This strategy backfired when Harrison and John Tyler , his vice presidential running mate , adopted the log cabin and hard cider as campaign symbols . Their campaign used the symbols on banners and posters , and created bottles of hard cider shaped like log cabins , all to connect the candidates to the `` common man '' . 1840 Electoral Vote Map Although Harrison had come from a wealthy , slaveholding Virginia family , his campaign promoted him as a humble frontiersman in the style popularized by Andrew Jackson . In contrast , the Whigs presented Van Buren as a wealthy elitist . A memorable example was the Gold Spoon Oration that Pennsylvania 's Whig representative , Charles Ogle , delivered in the U.S. House . The speech ridiculed Van Buren 's elegant , White House lifestyle and lavish spending . A Whig chant in which people would spit tobacco juice as they chanted `` wirt - wirt , '' also exhibited the difference between candidates from the time of the election : Old Tip he wore a homespun coat , he had no ruffled shirt : wirt - wirt , But Matt he has the golden plate , and he 's a little squirt : wirt - wirt ! The Whigs boasted of Harrison 's military record and his reputation as the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe . The campaign slogan , `` Tippecanoe and Tyler , Too '' , became one of the most famous in American politics . Harrison won a landslide victory in the Electoral College , 234 electoral votes to Van Buren 's 60 , although the popular vote was much closer . Harrison received 53 percent of the popular vote to Van Buren 's 47 percent , with a margin of less than 150,000 votes . Presidency ( 1841 ) ( edit ) Shortest presidency ( edit ) William Henry Harrison ( Bass Otis , 1841 ) When Harrison came to Washington , he wanted to show both that he was still the steadfast hero of Tippecanoe , and that he was a better educated and thoughtful man than the backwoods caricature portrayed in the campaign . He took the oath of office on Thursday , March 4 , 1841 , a cold and wet day . He wore neither an overcoat nor hat , rode on horseback to the ceremony rather than in the closed carriage that had been offered him , and delivered the longest inaugural address in American history . At 8,445 words , it took him nearly two hours to read , although his friend and fellow Whig Daniel Webster had edited it for length . After becoming the first head of state to have his photograph taken , Harrison then rode through the streets in the inaugural parade , and that evening attended three inaugural balls , including one at Carusi 's Saloon entitled the `` Tippecanoe '' ball , which at a price of US $10 per person ( equal to $237 today ) attracted 1,000 guests . The inaugural address was a detailed statement of the Whig agenda , essentially a repudiation of Jackson and Van Buren 's policies . Harrison promised to reestablish the Bank of the United States and extend its capacity for credit by issuing paper currency ( Henry Clay 's American system ) ; to defer to the judgment of Congress on legislative matters , with sparing use of his veto power ; and to reverse Jackson 's spoils system of executive patronage . He promised to use patronage to create a qualified staff , not to enhance his own standing in government . As leader of the Whigs and a powerful legislator ( as well as a frustrated presidential candidate in his own right ) , Henry Clay expected to have substantial influence in the Harrison administration . He ignored his own platform plank of overturning the `` spoils '' system . Clay attempted to influence Harrison 's actions before and during his brief presidency , especially in putting forth his own preferences for Cabinet offices and other presidential appointments . Harrison rebuffed his aggression , saying `` Mr. Clay , you forget that I am the President . '' The dispute intensified when Harrison named Daniel Webster , Clay 's arch - rival for control of the Whig Party , as his Secretary of State , and appeared to give Webster 's supporters some highly coveted patronage positions . Harrison 's sole concession to Clay was to name his protégé John J. Crittenden to the post of Attorney General . Despite this , the dispute continued until the President 's death . Clay was not the only one who hoped to benefit from Harrison 's election . Hordes of office applicants came to the White House , which was then open to all who wanted a meeting with the president . Most of Harrison 's business during his month - long presidency involved extensive social obligations -- an inevitable part of his high position and arrival in Washington -- and receiving visitors at the White House . They awaited him at all hours and filled the Executive Mansion . Harrison wrote in a letter dated March 10 , `` I am so much harassed by the multitude that call upon me that I can give no proper attention to any business of my own . '' Nevertheless , Harrison sent a number of nominations for office to the Senate for confirmation during his month in office . The new 27th Congress had convened an extraordinary session for the purpose of confirming Harrison 's cabinet and other important nominees , since a number of them arrived after Congress ' March 15 adjournment ; however , John Tyler would ultimately be forced to renominate many of Harrison 's selections . Harrison took his pledge to reform executive appointments seriously , visiting each of the six executive departments to observe its operations and issuing through Webster an order to all departments that electioneering by employees would henceforth be considered grounds for dismissal . BEP engraved portrait of President Harrison As he had with Clay , Harrison resisted pressure from other Whigs over partisan patronage . When a group arrived in his office on March 16 to demand the removal of all Democrats from any appointed office , Harrison proclaimed , `` So help me God , I will resign my office before I can be guilty of such an iniquity ! '' Harrison 's own cabinet attempted to countermand the president 's appointment of John Chambers as Governor of Iowa in favor of Webster 's friend , General James Wilson ; when Webster attempted to press this decision at a March 25 cabinet meeting , however , Harrison asked him to read aloud a handwritten note ( which said simply `` William Henry Harrison , President of the United States '' ) , then announced that `` William Henry Harrison , President of the United States , tells you , gentlemen , that , by God , John Chambers shall be governor of Iowa ! '' Harrison 's only official act of consequence was to call Congress into a special session . Henry Clay and he had disagreed over the necessity of such a session , and when on March 11 Harrison 's cabinet proved evenly divided , the president vetoed the idea . When Clay pressed Harrison on the special session on March 13 , the president rebuffed his counsel and told him not to visit the White House again , but to address him only in writing . A few days later , however , Treasury Secretary Thomas Ewing reported to Harrison that federal funds were in such trouble that the government could not continue to operate until Congress ' regularly scheduled session in December ; Harrison thus relented , and on March 17 proclaimed the special session in the interests of `` the condition of the revenue and finance of the country '' . The session was scheduled to begin on May 31 . Administration and cabinet ( edit ) Official White House portrait by James Reid Lambdin The Harrison Cabinet Office Name Term President William Henry Harrison 1841 Vice President John Tyler 1841 Secretary of State Daniel Webster 1841 Secretary of Treasury Thomas Ewing 1841 Secretary of War John Bell 1841 Attorney General John J. Crittenden 1841 Postmaster General Francis Granger 1841 Secretary of the Navy George E. Badger 1841 Death and funeral ( edit ) Death of Harrison , April 4 , 1841 On March 26 , 1841 , Harrison became ill with a cold -- according to the prevailing medical misconception of that time , his illness was believed to be caused by the bad weather at his inauguration , but the illness did not arise until more than three weeks afterwards . Harrison tried to rest in the White House , but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers . His extremely busy social schedule also made rest time scarce . Harrison 's doctors tried several cures , such as applying opium , castor oil , leeches , and Virginia snakeweed , but the treatments only made Harrison worse and he became delirious . He died nine days after becoming ill , at 12 : 30 a.m. on Sunday , April 4 , 1841 . Harrison 's doctor , Thomas Miller , diagnosed Harrison 's cause of death as `` pneumonia of the lower lobe of the right lung '' . A medical analysis made in 2014 , based on Dr. Miller 's notes and records of the White House water supply being downstream of public sewage , concluded that he likely died of septic shock due to enteric fever . Harrison became the first United States president to die in office . His last words were to his doctor , but they were assumed to be directed at Vice President Tyler : `` Sir , I wish you to understand the true principles of the government . I wish them carried out . I ask nothing more . '' Harrison served the shortest term of any American president : March 4 -- April 4 , 1841 , 30 days , 12 hours , and 30 minutes . The President 's body was borne through Washington . Solomon Northup gave an account of the procession in Twelve Years a Slave : The next day there was a great pageant in Washington . The roar of cannon and the tolling of bells filled the air , while many houses were shrouded with crape , and the streets were black with people . As the day advanced , the procession made its appearance , coming slowly through the Avenue , carriage after carriage , in long succession , while thousands upon thousands followed on foot -- all moving to the sound of melancholy music . They were bearing the dead body of Harrison to the grave ... I remember distinctly how the window glass would break and rattle to the ground , after each report of the cannon they were firing in the burial ground . Harrison 's funeral took place in the Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati , Ohio , on April 7 , 1841 . His original interment was in the public vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington , D.C. , but his remains were later buried in North Bend , Ohio . The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial was erected at the gravesite in his honor . Impact of death ( edit ) The William Henry Harrison Memorial in North Bend , Ohio Harrison 's death was a disappointment to Whigs , who hoped to pass a revenue tariff and enact measures to support Henry Clay 's American system . John Tyler , Harrison 's successor and a former Democrat , abandoned the Whig agenda , effectively cutting himself off from the party . Due to the death of Harrison , three presidents served within a single calendar year ( Martin Van Buren , Harrison , Tyler ) . This has happened on only one other occasion , 40 years later in 1881 , when Rutherford B. Hayes was succeeded by James A. Garfield , who was assassinated later that year . With the death of Garfield , Chester A. Arthur stepped into the presidency . Harrison 's death revealed the flaws in the U.S. Constitution 's clauses on presidential succession . Article II of the Constitution states : `` In Case of the Removal of the President from Office , or of his Death , Resignation , or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office , the Same shall devolve on the Vice President ... and ( the Vice President ) shall act accordingly , until the Disability be removed , or a President shall be elected '' . Scholars at the time disagreed whether the vice president would become president or merely acting president . The Constitution did not stipulate whether the vice president could serve the remainder of the president 's term , until the next election , or if emergency elections should be held . Harrison 's cabinet insisted that Tyler was `` Vice President acting as President '' . After the cabinet consulted with the Chief Justice Roger Taney , they decided that if Tyler took the presidential Oath of Office , he would assume the office of president . Tyler obliged and was sworn into office on April 6 , 1841 . Congress convened in May , and after a short period of debate in both houses , it passed a resolution that confirmed Tyler as president for the remainder of Harrison 's term . Once established , this precedent of presidential succession remained in effect until the Twenty - fifth Amendment was ratified in 1967 , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the succession of Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency in 1963 . The Twenty - fifth Amendment dealt with the finer points of succession , defining the situations in which the vice president would serve as acting president , and in which situations the vice president could become president . Legacy ( edit ) Historical reputation ( edit ) Harrison ( on left ) at Tippecanoe County Courthouse , Lafayette , Indiana Among Harrison 's most enduring legacies is the series of treaties that he either negotiated or signed with Native American leaders during his tenure as the Indiana territorial governor . As part of the treaty negotiations , the native tribes ceded large tracts of land in the west that provided additional acreage for purchase and settlement . Harrison 's chief presidential legacy lies in his campaigning methods , which laid the foundation for the modern presidential campaign tactics . Harrison was the first sitting ( incumbent ) President to have his photograph taken . The image was made in Washington , D.C. , on his inauguration day in 1841 . Photographs exist of John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , and Martin Van Buren , but these images were taken after they left office . The Harrison image was also the first presidential photograph . The original daguerreotype of Harrison on his inauguration day has been lost -- although at least one early photographic copy exists in the archives of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . Harrison died nearly penniless . Congress voted his wife , Anna , a presidential widow 's pension of $25,000 , one year of Harrison 's salary ( equivalent to about $593,065 in today 's dollars , depending on the formula used ) . She also received the right to mail letters free of charge . Harrison 's son , John Scott Harrison , represented Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1853 and 1857 . Harrison 's grandson , Benjamin Harrison of Indiana , served as the 23rd U.S. president from 1889 to 1893 , making William and Benjamin Harrison the only grandparent -- grandchild pair of U.S. presidents . Honors and tributes ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials to William Henry Harrison 2009 Presidential Dollar of William Henry Harrison On February 19 , 2009 , the U.S. Mint released the ninth coin in the Presidential $1 Coin Program , bearing Harrison 's likeness . A total of 98,420,000 coins were minted . Statue of Harrison on horseback in Cincinnati Several monuments and memorial statues have been erected in tribute to Harrison . There are public statues of him in downtown Indianapolis , Cincinnati 's Piatt Park , the Tippecanoe County Courthouse , Harrison County , Indiana , and Owen County , Indiana . Numerous counties and towns also bear his name . See also ( edit ) Book : Presidents of the United States ( 1789 -- 1860 ) Curse of Tippecanoe List of Governors of Indiana List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience List of Presidents of the United States who died in office Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Found : Oldest Known Photo of a U.S. President ( Socks and All ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . A startlingly lifelike daguerreotype showing Harrison , made by the Boston photography studio Southworth and Hawes around 1850 and now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art , is a reproduction of an oil portrait , not of a photograph . Jump up ^ Buescher , John . `` Tippecanoe and Walking Canes Too '' . TeachingHistory.org . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence , New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 6 . p. 206 Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison '' . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Lyle Emerson . American Presidents Year by Year . I. p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` William Henry Harrison Biography '' . About The White House : Presidents . whitehouse.gov . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ; Riley , Edward M. , eds. ( 1978 ) . Benjamin Harrison and the American Revolution . Virginia in the Revolution . Williamsburg , VA : Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission . pp. 59 -- 65 . OCLC 4781472 . Jump up ^ Barnhart & Riker 1971 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bassett Harrison '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . U.S. Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William . `` William Henry Harrison : Life Before the Presidency '' . American President : An Online Reference Resource . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . The boy enjoyed a solid education -- tutored at home , then three years at Hampden - Sydney College in Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Madison & Sandweiss 2014 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , pp. 14 , 22 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , pp. 21 , 27 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Madison & Sandweiss 2014 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Bob Dole , Great Presidential Wit , 2001 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 40 . 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National Archives . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carnes & Mieczkowski 2001 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Carnes & Mieczkowski 2001 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` The Time Machine : 1840 , One Hundred And Fifty Years Ago '' . American Heritage . April 1990 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Bradley , Elizabeth L. ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . Knickerbocker : The Myth behind New York . New Brusnwick , NJ : Rivergate Books . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4516 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Carnes & Mieczkowski 2001 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harrison 's Inauguration '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harrison 's Inauguration ( Reason ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ United States Senate ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Inaugural Ball '' . inaugural.senate.gov . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison Inaugural Address '' . Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States . Bartleby.com. 1989 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' I Do Solemnly Swear ... `` : Presidential Inaugurations '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Borneman 2005 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Letter from Harrison to R. Buchanan , Esq. , March 10 , 184 1 Jump up ^ http://aprg.web.unc.edu/files/2011/10/Michael-Gerhardt-APRG.pdf Jump up ^ Woollen , William Wesley ( 1975 ) . Biographical and historical sketches of early Indiana . Ayer Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 06896 - 6 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert ( 1997 ) . Daniel Webster : The Man and His Time . W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 520 -- 521 . Jump up ^ `` American History Series : The Brief Presidency of William Henry Harrison '' . Voice of America News . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis ( 2004 ) . The American Presidency . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 38273 - 6 . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison 's Proclamation for Special Session of Congress '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Portraits of the U.S. Presidents '' . The White House . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cleaves 1939 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Cleaves 1939 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Jane ; Mackowiak , Philip A. ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` What Really Killed William Henry Harrison ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Jane ; Mackowiak , Philip A. ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Death in the White House : President William Henry Harrison 's Atypical Pneumonia '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 59 ( 7 ) : 990 -- 995 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / ciu470 . PMID 24962997 . Jump up ^ `` President Harrison Dies -- April 4 , 1841 '' . Events in Presidential History . Miller Center , University of Virginia . 2008 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ed. : Robert A. Diamond ... Major contributors : Rhodes Cook ... ( 1976 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections . Congressional Quarterly Inc. p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87187 - 072 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Twelve Years a Slave : Narrative of Solomon Northup , a Citizen of New - York , Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841 , and Rescued in 1853 Jump up ^ `` '' Presidential Funerals '' -- White House History `` . whha.org . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Tomb '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Tyler , Tenth Vice President ( 1841 ) '' . senate.gov . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Martin . `` Tecumseh 's Curse and the US Presidents : Coincidence or Something More ? '' . About.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution , Article II '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : A Transcription '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution , Amendment XXV '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : Amendments 11 - 27 '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Madison & Sandweiss 2014 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Green 2007 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` The Met Collection Database '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Damon , Allan L. ( June 1974 ) . `` Presidential Expenses '' . American Heritage . 25 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Biography : Anna Harrison '' . First Ladies. 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison , John Scott , ( 1804 -- 1878 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Calhoun 2005 , pp. 43 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . www.usmint.gov . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Circulating Coins Production Figures : usmint.gov '' . www.usmint.gov . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Greiff 2005 , pp. 12 , 164 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of William Henry Harrison - Cincinnati , Ohio - American Guide Series on Waymarking.com '' . www.waymarking.com . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Greiff 2005 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Greiff 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Greiff 2005 , p. 206 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barnhart , John D. ; Riker , Dorothy L. , eds. ( 1971 ) . Indiana to 1816 : The Colonial Period . The History of Indiana . I. Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society . Bolívar , Simón ( 1951 ) . Bierck , Harold A. Jr. , ed . Selected Writings of Bolívar. II . New York : Colonial Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60635 - 115 - 4 . compiled by Lecuna , Vicente , translated by Bertrand , Lewis Borneman , Walter R. ( 2005 ) . 1812 : The War That Forged a Nation . New York : HarperCollins ( Harper Perennial ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 053113 - 3 . Burr , Samuel Jones ( 1840 ) . The Life and Times of William Henry Harrison . New York : R.W. Pomeroy . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Calhoun , Charles William ( 2005 ) . Benjamin Harrison : The 23rd President 1889 -- 1893 . The American Presidents . 23 . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6952 - 5 . Carnes , Mark C. ; Mieczkowski , Yanek ( 2001 ) . The Routledge Historical Atlas of Presidential Campaigns . Routledge Atlases of American History . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92139 - 8 . Cleaves , Freeman ( 1939 ) . Old Tippecanoe : William Henry Harrison and His Time . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . Funk , Arville ( 1969 ) . A Sketchbook of Indiana History . Rochester , IN : Christian Book Press . Green , Meg ( 2007 ) . William H. Harrison . Breckenridge , CO : Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 1511 - 1 . ; for children Greiff , Glory - June ( 2005 ) . Remembrance , Faith and Fancy : Outdoor Public Sculpture in Indiana . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society Press . ISBN 0 - 87195 - 180 - 0 . Gugin , Linda C. ; St. Clair , James E. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Governors of Indiana . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society Press and the Indiana Historical Bureau . ISBN 0 - 87195 - 196 - 7 . Hall , James ( 1836 ) . A Memoir of the Public Services of William Henry Harrison , of Ohio . Philadelphia , PA : Key & Biddle . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Langguth , A.J. ( 2007 ) . Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 3278 - 1 . Madison , James H. ; Sandweiss , Lee Ann ( 2014 ) . Hoosiers and the American Story . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 363 - 6 . Owens , Robert M. ( 2007 ) . Mr. Jefferson 's Hammer : William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3842 - 8 . Taylor , William Alexander ; Taylor , Aubrey Clarence ( 1899 ) . Ohio statesmen and annals of progress : from the year 1788 to the year 1900 ... 1 . State of Ohio . Further reading ( edit ) Booraem , Hendrik ( 2012 ) . A Child of the Revolution : William Henry Harrison and His World , 1773 -- 1798 . Kent State University Press . Jortner , Adam ( 2012 ) . The Gods of Prophetstown : The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976529 - 4 . Pirtle , Alfred ( 1900 ) . The Battle of Tippecanoe . Louisville : John P. Morton & Co. / Library Reprints . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7222 - 6509 - 3 . as read to the Filson Club . Shade , William G. `` ' Tippecanoe and Tyler too ' : William Henry Harrison and the rise of popular politics . '' In Joel H. Silbey , ed. , A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861 ( 2013 ) , pp. 155 -- 72 . Skaggs , David Curtis . William Henry Harrison and the Conquest of the Ohio Country : Frontier Fighting in the War of 1812 ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 ) xxii . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWilliam Henry Harrisonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata White House biography United States Congress . `` William Henry Harrison ( id : H000279 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . William Henry Harrison Papers - Library of Congress William H. Harrison at Ohio History Central Papers of William Henry Harrison , 1800 -- 1815 , Collection Guide , Indiana Historical Society Announcement of William Henry Harrison Impending Death William Henry Harrison ALS , March 10 , 1841 : Harassed by the Multitudes William Henry Harrison 's Personal Correspondence While in Office Shapell Manuscript Foundation Essays on Harrison , each member of his cabinet and First Lady William Henry Harrison Biography and Fact File Biography by Appleton 's and Stanley L. Klos William Henry Harrison : Young Tippecanoe `` Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , May 10 , 1999 Offices and distinctions Political offices Preceded by Winthrop Sargent Secretary of the Northwest Territory 1798 -- 1799 Succeeded by Charles Willing Byrd New office Territorial Governor of Indiana 1800 -- 1812 Succeeded by John Gibson Acting Territorial Governor Preceded by Amos Stoddard as Commandant of the District of Louisiana Governor of the District of Louisiana 1804 -- 1805 Succeeded by James Wilkinson as Governor of Louisiana Territory Preceded by Martin Van Buren 9th President of the United States 1841 Succeeded by John Tyler U.S. House of Representatives New constituency Member of the House of Representatives from Northwest Territory 's At - large congressional district 1799 -- 1800 Succeeded by William McMillan Preceded by John McLean Member of the House of Representatives from Ohio 's 1st congressional district 1816 -- 1819 Succeeded by Thomas R. Ross Ohio Senate Preceded by George Torrence State Senator from Hamilton County 1819 -- 1821 Served alongside : Ephraim Brown Succeeded by Benjamin Piatt U.S. Senate Preceded by Ethan Allen Brown United States Senator ( Class 3 ) from Ohio 1825 -- 1828 Served alongside : Benjamin Ruggles Succeeded by Jacob Burnet Preceded by Andrew Jackson Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee 1825 -- 1828 Succeeded by Thomas Hart Benton Diplomatic posts Preceded by Beaufort Watts United States Minister to Colombia 1828 -- 1829 Succeeded by Thomas Patrick Moore Party political offices New political party Whig nominee for President of the United States 1836 1 , 1840 Succeeded by Henry Clay Notes and references 1 . The Whig Party ran regional candidates in 1836 . Harrison ran in the Northern states , Hugh White ran in the Southern states , and Daniel Webster ran in Massachusetts . Articles related to William Henry Harrison Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama Trump Book United States Whig Party Presidential Nominees 1836 William Henry Harrison / Daniel Webster / Hugh Lawson White / Willie Person Mangum 1840 William Henry Harrison 1844 Henry Clay 1848 Zachary Taylor 1852 Winfield Scott 1856 Millard Fillmore 1860 John Bell United States Senators from Ohio Class 1 Smith Meigs Worthington Kerr Ruggles Morris Tappan Corwin Ewing Wade Thurman Sherman Hanna Dick Pomerene Fess Donahey H. Burton Huffman K. Taft Bricker Young R. Taft Jr . Metzenbaum DeWine S. Brown Class 3 Worthington Tiffin Griswold Campbell Morrow Trimble E. Brown Harrison Burnet Ewing Allen Chase Pugh Chase Sherman Matthews Pendleton Payne Brice Foraker T. Burton Harding Willis Locher T. Burton McCulloch Bulkley R. Taft Sr . Burke Bender Lausche Saxbe Metzenbaum Glenn Voinovich Portman Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio 's 1st congressional district McLean Harrison Ross Gazlay Findlay Lytle Storer ( father ) Duncan N. Pendleton Duncan Faran Disney Day G. Pendleton Eggleston Strader Perry Dodds Sayler Butterworth Follett Butterworth Storer ( son ) C. Taft Shattuc Longworth Bowdle Longworth Hollister Dixon Elston Scherer Rich Gilligan R. Taft Jr . Keating T. Luken Gradison T. Luken C. Luken Mann Chabot Driehaus Chabot Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio 's 23rd , 24th , at - large , and the Northwest Territory 's congressional districts Ohio 23 George H. Bender ( 1953 -- 1954 ) William Edwin Minshall Jr. ( 1955 -- 1974 ) Ronald M. Mottl ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Ohio 24 Buz Lukens ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Walter E. Powell ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Ohio at - large Jeremiah Morrow ( 1803 -- 1813 ) Robert Crosser ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Charles V. Truax ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Stephen M. Young ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Daniel S. Earhart ( 1936 -- 1937 ) John McSweeney ( 1937 -- 1939 ) Harold G. Mosier ( 1937 -- 1939 ) George H. Bender ( 1939 -- 1949 ) L.L. Marshall ( 1939 -- 1941 ) Stephen M. Young ( 1941 -- 1943 ) Stephen M. Young ( 1949 -- 1951 ) George H. Bender ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Robert Taft Jr. ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Robert E. Sweeney ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Northwest Territory at - large William Henry Harrison ( 1799 -- 1800 ) William McMillan ( 1800 -- 1801 ) Paul Fearing ( 1801 -- 1803 ) Governors of Indiana Territorial ( 1800 -- 16 ) Harrison Gibson ( acting ) Posey State ( since 1816 ) Jennings Boon W. Hendricks Ray Noble Wallace Bigger J. Whitcomb Dunning Wright Willard Hammond Lane Morton Baker T. Hendricks Williams Gray Porter Gray Hovey Chase Matthews Mount Durbin Hanly Marshall Ralston Goodrich McCray Branch Jackson Leslie McNutt Townsend Schricker Gates Schricker Craig Handley Welsh Branigin E. Whitcomb Bowen Orr Bayh O'Bannon Kernan Daniels Pence Holcomb See also : Governor of Indiana United States Ambassadors to Colombia Gran Colombia Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Anderson Watts ( chargé d'affaires ) Harrison Moore Republic of New Granada Chargé d'affaires McAfee Semple Blackford Bidlack Foote King Green Minister Resident Bowlin Jones United States of Colombia Minister Resident Burton Sullivan Hurlbut Scruggs Dichman Maney Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Scruggs Jacob Republic of Colombia Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Maury Abbott McKinney Hart Beaupre Russell Barrett T. Dawson Northcott DuBois Thompson Philip Piles Caffery Whitehouse W. Dawson Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Braden Lane Wiley Beaulac Waynick Schoenfeld Bonsal Cabot McIntosh Freeman Oliver Carlson Vaughn Saccio Vaky Sanchez Asencio Boyatt Tambs Gillespie McNamara Busby Frechette Kamman Patterson Wood Brownfield McKinley Whitaker Cabinet of President William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) Secretary of State Daniel Webster ( 1841 ) Secretary of the Treasury Thomas Ewing ( 1841 ) Secretary of War John Bell ( 1841 ) Attorney General John J. Crittenden ( 1841 ) Postmaster General Francis Granger ( 1841 ) Secretary of the Navy George E. Badger ( 1841 ) Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services Military Affairs Committee ( 1816 -- 1947 ) J. Williams Troup J. Williams Jackson Harrison Benton Preston Crittenden Benton Cass Benton Davis Shields Weller Davis Johnson Wilson Logan Spencer Randolph Logan Sewell Hawley Walthall Hawley Proctor Warren du Pont Johnston Chamberlain Wadsworth Reed Sheppard Reynolds Thomas Naval Affairs Committee ( 1816 -- 1947 ) Tait Sanford Pleasants Lloyd Hayne Dallas Southard Rives R. Williams Mangum Bayard Fairfield Yulee Gwin Mallory J. Hale Grimes Cragin Sargent McPherson Cameron McPherson Cameron E. Hale Perkins Tillman Swanson Page F. Hale Trammell Walsh Armed Services Committee ( 1947 -- present ) Gurney Tydings Russell Saltonstall Russell Stennis Tower Goldwater Nunn Thurmond Warner Levin Warner Levin Warner Levin McCain Indiana in the War of 1812 People William Henry Harrison Zachary Taylor Tecumseh John Tipton William Wells Indiana Rangers Places Eel River Fort Knox Fort Wayne Fort Vallonia Pigeon Roost Battles / Raids Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Mississinewa Spur 's Defeat Tipton 's Island See also : Tecumseh 's War and Battle of Tippecanoe ( 1832 ← ) United States presidential election , 1836 ( 1840 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Nominees William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum VP nominees Francis Granger John Tyler Other 1836 elections : House Senate ( 1836 ← ) United States presidential election , 1840 ( 1844 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee William H. Harrison ( campaign ) VP nominee John Tyler Candidates Henry Clay Winfield Scott Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee None Other 1840 elections : House Senate Biography portal Government of the United States portal Indiana portal Military of the United States portal Ohio portal Politics portal United States Army portal Virginia portal United States portal BNF : cb12184486w ( data ) GND : 118982788 ISNI : 0000 0000 9412 643X LCCN : n85345431 NARA : 10573933 NLA : 35298795 SNAC : w6v69m7n SUDOC : 030429161 ULAN : 500341031 US Congress : H000279 VIAF : 18022085 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Henry_Harrison&oldid=842720771 '' Categories : William Henry Harrison 1773 births 1841 deaths 18th - century American Episcopalians 19th - century American Episcopalians 19th - century American diplomats 19th - century American politicians American military personnel of the War of 1812 American people of English descent American people of the Northwest Indian War American slave owners Burials in Ohio Carter family of Virginia Congressional Gold Medal recipients Deaths from pneumonia Deaths from sepsis Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the Northwest Territory Democratic - Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Governors of Indiana Territory Hampden -- Sydney College alumni Harrison family of Virginia History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Indiana Democratic - Republicans Infectious disease deaths in Washington , D.C. Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio National Republican Party United States Senators Ohio Democratic - Republicans Ohio Whigs People from Charles City County , Virginia People from Vincennes , Indiana Presidents of the United States Presidents of the United States who died while in office United States Army generals United States presidential candidates , 1836 United States presidential candidates , 1840 United States presidential electors , 1820 United States presidential electors , 1824 United States Senators from Ohio University of Pennsylvania people University and college founders Whig Party Presidents of the United States Whig Party ( United States ) presidential nominees People from Hamilton County , Ohio Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles with short description Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 07 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the president that served the shortest term | [
"William Henry Harrison Sr. (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military officer, a principal contributor in the War of 1812, and the ninth president of the United States (1841). He was the last president born before the American Revolution, and died of pneumonia just 31 days into his term, thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. He was the first president to die in office, and his death sparked a brief constitutional crisis. Its resolution left unsettled Constitutional questions as to the presidential line of succession until the passage of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967. Harrison was a son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd United States President (1889–1893)."
] | [
"William Henry Harrison Sr."
] |
-3575255194159454429 | List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka | List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka - wikipedia List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka For other uses , see Member of Parliament ( India ) . The Rajya Sabha ( meaning the `` Council of States '' ) is the upper house of the Parliament of India . Karnataka elects 12 seats and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Karnataka . The number of seats allocated to the party are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination , and the party nominates a member to be voted on . Elections within the state legislatures are held using Single transferable vote with proportional representation . Current members ( edit ) No Name Party L Hanumanthaiah Indian National Congress Rajeev Chandrasekhar Bharatiya Janata Party K.C. Ramamurthy Indian National Congress Oscar Fernandes Indian National Congress 5 K. Rahman Khan Indian National Congress 6 Rajeev Gowda Indian National Congress 7 Basavaraja Patil Sedam Bharatiya Janata Party 8 Prabhakar Kore Bharatiya Janata Party 9 Nirmala Sitharaman Bharatiya Janata Party 10 B.K. Hariprasad Indian National Congress 11 Jairam Ramesh Indian National Congress 12 D. Kupendra Reddy Janata Dal ( Secular ) 13 G.C. Chandrashekar Indian National Congress Alphabetical List of all Members from Karnataka since 1952 ( edit ) Source : Indian government ( Rajya Sabha ) website Name ( Alphabetical Last Name ) Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Term Notes Alva , K. Nagappa INC - O 03 / 04 / 1970 02 / 04 / 1976 Alva , Margaret INC 03 / 04 / 1974 02 / 04 / 1980 Alva , Margaret INC 03 / 04 / 1980 02 / 04 / 1986 Alva , Margaret INC 03 / 04 / 1986 02 / 04 / 1992 Alva , Margaret INC 03 / 04 / 1992 02 / 04 / 1998 Alva , Violet INC 03 / 04 / 1960 02 / 04 / 1966 MY State , BOM - 1952 - 54 , 1954 - 60 Alva , Violet INC 03 / 04 / 1966 02 / 04 / 1972 dea 20 / 11 / 1969 Basavaraj , H.R INC 10 / 04 / 1978 09 / 04 / 1984 res 17 / 01 / 1980 Basavaraju , M INC 03 / 04 / 1980 02 / 04 / 1986 Bommai , S.R. INC 03 / 04 / 1998 02 / 04 / 2004 OR 1992 - 98 Cariappa , Prema INC 10 / 04 / 2002 09 / 04 / 2008 Chandrasekhar , Rajeev Independent 03 / 04 / 2006 02 / 04 / 2012 Chandrasekhar , Rajeev Independent 03 / 04 / 2012 02 / 04 / 2018 * Chandrasekharappa , T.V. INC 13 / 07 / 1977 09 / 04 / 1978 bye 1977 Monika Das INC 03 / 04 / 1980 02 / 04 / 1986 Dasappa , H.C. INC 03 / 04 / 1954 02 / 04 / 1960 res 13 / 03 / 1957 2 - LS Desai , R.M. INC 03 / 04 / 1976 02 / 04 / 1982 Deve Gowda , H.D. Janata Dal 23 / 09 / 1996 09 / 04 / 2002 Bye 1996 res 02 / 03 / 1998 Fernandes , Oscar INC 03 / 04 / 1998 02 / 04 / 2004 Fernandes , Oscar INC 01 / 07 / 2004 30 / 06 / 2010 Fernandes , Oscar INC 01 / 07 / 2010 30 / 06 / 2016 Gowda , D.B. Chandre Janata Dal 03 / 04 / 1986 02 / 04 / 1992 14 / 12 / 1989 Gowda , H.K. Javare Janata Dal 03 / 04 / 1998 02 / 04 / 2004 Gowda , K.G. Thimme Janata Dal 10 / 04 / 1984 09 / 04 / 1990 Gowda , K.S. Malle Independent 03 / 04 / 1970 02 / 04 / 1976 Gowda , K.S. Malle Independent 03 / 04 / 1976 02 / 04 / 1982 Gowda , U.K. Lakshmana Independent 03 / 04 / 1968 02 / 04 / 1974 Gowda , U.K. Lakshmana Independent 03 / 04 / 1974 02 / 04 / 1980 Rajeev Gowda INC 26 / 06 / 2014 25 / 06 / 2020 * Gurupadaswamy , M.S. PSP 10 / 04 / 1960 09 / 04 / 1966 Mysore State Gurupadaswamy , M.S. Janata Party 10 / 04 / 1984 09 / 04 / 1990 UP 1966 - 72 Gurupadaswamy , M.S. Janata Dal 10 / 04 / 1990 09 / 04 / 1992 Hanumanthappa , H . INC 03 / 04 / 1982 02 / 04 / 1988 Hanumanthappa , H . INC 03 / 04 / 1988 02 / 04 / 1994 Hanumanthappa , H . INC 03 / 04 / 1994 02 / 04 / 2000 Hardikar , N.S. INC 03 / 04 / 1952 02 / 04 / 1956 Bombay State Hardikar , N.S. INC 03 / 04 / 1956 02 / 04 / 1962 Mysore State Hariprasad , B.K. INC 10 / 04 / 1990 09 / 04 / 1996 Hariprasad , B.K. INC 01 / 07 / 2004 30 / 06 / 2010 Hariprasad , B.K. INC 22 / 08 / 2013 25 / 06 / 2014 bye 2013 Hariprasad , B.K. INC 26 / 06 / 2014 25 / 06 / 2020 * Havanur , L.G. INC 13 / 07 / 1977 09 / 04 / 1980 bye 1977 Hegde , Ramakrishna Janata Party 10 / 04 / 1978 09 / 04 / 1984 res 23 / 05 / 1983 Hegde , Ramakrishna Janata Dal 10 / 04 / 1996 09 / 04 / 2002 Hema Malini BJP 04 / 03 / 2011 02 / 04 / 2012 Nominated 2003 - 09 bye 2011 Ibrhim , B . INC 25 / 03 / 1980 09 / 04 / 1984 bye 1980 Ibrahim , C.M. Janata Dal 10 / 04 / 1996 09 / 04 / 2002 Javali , J.P. Janata Dal 03 / 04 / 1988 02 / 04 / 1994 Jayadevappa , K.R. INC 03 / 04 / 1992 02 / 04 / 1998 Jethmalani , Ram Janata Dal 03 / 04 / 1988 02 / 04 / 1994 5 Jois , M. Rama BJP 25 / 06 / 2008 24 / 06 / 2014 Karmakar , D.P. INC 03 / 04 / 1962 02 / 04 / 1968 Mysore State Khan , F.M. INC 03 / 04 / 1976 02 / 04 / 1982 1 . Khan , F.M. INC 03 / 04 / 1982 02 / 04 / 1988 Khan , K. Rahman Congress ( I ) 03 / 04 / 1994 02 / 04 / 2000 Khan , K. Rahman INC 03 / 04 / 2000 02 / 04 / 2006 Khan , K. Rahman INC 03 / 04 / 2006 02 / 04 / 2012 Khan , K. Rahman INC 03 / 04 / 2012 02 / 04 / 2018 Khan , Maqsood Ali INC 10 / 04 / 1972 09 / 04 / 1978 Khan , Maqsood Ali INC 10 / 04 / 1978 09 / 04 / 1984 Kollur , M.L. INC 03 / 04 / 1968 02 / 04 / 1974 Kollur , M.L. INC 03 / 04 / 1974 02 / 04 / 1980 Kollur , M.L. INC 10 / 04 / 1984 09 / 04 / 1990 Kondaiah , K.C. INC 14 / 01 / 2000 09 / 04 / 2002 bye 2000 Kore , Prabhakar INC 10 / 04 / 1990 09 / 04 / 1996 Kore , Prabhakar BJP 22 / 06 / 2008 21 / 06 / 2014 Kore , Prabhakar BJP 22 / 06 / 2014 21 / 06 / 2020 * Korwar , Gundappa INC 03 / 04 / 1992 02 / 04 / 1998 Krishna , S.M. INC 10 / 04 / 1996 09 / 04 / 2002 res 14 / 10 / 1999 Krishna , S.M. INC 25 / 06 / 2008 24 / 06 / 2014 Krishnan , G.Y. INC 10 / 04 / 1990 09 / 04 / 1996 Kushnoor , Veershetty Moglappa INC 03 / 04 / 1982 02 / 04 / 1988 Lad , Anil H . INC 25 / 06 / 2008 24 / 06 / 2014 Res. 20 / 05 / 2013 Prof Lakshmisagar , A . Janata Dal 13 / 04 / 1998 09 / 04 / 2002 bye 1998 Maddanna , M . INC 03 / 04 / 1980 02 / 04 / 1986 Maheswarappa , K.G. Janata Dal 03 / 04 / 1986 02 / 04 / 1992 Mahishi , Sarojini Janata Party 08 / 09 / 1983 09 / 04 / 1984 bye 1983 Mahishi , Sarojini Janata Party 10 / 04 / 1984 09 / 04 / 1990 Mallya , Vijay Independent 10 / 04 / 2002 09 / 04 / 2008 Mallya , Vijay Independent 01 / 07 / 2010 30 / 06 / 2016 res 04 / 05 / 2016 Manjunatha , Aayanur BJP 01 / 07 / 2010 30 / 06 / 2016 Murty , K.B. Krishna INC 03 / 04 / 2000 02 / 04 / 2006 Murthy , M. Rajasekara Congress ( I ) 03 / 04 / 1994 02 / 04 / 2000 res 23 / 08 / 1999 Murthy , M. Rajasekara BJP 03 / 04 / 2000 02 / 04 / 2006 res 10 / 11 / 2005 Murthy , M. Rajasekara JDS 03 / 04 / 2006 02 / 04 / 2012 dea 05 / 12 / 2010 Nagaraja Murthy , P.B. INC 03 / 04 / 1970 02 / 04 / 1976 Naidu , M. Venkaiah BJP 03 / 04 / 1998 02 / 04 / 2004 Naidu , M. Venkaiah BJP 01 / 07 / 2004 30 / 06 / 2010 Naidu , M. Venkaiah BJP 01 / 07 / 2010 30 / 06 / 2016 RJ 2016 - 17 Naik , L.R. Janata Dal 20 / 07 / 1977 02 / 04 / 1980 bye 1977 Naik , R.S. Janata Dal 03 / 04 / 1986 02 / 04 / 1992 Nanjundaiya , B.C. INC 25 / 04 / 1957 02 / 04 / 1960 bye 1957 Mysore State Nanjundaiya , B.C. INC 03 / 04 / 1960 02 / 04 / 1966 Mysore State Narasiah , H.S. INC 10 / 04 / 1972 09 / 04 / 1978 15 / 05 / 1977 Narayan , M.D. Others 03 / 04 / 1966 02 / 04 / 1972 Mysore Pai , T.A. INC 10 / 04 / 1972 09 / 04 / 1978 res 21 / 03 / 1977 LS Basavaraja Patil Sedam BJP 03 / 04 / 2012 02 / 04 / 2018 * Patil , Puttappa Others 03 / 04 / 1962 02 / 04 / 1968 Mysore State Patil , Puttappa Others 03 / 04 / 1968 02 / 04 / 1974 Mysore State Patil , Veerendra Others 10 / 04 / 1972 09 / 04 / 1978 Poojary , Janardhana Congress ( I ) 03 / 04 / 1994 02 / 04 / 2000 Poojary , Janardhana INC 10 / 04 / 2002 09 / 04 / 2008 Poonacha , C.M. INC 03 / 04 / 1964 02 / 04 / 1970 res 25 / 02 / 1967 LS - 4 Prasad , Leeladevi Renuka JD 10 / 04 / 1996 09 / 04 / 2002 22 / 04 / 1996 Rachaiah , B . INC 03 / 04 / 1974 02 / 04 / 1980 21 / 03 / 1977 Raikar , Bimba INC 03 / 04 / 2000 02 / 04 / 2006 Rajagopal , M . INC 30 / 06 / 1992 29 / 06 / 1998 1 . Rajasekharan , M.V. INC 10 / 04 / 2002 09 / 04 / 2008 R. Ramakrishna BJP 03 / 04 / 2012 02 / 04 / 2018 * K.C. Ramamurthy INC 01 / 07 / 2016 30 / 06 / 2022 * Ramaswamy , M.A.M. JDS 01 / 07 / 2004 30 / 06 / 2010 Jairam Ramesh INC 01 / 07 / 2016 30 / 06 / 2022 * AP 2004 - 16 Rao , B. Shiva INC 25 / 04 / 1957 02 / 04 / 1960 bye 1957 Rao , S.V. Krishna Moorthy INC 03 / 04 / 1952 02 / 04 / 1956 Mysore State Rao , S.V. Krishna Moorthy INC 03 / 04 / 1956 01 / 03 / 1962 Mysore State Rao Raghavendra Others 03 / 04 / 1954 02 / 04 / 1960 Mysore State Reddy , C.G. Others 03 / 04 / 1952 02 / 04 / 1954 Mysore State D. Kupendra Reddy JDS 26 / 06 / 2014 25 / 06 / 2020 * Reddy , Kysamballi Chengalraya INC 09 / 10 / 1952 02 / 04 / 1954 Mysore State Reddy , Kysamballi Chengalraya INC 03 / 04 / 1954 02 / 04 / 1960 18 / 03 / 1957 Mysore State Reddy , Mulka Govinda Others 03 / 04 / 1958 02 / 04 / 1964 Mysore State Reddy , Mulka Govinda Others 03 / 04 / 1964 02 / 04 / 1970 Mysore State Reddy , Mulka Govinda INC 03 / 04 / 1970 02 / 04 / 1976 Reddy , Mulka Govinda INC 03 / 04 / 1976 02 / 04 / 1982 Reddy , N. Sri Rama INC 03 / 04 / 1960 02 / 04 / 1966 Mysore State Reddy , N. Sri Rama INC 03 / 04 / 1966 02 / 04 / 1972 Mysore State Prof Sanadi , I.G. INC 10 / 04 / 1990 09 / 04 / 1996 Satchidananda INC 10 / 04 / 1978 09 / 04 / 1984 1 . Satchidananda INC 04 / 09 / 1991 02 / 04 / 1992 bye 1991 Satchidananda INC 03 / 04 / 1992 02 / 04 / 1998 Shanappa , K.B. BJP 03 / 04 / 2006 02 / 04 / 2012 Sherkhan , M . INC 09 / 03 / 1961 02 / 04 / 1964 bye 1961 Mysore State Sherkhan , M . INC 03 / 04 / 1964 02 / 04 / 1970 Mysore State Sherkhan , M . INC 30 / 03 / 1970 02 / 04 / 1972 bye 1970 Shetty , B.P. Basappa INC 03 / 04 / 1952 02 / 04 / 1958 Mysore State Shetty , B.P. Basappa INC 03 / 04 / 1958 02 / 04 / 1964 Mysore State Siddalingaya , T . INC 03 / 05 / 1967 02 / 04 / 1970 bye 1967 MY State Siddiqui , Abdul Samad Janata Dal 03 / 04 / 1988 02 / 04 / 1994 Nirmala Sitharaman BJP 01 / 07 / 2016 30 / 06 / 2022 * AP 2014 - 16 Smt DK Tharadevi INC 23 / 03 / 1990 25 / 03 / 1996 16 / 06 / 1991 Smt A Devi Thihmareddy INC 03 / 04 / 1958 02 / 04 / 1964 Mysore State Smt A Devi Thihmareddy INC 03 / 04 / 1964 02 / 04 / 1970 Mysore State LH Thimmabovy INC 03 / 04 / 1952 24 / 08 / 1952 res 24 / 08 / 1952 M Valiulla INC 03 / 04 / 1952 02 / 04 / 1958 Mysore State M Valiulla INC 03 / 04 / 1958 02 / 04 / 1964 dea 17 / 12 / 1960 J Venkatappa OTH 03 / 04 / 1962 02 / 04 / 1968 Mysore State References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajya Sabha members of Karnataka . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Rajya Sabha - Rajya Sabha At Work '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in . Rajya Sabha Secretariat , New Delhi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/alphabeticallist_all_terms.asp ^ Jump up to : `` Jethmalani , Kesri 's RS term ends on April 2 , 2000 '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . List of Members of Rajya Sabha by States and Territories Presiding Officers & Parliamentary Functionaries Chairman Deputy - Chairman Chairman Pro tem Panel of Deputy - Chairmen Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chairmen of Parliamentary Committees ( Rajya Sabha ) Whips Secretary - General Current members List of current members of the Rajya Sabha See also : List of current members of the Lok Sabha Members by state , territory or nomination Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Nominated Elections 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Karnataka&oldid=854886442 '' Categories : Karnataka - related lists Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 13 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how many members elected to rajya sabha from karnataka | [
"The Rajya Sabha (meaning the \"Council of States\") is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Karnataka elects 12 seats and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Karnataka. The number of seats allocated to the party are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination, and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using Single transferable vote with proportional representation.[1]\n"
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3684223970133182913 | Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge | Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge - wikipedia Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Concept art released in August 2015 Disneyland Status Under construction Opening date 2019 Replaced Big Thunder Ranch Disney 's Hollywood Studios Status Under construction Opening date 2019 Replaced Streets of America General Statistics Theme Star Wars Area 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) Attractions Attractions 2 total Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge is an upcoming Star Wars - themed area being developed at Disneyland Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California and Disney 's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake , Florida . The Star Wars - themed area , or `` land , '' at each park will encompass 14 acres . Announced in August 2015 , the lands are scheduled to open at both locations in 2019 , with the Disneyland version opening first . Walt Disney Imagineering executive Scott Trowbridge is supervising the development of the new land at both parks . Disney CEO Bob Iger announced on March 3 , 2016 , at the Disney shareholders meeting , that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 History 1.2 Design 2 Parks 2.1 Disneyland 2.2 Disney 's Hollywood Studios 3 See also 4 References Background ( edit ) History ( edit ) Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge was first publicly announced by The Walt Disney Company Chairman and CEO Bob Iger at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , though it did not have an official name at the time . According to Iger , it will be `` occupied by many inhabitants ; humanoids , aliens and droids ... the attractions , the entertainment , everything we create will be part of our storytelling . Nothing will be out of character or stray from the mythology . '' Bob Chapek , chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , stated that the land `` will introduce you to a Star Wars planet you 've never seen before -- a gateway planet located on the outer rim , full of places and characters familiar and not so familiar . '' In an interview for the winter 2015 issue of the official Disney fan club publication Disney twenty - three , Trowbridge stated : `` ( O ) ur intent is to make it feel as if you just walked into one of the movies ... Bringing Star Wars to life in the physical world gives us the opportunity to play with a whole bunch of things we 've never done before ... to really engage all of the senses . What does that street feel like ? What does that animal smell like ? What does blue milk taste like ? '' Iger announced in March 2016 that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . In February 2017 , Iger stated that the lands are scheduled to open in 2019 at both Disneyland and Hollywood Studios . In July 2017 at the D23 Expo , Chapek revealed that the themed lands would be called Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge . Chapek also announced that Disneyland 's version will open first . Design ( edit ) Walt Disney Imagineering designed the project in collaboration with the Lucasfilm Story Group , with Imagineer Scott Trowbridge supervising the project , Asa Kalama and Chris Beatty serving as executive creative directors , and Lucasfilm 's Pablo Hidalgo and designer Doug Chiang of Industrial Light & Magic involved as consultants . Together , the team decided to set the lands on a new planet , located within the Outer Rim of the Unknown Regions . Described as a `` remote frontier outpost '' , the unnamed planet has not previously appeared in other media , although it has existed within canon `` for thousands and thousands of years . '' The team chose to create a newly designed world instead of using an existing planet from the films such as Tatooine or Hoth , because those locations evoked a pre-existing familiarity with guests , with Trowbridge explaining , `` We wanted to build new Star Wars stories , new Star Wars destinations , but this time you could be in that story that required us to go to a new place . '' This used to be a vibrant trading port back in the old sub-lightspeed days , but now with advent of hyperspace , its prominence has kind of fallen and faded a little bit which has made it a great spot for those who did n't want to be on that kind of mainstream path . The smugglers , the bounty hunters , the rogue adventurers looking to crew up , the people who do n't want to be found -- basically all the interesting people . -- Supervising Imagineer Scott Trowbridge describing the featured planet The development team drew inspiration from real - world locations , including as Istanbul and Morocco , and traveled there to study the architecture , culture , and weather . The team also cited Ralph McQuarrie 's concept art for the original Star Wars trilogy as a basis for the aesthetic look of the land . The timeline is set after the events of Return of the Jedi , in the years leading up to the sequel trilogy , and will depict the rising presence of both the First Order and the Resistance . The Star Wars - themed land will have two new attractions : one will allow riders to control the Millennium Falcon , and the other will place guests into the middle of a battle between the First Order and the Resistance . Concept art depicts a full - size Millennium Falcon situated among alien buildings built into tall cliffs . There will also be a version of a cantina . The new planet is designed for guests to begin their own narrative . The Millennium Falcon attraction will feature a `` customized secret mission '' . Parks ( edit ) Disneyland ( edit ) At Disneyland , Galaxy 's Edge is being built to the north of Frontierland , where Big Thunder Ranch and backstage areas were located . As a result of the expansion , Disney purchased nearby properties to relocate the office and warehouse space that was on the land . On January 11 , 2016 , several attractions in Frontierland and Critter Country were closed . Big Thunder Ranch closed permanently , including the multifunction event space , barbecue restaurant , and petting zoo . Other attractions closed temporarily , including the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America . Tom Sawyer Island reopened on June 16 , 2017 , and Fantasmic ! reopened on July 17 , 2017 . The Disneyland Railroad , Mark Twain Riverboat , Sailing Ship Columbia , and Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes reopened on July 29 . The construction of Galaxy 's Edge resulted in a reconfigured route for the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America . A first look at how these changes would impact the park were revealed in January 2016 , when concept art was released depicting the northern bank of the river after construction was completed . Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( edit ) At Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Galaxy 's Edge is replacing the majority of the park 's Streets of America , including the Lights , Motors , Action ! Extreme Stunt Show and Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : Movie Set Adventure which closed on April 2 , 2016 , as well as the surrounding backlot facades , restaurants , and shops . Together with the previously closed Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction , Galaxy 's Edge will be part of a major expansion of the park that will include Toy Story Land . The remaining operating portions of Streets of America ( containing Muppet * Vision 3D ) were left undisturbed and renamed as Muppets Courtyard . The land will be accompanied by the Star Wars Hotel . See also ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a themed land at Universal Parks & Resorts in Osaka , Hollywood , and Orlando Pandora -- The World of Avatar , a themed land at Disney 's Animal Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ; Zumberg , Marianne ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Themed Lands Coming to Disney Parks , Says Bob Iger '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pedicini , Sandra ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars land coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios - Orlando Sentinel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars - Themed Lands Coming to Walt Disney World and Disneyland Resorts '' . Disney Parks Blog . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevil , Dewayne . `` Coming to Disney World : Tron , Guardians of the Galaxy ride , ' Star Wars ' hotel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tomorrowland at Disneyland revamps with Season of the Force ahead of new ' Star Wars ' movie release '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing Company . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Frye , Jim ( Winter 2015 ) . `` Chewie , We 're Home '' . Disney twenty - three . Burbank : Walt Disney Company . 7 ( 4 ) : 20 -- 23 . ISSN 2162 - 5492 . OCLC 698366817 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Hugo ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland to start building its ' Star Wars ' land in April '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Breaks Ground on ' Star Wars ' Land in California and Florida '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Seth ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About the ' Star Wars ' Disney Theme Parks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tribou , Richard ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` New Disney Star Wars land details revealed at Star Wars Celebration '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Bryan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the creation of Disney 's ambitious and immersive Star Wars land '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartwell , Chris ; Couch , Aaron ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Land : Millennium Falcon Ride Has Surprisingly High Stakes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady . `` 8 unanswered questions about Disneyland 's Star Wars Land '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Chuck . `` Disney World expansion to add ' Star Wars ' land '' . KNS . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pimentel , Joseph ; Eades , Mark ; Larsen , Peter ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : It 's official : ' Star Wars ' theme land coming to Disneyland '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ Plautz , Jessica . `` Get a Sneak Peek at the ' Star Wars ' Lands Coming to Disney Parks '' . Travel and Leisure . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney buys Anaheim land , sparking expansion speculation '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Tracy ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland Closing Several Attractions on Monday Ahead of ' Star Wars ' Land Construction '' . ktla.com . Tribune Broadcasting . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Niles , Robert ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland targets summer 2017 for Rivers of America return '' . Themeparkinsider.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland favorites returning after hiatus amid ' Star Wars ' - themed land construction '' . abc7.com . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Joseph ; Eades , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Concept art : How Disneyland 's Rivers of America will look after ' Star Wars ' land construction is finished '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knopp , JeniLynn ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` VIDEO : Star Wars area construction progressing at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . insidethemagic.net . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Rachel ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` What 's closing at Disney World to make way for `` Star Wars '' Land `` . hellogiggles.com . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Studios attractions on their way out at Disney World '' . orlandosentinel.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Earffel Tower coming down , attractions closing at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Hollywood Studios : When a theme park is part construction zone '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg . `` Disney is opening an immersive Star Wars Hotel where each guest gets a storyline - TechCrunch '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne . `` Coming to Disney World : Tron , Guardians of the Galaxy ride , ' Star Wars ' hotel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer . `` Plans Unveiled for Star Wars - Inspired Themed Resort at Walt Disney World '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney wants to build a Westworld for Star Wars fans '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Themed lands of Disney theme parks A Bug 's Land Adventureland American Waterfront Arabian Coast Buena Vista Street A Bug 's Land Cars Land Critter Country Fantasyland Frontierland Front Lot Grizzly Peak Holidayland Hollywood Land Liberty Square Lost River Delta Main Street , U.S.A. Mediterranean Harbor Mermaid Lagoon Mickey 's Toontown Mysterious Island Mystic Point New Orleans Square Pandora -- The World of Avatar Paradise Pier Port Discovery Production Courtyard Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Tomorrowland Toon Studio Toy Story Land Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street Windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . Circus Train Dumbo the Flying Elephant Fantasyland Theatre It 's a Small World King Arthur Carrousel Mad Tea Party Matterhorn Bobsleds Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Sleeping Beauty Castle Snow White Grotto Snow White 's Scary Adventures Storybook Land Canal Boats Adventureland Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Indiana Jones Adventure : Temple of the Forbidden Eye Jungle Cruise Tarzan 's Treehouse Tomorrowland Astro Orbitor Autopia Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Disneyland Monorail Disneyland Railroad Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Space Mountain Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars : Path of the Jedi Frontierland Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Frontierland Shootin ' Exposition Golden Horseshoe Saloon Mark Twain Riverboat Sailing Ship Columbia New Orleans Square Disneyland Railroad Pirates of the Caribbean Haunted Mansion Critter Country Splash Mountain Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's Toontown Chip ' n Dale Treehouse Donald 's Boat Disneyland Railroad Gadget 's Go Coaster Goofy 's Playhouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Entertainment The Dapper Dans Fantasmic ! 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Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Future areas and attractions Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Toy Story Land Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_Galaxy%27s_Edge&oldid=800684002 '' Categories : Under construction amusement attractions Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Disneyland Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions based on Star Wars Proposed buildings and structures in the United States Space in amusement parks 2019 architecture Hidden categories : California articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Florida articles missing geocoordinate data Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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"\n\nStar Wars: Galaxy's Edge\n\n\n\nConcept art released in August 2015\n\n\n\nDisneyland\n\n\nStatus\nUnder construction\n\n\nOpening date\n2019[1]\n\n\nReplaced\nBig Thunder Ranch\n\n\nDisney's Hollywood Studios\n\n\nStatus\nUnder construction\n\n\nOpening date\n2019[1]\n\n\nReplaced\nStreets of America\n\n\nGeneral Statistics\n\n\nTheme\nStar Wars\n\n\nArea\n14 acres (5.7 ha)\n\n\nAttractions\n\n\nAttractions\n2 total\n\n"
] | [
"2019"
] |
-2805328219434766919 | Blood | Blood - wikipedia Blood For other uses , see Blood ( disambiguation ) . Blood Venous ( darker ) and arterial ( brighter ) blood Details Identifiers Latin haema MeSH D001769 TA A12. 0.00. 009 FMA 9670 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells . In vertebrates , it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma . Plasma , which constitutes 55 % of blood fluid , is mostly water ( 92 % by volume ) , and contains proteins , glucose , mineral ions , hormones , carbon dioxide ( plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation ) , and blood cells themselves . Albumin is the main protein in plasma , and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood . The blood cells are mainly red blood cells ( also called RBCs or erythrocytes ) , white blood cells ( also called WBCs or leukocytes ) and platelets ( also called thrombocytes ) . The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells . These contain hemoglobin , an iron - containing protein , which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood . In contrast , carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ion transported in plasma . Vertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated . Some animals , such as crustaceans and mollusks , use hemocyanin to carry oxygen , instead of hemoglobin . Insects and some mollusks use a fluid called hemolymph instead of blood , the difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system . In most insects , this `` blood '' does not contain oxygen - carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for their tracheal system to suffice for supplying oxygen . Jawed vertebrates have an adaptive immune system , based largely on white blood cells . White blood cells help to resist infections and parasites . Platelets are important in the clotting of blood . Arthropods , using hemolymph , have hemocytes as part of their immune system . Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart . In animals with lungs , arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body , and venous blood carries carbon dioxide , a waste product of metabolism produced by cells , from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled . Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo - or hemato - ( also spelled haemo - and haemato - ) from the Greek word αἷμα ( haima ) for `` blood '' . In terms of anatomy and histology , blood is considered a specialized form of connective tissue , given its origin in the bones and the presence of potential molecular fibers in the form of fibrinogen . Contents 1 Functions 2 Constituents 2.1 In mammals 2.1. 1 Cells 2.1. 2 Plasma 2.1. 3 pH values 2.2 In non-mammalian vertebrates 3 Physiology 3.1 Cardiovascular system 3.2 Production and degradation of blood cells 3.3 Oxygen transport 3.4 Carbon dioxide transport 3.5 Transport of hydrogen ions 3.6 Lymphatic system 3.7 Thermoregulation 3.8 Rate of blood flow 3.9 Hydraulic functions 3.10 Invertebrates 4 Color 4.1 Hemoglobin 4.2 Hemocyanin 4.3 Chlorocruorin 4.4 Hemerythrin 4.5 Hemovanadin 5 Pathology 5.1 General medical disorders 5.2 Hematological disorders 5.3 Carbon monoxide poisoning 6 Medical treatments 6.1 Blood products 6.2 Intravenous administration 6.3 Bloodletting 7 Etymology 8 History 8.1 Classical Greek medicine 8.2 Types 9 Cultural and religious beliefs 9.1 Indigenous Australians 9.2 European paganism 9.3 Christianity 9.4 Judaism 9.5 Islam 9.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 9.7 East Asian culture 9.8 Vampire legends 10 Applications 10.1 In the applied sciences 10.2 In art 10.3 In genealogy and family history 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Functions Hemoglobin , a globular protein green = haem ( or heme ) groups red & blue = protein subunits Heme Blood performs many important functions within the body , including : Supply of oxygen to tissues ( bound to hemoglobin , which is carried in red cells ) Supply of nutrients such as glucose , amino acids , and fatty acids ( dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins ( e.g. , blood lipids ) ) Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide , urea , and lactic acid Immunological functions , including circulation of white blood cells , and detection of foreign material by antibodies Coagulation , the response to a broken blood vessel , the conversion of blood from a liquid to a semisolid gel to stop bleeding Messenger functions , including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage Regulation of core body temperature Hydraulic functions Constituents In mammals See also : Reference ranges for common blood tests Play media What 's Inside of Blood Blood accounts for 7 % of the human body weight , with an average density around 1060 kg / m , very close to pure water 's density of 1000 kg / m . The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 litres ( 11 US pt ) , which is composed of plasma and several kinds of cells . These blood cells ( which are also called corpuscles or `` formed elements '' ) consist of erythrocytes ( red blood cells , RBCs ) , leukocytes ( white blood cells ) , and thrombocytes ( platelets ) . By volume , the red blood cells constitute about 45 % of whole blood , the plasma about 54.3 % , and white cells about 0.7 % . Whole blood ( plasma and cells ) exhibits non-Newtonian fluid dynamics . If all human hemoglobin were free in the plasma rather than being contained in RBCs , the circulatory fluid would be too viscous for the cardiovascular system to function effectively . Human blood fractioned by centrifugation : Plasma ( upper , yellow layer ) , buffy coat ( middle , thin white layer ) and erythrocyte layer ( bottom , red layer ) can be seen . Blood circulation : Red = oxygenated , blue = deoxygenated Illustration depicting formed elements of blood Two tubes of EDTA - anticoagulated blood . Left tube : after standing , the RBCs have settled at the bottom of the tube . Right tube : Freshly drawn blood Cells Further information : Complete blood count A scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) image of a normal red blood cell ( left ) , a platelet ( middle ) , and a white blood cell ( right ) One microliter of blood contains : 4.7 to 6.1 million ( male ) , 4.2 to 5.4 million ( female ) erythrocytes : Red blood cells contain the blood 's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen . Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and organelles in mammals . The red blood cells ( together with endothelial vessel cells and other cells ) are also marked by glycoproteins that define the different blood types . The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the hematocrit , and is normally about 45 % . The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body 's exterior surface . 4,000 -- 11,000 leukocytes : White blood cells are part of the body 's immune system ; they destroy and remove old or aberrant cells and cellular debris , as well as attack infectious agents ( pathogens ) and foreign substances . The cancer of leukocytes is called leukemia . 200,000 -- 500,000 thrombocytes : Also called platelets , they take part in blood clotting ( coagulation ) . Fibrin from the coagulation cascade creates a mesh over the platelet plug . Constitution of normal blood Parameter Value Hematocrit 45 ± 7 ( 38 -- 52 % ) for males 42 ± 5 ( 37 -- 47 % ) for females pH 7.35 -- 7.45 base excess − 3 to + 3 10 -- 13 kPa ( 80 -- 100 mm Hg ) P CO 4.8 -- 5.8 kPa ( 35 -- 45 mm Hg ) HCO 21 -- 27 mM Oxygen saturation Oxygenated : 98 -- 99 % Deoxygenated : 75 % Plasma Main article : Blood plasma About 55 % of blood is blood plasma , a fluid that is the blood 's liquid medium , which by itself is straw - yellow in color . The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7 -- 3.0 liters ( 2.8 -- 3.2 quarts ) in an average human . It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92 % water , 8 % blood plasma proteins , and trace amounts of other materials . Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients , such as glucose , amino acids , and fatty acids ( dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins ) , and removes waste products , such as carbon dioxide , urea , and lactic acid . Other important components include : Serum albumin Blood - clotting factors ( to facilitate coagulation ) Immunoglobulins ( antibodies ) lipoprotein particles Various other proteins Various electrolytes ( mainly sodium and chloride ) The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed . Most of the proteins remaining are albumin and immunoglobulins . PH values See also : Acid - base homeostasis Blood pH is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45 , making it slightly basic . Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is too acidic , whereas blood pH above 7.45 is too basic . Blood pH , partial pressure of oxygen ( pO ) , partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( pCO ) , and bicarbonate ( HCO ) are carefully regulated by a number of homeostatic mechanisms , which exert their influence principally through the respiratory system and the urinary system to control the acid - base balance and respiration . An arterial blood gas test measures these . Plasma also circulates hormones transmitting their messages to various tissues . The list of normal reference ranges for various blood electrolytes is extensive . In non-mammalian vertebrates Vertebrate red blood cell types , measurements in micrometers Frog red blood cells magnified 1000 times Turtle red blood cells magnified 1000 times Chicken red blood cells magnified 1000 times Human red blood cells magnified 1000 times Human blood is typical of that of mammals , although the precise details concerning cell numbers , size , protein structure , and so on , vary somewhat between species . In non-mammalian vertebrates , however , there are some key differences : Red blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates are flattened and ovoid in form , and retain their cell nuclei . There is considerable variation in the types and proportions of white blood cells ; for example , acidophils are generally more common than in humans . Platelets are unique to mammals ; in other vertebrates , small nucleated , spindle cells called thrombocytes are responsible for blood clotting instead . Physiology Cardiovascular system Circulation of blood through the human heart Main article : Circulatory system Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart . In humans , blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins . It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins . Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again . Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body , and venous blood carries carbon dioxide , a waste product of metabolism by cells , to the lungs to be exhaled . However , one exception includes pulmonary arteries , which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body , while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood . Additional return flow may be generated by the movement of skeletal muscles , which can compress veins and push blood through the valves in veins toward the right atrium . The blood circulation was famously described by William Harvey in 1628 . Production and degradation of blood cells In vertebrates , the various cells of blood are made in the bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis , which includes erythropoiesis , the production of red blood cells ; and myelopoiesis , the production of white blood cells and platelets . During childhood , almost every human bone produces red blood cells ; as adults , red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones : the bodies of the vertebrae , the breastbone ( sternum ) , the ribcage , the pelvic bones , and the bones of the upper arms and legs . In addition , during childhood , the thymus gland , found in the mediastinum , is an important source of T lymphocytes . The proteinaceous component of blood ( including clotting proteins ) is produced predominantly by the liver , while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction is regulated by the hypothalamus and maintained by the kidney . Healthy erythrocytes have a plasma life of about 120 days before they are degraded by the spleen , and the Kupffer cells in the liver . The liver also clears some proteins , lipids , and amino acids . The kidney actively secretes waste products into the urine . Oxygen transport Basic hemoglobin saturation curve . It is moved to the right in higher acidity ( more dissolved carbon dioxide ) and to the left in lower acidity ( less dissolved carbon dioxide ) About 98.5 % of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea - level pressure is chemically combined with the hemoglobin . About 1.5 % is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin . The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species ( for exceptions , see below ) . Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.40 ml O per gram hemoglobin , which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold , compared to if oxygen solely were carried by its solubility of 0.03 ml O per liter blood per mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen ( about 100 mm Hg in arteries ) . With the exception of pulmonary and umbilical arteries and their corresponding veins , arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries , where the oxygen is consumed ; afterwards , venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart . Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest , hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98 -- 99 % saturated with oxygen , achieving an oxygen delivery between 950 and 1150 ml / min to the body . In a healthy adult at rest , oxygen consumption is approximately 200 -- 250 ml / min , and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still roughly 75 % ( 70 to 78 % ) saturated . Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood , which can reach less than 15 % in a trained athlete ; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate , oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95 % or less under these conditions . Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest ( for instance , during surgery under anesthesia ) . Sustained hypoxia ( oxygenation less than 90 % ) , is dangerous to health , and severe hypoxia ( saturations less than 30 % ) may be rapidly fatal . A fetus , receiving oxygen via the placenta , is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures ( about 21 % of the level found in an adult 's lungs ) , so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen ( hemoglobin F ) to function under these conditions . Carbon dioxide transport CO is carried in blood in three different ways . ( The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood ) . Most of it ( about 70 % ) is converted to bicarbonate ions HCO by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells by the reaction CO + H O → H CO → H + HCO ; about 7 % is dissolved in the plasma ; and about 23 % is bound to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds . Hemoglobin , the main oxygen - carrying molecule in red blood cells , carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide . However , the CO bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen . Instead , it combines with the N - terminal groups on the four globin chains . However , because of allosteric effects on the hemoglobin molecule , the binding of CO decreases the amount of oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen . The decreased binding to carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased oxygen levels is known as the Haldane effect , and is important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs . A rise in the partial pressure of CO or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin , which is known as the Bohr effect . Transport of hydrogen ions Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin . Deoxyhemoglobin binds most of the hydrogen ions as it has a much greater affinity for more hydrogen than does oxyhemoglobin . Lymphatic system Main article : Lymphatic system In mammals , blood is in equilibrium with lymph , which is continuously formed in tissues from blood by capillary ultrafiltration . Lymph is collected by a system of small lymphatic vessels and directed to the thoracic duct , which drains into the left subclavian vein where lymph rejoins the systemic blood circulation . Thermoregulation Blood circulation transports heat throughout the body , and adjustments to this flow are an important part of thermoregulation . Increasing blood flow to the surface ( e.g. , during warm weather or strenuous exercise ) causes warmer skin , resulting in faster heat loss . In contrast , when the external temperature is low , blood flow to the extremities and surface of the skin is reduced and to prevent heat loss and is circulated to the important organs of the body , preferentially . Rate of blood flow Rate of blood flow varies greatly between different organs . Liver has the most abundant blood supply with an approximate flow of 1350 ml / min . Kidney and brain are the second and the third most supplied organs , with 1100 ml / min and ~ 700 ml / min , respectively . Relative rates of blood flow per 100 g of tissue are different , with kidney , adrenal gland and thyroid being the first , second and third most supplied tissues , respectively . Hydraulic functions The restriction of blood flow can also be used in specialized tissues to cause engorgement , resulting in an erection of that tissue ; examples are the erectile tissue in the penis and clitoris . Another example of a hydraulic function is the jumping spider , in which blood forced into the legs under pressure causes them to straighten for a powerful jump , without the need for bulky muscular legs . Invertebrates In insects , the blood ( more properly called hemolymph ) is not involved in the transport of oxygen . ( Openings called tracheae allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues . ) Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in an open system . Other invertebrates use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen - carrying capacity . Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature . Hemocyanin ( blue ) contains copper and is found in crustaceans and mollusks . It is thought that tunicates ( sea squirts ) might use vanabins ( proteins containing vanadium ) for respiratory pigment ( bright - green , blue , or orange ) . In many invertebrates , these oxygen - carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood ; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized red blood cells , allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood filtering organs like the kidneys . Giant tube worms have unusual hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments . These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals . Color The coloring matter of blood ( hemochrome ) is largely due to the protein in the blood responsible for oxygen transport . Different groups of organisms use different proteins . Hemoglobin Main article : Hemoglobin Capillary blood from a bleeding finger Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of the color of blood in vertebrates . Each molecule has four heme groups , and their interaction with various molecules alters the exact color . In vertebrates and other hemoglobin - using creatures , arterial blood and capillary blood are bright red , as oxygen imparts a strong red color to the heme group . Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red ; this is present in veins , and can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken . This is because the spectrum of light absorbed by hemoglobin differs between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states . Blood in carbon monoxide poisoning is bright red , because carbon monoxide causes the formation of carboxyhemoglobin . In cyanide poisoning , the body can not utilize oxygen , so the venous blood remains oxygenated , increasing the redness . There are some conditions affecting the heme groups present in hemoglobin that can make the skin appear blue -- a symptom called cyanosis . If the heme is oxidized , methemoglobin , which is more brownish and can not transport oxygen , is formed . In the rare condition sulfhemoglobinemia , arterial hemoglobin is partially oxygenated , and appears dark red with a bluish hue . Veins close to the surface of the skin appear blue for a variety of reasons . However , the factors that contribute to this alteration of color perception are related to the light - scattering properties of the skin and the processing of visual input by the visual cortex , rather than the actual color of the venous blood . Skinks in the genus Prasinohaema have green blood due to a buildup of the waste product biliverdin . Hemocyanin Main article : Hemocyanin The blood of most mollusks -- including cephalopods and gastropods -- as well as some arthropods , such as horseshoe crabs , is blue , as it contains the copper - containing protein hemocyanin at concentrations of about 50 grams per liter . Hemocyanin is colorless when deoxygenated and dark blue when oxygenated . The blood in the circulation of these creatures , which generally live in cold environments with low oxygen tensions , is grey - white to pale yellow , and it turns dark blue when exposed to the oxygen in the air , as seen when they bleed . This is due to change in color of hemocyanin when it is oxidized . Hemocyanin carries oxygen in extracellular fluid , which is in contrast to the intracellular oxygen transport in mammals by hemoglobin in RBCs . Chlorocruorin Main article : Chlorocruorin The blood of most annelid worms and some marine polychaetes use chlorocruorin to transport oxygen . It is green in color in dilute solutions . Hemerythrin Main article : Hemerythrin Hemerythrin is used for oxygen transport in the marine invertebrates sipunculids , priapulids , brachiopods , and the annelid worm , magelona . Hemerythrin is violet - pink when oxygenated . Hemovanadin Main article : Hemovanadin The blood of some species of ascidians and tunicates , also known as sea squirts , contains proteins called vanadins . These proteins are based on vanadium , and give the creatures a concentration of vanadium in their bodies 100 times higher than the surrounding sea water . Unlike hemocyanin and hemoglobin , hemovanadin is not an oxygen carrier . When exposed to oxygen , however , vanadins turn a mustard yellow . Pathology General Medical disorders Disorders of volume Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding . A healthy adult can lose almost 20 % of blood volume ( 1 L ) before the first symptom , restlessness , begins , and 40 % of volume ( 2 L ) before shock sets in . Thrombocytes are important for blood coagulation and the formation of blood clots , which can stop bleeding . Trauma to the internal organs or bones can cause internal bleeding , which can sometimes be severe . Dehydration can reduce the blood volume by reducing the water content of the blood . This would rarely result in shock ( apart from the very severe cases ) but may result in orthostatic hypotension and fainting . Disorders of circulation Shock is the ineffective perfusion of tissues , and can be caused by a variety of conditions including blood loss , infection , poor cardiac output . Atherosclerosis reduces the flow of blood through arteries , because atheroma lines arteries and narrows them . Atheroma tends to increase with age , and its progression can be compounded by many causes including smoking , high blood pressure , excess circulating lipids ( hyperlipidemia ) , and diabetes mellitus . Coagulation can form a thrombosis , which can obstruct vessels . Problems with blood composition , the pumping action of the heart , or narrowing of blood vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia ( lack of oxygen ) of the tissues supplied . The term ischemia refers to tissue that is inadequately perfused with blood , and infarction refers to tissue death ( necrosis ) , which can occur when the blood supply has been blocked ( or is very inadequate ) . Hematological disorders See also : Hematology Anemia Insufficient red cell mass ( anemia ) can be the result of bleeding , blood disorders like thalassemia , or nutritional deficiencies , and may require one or more blood transfusions . Anemia can also be due to a genetic disorder in which the red blood cells simply do not function effectively . Anemia can be confirmed by a blood test if the hemoglobin value is less than 13.5 gm / dl in men or less than 12.0 gm / dl in women . Several countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood . A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor . Sickle - cell anemia Disorders of cell proliferation Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood - forming tissues and cells . Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells ( polycythemia vera ) or platelets ( essential thrombocytosis ) may be premalignant . Myelodysplastic syndromes involve ineffective production of one or more cell lines . Disorders of coagulation Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood 's clotting mechanisms . This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life - threatening , but more commonly results in hemarthrosis , or bleeding into joint spaces , which can be crippling . Ineffective or insufficient platelets can also result in coagulopathy ( bleeding disorders ) . Hypercoagulable state ( thrombophilia ) results from defects in regulation of platelet or clotting factor function , and can cause thrombosis . Infectious disorders of blood Blood is an important vector of infection . HIV , the virus that causes AIDS , is transmitted through contact with blood , semen or other body secretions of an infected person . Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact . Owing to blood - borne infections , bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard . Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis . Viral Infection is viremia . Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood - borne parasitic infections . Carbon monoxide poisoning Main article : Carbon monoxide poisoning Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin ; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body . Carbon monoxide , for example , is extremely dangerous when carried to the blood via the lungs by inhalation , because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin , so that less hemoglobin is free to bind oxygen , and fewer oxygen molecules can be transported throughout the blood . This can cause suffocation insidiously . A fire burning in an enclosed room with poor ventilation presents a very dangerous hazard , since it can create a build - up of carbon monoxide in the air . Some carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin when smoking tobacco . Medical treatments Blood products Further information : Blood transfusion Venous blood collected during blood donation Blood for transfusion is obtained from human donors by blood donation and stored in a blood bank . There are many different blood types in humans , the ABO blood group system , and the Rhesus blood group system being the most important . Transfusion of blood of an incompatible blood group may cause severe , often fatal , complications , so crossmatching is done to ensure that a compatible blood product is transfused . Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets , blood plasma , cryoprecipitate , and specific coagulation factor concentrates . Intravenous administration Many forms of medication ( from antibiotics to chemotherapy ) are administered intravenously , as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract . After severe acute blood loss , liquid preparations , generically known as plasma expanders , can be given intravenously , either solutions of salts ( NaCl , KCl , CaCl etc . ) at physiological concentrations , or colloidal solutions , such as dextrans , human serum albumin , or fresh frozen plasma . In these emergency situations , a plasma expander is a more effective life - saving procedure than a blood transfusion , because the metabolism of transfused red blood cells does not restart immediately after a transfusion . Bloodletting Main article : bloodletting In modern evidence - based medicine , bloodletting is used in management of a few rare diseases , including hemochromatosis and polycythemia . However , bloodletting and leeching were common unvalidated interventions used until the 19th century , as many diseases were incorrectly thought to be due to an excess of blood , according to Hippocratic medicine . Etymology Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into four types ( A , B , AB , and O ) According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word `` blood '' dates to the oldest English , circa 1000 CE . The word is derived from Middle English , which is derived from the Old English word blôd , which is akin to the Old High German word bluot , meaning blood . The modern German word is ( das ) Blut . History Classical Greek medicine Fåhræus ( a Swedish physician who devised the erythrocyte sedimentation rate ) suggested that the Ancient Greek system of humorism , wherein the body was thought to contain four distinct bodily fluids ( associated with different temperaments ) , were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container . When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour , four different layers can be seen . A dark clot forms at the bottom ( the `` black bile '' ) . Above the clot is a layer of red blood cells ( the `` blood '' ) . Above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells ( the `` phlegm '' ) . The top layer is clear yellow serum ( the `` yellow bile '' ) . Types The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by Karl Landsteiner . Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( A , B , AB , and O ) in 1907 , which remains in use today . In 1907 the first blood transfusion was performed that used the ABO system to predict compatibility . The first non-direct transfusion was performed on March 27 , 1914 . The Rhesus factor was discovered in 1937 . Cultural and religious beliefs See also : Blood libel This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Due to its importance to life , blood is associated with a large number of beliefs . One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships through birth / parentage ; to be `` related by blood '' is to be related by ancestry or descendence , rather than marriage . This bears closely to bloodlines , and sayings such as `` blood is thicker than water '' and `` bad blood '' , as well as `` Blood brother '' . Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions , because Leviticus 17 : 11 says `` the life of a creature is in the blood . '' This phrase is part of the Levitical law forbidding the drinking of blood or eating meat with the blood still intact instead of being poured off . Mythic references to blood can sometimes be connected to the life - giving nature of blood , seen in such events as childbirth , as contrasted with the blood of injury or death . Indigenous australians In many indigenous Australian Aboriginal peoples ' traditions , ochre ( particularly red ) and blood , both high in iron content and considered Maban , are applied to the bodies of dancers for ritual . As Lawlor states : In many Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies , red ochre is rubbed all over the naked bodies of the dancers . In secret , sacred male ceremonies , blood extracted from the veins of the participant 's arms is exchanged and rubbed on their bodies . Red ochre is used in similar ways in less - secret ceremonies . Blood is also used to fasten the feathers of birds onto people 's bodies . Bird feathers contain a protein that is highly magnetically sensitive . Lawlor comments that blood employed in this fashion is held by these peoples to attune the dancers to the invisible energetic realm of the Dreamtime . Lawlor then connects these invisible energetic realms and magnetic fields , because iron is magnetic . European paganism This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Among the Germanic tribes , blood was used during their sacrifices ; the Blóts . The blood was considered to have the power of its originator , and , after the butchering , the blood was sprinkled on the walls , on the statues of the gods , and on the participants themselves . This act of sprinkling blood was called blóedsian in Old English , and the terminology was borrowed by the Roman Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessing . The Hittite word for blood , ishar was a cognate to words for `` oath '' and `` bond '' , see Ishara . The Ancient Greeks believed that the blood of the gods , ichor , was a substance that was poisonous to mortals . As a relic of Germanic Law , the cruentation , an ordeal where the corpse of the victim was supposed to start bleeding in the presence of the murderer , was used until the early 17th century . Christianity In Genesis 9 : 4 , God prohibited Noah and his sons from eating blood ( see Noahide Law ) . This command continued to be observed by the Eastern Orthodox . It is also found in the Bible that when the Angel of Death came around to the Hebrew house that the first - born child would not die if the angel saw lamb 's blood wiped across the doorway . At the Council of Jerusalem , the apostles prohibited certain Christians from consuming blood -- this is documented in Acts 15 : 20 and 29 . This chapter specifies a reason ( especially in verses 19 -- 21 ) : It was to avoid offending Jews who had become Christians , because the Mosaic Law Code prohibited the practice . Christ 's blood is the means for the atonement of sins . Also , '' ... the blood of Jesus Christ his ( God ) Son cleanseth us from all sin . '' ( 1 John 1 : 7 ) , `` ... Unto him ( God ) that loved us , and washed us from our sins in his own blood . '' ( Revelation 1 : 5 ) , and `` And they overcame him ( Satan ) by the blood of the Lamb ( Jesus the Christ ) , and by the word of their testimony ... '' ( Revelation 12 : 11 ) . Some Christian churches , including Roman Catholicism , Eastern Orthodoxy , Oriental Orthodoxy , and the Assyrian Church of the East teach that , when consecrated , the Eucharistic wine actually becomes the blood of Jesus for worshippers to drink . Thus in the consecrated wine , Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present . This teaching is rooted in the Last Supper , as written in the four gospels of the Bible , in which Jesus stated to his disciples that the bread that they ate was his body , and the wine was his blood . `` This cup is the new testament in my blood , which is shed for you . '' ( Luke 22 : 20 ) . Most forms of Protestantism , especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage , teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ , who is spiritually but not physically present . Lutheran theology teaches that the body and blood is present together `` in , with , and under '' the bread and wine of the Eucharistic feast . Judaism In Judaism , animal blood may not be consumed even in the smallest quantity ( Leviticus 3 : 17 and elsewhere ) ; this is reflected in Jewish dietary laws ( Kashrut ) . Blood is purged from meat by rinsing and soaking in water ( to loosen clots ) , salting and then rinsing with water again several times . Eggs must also be checked and any blood spots removed before consumption . Although blood from fish is biblically kosher , it is rabbinically forbidden to consume fish blood to avoid the appearance of breaking the Biblical prohibition . Another ritual involving blood involves the covering of the blood of fowl and game after slaughtering ( Leviticus 17 : 13 ) ; the reason given by the Torah is : `` Because the life of the animal is ( in ) its blood '' ( ibid 17 : 14 ) . In relation to human beings , Kabbalah expounds on this verse that the animal soul of a person is in the blood , and that physical desires stem from it . Likewise , the mystical reason for salting temple sacrifices and slaughtered meat is to remove the blood of animal - like passions from the person . By removing the animal 's blood , the animal energies and life - force contained in the blood are removed , making the meat fit for human consumption . Islam Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by Islamic dietary laws . This is derived from the statement in the Qur'an , sura Al - Ma'ida ( 5 : 3 ) : `` Forbidden to you ( for food ) are : dead meat , blood , the flesh of swine , and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah . '' Blood is considered unclean , hence there are specific methods to obtain physical and ritual status of cleanliness once bleeding has occurred . Specific rules and prohibitions apply to menstruation , postnatal bleeding and irregular vaginal bleeding . When an animal has been slaughtered , the animal 's neck is cut in a way to ensure that the spine is not severed , hence the brain may send commands to the heart to pump blood to it for oxygen . In this way , blood is removed from the body , and the meat is generally now safe to cook and eat . In modern times , blood transfusions are generally not considered against the rules . Jehovah 's Witnesses Main article : Jehovah 's Witnesses and blood transfusions Based on their interpretation of scriptures such as Acts 15 : 28 , 29 ( `` Keep abstaining ... from blood . '' ) , many Jehovah 's Witnesses neither consume blood nor accept transfusions of whole blood or its major components : red blood cells , white blood cells , platelets ( thrombocytes ) , and plasma . Members may personally decide whether they will accept medical procedures that involve their own blood or substances that are further fractionated from the four major components . East Asian culture In south East Asian popular culture , it is often said that if a man 's nose produces a small flow of blood , he is experiencing sexual desire . This often appears in Chinese - language and Hong Kong films as well as in Japanese and Korean culture parodied in anime , manga , and drama . Characters , mostly males , will often be shown with a nosebleed if they have just seen someone nude or in little clothing , or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy ; this is based on the idea that a male 's blood pressure will spike dramatically when aroused . Vampire legends Main article : Vampire Vampires are mythical creatures that drink blood directly for sustenance , usually with a preference for human blood . Cultures all over the world have myths of this kind ; for example the ' Nosferatu ' legend , a human who achieves damnation and immortality by drinking the blood of others , originates from Eastern European folklore . Ticks , leeches , female mosquitoes , vampire bats , and an assortment of other natural creatures do consume the blood of other animals , but only bats are associated with vampires . This has no relation to vampire bats , which are new world creatures discovered well after the origins of the European myths . Applications In the applied sciences Blood residue can help forensic investigators identify weapons , reconstruct a criminal action , and link suspects to the crime . Through bloodstain pattern analysis , forensic information can also be gained from the spatial distribution of bloodstains . Blood residue analysis is also a technique used in archeology . In art Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art . In particular , the performances of Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch , Istvan Kantor , Franko B , Lennie Lee , Ron Athey , Yang Zhichao , Lucas Abela and Kira O ' Reilly , along with the photography of Andres Serrano , have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element . Marc Quinn has made sculptures using frozen blood , including a cast of his own head made using his own blood . In genealogy and family history The term blood is used in genealogical circles to refer to one 's ancestry , origins , and ethnic background as in the word bloodline . Other terms where blood is used in a family history sense are blue - blood , royal blood , mixed - blood and blood relative . See also Blood portal Autotransfusion Blood as food Blood donation Blood pressure Blood substitutes ( `` artificial blood '' ) Blood test Hemophobia List of human blood components Luminol , a visual test for blood left at crime scenes . Taboo food and drink : Blood Oct - 1 - en - 3 - one ( `` Smell '' of blood ) References Jump up ^ `` Definition of BLOOD '' . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The Franklin Institute Inc . `` Blood -- The Human Heart '' . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2012 ) . `` Table 22 - 1 Blood Cells '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell . NCBI Bookshelf . Archived from the original on 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elert , Glenn ( 2012 ) . `` Volume of Blood in a Human '' . The Physics Factbook . his students . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 Jump up ^ Shmukler , Michael ( 2004 ) . `` Density of Blood '' . The Physics Factbook . Archived from the original on 19 September 2006 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Encyclopedia : RBC count '' . Medline Plus . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Robert B. Tallitsch ; Martini , Frederic ; Timmons , Michael J. ( 2006 ) . Human anatomy ( 5th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . p. 529 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 7211 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ganong , William F. ( 2003 ) . Review of medical physiology ( 21 ed . ) . New York : Lange Medical Books / McGraw - Hill . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 121765 - 1 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Anne ; Grant , Allison ( 2007 ) . `` 2 '' . Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness ( Tenth ed . ) . Churchill Livingstone Elsevier . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 10102 - 1 . Jump up ^ Acid - Base Regulation and Disorders at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Professional Edition Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 404 -- 06 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 910284 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harvey , William ( 1628 ) . `` Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus '' ( in Latin ) . Archived from the original on 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams , Peter W. ; Gray , Henry David ( 1989 ) . Gray 's anatomy ( 37th ed . ) . New York : C. Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 02588 - 4 . Jump up ^ Frederic. , Martini , ( 2009 ) . Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology . Nath , Judi Lindsley . ( 8th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . p. 657 . ISBN 978 - 0321539106 . OCLC 173683666 . Jump up ^ Dominguez de Villota ED , Ruiz Carmona MT , Rubio JJ , de Andrés S ( December 1981 ) . `` Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen - binding capacity of hemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease '' . Br J Anaesth. 53 ( 12 ) : 1325 -- 28 . doi : 10.1093 / bja / 53.12. 1325 . PMID 7317251 . ^ Jump up to : Costanzo , Linda S. ( 2007 ) . Physiology . Hagerstown , Maryland : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7311 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards Lifesciences LLC - Normal Hemodynamic Parameters -- Adult Archived 10 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ventilatory Physiology and Endurance '' . 23 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Transplant Support - Lung , Heart / Lung , Heart MSN groups Jump up ^ Mortensen SP , Dawson EA , Yoshiga CC , et al. ( July 2005 ) . `` Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans '' . J. Physiol. 566 ( Pt 1 ) : 273 -- 85 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2005.086025 . PMC 1464731 . PMID 15860533 . Jump up ^ `` Blood gas and Saturation measurements : '' . 25 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lecture Notes - 20 '' . 2 May 1999 . Archived from the original on 2 May 1999 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Martini , Frederic ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Anatomy and Physiology . Rex Bookstore , Inc. p. 643 . ISBN 9789712348075 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Vander 's Human Physiology reported similar numbers : 60 % carried as bicarbonate , 30 % bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin , and 10 % physically dissolved . Widmaier , Eric P. ; Raff , Hershel ; Strang , Kevin T. ( 2003 ) . Vander 's Human Physiology ( 9th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 493 ( ch . Respiratory physiology § Transport of carbon dioxide in blood ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 288074 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . Saunders. 2015 . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 1455770052 . Jump up ^ `` Spiders : circulatory system '' . Encyclopædia Britannica online . Archived from the original on 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Prahl . `` Optical Absorption of Hemoglobin '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2002 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kienle , Alwin ; Lothar Lilge ; I. Alex Vitkin ; Michael S. Patterson ; Brian C. Wilson ; Raimund Hibst ; Rudolf Steiner ( 1 March 1996 ) . `` Why do veins appear blue ? A new look at an old question '' ( PDF ) . Applied Optics. 35 ( 7 ) : 1151 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1996ApOpt ... 35.1151 K . doi : 10.1364 / AO. 35.001151 . PMID 21085227 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Austin CC , Perkins SL ( 2006 ) . `` Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot : a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks '' . J. Parasitol. 92 ( 4 ) : 770 -- 77 . doi : 10.1645 / GE - 693R. 1 . PMID 16995395 . ^ Jump up to : Shuster , Carl N ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 11 : A blue blood : the circulatory system '' . In Shuster , Carl N Jr ; Barlow , Robert B ; Brockmann , H. Jane . The American Horseshoe Crab . Harvard University Press . pp. 276 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01159 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh , The Handy Science Answer Book , p. 465 , Visible Ink Press , 2011 ISBN 1578593212 . Jump up ^ `` Blood -- The Human heart '' . The Franklin Institute . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Red Blood Cells in Anemia '' . Archived from the original on 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ivan ( 2001 ) . `` Carbon monoxide poisoning '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 94 ( 6 ) : 270 -- 272 . ISSN 0141 - 0768 . PMC 1281520 . PMID 11387414 . Jump up ^ Hart GD ( December 2001 ) . `` Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies '' ( PDF ) . Br. J. Haematol. 115 ( 4 ) : 719 -- 28 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2141.2001. 03130. x . PMID 11843802 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/history-blood-transfusion Jump up ^ Lawlor , Robert ( 1991 ) . Voices of the first day : awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime . Rochester , Vt : Inner Traditions International . pp. 102 -- 03 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89281 - 355 - 1 . Jump up ^ Koshering Meat . Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Chabad.org . Jump up ^ Removing the Blood . Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Chabad.org . Jump up ^ Citron , R. Aryeh . All About Kosher Fish . Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Chabad.org . Jump up ^ Schneerson , R. Menachem M. Igrot Kodesh , vol . vii , p. 270 . Jump up ^ The Watchtower 15 June 2004 , p. 22 , `` Be Guided by the Living God '' Jump up ^ Law of Anime No. 40 a.k.a. Law of Nasal Sanguination at ABCB.com Archived 18 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , The Anime Cafe . Jump up ^ `` Nostalgia '' Artwork in blood Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Blood Look up blood in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blood . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Free online book at NCBI Bookshelf ID : NBK2261 Blood on In Our Time at the BBC Blood Photomicrographs Main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell Lymphocytes B cells Plasma Memory Follicular Marginal zone Naïve Pre-B Thymocyte T cells αβ ( Cytotoxic CD8 Helper CD4 / T / T 3 / T 17 / Regulatory ) γδ Naïve Natural killer T cell NK cells Cytokine - induced killer cell Lymphokine - activated killer cell Null cell Lymphopoiesis Hematopoietic stem cell Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes BNF : cb11934902m ( data ) GND : 4007259 - 9 LCCN : sh85014927 NARA : 10638001 NDL : 00565671 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood&oldid=864616949 '' Categories : Blood Hematology Tissues ( biology ) Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 155 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 11 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the percentage of red blood cells compared to blood volume is known as | [
"4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female) erythrocytes:[6] Red blood cells contain the blood's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and organelles in mammals. The red blood cells (together with endothelial vessel cells and other cells) are also marked by glycoproteins that define the different blood types. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the hematocrit, and is normally about 45%. The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface.[7]"
] | [
"hematocrit"
] |
3685098561069264241 | Clint Amos | Clint Amos - Wikipedia Clint Amos Jump to : navigation , search Clint Amos Nickname Mossy ( 1983 - 09 - 02 ) 2 September 1983 ( age 34 ) Ballina , New South Wales , Australia Playing information Height 183 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) Weight 94 kg ( 14 st 11 lb ) Position Hooker , Lock Club Years Team Pld FG 2006 North Queensland Cowboys 6 0 0 0 0 2007 -- 08 Gold Coast Titans 21 0 0 0 2009 -- 11 North Queensland Cowboys 10 0 0 0 0 Total 37 0 0 0 Source : Clint Amos ( born 2 September 1983 in Ballina , New South Wales ) is a former Australian professional rugby league player . He played for the North Queensland Cowboys and the Gold Coast Titans in the Australian National Rugby League ( NRL ) competition . He primarily played as a hooker . Amos played junior football for the Burleigh Bears and moved to the North Queensland Cowboys , where he made his first - grade debut in 2006 . He then signed for the Gold Coast Titans for its inaugural season in 2007 , where he was a regular member of the first - grade team . However , he fell out of the squad in 2008 as Nathan Friend became the side 's preferred hooker . He returned to the Cowboys for the 2009 season , signing a two - year deal . He played for the Northern Pride in the 2011 Queensland Cup . At the end of the 2011 season he retired from playing to become the Cowboys ' business development manager . In 2017 , Amos and his wife Hannah will be contestants on the thirteenth season of Australian reality series The Block . Career highlights ( edit ) First grade debut : North Queensland v Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles , 18 March 2006 ( Round 2 ) at Dairy Farmers Stadium References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rugby League Project Jump up ^ Herald Sun Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , Matt ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Gold Coast Titans hooker Clint Amos may go to Cowboys '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Josh Alston ( 12 Nov 2008 ) . `` Cowboys glad to be back '' . Townsville Courier . Retrieved 16 Nov 2008 . Jump up ^ Round 1 Queensland Intrust Super Cup Preview Archived 3 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . rleague.com , 18 March 2011 Jump up ^ Badel , Peter ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` North Queensland Cowboys prepare to make raid on NRL player market '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Block 2017 teams '' . news.com.au. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Inaugural Gold Coast Titans side v St George Illawarra Dragons , Suncorp Stadium , 18 March 2007 1 . Preston Campbell 2 . Lelea Paea 3 . Mat Rogers 4 . Jake Webster 5 . Chris Walker 6 . Matt Hilder 7 . Scott Prince ( c ) 8 . Luke Bailey ( c ) 9 . Clint Amos 10 . Kris Kahler 11 . Anthony Laffranchi 12 . Gavin Cooper 13 . Luke Swain 14 . Michael Henderson 15 . James Stosic 16 . Mark Minichiello 19 . Nathan Friend Coach : John Cartwright Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clint_Amos&oldid=808707604 '' Categories : 1983 births Australian rugby league players North Queensland Cowboys players Gold Coast Titans players Northern Pride RLFC players Burleigh Bears players Rugby league hookers Rugby league locks Living people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use Australian English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Infobox rugby league biography templates needing updating All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 16 : 43 . About Wikipedia | who did clint from the block play footy for | [
"Clint Amos (born 2 September 1983 in Ballina, New South Wales) is a former Australian professional rugby league player. He played for the North Queensland Cowboys and the Gold Coast Titans in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) competition. He primarily played as a hooker.",
"Clint Amos (born 2 September 1983 in Ballina, New South Wales) is a former Australian professional rugby league player. He played for the North Queensland Cowboys and the Gold Coast Titans in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) competition. He primarily played as a hooker."
] | [
"the North Queensland Cowboys",
"the Gold Coast Titans"
] |
-2884142622397847109 | Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film) | Sanam Teri Kasam ( 2016 film ) - Wikipedia Sanam Teri Kasam ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Sanam Teri Kasam Release poster Hindi सनम तेरी कसम Directed by Radhika Rao Vinay Sapru Produced by Deepak Mukut Starring Harshvardhan Rane Mawra Hocane Music by Himesh Reshammiya Cinematography Chirantan Das Production company Jhoom Jhoom Productions Soham Rockstar Productions Distributed by Eros Now Release date 5 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) ( India ) Running time 154 minutes Country India Language Hindi Box office est. ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Sanam Teri Kasam ( English : Swear On You My Beloved ) is a 2016 Indian romantic drama film , starring Harshvardhan Rane and Mawra Hocane . It is directed by the duo Radhika Rao - Vinay Sapru and produced by Deepak Mukut . The film is a modern rendition of the novel Love Story by Eric Segal . The film was released worldwide on 5 February 2016 under the production banner of Eros Now . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Soundtrack 5 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film starts off with everybody congratulating lawyer Inder Lal Parihaar ( Harshvardhan Rane ) after he wins a case . Inder goes home and carries a bottle of liquor and stands in front of a large cherry blossom tree in his backyard that has a date and name carved into it . It was his wife , which leads to a series of flashbacks from Inder 's past . Saraswati `` Saru '' Parthasaarthy ( Mawra Hocane ) , a young librarian who everyone thinks is ugly , due to her traditional looks , keeps away any suitable husband . Her beautiful younger sister Kaveri wants to get married , but her father will not allow her to marry before Saru does . This leads into a conflict between the two sisters as Kaveri 's suitor proposes an ultimatum , stating that he will only give her one - month to marry him otherwise he will move on , adding pressure on Saru to find a husband quickly . The Parthasaarthy family is a respectful , patriarchal household who lives in a building called the ' Society ' where the elders , including Saru 's father , monitor the activities that happen in the building while prohibiting any acts of vulgarity . One day , Saru 's father , Jayram ( Manish Choudhary ) and Saru run into Inder , her neighbor and the son of a famous , wealthy lawyer , in the hallway with his girlfriend Ruby Malhotra ( Shraddha Das ) , a renowned stylist . Jayram , who is very strict , is enraged to see the pair embracing each other shamelessly . As Saru hurries past them , Inder is starstruck by her simplicity and beauty . At work , Saru harbors romantic feelings for Abhimanyu Shastry . He is wealthy , handsome and holds a high position in society . Knowing that Saru has a crush on him , Abhimanyu takes advantage of her and makes her do odd jobs for him . Saru , being the hopeless romantic she is by reading love poems that her father disapproves of , tries her very best to please him . Inder comes to the library several times asking her for books an ex-convict can read . After multiple rejections , Saru decides to get a makeover so that she may find a husband ; however , because of a long waiting list , she is told that she needs a recommendation to get the makeover as soon as possible . With her parents being out of town , she seeks the recommendation from Inder , as he is dating Ruby . While Saru is at his apartment at 4 : 00 a.m. , Ruby comes home and presumes that Inder is cheating on her and throws a glass bottle at Saru . However Inder stands in front of her , and the bottle smashes on his back , causing blood to flow . Although Inder urges her to return home , Saru , feeling responsible , passes the night to tend to his wound . The building 's security guard keeps a close eye on the pair even though they do nothing inappropriate . When Saru 's parents return early from their trip , the elders inform her father that his daughter has spent the night with Inder . Jayram is sceptical at first , but when he sees his daughter and Inder in a compromising position , he immediately jumps to conclusions . Although Saru tries to explain the situation , Jayram disowns her and curses her by saying that she is now dead . Saru tells her mother what really happened between Inder and herself , and her mother believes her , but since she is submissive to her husband , she can not explain to him . This is what brings Inder and Saru together ; he helps her find an apartment and also helps her get a makeover . With her new makeover , she grabs the attention of many suitors . Saru hopes that if she marries a respectable man , she may win her place back in her family . Inder falls in love with her in the process , but keeps quiet when Abhimanyu proposes to her after her transformation . However , Abhimanyu stands her up on the day of the marriage because his father does not want a daughter - in - law who has been disowned . Knowing she can never find a husband because she is disowned by her father , Saru is left heartbroken . Saru travels to her honeymoon suite and asks Inder to make love to her for consolation . At first , he refuses as he does not want her to regret anything that will happen between them , but he later agrees . The next morning however , he witnesses her embracing Abhimanyu and leaves . Heartbroken , Inder spirals into depression , breaking off contact with Saru , as he assumes she has gotten back with Abhimanyu . When he learns however that Saru had actually left him , rejecting Abimanyu 's request for a second chance , he tracks down her phone and finds her in a Buddhist monastery , where he professes his love to her . Saru passes out and Inder takes her to the hospital , where he discovers she has a brain tumor that is untreatable . He forcibly enters Saru 's parents ' house and demands that they stop pretending their daughter is dead by violently ripping the flower wreath from her picture . The next day he is arrested for charges pressed by Jayram . Saru gets discharged and goes to the library , where she discovers the secret messages Inder left for her in check - out slips , realizing that he has liked her from the beginning . The two unite and Saru asks him to marry her . That night , Saru tells him that after her death , she desires to be buried under a tree . She also recognizes that her father 's curse has come true and that he wanted her dead and she is actually dying . Inder says that God does not accept curses , however Saru says that God accepts the prayers of parents . On their wedding day , Saru 's parents arrive , having realized their mistake , and Jayram , knowing that Inder really loves his daughter , accepts the marriage . Saru faints after the wedding ; the hospital informs her family that she will die . Inder asks his father , with whom he has a strained relationship , to acquire for him the land under the tree for Saru 's burial . Saru dies in his arms ; Inder finds his father in the hospital , reconciling with him . Now a successful lawyer , Inder stands at the tree that marks Saru 's grave . He asserts that she must be happy to see him successful and sober . He says that he misses her and expresses a promise of eternal true love . Cast ( edit ) Harshvardhan Rane as Inder Parihaar Mawra Hocane as Saraswati `` Saru '' Parthasaarthy Manish Choudhary as Jayram Parthasaarthy , Saru 's father Pyumori Mehta as Saru 's mother Divyetta Singh as Kaveri Parthasaarthy , Saru 's sister Anurag Sinha as Abhimanyu Shastry , Saru 's friend and later fiancé Murli Sharma as policeman Shraddha Das as Ruby Malhotra Vijay Raaz as stylist Sudesh Berry as Inder 's father Ravii Sharma as Pandit Release ( edit ) A first look of the film was unveiled on 7 December 2015 by Eros Now via a tweet and was scheduled for release on 8 January 2016 . Trailer of the film was released on 15 December 2015 with a new release date of 5 February . Film was released worldwide on February 5 , 2016 under the production banner of Eros Now . Upon release , the film received mixed reviews . Soundtrack ( edit ) Sanam Teri Kasam Soundtrack album by Himesh Reshammiya Released 7 January 2016 Recorded 2015 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 44 : 16 Label Eros Now Producer Himesh Reshammiya Himesh Reshammiya chronology Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( 2015 ) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 2015 Sanam Teri Kasam ( 2016 ) Teraa Surroor ( 2016 ) Teraa Surroor 2016 Lyrics were penned by Sameer Anjaan , Shabbir Ahmed , Reshammiya and Subrat Sinha . The title track was released on 22 December 2015 , and complete album was released on 7 January 2016 . All music composed by Himesh Reshammiya . No . Title Lyrics Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Sanam Teri Kasam '' Sameer Anjaan Ankit Tiwari , Palak Muchhal 05 : 14 2 . `` Kheech Meri Photo '' Sameer Anjaan Neeti Mohan , Akasa Singh , Darshan Raval 04 : 44 3 . `` Bewajah '' Sameer Anjaan Himesh Reshammiya 05 : 08 4 . `` Tera Chehra '' Shabbir Ahmed Arijit Singh 04 : 34 5 . `` Haal - E-Dil '' ( male ) Sameer Anjaan Sreerama Chandra Mynampati 05 : 34 6 . `` Haal - E-Dil '' ( female ) Sameer Anjaan Neeti Mohan 05 : 24 7 . `` Ek Number '' Himesh Reshammiya Himesh Reshammiya , Neeti Mohan 04 : 20 8 . `` Main Teri Yaadon Mein '' Subrat Sinha Arijit Singh 04 : 16 9 . `` Sanam Teri Kasam '' ( Reprise ) Sameer Anjaan Mohammad Irfan Ali , Palak Muchhal 04 : 56 Total length : 44 : 16 Box office ( edit ) The film grossed approximately ₹ 1.25 crore ( US $190,000 ) on the first day of release , ₹ 4.66 crore ( US $710,000 ) on the weekend and ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.4 million ) in the first week . The film was declared as average grosser at the box office . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sanam Teri Kasam '' . Eros Now . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SANAM TERI KASAM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Joginder Tuteja ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Box Office Report Of Ghayal Once Again , Airlift , Sanam Teri Kasam '' . koimoi . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` First look of Sanam Teri Kasam unveiled on Twitter '' . The Statesman. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Check Out The First Look Of Upcoming Love Story ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' '' . koimoi.com. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` First look of Mawra Hocane 's ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' unveiled '' . The Express Tribune . 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mawra Hocane 's debut Bollywood film ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' , trailer released '' . The News Teller. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eros releases first look of Mawra 's `` Sanam Teri Kasam '' `` . Daily Times ( Pakistan ) . 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look Revlead : ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' Mawra & Harshvardhan Sizzling Romance '' . The Reveille. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sanam Teri Kasam Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Ghayal Once Again , Sanam Teri Kasam to clash at box - office today '' . The Indian Express . 4 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Namrata Joshi . `` Sanam Teri Kasam review : Where tears rule the screen '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Out now : Mawra 's ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' title track is a tearjerker '' . The Express Tribune . 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` First glimpse of Mawra Hocane 's debut film ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' out '' . The News Teller. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sanam Teri Kasam box office collections : Harshvardhan , Mawra Hocane starrer earns Rs. 4.66 cr. in its opening weekend '' . Indian Express . 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Sanam Teri Kasam on IMDb Sanam Teri Kasam at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanam_Teri_Kasam_(2016_film)&oldid=825913248 '' Categories : 2016 films Hindi - language films Indian films 2010s Hindi - language films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic drama films Indian musical films Indian romantic drama films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor of sanam teri kasam | [
"\n\nSanam Teri Kasam\n\n\n\nRelease poster\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHindi\nसनम तेरी कसम\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\nRadhika Rao\nVinay Sapru\n\n\nProduced by\nDeepak Mukut\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nHarshvardhan Rane\nMawra Hocane\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nHimesh Reshammiya\n\n\nCinematography\nChirantan Das\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nJhoom Jhoom Productions\nSoham Rockstar Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nEros Now[1]\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n5 February 2016 (2016-02-05) (India)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n154 minutes[2]\n\n\nCountry\nIndia\n\n\nLanguage\nHindi\n\n\nBox office\nest.₹9 crore (US$1.4 million)[3]\n\n"
] | [
"Harshvardhan Rane"
] |
-7837302859186283069 | Comparison of top chess players throughout history | Comparison of top chess players throughout history - wikipedia Comparison of top chess players throughout history Jump to : navigation , search This article presents a number of methodologies that have been suggested for the task of comparing the greatest chess players in history . Statistical methods offer objectivity but , while there is agreement on systems to rate the strengths of current players , there is disagreement on whether such techniques can be applied to players from different generations who never competed against each other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Statistical methods 1.1 Elo system 1.2 Average rating over time 1.3 Chessmetrics 1.4 Warriors of the Mind 2 Moves played compared with computer choices 2.1 CAPS 2.2 Markovian Model 3 Subjective lists 3.1 Bobby Fischer ( 1964 and 1970 ) 3.2 Irving Chernev ( 1974 ) 3.3 Miguel Quinteros ( 1992 ) 3.4 Viswanathan Anand ( 2000 , 2008 and 2012 ) 3.5 Chess Informant readers ( 2001 ) 3.6 David Edmonds and John Eidinow ( 2004 ) 3.7 Vladimir Kramnik ( 2005 and 2011 ) 3.8 Leonard Barden ( 2008 ) 3.9 Levon Aronian ( 2012 and 2015 ) 3.10 Magnus Carlsen ( 2012 and 2015 ) 4 World Champions by world title reigns 5 See also 6 References Statistical methods ( edit ) Elo system ( edit ) Main article : Elo rating system Main article : List of chess players by peak FIDE rating Perhaps the best - known statistical model is that devised by Arpad Elo in 1960 and further elaborated on in his 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers , Past and Present , he gave ratings to players corresponding to their performance over the best five - year span of their career . According to this system the highest ratings achieved were : 2725 : José Raúl Capablanca 2720 : Mikhail Botvinnik , Emanuel Lasker 2700 : Mikhail Tal 2690 : Alexander Alekhine , Paul Morphy , Vasily Smyslov . ( Though published in 1978 , Elo 's list did not include five - year averages for Bobby Fischer and Anatoly Karpov . It did list January 1978 ratings of 2780 for Fischer and 2725 for Karpov . ) In 1970 , FIDE adopted Elo 's system for rating current players , so one way to compare players of different eras is to compare their Elo ratings . The best - ever Elo ratings are tabulated below . As of December 2015 , there were 101 chess players in history who broke 2700 and nine of them exceeded 2800 . Particularly notable are the peak ratings of Fischer , Karpov and Kasparov , who achieved their peak ratings in earlier years ( 1972 , 1994 , and 1999 respectively ) . Table of top 20 rated players of all - time , with date their best ratings were first achieved Rank Rating Player Year - month 01 1 2882 Magnus Carlsen 2014 - 05 May 2014 02 2 2851 Garry Kasparov 1999 - 07 July 1999 03 3 2844 Fabiano Caruana 2014 - 10 Oct. 2014 04 4 2830 Levon Aronian 2014 - 03 Mar. 2014 05 5 2822 Wesley So 2016 - 10 Feb. 2017 06 6 2819 Maxime Vachier - Lagrave 2016 - 03 Aug. 2016 07 7 ( tie ) 2817 Viswanathan Anand 2011 - 03 Mar. 2011 07 7 ( tie ) 2817 Vladimir Kramnik 2013 - 05 Oct. 2016 09 9 ( tie ) 2816 Veselin Topalov 2015 -- 07 July 2015 09 9 ( tie ) 2816 Hikaru Nakamura 2015 - 10 Oct. 2015 11 11 2810 Alexander Grischuk 2014 - 12 Dec. 2014 12 12 2800 Shakhriyar Mamedyarov 2017 - 06 June 2017 13 13 2798 Anish Giri 2015 - 10 Oct. 2015 14 14 2793 Teimour Radjabov 2012 - 12 Nov. 2012 15 15 ( tie ) 2788 Alexander Morozevich 2008 - 07 July 2008 15 15 ( tie ) 2788 Sergey Karjakin 2011 - 07 July 2011 17 17 2787 Vassily Ivanchuk 2007 -- 10 Oct. 2007 18 18 2785 Bobby Fischer 1972 - 04 Apr. 1972 19 19 2783 Ding Liren 2016 - 06 June 2016 20 20 2780 Anatoly Karpov 1994 - 07 July 1994 Average rating over time ( edit ) The average Elo rating of top players has risen over time . For instance , the average of the top 10 active players rose from 2751 in July 2000 to 2794 in July 2014 , a 43 - point increase in 14 years . The average rating of the top 100 players , meanwhile , increased from 2644 to 2703 , a 59 - point increase . Many people believe that this rise is mostly due to a system artifact known as ratings inflation , making it impractical to compare players of different eras . Arpad Elo was of the opinion that it was futile to attempt to use ratings to compare players from different eras ; in his view , they could only possibly measure the strength of a player as compared to his or her contemporaries . He also stated that the process of rating players was in any case rather approximate ; he compared it to `` the measurement of the position of a cork bobbing up and down on the surface of agitated water with a yard stick tied to a rope and which is swaying in the wind '' . ) Chessmetrics ( edit ) Further information : Chessmetrics Many statisticians besides Elo have devised similar methods to retrospectively rate players . Jeff Sonas ' rating system is called `` Chessmetrics '' . This system takes account of many games played after the publication of Elo 's book , and claims to take account of the rating inflation that the Elo system has allegedly suffered . One caveat is that a Chessmetrics rating takes into account the frequency of play . According to Sonas , `` As soon as you go a month without playing , your Chessmetrics rating will start to drop . '' Sonas , like Elo , claims that it is impossible to compare the strength of players from different eras , saying : Of course , a rating always indicates the level of dominance of a particular player against contemporary peers ; it says nothing about whether the player is stronger / weaker in their actual technical chess skill than a player far removed from them in time . So while we can not say that Bobby Fischer in the early 1970s or José Capablanca in the early 1920s were the `` strongest '' players of all time , we can say with a certain amount of confidence that they were the two most dominant players of all time . That is the extent of what these ratings can tell us . Nevertheless , Sonas ' website does compare players from different eras . Including data until December 2004 , the ratings were : Rank 1 - year peak 5 - year peak 10 - year peak 15 - year peak 20 - year peak Bobby Fischer , 2881 Garry Kasparov , 2875 Garry Kasparov , 2863 Garry Kasparov , 2862 Garry Kasparov , 2856 Garry Kasparov , 2879 Emanuel Lasker , 2854 Emanuel Lasker , 2847 Anatoly Karpov , 2820 Anatoly Karpov , 2818 Mikhail Botvinnik , 2871 José Capablanca , 2843 Anatoly Karpov , 2821 Emanuel Lasker , 2816 Emanuel Lasker , 2809 José Capablanca , 2866 Mikhail Botvinnik , 2843 José Capablanca , 2813 José Capablanca , 2798 Alexander Alekhine , 2781 5 Emanuel Lasker , 2863 Bobby Fischer , 2841 Bobby Fischer , 2810 Alexander Alekhine , 2794 Viktor Korchnoi , 2766 6 Alexander Alekhine , 2851 Anatoly Karpov , 2829 Mikhail Botvinnik , 2810 Mikhail Botvinnik , 2789 Vasily Smyslov , 2759 In 2005 , Sonas used Chessmetrics to evaluate historical annual performance ratings and came to the conclusion that Kasparov was dominant for the most years , followed by Karpov and Lasker . He also published the following list of the highest ratings ever attained according to calculations done at the start of each month : Rank Rating Player 2895 Bobby Fischer 2886 Garry Kasparov 2885 Mikhail Botvinnik 2878 Emanuel Lasker 5 2877 José Capablanca 6 2860 Alexander Alekhine 7 2848 Anatoly Karpov 8 2833 Viswanathan Anand 9 2826 Vladimir Kramnik 10 2826 Wilhelm Steinitz Warriors of the Mind ( edit ) In contrast to Elo and Sonas 's systems , Raymond Keene and Nathan Divinsky 's book Warriors of the Mind attempts to establish a rating system claiming to compare directly the strength of players active in different eras , and so determine the strongest player of all time . Considering games played between sixty - four of the strongest players in history , they came up with the following top ten : Garry Kasparov , 3096 Anatoly Karpov , 2876 Bobby Fischer , 2690 Mikhail Botvinnik , 2616 José Raúl Capablanca , 2552 Emanuel Lasker , 2550 Viktor Korchnoi , 2535 Boris Spassky , 2480 Vasily Smyslov , 2413 Tigran Petrosian , 2363 These `` Divinsky numbers '' are not on the same scale as Elo ratings ( the last person on the list , Johannes Zukertort , has a Divinsky number of 873 , which would be a beginner - level Elo rating ) . Keene and Divinsky 's system has met with limited acceptance , and Warriors of the Mind has been accused of arbitrarily selecting players and bias towards modern players . Moves played compared with Computer choices ( edit ) A computer - based method of analyzing chess abilities across history came from Matej Guid and Ivan Bratko from the Department of Computer and Information Science of University of Ljubljana , Slovenia , in 2006 . The basis for their evaluation was the difference between the position values resulting from the moves played by the human chess player and the moves chosen as best by the chess program Crafty . They compared the average number of errors in the player 's game . Opening moves were excluded , in an attempt to negate the progress in chess opening theory . The method received a number of criticisms , including : the study used a modified version of Crafty rather than the standard version ; even the standard version of Crafty was not strong enough to evaluate the world champions ' play ; one of the modifications restricted the search depth to 12 half - moves , which is often insufficient . As of 2006 Crafty 's Elo rating was 2657 , below many historical top human players and several other computer programs . A similar project was conducted for World Champions in 2007 - 8 using Rybka 2.3. 2a ( then - strongest chess program ) and a modified version of Crafty 20.14 . It arrived at the following results : Position best year best 2 - year period best 3 - year period best 5 - year period best 10 - year period best 15 - year period Fischer ( 1968 , aged 25 ) Fischer Fischer Fischer ; Kasparov Fischer ; Capablanca Capablanca Kramnik ( 2007 , aged 32 ) Kramnik ; Capablanca ; Kasparov Capablanca ; Kasparov Karpov ; Kramnik Kasparov ( 1998 , aged 35 ) Capablanca Kramnik Botvinnik ( 1939 , aged 28 ) Smyslov Kramnik ; Botvinnik Kasparov Smyslov ; Kasparov 5 Capablanca ( 1915 , aged 27 ) Karpov ; Smyslov Botvinnik Karpov ; Smyslov 6 Karpov ( 1983 , aged 32 ) Kramnik Smyslov Fischer 7 Smyslov ( 1983 , aged 62 ) ; Tal ( 1987 , aged 51 ) Botvinnik ; Alekhine Karpov Karpov ; Lasker Botvinnik ; Spassky Botvinnik ; Spassky ; Petrosian 8 Spassky ; Lasker 9 Petrosian ( 1962 , aged 33 ) Anand Alekhine ; Anand Anand 10 Euwe ( 1938 , aged 37 ) Tal ; Spassky Anand Lasker ; Petrosian Anand 11 Spassky ( 1980 , aged 43 ) Petrosian Petrosian ; Spassky Tal 12 Alekhine ( 1927 , aged 35 ) ; Anand ( 2006 , aged 37 ) Lasker ; Euwe Tal ; Alekhine Tal ; Alekhine Alekhine ; Lasker 13 Euwe ; Tal 14 Lasker ( 1909 , aged 41 ) Petrosian Euwe Euwe Euwe 15 Morphy ( 1858 , aged 21 ) Morphy Morphy Steinitz Steinitz Steinitz 16 Steinitz ( 1886 , aged 50 ) Steinitz Steinitz -- -- -- A 2008 analysis , using Rybka 3 , showed that Capablanca had the smallest average error factor ( i.e. the most accurate play ) ; but after adjusting for factors such as the complexity of positions , the best player came out as Fischer , followed by Capablanca , Karpov and Kramnik . The best players had an average error of about 0.07 pawns per move ( after the opening ) . Capablanca was the most positional player , and Anand by far the most tactical . The most complex game tested was Fischer v Spassky ( 1972 game 6 , Fischer won ) while the most accurately played game was Tal v Benko ( 1958 , Tal won ) . A study by online chess data provider Chess - DB , based on an analysis of over 50,000 chess games , claims that the `` strength '' of a player , as determined by the method of Matej Guid and Ivan Bratko , correlates with the Elo rating strength of modern players . CAPS ( edit ) CAPS ( Computer Aggregated Precision Score ) is a system created by Daniel Rensch of chess.com that compares players from different eras by finding the percentage of moves that matches that of a chess engine . A score is then assigned based on percentage of matches and move value ( for example , if the move was not the best , but still good , points are awarded ) . CAPS ignores both style and psychology . According to the system , Carlsen was the best player ever , with a CAPS score of 98.36 and a top engine match of 85.26 % . He was followed closely by Kramnik , and then Kasparov . Markovian model ( edit ) In an article published by the ICGA Journal , Jean - Marc Alliot of the Toulouse Computer Science Research Institute ( IRIT ) presents a new method , based on a Markovian interpretation of a chess game . Starting with those of Wilhelm Steinitz , all 26,000 games played since then by chess world champions have been processed by a supercomputer using Stockfish ( rated between 3310 ELO at the CCRL and 3337 at the SSDF as of 10 / 2015 , but around 3150 under the test condition according to the authors ) in 62000 CPU hours , in order to create a probabilistic model for each player . For each position , the model estimates the probability of making a mistake , and the magnitude of the mistake by comparing the two best moves calculated at an average of 2 minutes by move ( 26 plies on the average ) with the move actually played , starting from move number 10 . These models can then be used to compute the win / draw / lose probability for any given match between two players . The predictions have proven not only to be extremely close to the actual results when players have played concrete games against one another , they also fare better than those based on ELO scores . The results demonstrate that the level of chess players has been steadily increasing . Magnus Carlsen ( in 2013 ) , tops the list , while Bobby Fischer ( in 1971 ) is third , and Garry Kasparov ( in 2001 ) is fourth . The complete database of the chess games and their evaluations can be downloaded from the page presenting this work on the author 's website . Subjective lists ( edit ) Many prominent players and chess writers have offered their own rankings of the greatest players . Bobby Fischer ( 1964 and 1970 ) ( edit ) In 1964 Bobby Fischer listed his top 10 in Chessworld magazine : Morphy , Staunton , Steinitz , Tarrasch , Chigorin , Alekhine , Capablanca , Spassky , Tal , Reshevsky . He considered Morphy the best , writing : `` In a set match he would beat anyone alive today . '' In 1970 Fischer named Morphy , Steinitz , Capablanca , Botvinnik , Petrosian , Tal , Spassky , Reshevsky , Svetozar Gligorić and Bent Larsen the greatest chess players in history . Irving Chernev ( 1974 ) ( edit ) In 1974 , popular chess author Irving Chernev published an article titled Who were the greatest ? in the English magazine CHESS . He followed this up with his 1976 book The Golden Dozen , in which he ranked his all - time top twelve : 1 . Capablanca , 2 . Alekhine , 3 . Lasker , 4 . Fischer , 5 . Botvinnik , 6 . Petrosian , 7 . Tal , 8 . Smyslov , 9 . Spassky , 10 . Bronstein , 11 . Rubinstein , and 12 . Nimzowitsch . Miguel Quinteros ( 1992 ) ( edit ) In a 1992 interview GM Miguel Quinteros gave the opinion : `` I think Fischer was and still is the greatest chess player of all time . ( ... ) During his absence other good chess players have appeared . But no one equals Fischer 's talent and perfection . '' Viswanathan Anand ( 2000 , 2008 and 2012 ) ( edit ) In 2000 , when Karpov , Korchnoi and Kasparov were still active , Anand listed his top 10 as : Fischer , Morphy , Lasker , Capablanca , Steinitz , Tal , Korchnoi , Keres , Karpov and Kasparov . When interviewed in 2008 shortly after Fischer 's death , he ranked Fischer and Kasparov as the greatest , with Kasparov a little ahead by virtue of being on top for so many years . In 2012 , Anand stated that he considered Fischer the greatest , because of the hurdles he faced . Chess Informant readers ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Svetozar Gligorić reported in his book Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess ? ( Batsford , 2002 ) : At the beginning of 2001 a large poll for the `` Ten Greatest Chess Players of the 20th Century , selected by Chess Informant readers '' resulted in Fischer having the highest percentage of votes and finishing as No. 1 , ahead of Kasparov , Alekhine , Capablanca , Botvinnik , Karpov , Tal , Lasker , Anand and Korchnoi . David Edmonds and John Eidinow ( 2004 ) ( edit ) BBC award - winning journalists , from their book Bobby Fischer Goes to War : How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time ( HarperCollins , 2004 ) : Fischer , some will maintain , was the outstanding player in chess history , though there are powerful advocates too for Lasker , Capablanca , Alekhine , and Kasparov . Many chess players will dismiss such comparisons as meaningless , akin to the futile attempt to grade the supreme musicians of all time . But the manner in which Fischer stormed his way to Reykjavik , his breathtaking dominance at the Palma de Majorca Interzonal , the trouncings of Taimanov , Larsen , and Petrosian -- all this was unprecedented . There never has been an era in modern chess during which one player has so overshadowed all others . Vladimir Kramnik ( 2005 and 2011 ) ( edit ) In a 2005 interview , Vladimir Kramnik ( World Champion from 2000 to 2007 ) did not name a greatest player , but stated , `` The other world champions had something ' missing ' . I ca n't say the same about Kasparov : he can do everything . '' In an interview in 2011 , Vladimir Kramnik said about Anand : `` I always considered him to be a colossal talent , one of the greatest in the whole history of chess '' , `` I think that in terms of play Anand is in no way weaker than Kasparov '' , and `` In the last 5 -- 6 years he 's made a qualitative leap that 's made it possible to consider him one of the great chess players '' . Leonard Barden ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In his 2008 obituary of Bobby Fischer , Leonard Barden wrote that most experts ranked Kasparov as the greatest ever , with either Fischer or Karpov second . Levon Aronian ( 2012 and 2015 ) ( edit ) In a 2012 interview , Levon Aronian stated that he considers Alexander Alekhine the greatest player of all time . In a 2015 interview after the 8th round of the Sinquefield Cup , Levon Aronian stated that he considers Garry Kasparov the greatest player of all time . Magnus Carlsen ( 2012 and 2015 ) ( edit ) In 2012 , Magnus Carlsen said that Kasparov is the greatest player of all time , adding that while Fischer may have been better at his best , Kasparov remained at the top for much longer . In December 2015 , he repeated his great respect for both Fischer and Kasparov when he mentioned them several times in an interview , saying he would like to play against them at their peak performance . Also , he said he liked the style of play and games of Vladimir Kramnik . As the toughest opponent to beat at that time he named Levon Aronian . World champions by world title reigns ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The table below organises the world champions in order of championship wins . ( For the purpose of this table , a successful defence counts as a win , even if the match was drawn . ) The table is made more complicated by the split between the `` Classical '' and FIDE world titles between 1993 and 2006 . Champion Total Undisputed FIDE Classical Years as Undisputed Champion Years as FIDE / Classical Champion Total reign Emanuel Lasker 6 6 27 27 Garry Kasparov 6 8 7 15 Anatoly Karpov 6 10 6 16 Mikhail Botvinnik 5 5 13 13 Viswanathan Anand 5 6 8 Alexander Alekhine 17 17 Wilhelm Steinitz 8 8 Magnus Carlsen Vladimir Kramnik 6 7 Tigran Petrosian 6 6 José Raúl Capablanca 6 6 Boris Spassky Bobby Fischer Max Euwe Vasily Smyslov Mikhail Tal Ruslan Ponomariov Alexander Khalifman Rustam Kasimdzhanov Veselin Topalov See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chess players . List of FIDE chess world number ones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arpad E. Elo , The Rating of Chessplayers , Past and Present , Arco , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 668 - 04721 - 6 . Jump up ^ Arpad Emre Elo -- 100th anniversary , Chessbase , 2003 Jump up ^ This table is based on one created by Przemek Jahr of Poland , which was reported in Chessbase 2 - 7 - 2005 . FIDE ratings were officially compiled and released quarterly , in January , April , July , and October until July 2009 . Starting in July 2009 they were released every two - monthly basis , and since July 2012 FIDE publishes its ratings monthly . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` Highest - Rated Chess Players of All Time '' . Jump up ^ `` All time Top 100 by Highest Elo Rating '' . Jump up ^ Highest `` Live ratings '' of All Time Jump up ^ `` Live Chess Ratings -- 2700chess.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Live Elo '' covers rating achieved after every single chess game played , what constitutes live performance of players in between of FIDE 's regular monthly rating lists . Jump up ^ World Top chess players and Statistics at FIDE.com Jump up ^ `` ChessBase News Rating inflation -- its causes and possible cures '' . Chessbase.com. 2009 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Chess Life , 1962 . Jump up ^ The Greatest Chess Player of All Time -- Part I , Jeff Sonas , at Chessbase Jump up ^ About the Chessmetrics Rating System Archived 15 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , by Jeff Sonas Jump up ^ `` Peak Average Ratings : 1 year peak range '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peak Average Ratings : 5 year peak range '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peak Average Ratings : 10 year peak range '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peak Average Ratings : 15 year peak range '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peak Average Ratings : 20 year peak range '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sonas , J. ( 2005 ) . `` The Greatest Chess Player of All Time -- Part IV '' . Chessbase . Part IV gives links to the 3 earlier parts Jump up ^ Sonas , J. ( 2005 ) . `` The Greatest Chess Player of All Time -- Part II '' . Chessbase . Jump up ^ Warriors of the Mind , Raymond Keene and Nathan Divinsky , ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ `` Divinsky - Keene rankings '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Hooper , David ; Whyld , Kenneth ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to Chess . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280049 - 3 . Jump up ^ Winter , Edward ( 1996 ) . Chess Explorations . Cadogan . ISBN 1 - 85744 - 171 - 0 . Jump up ^ Computers choose : who was the strongest player ? , Chessbase , 2006 Jump up ^ Review of `` Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions '' , by Søren Riis , Chessbase , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Compare the World Champions ! '' , by Charles Sullivan , TrueChess , 2007 Jump up ^ `` by Charles Sullivan '' . Truechess.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` by Charles Sullivan '' . Truechess.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ https://www.scribd.com/doc/132380754/Chess-Player-Analysis-by-Rybka-3-14ply Jump up ^ Chess Play Quality Index , Chess-db.com , 2013 Jump up ^ ( DanielRensch ) , Daniel Rensch ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Better Than Ratings ? Chess. com 's New ' CAPS ' System '' . Chess.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ ( DanielRensch ) , Daniel Rensch ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Who Was The Best World Chess Champion In History ? '' . Chess.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Who is the master ? , ICGA Journal , 39 - 1 , April 2017 Jump up ^ Who is the master ? , ICGA Journal , 39 - 1 , April 2017 ( 2.1 Evaluation of the ELO strength of the program used ) Jump up ^ Who is the master ? , ICGA Journal , 39 - 1 , April 2017 ( 1 Introduction ) Jump up ^ Who is the master ? , ICGA Journal , 39 - 1 , April 2017 ( 2.3 The experimental settings ) Jump up ^ Bobby Fischer , `` The Ten Greatest Masters in History '' , Chessworld , Vol. 1 , No. 1 ( Jan. - Feb. 1964 ) , pp. 56 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` Fischer 's Top 10 '' . Jump up ^ the Even More Complete Chess Addict , by Mike Fox and Richard James , 1993 , pp. 129 -- 30 Jump up ^ CHESS magazine , November 1970 , p. 70 Jump up ^ CHESS magazine , April 1974 , pp. 201 -- 202 Jump up ^ Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games , Irving Chernev , 1995 ( reprint of 1976 edition ) . Jump up ^ Seirawan , Yasser ; Stefanovic , George ( 1992 ) . `` Belgrade ; Interview with GM Miguel Quinteros '' . No Regrets Fischer -- Spassky 1992 . International Chess Enterprises . p. 255 . ISBN 1 - 879479 - 09 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Grandmaster on his ten greatest chess players , Viswanathan Anand , rediff.com Jump up ^ `` He ( Fischer ) and Kasparov were the greatest in history , but I judge Kasparov as a little ahead . Fischer was a phenomenon from 1970 to 1972 while Kasparov was on top for many years . '' -- Morelia - Linares Super-GM starts today , Chessbase , 15 February 2008 Jump up ^ Anand takes a dig at Kasparov , Viswanathan Anand , The Hindu Jump up ^ Gligorić , Svetozar ( 2002 ) . Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess ? . B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 8764 - X . Jump up ^ Edmonds , David ; Eidinow , John ( 2004 ) . Bobby Fischer Goes to War . HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051024 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The most important interviews by GM Vladimir Kramnik , World Chess Champion 2000 -- 2007 '' . Kramnik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Kramnik on Chess , Anand , Topalov , and his future '' . 2011 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Most experts place him ( Fischer ) the second or third best ever , behind Kasparov but probably ahead of Karpov . '' -- Obituary of Bobby Fischer , Leonard Barden , The Guardian , 19 January 2008 Jump up ^ `` Aronian names Alekhine best player of all time '' . WhyChess. 2012 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGdywyQlo2E `` Well , in my opinion Garry is the strongest player of all time '' Jump up ^ `` Magnus Carlsen : -- Jeg tar verdensrekorden -- VG Nett om Sjakk '' . Vg.no. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Chess prodigy Magnus Carlsen : ' Bobby Fischer is my dream opponent '. , 2015 - 12 - 16 , CNN ( hide ) Chess Outline Chess theory Chess titles Grandmaster list of Grandmasters Computer chess matches engines software Correspondence chess FIDE Glossary History timeline Problems / Compositions Rating system world rankings norms Variants Courier World records Equipment Chessboard Chess box Chess set King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn Chess clock Chess table Rules Castling Check Checkmate Draw by agreement Fifty - move rule Perpetual check Stalemate Threefold repetition En passant Pawn promotion Time control Fast chess Touch - move rule Terms Blunder Chess notation algebraic descriptive PGN annotation symbols symbols in Unicode Fianchetto Gambit Key square King walk Pawns backward connected doubled isolated Maróczy Bind passed Open file Half - open file Outpost School hypermodern romantic Swindle Tempo Transposition Trap Tactics Battery Alekhine 's gun Block Checkmate patterns Combination Decoy Deflection Desperado Discovered attack Double check Fork Interference Overloading Pin Sacrifice Skewer Undermining Windmill X-ray Zwischenzug Strategy Artificial castling Compensation Exchange the exchange Initiative first - move advantage Middlegame Pawn storm Pawn structure Piece values Prophylaxis Openings Flank opening English Opening Zukertort Opening Réti Opening King 's Indian Attack Larsen 's Opening Bird 's Opening Grob 's Attack Dunst Opening Benko Opening King 's Pawn Game Alekhine 's Defence Caro -- Kann Defence French Defence Modern Defence Nimzowitsch Defence Open Game Italian Game Semi-Italian Opening Giuoco Piano King 's Gambit Petrov 's Defence Philidor Defence Ruy Lopez Scotch Game Owen 's Defence Pirc Defence Scandinavian Defense Tennison Gambit Sicilian Defence Alapin Dragon / Accelerated Dragon Najdorf Scheveningen Queen 's Pawn Game Dutch Defence Indian Defence Benoni Defence Modern Benoni Bogo - Indian Defence Grünfeld Defence King 's Indian Defence Nimzo - Indian Defence Queen 's Indian Defence Trompowsky Attack London System Queen 's Gambit Accepted Declined Slav Defence Catalan Opening Other List of openings theory table List of chess gambits Irregular Quick checkmates Fool 's mate Scholar 's mate Endgames King and pawn vs king Opposite - coloured bishops Pawnless endgame Queen and pawn vs queen Queen vs pawn Rook and bishop vs rook Rook and pawn vs rook Lucena position Philidor position Strategy fortress opposition Tarrasch rule triangulation Zugzwang Study Tablebase Two knights endgame Wrong bishop Wrong rook pawn Tournaments List of strong chess tournaments Chess Olympiad Women 's World Chess Championship List Candidates Tournament Chess World Cup FIDE Grand Prix World championships Women 's Team Rapid Blitz Junior Youth Senior Amateur Chess composition Solving Computer chess Computer speed chess Related Cheating in chess Chess aesthetics Chess in the arts in early literature Chess books opening books endgame literature Chess club Chess composer Chess in Europe Göttingen manuscript Chess libraries Chess newspaper columns Chess periodicals Chess prodigy Gökyay Association Chess Museum Hall of Fame Deep Blue Mutilated chessboard problem Notable games PRO Chess League Simultaneous exhibition Staunton chess set Top player comparison Joke chess problem Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history&oldid=802476074 '' Categories : Chess players History of chess Chess rating systems Comparison of sports Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 11 : 30 . 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"\n\n\nTable of top 20 rated players of all-time, with date their best ratings were first achieved\n\nRank\nRating\nPlayer\nYear-month\n\n\n011\n2882\nMagnus Carlsen\n2014-05May 2014\n\n\n022\n2851\nGarry Kasparov\n1999-07 July 1999\n\n\n033\n2844\nFabiano Caruana\n2014-10Oct. 2014\n\n\n044\n2830\nLevon Aronian\n2014-03Mar. 2014\n\n\n055\n2822\nWesley So\n2016-10Feb. 2017\n\n\n066\n2819\nMaxime Vachier-Lagrave\n2016-03 Aug. 2016\n\n\n077 (tie)\n2817\nViswanathan Anand\n2011-03Mar. 2011\n\n\n077 (tie)\n2817\nVladimir Kramnik\n2013-05Oct. 2016\n\n\n099 (tie)\n2816\nVeselin Topalov\n2015–07July 2015\n\n\n099 (tie)\n2816\nHikaru Nakamura\n2015-10Oct. 2015\n\n\n1111\n2810\nAlexander Grischuk\n2014-12Dec. 2014\n\n\n1212\n2800\nShakhriyar Mamedyarov\n2017-06June 2017\n\n\n1313\n2798\nAnish Giri\n2015-10Oct. 2015\n\n\n1414\n2793\nTeimour Radjabov\n2012-12Nov. 2012\n\n\n1515 (tie)\n2788\nAlexander Morozevich\n2008-07July 2008\n\n\n1515 (tie)\n2788\nSergey Karjakin\n2011-07July 2011\n\n\n1717\n2787\nVassily Ivanchuk\n2007–10Oct. 2007\n\n\n1818\n2785\nBobby Fischer\n1972-04Apr. 1972\n\n\n1919\n2783\nDing Liren\n2016-06June 2016\n\n\n2020\n2780\nAnatoly Karpov\n1994-07July 1994\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Magnus Carlsen"
] |
7823935843133277200 | Redwood National and State Parks | Redwood National and State Parks - wikipedia Redwood National and State Parks Jump to : navigation , search Redwood National and State Parks IUCN category II ( national park ) Fog in the forest Location of Redwood National and State Parks Location of Redwood National and State Parks Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location Humboldt County & Del Norte County , California , US Nearest city Crescent City Coordinates 41 ° 18 ′ N 124 ° 00 ′ W / 41.3 ° N 124 ° W / 41.3 ; - 124 Coordinates : 41 ° 18 ′ N 124 ° 00 ′ W / 41.3 ° N 124 ° W / 41.3 ; - 124 Area 139,000 acres ( 560 km ) Established August 27 , 1969 Visitors 536,297 ( in 2016 ) Governing body Co-managed by National Park Service and California Department of Parks and Recreation Website Redwood National and State Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Natural : ( vii ) , ( ix ) Reference 134 Inscription 1980 ( 4th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) The Redwood National and State Parks ( RNSP ) are old - growth temperate rainforests located in the United States , along the coast of northern California . Comprising Redwood National Park ( established 1968 ) and California 's Del Norte Coast , Jedediah Smith , and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Parks ( dating from the 1920s ) , the combined RNSP contain 139,000 acres ( 560 km ) . Located entirely within Del Norte and Humboldt Counties , the four parks , together , protect 45 % of all remaining coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) old - growth forests , totaling at least 38,982 acres ( 157.75 km ) . These trees are the tallest and one of the most massive tree species on Earth . In addition to the redwood forests , the parks preserve other indigenous flora , fauna , grassland prairie , cultural resources , portions of rivers and other streams , and 37 miles ( 60 km ) of pristine coastline . In 1850 , old - growth redwood forest covered more than 2,000,000 acres ( 8,100 km ) of the California coast . The northern portion of that area , originally inhabited by Native Americans , attracted many lumbermen and others turned gold miners when a minor gold rush brought them to the region . Failing in efforts to strike it rich in gold , these men turned toward harvesting the giant trees for booming development in San Francisco and other places on the West Coast . After many decades of unrestricted clear - cut logging , serious efforts toward conservation began . By the 1920s the work of the Save - the - Redwoods League , founded in 1918 to preserve remaining old - growth redwoods , resulted in the establishment of Prairie Creek , Del Norte Coast , and Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Parks among others . Redwood National Park was created in 1968 , by which time nearly 90 % of the original redwood trees had been logged . The National Park Service ( NPS ) and the California Department of Parks and Recreation ( CDPR ) administratively combined Redwood National Park with the three abutting Redwood State Parks in 1994 for the purpose of cooperative forest management and stabilization of forests and watersheds as a single unit . The ecosystem of the RNSP preserves a number of threatened animal species such as the tidewater goby , Chinook salmon , northern spotted owl , and Steller 's sea lion . In recognition of the rare ecosystem and cultural history found in the parks , the United Nations designated them a World Heritage Site on September 5 , 1980 and part of the California Coast Ranges International Biosphere Reserve on June 30 , 1983 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Park management 3 Natural resources 3.1 Flora 3.2 Fauna 3.3 Invasive species 3.4 Geology 3.5 Climate 3.6 Fire management 4 Recreation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Reconstruction of a Yurok Native American plankhouse constructed of redwood boards Modern day native groups such as the Yurok , Tolowa , Karok , Chilula , and Wiyot all have historical ties to the region , and some Native American groups still live in the park area today . Archaeological study shows they arrived in the area as far back as 3,000 years ago . An 1852 census determined that the Yurok were the most numerous , with 55 villages and an estimated population of 2,500 . They used the abundant redwood , which with its linear grain was easily split into planks , as a building material for boats , houses , and small villages . For buildings , the planks would be erected side by side in a narrow trench , with the upper portions bound with leather strapping and held by notches cut into the supporting roof beams . Redwood boards were used to form a shallow sloping roof . Previous to Jedediah Smith in 1828 , no other explorer of European descent is known to have thoroughly investigated the inland region away from the immediate coast . The discovery of gold along the Trinity River in 1850 led to a minor secondary rush in California . This brought miners into the area and many stayed on at the coast after failing to strike it rich . This quickly led to conflicts wherein native peoples were placed under great strain , if not forcibly removed or massacred . By 1895 , only one third of the Yurok in one group of villages remained ; by 1919 , virtually all members of the Chilula tribe had either died or been assimilated into other tribes . The miners logged redwoods for building ; when this minor gold rush ended , some of them turned again to logging , cutting down the giant redwood trees . Initially , over 2,000,000 acres ( 8,100 km ) of the California and southwestern coast of Oregon were old - growth redwood forest , but by 1910 , extensive logging led conservationists and concerned citizens to begin seeking ways to preserve the remaining trees , which they saw being logged at an alarming rate . In 1911 , U.S. Representative John E. Raker , of California , became the first politician to introduce legislation for the creation of a redwood national park . However , no further action was taken by Congress at that time . The coast redwood is the tallest tree species on Earth . Preservation of the redwood stands in California is considered one of the most substantial conservation contributions of the Boone and Crockett Club . The Save - the - Redwoods League was founded in 1918 by Boone and Crockett Club members Madison Grant , John C. Merriam , Henry Fairfield Osborn , and future member , Frederick Russell Burnham . The initial purchases of land were made by club member Stephen Mather and William Kent . In 1921 , Boone and Crockett Club member John C. Phillips donated $32,000 to purchase land and create the Raynal Bolling Memorial Grove in the Humboldt Redwoods State Park . This was timely as U.S. Route 101 , which would soon provide nearly unfettered access to the trees , was under construction . Using matching funds provided initially by the County of Humboldt and later by the State of California , the Save - the - Redwoods League managed to protect areas of concentrated or multiple redwood groves and a few entire forests in the 1920s . As California created a state park system , beginning in 1927 , three of the preserved redwood areas became Prairie Creek Redwoods , Del Norte Coast Redwoods , and Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Parks . A fourth became Humboldt Redwoods State Park , by far the largest of the individual Redwood State Parks , but not in the Redwood National and State Park system . Because of the high demand for lumber during World War II and the construction boom that followed in the 1950s , the creation of a national park was delayed . Efforts by the Save - the - Redwoods League , the Sierra Club , and the National Geographic Society to create a national park began in the early 1960s . After intense lobbying of Congress , the bill creating Redwood National Park was signed by President Lyndon Johnson on October 2 , 1968 . The Save - the - Redwoods League and other entities purchased over 100,000 acres ( 400 km ) , which were added to existing state parks . In 1978 , 48,000 acres ( 190 km ) were added to Redwood National Park in a major expansion . However , only a fifth of that land was old - growth forest , the rest having been logged . This expansion protected the watershed along Redwood Creek from being adversely affected by logging operations outside the park . The federal and state parks were administratively combined in 1994 . The United Nations designated Redwood National and State Parks a World Heritage Site on September 5 , 1980 . The evaluation committee noted 50 prehistoric archaeological sites , spanning 4,500 years . It also cited ongoing research in the park by Humboldt State University researchers , among others . The park is part of a much larger region designated the California Coast Ranges International Biosphere Reserve on June 30 , 1983 . The California Coast Ranges biosphere is overseen by the University of California Natural Reserve System . The park has served as a filming location for numerous films . Scenes set on the forest moon Endor in Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi were filmed in the Tall Trees Redwood Grove in the northern part of Humboldt County , though the majority of filming was in private and public forests near the town of Smith River , California . Scenes for The Lost World : Jurassic Park as well as the movie Outbreak were filmed at the nearby Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park and at Patrick 's Point State Park . Park management ( edit ) Map illustrates Redwood National and State Parks features and boundaries . Redwood National Park headquarters is located in Crescent City , California , with a service office located in Arcata and an operations center located in Orick , California . Lack of money has precluded major improvements , however , and timber companies have replanted much of the logged area with non-native tree species . Coastline areas , including dunes and coastal prairie , have been invaded by exotic species , partly due to the suppression of forest fires until the 1980s . A fire management plan now allows controlled burning as one method to return the parkland to its original state . Since the redwoods were logged on the basis of accessibility , with inaccessible areas being cut last , large old - growth forest sections were isolated from one another , sometimes by many miles . In these cases it will be decades more before mature forest can return , regardless of the amount of money used to rehabilitate the ecosystem . The park has transformed a few logging roads into scenic public drives . These do not meet current safety standards , but funding to improve them is not available at present . Park structures such as visitor centers and employee housing also need updating to meet increasing demands . Park employees perform air and water quality surveys , monitor endangered and threatened species , and work closely with the California Coastal National Monument , which is managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management . In 2005 , the parks were authorized to expand another 25,000 acres ( 100 km ) to include the Mill Creek watershed . Natural resources ( edit ) The Redwood National and State Parks form one of the most significant protected areas of the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion . Flora ( edit ) It is estimated that old - growth redwood forest once covered close to 2,000,000 acres ( 8,100 km ) of coastal northern California . 96 % of all old - growth redwoods have been logged , and almost half ( 45 % ) of the redwoods remaining are found in Redwood National and State Parks . The parks protect 38,982 acres ( 157.75 km ) of old - growth forest almost equally divided between federal 19,640 acres ( 79.5 km ) and state 19,342 acres ( 78.27 km ) management . Redwoods have existed along the coast of northern California for at least 20 million years and are related to tree species that existed 160 million years ago . The native range of coast redwood is from the northern California coast north to the southern Oregon Coast . The tree is closely related to the giant sequoia of central California , and more distantly to the dawn redwood which is indigenous to the Sichuan -- Hubei region of China . Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth ; as of September 2006 , the tallest tree in the park was Hyperion at 379.1 feet ( 115.5 m ) , followed by Helios and Icarus which were 376.3 feet ( 114.7 m ) and 371.2 feet ( 113.1 m ) respectively . Sequoia sempervirens Before September 2006 , the tallest living specimen known was the Stratosphere Giant , outside the park in Humboldt Redwoods State Park , which was 370 feet ( 110 m ) in 2004 . For many years , one specimen simply named Tall Tree in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park and within the RNSP was measured at 367.8 feet ( 112.1 m ) , but the top 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) of the tree was reported to have died in the 1990s . One tree that fell in 1991 was reported to be 372.04 feet ( 113.40 m ) . Only the giant sequoia has more mass . The largest redwood by volume is the 42,500 cubic foot ( 1,205 m3 ) Lost Monarch , located in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park . Mature Coast redwoods live an average of 500 -- 700 years and a few are documented to be 2,000 years old , making them some of the longest - living organisms on earth . They are highly resistant to disease , due to a thick protective bark and high tannin content . Redwoods prefer sheltered slopes , slightly inland and near water sources such as rivers and streams . Redwood trees develop enormous limbs that accumulate deep organic soils and can support tree - sized trunks growing on them . This typically occurs above 150 feet ( 46 m ) . Scientists have recently discovered that plants which normally grow on the forest floor also grow in these soils , well above ground . The soil mats provide homes to invertebrates , mollusks , earthworms , and salamanders . During drought seasons , some treetops die back , but the trees do not die outright . Instead , redwoods have developed mechanisms to regrow new trunks from other limbs . These secondary trunks , called reiterations , also develop root systems in the accumulated soils at their bases . This helps transport water to the highest reaches of the trees . Coastal fog also provides up to one - third of their annual water needs . Another large tree commonly found in the forest is the coast Douglas - fir , which has been measured at heights of over 300 feet ( 91 m ) . Sitka spruce are plentiful along the coast and are better adapted to salty air than other species . The evergreen hardwood tanoak produces a nut similar to the acorns produced by the related genus Quercus ( oak ) . Both tanoaks and oaks are members of the beech family . Trees such as the Pacific madrone , bigleaf maple , California laurel , and red alder are also widespread throughout the parks . Huckleberry , blackberry , and salmonberry are part of the forest understory and provide food for many animal species . The California rhododendron and azalea are flowering shrubs common in the park , especially in old - growth forest . Plants such as the sword fern are prolific , particularly near ample water sources . In Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park , Fern Canyon is a well - known ravine 30 to 50 feet ( 9.1 to 15.2 m ) deep , with walls completely covered in ferns . Fauna ( edit ) Northern spotted owl ( Strix occidentalis caurina ) is a threatened species known to exist in the parks . The ecosystems of RNSP preserve a number of rare animal species . Numerous ecosystems exist , with seacoast , river , prairie , and densely forested zones all within the park . The tidewater goby is a federally listed endangered species that live near the Pacific coastline . The bald eagle , which usually nests near a water source , is listed as a state of California endangered species . The Chinook salmon , northern spotted owl , and Steller 's sea lion are a few of the other animal species that are threatened . Over 40 species of mammals have been documented , including the black bear , coyote , cougar , bobcat , beaver , river otter , black - tailed deer , and elk . Along the coastline , California sea lions , Steller sea lions and harbor seals live near the shore and on seastacks , rocky outcroppings forming small islands just off the coast . Dolphins and Pacific gray whales are occasionally seen offshore . Roosevelt elk are the most readily observed of the large mammals in the park . Successful herds , brought back from the verge of extinction in the region , are now a common site in park areas south of the Klamath River . Many smaller mammals live in the high forest canopy . Different species of bats , such as the big brown bat , and other smaller mammals including the red squirrel and northern flying squirrel spend most of their lives well above the forest floor . Brown pelicans and double - crested cormorants are mainly found on cliffs along the coast and on seastacks , while sandpipers and gulls inhabit the seacoast and inland areas . Inland , freshwater - dependent birds such as the common merganser , osprey , red - shouldered hawk , great blue heron , and Steller 's jay are a few of the bird species that have been documented . At least 400 bird species have been documented in the forestlands . Reptiles and amphibians can also be found in the parks , with the northwestern ringneck snake , northern red - legged frog , Pacific giant salamander , and the rough - skinned newt most commonly seen . Invasive species ( edit ) Currently , there are over 200 exotic species known to live in Redwood National and State Parks . Of these thirty have been identified as invasive species , ten of these are considered threats to local species and ecosystems . Exotic species currently account for about a quarter of the total flora in the parks . Only about one percent of plant growth in old - growth areas are of exotic species , while areas such as the Bald Hills prairies have a relative cover of fifty to seventy - five percent exotic . The type of foreign vegetation also varies , with plants such as the English Ivy ( Hedera helix ) , Spotted Knapweed ( Centaurea maculosa ) , and the Poison Hemlock ( Conium maculatum ) . The spotted knapweed and poison hemlock are both under consideration for addition to a high priority watch list maintained by the park system . Geology ( edit ) Coastline area The northern coastal region of California , which includes RNSP and the adjacent offshore area , is the most seismically active in the U.S. Frequent minor earthquakes in the park and offshore under the Pacific Ocean have resulted in shifting river channels , landslides , and erosion of seaside cliffs . The North American , Pacific , and Gorda Plates are tectonic plates that all meet at the Mendocino Triple Junction , only 100 miles ( 160 km ) southwest of the parks . During the 1990s , more than nine magnitude 6.0 earthquakes occurred along this fault zone resulting in 1 death and major financial loss , and there is always potential for a major earthquake . The park ensures that visitors are aware of the potential for a major earthquake through the use of pamphlets and information posted throughout the parks . The threat of a tsunami is of particular concern , and visitors to the seacoast are told to seek higher ground immediately after any significant earthquake . Both coastline and the Coast Ranges can be found within park boundaries . The majority of the rocks in the parks are part of the Franciscan Assemblage , uplifted from the ocean floor millions of years ago . These sedimentary rocks are primarily sandstone , siltstone , shale , and chert , with lesser amounts of metamorphic rocks such as greenstone . For the most part , these rocks are easily eroded , and can be viewed along the seacoast and where rivers and streams have cut small gorges . Formed during the Cretaceous Period , they are highly deformed from uplift and folding processes . In some areas , river systems have created fluvial deposits of sand , mud , and gravel , which are transported into the park from upstream . Redwood Creek follows the Grogan Fault ; along the west bank of the creek , schist and other metamorphic rocks can be found , while sedimentary rocks of the Franciscan Assemblage are located on the east bank . Climate ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for Redwood National and State Parks ( Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park ; Del Norte County ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 75 ( 24 ) 80 ( 27 ) 81 ( 27 ) 86 ( 30 ) 91 ( 33 ) 98 ( 37 ) 89 ( 32 ) 93 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 90 ( 32 ) 78 ( 26 ) 72 ( 22 ) 98 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 53.4 ( 11.9 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 65.0 ( 18.3 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 65.2 ( 18.4 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 52.7 ( 11.5 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 38.1 ( 3.4 ) 39.9 ( 4.4 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 50.8 ( 10.4 ) 47.4 ( 8.6 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 35.5 ( 1.9 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 18 ( − 8 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 33 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) 36 ( 2 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 16 ( − 9 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 12.18 ( 309.4 ) 10.65 ( 270.5 ) 10.31 ( 261.9 ) 6.27 ( 159.3 ) 3.94 ( 100.1 ) 2.00 ( 50.8 ) 0.37 ( 9.4 ) 0.53 ( 13.5 ) 1.21 ( 30.7 ) 5.00 ( 127 ) 11.42 ( 290.1 ) 15.72 ( 399.3 ) 79.6 ( 2,021.8 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) ( 2.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 17.6 15.7 17.1 14.0 9.0 5.3 1.9 2.0 3.8 7.7 16.3 17.4 127.8 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals , 1981 -- 2010 ) Source # 2 : Western Regional Climate Center ( records and snowfall 1948 -- 2006 ) Fog is persistent during the summer , as seen here , and the majority of fires are during the fall . The Redwood National and State Parks have an oceanic temperate rainforest climate , with cool - summer Mediterranean characteristics . Weather in RNSP is greatly influenced by the Pacific Ocean . Coastal temperatures generally range between 40 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit ( 4 -- 15 ° C ) all year round , while further from the coast summers are hotter and drier , and winters are colder . Redwoods mostly grow a mile or two ( 1.5 -- 3 km ) from the coast , and never more than 50 miles ( 80 km ) from it . In this temperate but humid coastal zone , the trees receive moisture from both heavy winter rains and persistent summer fog . The presence and consistency of the summer fog is actually more important to overall health of the trees than heavy precipitation . This fact is born out in annual precipitation totals , which range between 25 and 122 inches ( 64 and 310 cm ) annually , with healthy redwood forests throughout the areas of less precipitation because excessive needs for water are mitigated by the ever - present summer fog and the cooler temperatures it ensures . Snow is uncommon even on peaks above 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) , further exemplifying the mild , temperate nature of this northern latitude ; however , light snow mixed with rain is common during the winter months . Fire management ( edit ) Wildfires are a natural part of most terrestrial ecosystems . In many ways nature has adapted to fire , and the absence of fire can often be disadvantageous . Wildfire eliminates dead and decayed plant and tree matter , enriching the soil and ensuring that healthier trees have less competition for limited nutrients . Prescribed fire is currently part of the fire management plan and helps to eliminate exotic species of plants and allows a more fertile and natural ecosystem . Fire is also used to protect prairie grasslands and to keep out forest encroachment , ensuring sufficient rangeland for elk and deer . The oak forest regions also benefit from controlled burns , as Douglas fir would otherwise eventually take over and decrease biodiversity . The use of fire in old - growth redwood zones reduces dead and decaying material , and lessens the mortality of larger redwoods by eliminating competing vegetation . In the park , a fire management plan monitors all fires , weather patterns and the fuel load ( dead and decaying plant material ) . This fuel load is removed from areas near structures and where fire poses high risk to the public , and controlled burns are used elsewhere . The National Interagency Fire Center provides additional firefighters and equipment in the event of a large fire . Recreation ( edit ) Scene along a hiking trail in Fern Canyon The DeMartin Redwood Youth Hostel , a low - amenities shared lodging facility ( near Klamath ) , has now closed . There are no hotels or motels within the parks boundaries . However , nearby towns such as Klamath , Requa , and Orick provide small hotels and inns , with extensive lodging options available in the regional trading centers of Crescent City on the northern end of the park and Arcata and Eureka located to the south . The park is about 260 miles ( 420 km ) north of San Francisco , and 300 miles ( 480 km ) south of Portland , Oregon ; U.S. Route 101 passes through it from north to south . The Smith River National Recreation Area , part of the Six Rivers National Forest , is adjacent to the north end of RNSP . While the state parks have front country campsites that can be driven to , the federal sections of the park do not , and hiking is the only way to reach back country campsites . These are at Mill Creek campground in Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park and Jedediah Smith campground in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park , which together have 251 campsites ; the Elk Prairie campground in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park which has 75 ; and the Gold Bluffs Beach campground which has 25 campsites . Other nearby state parks have additional front country camping . Back country camping is by permit only and is only allowed in designated sites , except on gravel bars along Redwood Creek . Access to the back country is highly regulated to prevent overuse while permitting as many groups as possible to explore the forest . Camping in the back country is therefore limited to five consecutive nights , and 15 nights in any one year . Proper food storage to minimize encounters with bears is strongly enforced , and hikers and backpackers are required to take out any trash they generate . Horse riders entering Redwood National Park Almost 200 miles ( 320 km ) of hiking trails exist in the parks , but during the rainy season some temporary footbridges are removed , as they would be destroyed by high streams . Throughout the year , trails are often wet and hikers need to be well prepared for rainy weather and consult information centers for updates on trail conditions . Horseback riding and mountain biking are popular but are only allowed on certain trails . Kayaking is popular along the seacoast and in the various rivers and streams . Kayakers and canoeists frequently travel the Smith River , which is the longest un dammed river remaining in California . Fishing for salmon and steelhead , a highly prized anadromous form of rainbow trout over 16 inches ( 41 cm ) , is best in the Smith and Klamath rivers . A California sport fishing license is required to fish any of the rivers and streams . Hunting is not permitted anywhere in the parks , but is allowed in nearby National Forests . The park has three visitor centers , where guided nature walks and general information are available , along with two additional information points . Each campground offers campfire talks during the summer months as well as guided tours . The parks have many picnic areas , which are all easily accessed by vehicle . See also ( edit ) The following three California State Parks are the only State Parks co-managed within the RNSP system : Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` National or State Park ? '' ( PDF ) . Redwood National and State Parks Visitor Guide . National Park Service . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Coy , Owen Cochran ( 1982 ) . The Humboldt Bay Region 1850 - 1875 . Humboldt County Historical Society . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Working Together '' . Redwood National and State Parks . National Park Service . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Threatened / Endangered Species '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. World Heritage Sites '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Biosphere Reserves '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Indians of the Redwoods '' . Redwood History Basic Data . National Park Service . January 15 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Edward ( 1998 ) . `` Short Overview of California Indian History '' . California Native American Heritage Commission . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nabokov , Peter ; Robert Easton ( October 25 , 1990 ) . Native American Architecture . U.S. : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506665 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` American Indians '' . Area History . National Park Service . February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Chilula '' . The Indians of the Redwoods . National Park Service . January 15 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Logging '' . Area History . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , William G. ( 1955 ) . A History of the Boone and Crockett Club . Boone and Crockett Club . pp. 81 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Schrepfer , Susan R. ( 1983 ) . The Fight to Save the Redwoods : A History of Environmental Reform , 1917 - 1978 . Madison : The University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 130 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 08850 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Redwoods Timeline '' . Save the Redwoods League . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Redwood National Park ( includes Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park , Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park ) '' ( PDF ) . Protected Areas and World Heritage . United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` California Coast Ranges '' . MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` From the Giant Redwoods to the Sea '' . Humboldt County Film Commission . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Strategic Plan for Redwood National and State Parks '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2004 Annual Performance Plan '' . Redwoods National Park . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . August 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Struggle For Redwood National Park '' . Redwood History Basic Data . National Park Service . January 15 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` About The Trees '' . National Park Service . October 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Glen , Martin ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` Eureka ! New tallest living thing discovered '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Carle , Janet . `` Tracking the Tallest Tree '' . California State Park Rangers Association . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Coast Redwood and Sierra Redwood '' . The Redwoods of Coast and Sierra . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Redwood National and State Parks Visitor Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plants '' . Nature and Science . National Park Service . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals '' . National Park Service . April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sakai , Howard . `` Vertebrate Species that occur at Redwood National and State Parks '' . Species in Parks Flora and Fauna Databases . Information Center for the Environment / National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/redw/naturescience/exotic-vegetation.htm Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/redw/naturescience/exotic-plant-species-list.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Geology '' . Natural Resources . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , David ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Mendocino Triple Junction Offshore Northern California '' . A Policy for Rapid Mobilization of USGS OBS ( RMOBS ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CA Klamath '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath , California '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weather '' . National Park Service . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Park Geology '' . Geology Fieldnotes . National Park Service . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Prescribed Fire '' . Environmental Factors . National Park Service . September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Management Plan Environmental Assessment '' ( PDF ) . Rewood National and State Parks . May 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campgrounds '' . National Park Service . April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backcountry '' . National Park Service . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` California Sport Fishing Regulations for Smith River '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . May 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Operating Hours & Seasons '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . References ( edit ) National Park Service . `` Redwood National and State Parks '' . Retrieved in 2006 . Redwood National and State Parks . `` Visitor Guide '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved in 2006 . Redwood : A Guide to Redwood National and State Parks , California . Interior Dept. , National Park Service , Division of Publications . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 912627 - 61 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Redwood National Park . Official Redwood National and State Parks website Chronology : Establishment of the Redwood National Park by Willard E. Pratt . Forest History Society website . Rudolf W. Becking Collection at Humboldt State University Library . The HSU Redwoods Project Redwood National and State Parks . Protected areas of California ( hide ) National Park System National Parks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite National Preserves Mojave National Monuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains Cesar E. Chavez Devils Postpile Lava Beds Muir Woods World War II Valor in the Pacific National Seashores Point Reyes National Historical Parks Rosie the Riveter / World War II Home Front San Francisco Maritime National Historic Sites Eugene O'Neill Fort Point John Muir Manzanar National Memorials Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Recreation Areas Golden Gate Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown State Parks State Parks Ahjumawi Lava Springs Andrew Molera Angel Island Annadel Año Nuevo Anza - Borrego Desert Arthur B. 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Nipomo Dunes Hopper Mountain Humboldt Bay Kern Lower Klamath Marin Islands Merced Modoc Pixley Sacramento Sacramento River Salinas River San Diego Bay San Diego San Joaquin River San Luis San Pablo Bay Seal Beach Sonny Bono Salton Sea Stone Lakes Sutter Tijuana Slough Tule Lake State Wildlife Areas Wildlife Areas Antelope Valley Ash Creek Bass Hill Battle Creek Big Lagoon Big Sandy Biscar Butte Valley Buttermilk Country Cache Creek Camp Cady Cantara / Ney Springs Cedar Roughs Cinder Flats Collins Eddy Colusa Bypass Coon Hollow Cottonwood Creek Crescent City Marsh Crocker Meadows Daugherty Hill Decker Island Doyle Dutch Flat Eastlker River Eel River Elk Creek Wetlands Elk River Fay Slough Feather River Fitzhugh Creek Fremont Weir Grass Lake Gray Lodge Green Creek Grizzly Island Hallelujah Junction Heenan Lake Hill Slough Hollenbeck Canyon Honey Lake Hope Valley Horseshoe Ranch Imperial Indian Valley Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains Kinsman Flat Knoxville Laguna Lake Berryessa Lake Earl Lake Sonoma Little Panoche Reservoir Los Banos Lower Sherman Island Mad River Slough Marble Mountains Mendota Merrill 's Landing Miner Slough Monache Meadows Morro Bay Moss Landing Mouth of Cottonwood Creek Napa - 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Crown Russian Gulch Russian River Salt Point San Diego - Scripps San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon Santa Barbara Island Scorpion Skunk Point Sonoma Coast Soquel Canyon South Laguna Beach South Point Swami 's Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Van Damme Vandenberg White Rock ( Cambria ) Bureau of Land Management National Landscape Conservation System National Monuments Berryessa Snow Mountain California Coastal Carrizo Plain Cascade - Siskiyou Fort Ord Mojave Trails Sand to Snow Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Conservation Areas California Desert King Range Wilderness Areas Argus Range Big Maria Mountains Bigelow Cholla Garden Bighorn Mountain Black Mountain Bright Star Bristol Mountains Cadiz Dunes Carrizo Gorge Chemehuevi Mountains Chimney Peak Chuckwalla Mountains Chumash Cleghorn Lakes Clipper Mountain Coso Range Coyote Mountains Darwin Falls Dead Mountains Dick Smith El Paso Mountains Fish Creek Mountains Funeral Mountains Golden Valley Grass Valley Headwaters Forest Reserve Hollow Hills Ibex Indian Pass Inyo Mountains Jacumba Kelso Dunes Kiavah Kingston Range Little Chuckwalla Mountains Little Picacho Machesna Mountain Matilija Malpais Mesa Manly Peak Mecca Hills Mesquite Newberry Mountains Nopah Range North Algodones Dunes North Mesquite Mountains Old Woman Mountains Orocopia Mountains Otay Mountain Owens Peak Pahrump Valley Palen / McCoy Palo Verde Mountains Picacho Peak Piper Mountain Piute Mountains Red Buttes Resting Spring Range Rice Valley Riverside Mountains Rodman Mountains Sacatar Trail Saddle Peak Hills San Gorgonio Santa Lucia Santa Rosa Sawtooth Mountains Sespe Sheephole Valley South Nopah Range Stateline Stepladder Mountains Surprise Canyon Sylvania Mountains Trilobite Turtle Mountains Whipple Mountains National Marine Sanctuaries Channel Islands Cordell Bank Greater Farallones Monterey Bay National Estuarine Research Reserves Elkhorn Slough San Francisco Bay Tijuana River Estuary University of California Natural Reserve System Angelo Coast Range Reserve Año Nuevo Island Blue Oak Ranch Reserve Bodega Marine Box Springs Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center Burns Piñon Ridge Carpinteria Salt Marsh Chickering American River Coal Oil Point Dawson Los Monos Canyon Eagle Lake Field Station Elliott Chaparral Emerson Oaks Fort Ord Hastings James San Jacinto Mountains Jenny Pygmy Forest Jepson Prairie Kendall - Frost Mission Bay Marsh Kenneth S. Norris Rancho Marino Landels - Hill Big Creek McLaughlin Motte Rimrock Quail Ridge Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Steele Burnand Anza - Borrego Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Valentine Eastern Sierra Younger Lagoon Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redwood_National_and_State_Parks&oldid=804849481 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Redwood National and State Parks National parks in California State parks of California Coast redwood groves Old growth forests Parks in Del Norte County , California Parks in Humboldt County , California Beaches of Del Norte County , California Protected areas established in 1968 1968 establishments in California World Heritage Sites in the United States Beaches of Northern California Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 14 : 29 . 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"The Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) are old-growth temperate rainforests located in the United States, along the coast of northern California. Comprising Redwood National Park (established 1968) and California's Del Norte Coast, Jedediah Smith, and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Parks (dating from the 1920s), the combined RNSP contain 139,000 acres (560 km2).[3] Located entirely within Del Norte and Humboldt Counties, the four parks, together, protect 45% of all remaining coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) old-growth forests, totaling at least 38,982 acres (157.75 km2). These trees are the tallest and one of the most massive tree species on Earth. In addition to the redwood forests, the parks preserve other indigenous flora, fauna, grassland prairie, cultural resources, portions of rivers and other streams, and 37 miles (60 km) of pristine coastline."
] | [
"in the United States, along the coast of northern California"
] |
-8296655389634789847 | Little House on the Prairie (TV series) | Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) - wikipedia Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) Little House on the Prairie Also known as Little House : A New Beginning Genre Western Drama Based on Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder Developed by Blanche Hanalis Directed by William F. Claxton Maury Dexter Victor French Michael Landon Leo Penn Starring Michael Landon Melissa Gilbert Karen Grassle Melissa Sue Anderson Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Matthew Labyorteaux Richard Bull Katherine `` Scottie '' MacGregor Alison Arngrim Jonathan Gilbert Kevin Hagen Dabbs Greer Victor French Merlin Olsen Kyle Richards Dean Butler Linwood Boomer Shannen Doherty Theme music composer David Rose Composer ( s ) David Rose Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 204 ( + 4 specials ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Ed Friendly Producer ( s ) John Hawkins William F. Claxton Running time 48 - 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Ed Friendly Productions NBC Distributor Worldvision Enterprises CBS Television Distribution ( USA ) NBCUniversal International Television Distribution ( non-USA and Cozi airings ) MGM Worldwide Television Distribution ( non-USA airings ) Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC Audio format Monaural Original release September 11 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 11 ) -- March 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 21 ) Chronology Preceded by Little House on the Prairie ( film ) Followed by Little House on the Prairie : A Look Back to Yesterday Related shows Father Murphy External links Website Little House on the Prairie ( known as Little House : A New Beginning in its final season ) is an American western drama television series , starring Michael Landon , Melissa Gilbert , Karen Grassle , and Melissa Sue Anderson , about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove , Minnesota , in the 1870s and 1880s . The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's best - selling series of Little House books . Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s . He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie . Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls . The regular series was preceded by the two - hour pilot movie , which first aired on March 30 , 1974 . The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11 , 1974 , and last aired on May 10 , 1982 . During the 1982 -- 83 television season , with the departure of Landon and Grassle , the series was broadcast with the new title Little House : A New Beginning . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked the two - part episode `` I 'll Be Waving As You Drive Away '' at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list . A film adaptation of the pilot movie is currently underway at Paramount Pictures , with Sean Durkin as the director , Scott Rudin as the producer , and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 4 Themes 5 Spin - offs and sequels 5.1 Little House : A New Beginning 5.2 Backdoor pilot 5.3 Movie specials 6 Broadcast history 7 Reception 7.1 Nielsen ratings 7.2 Accolades 7.3 Popularity in Spain 8 Other media 8.1 Syndication 8.2 DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases 8.3 List of releases 9 Announced film adaptation 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie episodes Based on the autobiographical `` Little House '' stories , episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family , who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove , Minnesota . Many episodes concern the maturation of the family 's second daughter , Laura . However , episodes also focus on other family and community members , providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth - century America . The show 's central characters are Charles Ingalls ( farmer and mill worker ) , his wife Caroline , and their three daughters , Mary , Laura , and Carrie , though the family expands with the birth of daughter Grace and adoption of son Albert in season five , as well as the adoption of birth siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven ( a son , Charles `` Freddy '' Jr. , was also born , but died as an infant ) . Other essential characters include the Oleson family : Nels , proprietor of the town 's general store , Oleson 's Mercantile ; his malicious , gossiping wife , Harriet , who runs the Mercantile with him ; and their three children , Nellie , Willie , and Nancy ; Isaiah Edwards , Grace Snider Edwards and their three children ; the Garvey family , Jonathan , Alice , and Andy ; Rev. Robert Alden ; Lars Hanson , the town 's founder and proprietor of the town 's mill ; and Dr. Hiram Baker , the town 's physician . Teacher - turned - lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of season four and later weds Mary Ingalls , and Almanzo Wilder is introduced in season six and later weds Laura Ingalls . Cast and characters ( edit ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls , 1975 Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie characters Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series , a total of 190 of the 204 episodes . Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight , but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House : A New Beginning ( season nine ) . Main cast ( edit ) Michael Landon as Charles Ingalls Karen Grassle as Caroline Quiner Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 , one Post-series movie ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder Melissa Sue Anderson as Mary Ingalls Kendall ( seasons 1 -- 7 , 8 ) Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush as Carrie Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Matthew Labyorteaux as Albert ( Quinn ) Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 9 , one Post-series movie ) Richard Bull as Nels Oleson Katherine `` Scottie '' MacGregor as Harriet Oleson Alison Arngrim as Nellie Oleson Dalton ( seasons 1 - 7 , 9 ) Jonathan Gilbert as Willie Oleson Victor French as Isaiah Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 , 8 -- 9 , two Post-series movies ) Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 ) Kevin Hagen as Dr. Hiram Baker Dabbs Greer as Rev. Robert Alden Charlotte Stewart as Eva Beadle Simms ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Radames Pera as John ( Sanderson , Jr . ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Brian Part as Carl ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Kyle Richards as Alicia ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 6 , 8 ) Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Patrick Labyorteaux as Andrew `` Andy '' Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall ( seasons 4 -- 8 ) Ketty Lester as Hester - Sue Terhune ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh as Grace Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 8 ) Dean Butler as Almanzo Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 9 , three post series movies ) Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 8 ) Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson ( seasons 8 & 9 , three Post-series movies ) Jason Bateman as James ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Missy Francis as Cassandra ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Shannen Doherty as Jenny Wilder ( season 9 , three post series movies ) Steve Tracy as Percival Dalton , character Nellie Oleson 's husband , in the early 1980 's . Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Many actors , who were either well - known or went on to become famous , guest - starred on the show . Willie Aames ( episode 3.15 ) Anne Archer ( episode 1.17 ) Hermione Baddeley ( 3 episodes ) Jonathan Banks ( episode 6.16 ) Billy Barty ( 2 episodes ) Peter Billingsley ( episode 8.12 ) Dirk Blocker ( episode 1.9 ) Ray Bolger ( 2 episodes , S5 ) Ernest Borgnine ( episode 1.13 / 14 ) Christopher Bowman ( episodes 5.9 , 5.18 ) Todd Bridges ( episode 3.18 ) Red Buttons ( episode 1.19 ) Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash ( episode 3.1 ) Charles Cioffi ( episode 5.22 ) Michael Conrad ( episode 4.8 ) Keith Coogan ( episode 7.15 ) James Cromwell ( episode 7.1 ) David Faustino ( episode 7.5 ) Gil Gerard ( episode 4.4 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. ( episode 2.18 ) Moses Gunn as Joe Kagan ( 5 episodes ) Jerry Hardin ( episode 5.23 ) Melora Hardin ( episodes 8.1 / 2 , Look Back to Yesterday ) Mariette Hartley ( episode 2.19 ) John Hillerman ( episode 5.8 ) Rance Howard ( episode 3.13 ) Ernie Hudson ( episode 8.8 ) Rick Hurst ( episode 1.3 ) John Ireland ( episode 3.4 ) Burl Ives ( episode 3.10 ) Ford Rainey ( episodes 2.2 , 4.21 ) Richard Jaeckel ( episodes 2.18 , 7.17 / 18 ) Jack Kruschen ( episode 8.6 ) Katy Kurtzman ( episodes 3.19 , 4.16 ) Charles Lane ( episode 9.3 ) Sheila Larken ( episode 9.13 ) Robert Loggia ( episode 9.4 ) Mike Lookinland ( episode 4.4 ) Chuck McCann ( episode 1.11 ) Vera Miles ( episode 9.19 ) Richard Mulligan ( episode 2.21 ) Patricia Neal ( episode 2.7 ) James Olson ( episode 6.10 ) Sean Penn ( uncredited student extra ) Eddie Quillan ( 7 episodes ) Anne Ramsey ( episode 5.1 ) Nick Ramus ( episode 4.13 ) Kim Richards ( episode 1.7 ) James B. Sikking ( episode 3.17 ) Queenie Smith ( 5 episodes ) Madeleine Stowe ( episode 7.6 ) Robert Torti ( episode 8.6 ) Mitch Vogel ( episode 1.23 ) M. Emmet Walsh ( episode 8.8 ) Collin Wilcox ( episode 4.7 ) Harris Yulin ( episode 1.20 ) and three of Landon 's children : Michael Landon , Jr. ( episode 3.20 ) Leslie Landon ( 4 guest episodes ) Shawna Landon ( Little House Years / episode 9.15 ; both uncredited ) Production notes ( edit ) Of the 204 episodes , Michael Landon directed the largest number at 87 ; producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68 , while co-star Victor French helmed 18 . Maury Dexter ( who was often an assistant director ) and Leo Penn directed the remaining episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively . Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles , while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley , where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed . Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora , California . Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes . In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape , where the show is supposed to take place , there are no tall mountains . The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written and conducted by David Rose . The ending theme music , also written by Rose , originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later - season episode of Michael Landon 's previous long - running series , Bonanza . Themes ( edit ) Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption , alcoholism , faith , poverty , blindness , and prejudice of all types including racism . Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction ( i.e. morphine ) , leukemia , child abuse , and even rape . Although predominantly a drama , the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well . Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza . Season two 's `` A Matter of Faith '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Matter of Circumstance '' ; season five 's `` Someone Please Love Me '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Dream To Dream '' ; season seven 's `` The Silent Cry '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` The Sound of Sadness '' ; season eight 's `` He Was Only Twelve '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` He Was Only Seven '' ; and season nine 's `` Little Lou '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` It 's A Small World '' . Spin - offs and sequels ( edit ) Little House : a new Beginning ( edit ) When Michael Landon decided to leave the show ( though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director ) , season nine was renamed , the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo , and more characters were added to the cast . A new family , the Carters ( Stan Ivar as John , Pamela Roylance as Sarah , Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb , and David Friedman as younger son Jason ) , move into the Ingalls house . Meanwhile , Almanzo and Laura take in their niece , Jenny Wilder , when Almanzo 's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter , Rose . The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes , while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters . The explanation given for the original characters ' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak , Iowa , to pursue a promising life . The show lost viewers , and this version of the series was canceled after one season . However , the show lived on for another 1.5 years in movie format . Backdoor pilot ( edit ) The series finale Hello and Goodbye , in which Laura and Almanzo finish renovating the late Mrs. Flannery 's home into a boardinghouse and start to take in residents , was meant as a backdoor pilot for an entirely new spinoff alongside what was supposed to have been another few seasons of the original show . In that episode , Mr. Edwards moved in after his mute son Matthew left with his father and he realized that not only was his cabin falling down , it was situated a considerable distance from all his friends . Willie and Rachel , wanting their own space and to be out from under Harriet 's thumb in the rooming house upstairs of the mercantile , elected to move in with Laura and Almanzo as well , while Willie cooked and ran the restaurant with Nellie , Percival and Rachel . Sophisticated writer Sherwood Montague rounded out the ensemble and the show was supposed to have covered his and Willie 's attempts to bring sophistication to Walnut Grove , however low viewership forced cancellation of both the main show as well as the intended spinoff . The three movie specials listed below were produced to tie up loose ends to storylines on both the main series , as well as those that were opened up in Hello and Goodbye . Movie specials ( edit ) Three made - for - television post-series movies followed during the 1983 - 84 television season : Little House : Look Back to Yesterday ( 1983 ) , Little House : The Last Farewell ( 1984 ) , and Little House : Bless All the Dear Children ( 1984 ) . In The Last Farewell , Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove . They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township , and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain . Despite their best efforts , the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away . At a town meeting , John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has . Each man takes turn blowing up his own building in an emotional farewell to the town . When asked why the set was blown up , the show 's producer , Kent McCray , said that when the series started , he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state . When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings , Michael Landon thought for a while and said , `` What if we blow up the town ? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away . '' He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings , except for the little house and the church . Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up . Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell , but ended up being the last of the three movies to air . Given its Christmas - related content , NBC opted to air it during the following Christmas season . Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series : the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years ( 1979 ) , a Thanksgiving special / clip show that aired in the middle of season six . Broadcast history ( edit ) For the first two seasons , the show was aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm ET / 7pm CT , to moderate ratings . In 1976 , the series became a Monday night staple on NBC ; after the move , it remained in the top 30 for the rest of its run . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1974 -- 75 ) : # 13 Season 2 ( 1975 -- 76 ) : Not in top 30 Season 3 ( 1976 -- 77 ) : # 15 Season 4 ( 1977 -- 78 ) : # 7 Season 5 ( 1978 -- 79 ) : # 14 Season 6 ( 1979 -- 80 ) : # 16 Season 7 ( 1980 -- 81 ) : # 10 Season 8 ( 1981 -- 82 ) : # 24 ( Tied with : The Facts of Life ) Season 9 ( 1982 -- 83 ) : # 28 Accolades ( edit ) 1978 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Fighter '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series , David Rose , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1980 : TP de Oro , Spain , Mejor Actriz Extranjera ( Best Foreign Actress ) , Melissa Sue Anderson 1981 : Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best TV Script , Michael Landon , episode `` May We Make Them Proud '' 1982 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) , David Rose , episode `` He Was Only Twelve '' ( Part 2 ) 1983 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert 1984 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert Popularity in Spain ( edit ) In the late 1970s and early 1980s , La Casa de la Pradera ( Little House on the Prairie ) was one of Spanish Television 's most popular series . In 1976 Karen Grassle ( Caroline Quiner Ingalls ) won Spanish television 's prestigious TP de Oro award for best foreign actress , and the series itself won for best foreign series ; Melissa Sue Anderson ( Mary Ingalls ) won the TP de Oro in 1980 thanks in part to the enhanced profile she received as a result of her visit to Spain and her appearance on Spanish Television 's 625 Lineas program in early 1979 . The continued popularity of the show led to the appearance of Katherine MacGregor ( Harriet Oleson ) on 625 Lineas and Ding Dong in 1980 . Other media ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) The show remains popular in syndicated reruns and has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its original run . In addition to airing on local stations , it has been airing multiple times each day on INSP and Hallmark Channel . In the past , it has aired on TV Land and TBS . As of September 19 , 2016 , the show is currently airing on COZI TV four times daily , with the exception of Seasons eight and nine . In the U.S. , television syndication rights are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution . Originally , NBC licensed these rights to Worldvision Enterprises , since networks could not own syndication arms at the time . As a result of corporate changes , Paramount Domestic Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television would inherit the rights via Spelling Entertainment , finally passing to CTD in 2007 . In Canada , reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS , a Christian - based network , as of September 1 , 2008 . Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series , it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E / I programming guidelines . The show is typically stripped ( run five days a week ) in syndication , which is enough to completely cover a TV station 's E / I requirements and more . NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for DVD rights as well . Sister company NBCUniversal International Television and MGM Worldwide Television Distribution distributes the series internationally . DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases ( edit ) The entire series has been released on standard - definition DVD , high - definition Blu - ray , and on both standard and high - definition Digital Copy . In addition , some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS . Starting with Season 7 , the Blu - ray 's are only available exclusively through Amazon.com . There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another . The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released under license from NBCUniversal by Imavision Distribution , a company based in Quebec . A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes -- these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises , the series ' former distributor . Other episodes were time - compressed and are NTSC - converted video prints from UK PAL masters , while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints , also from Worldvision . Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions . The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality , such as tracking lines , as well as audio problems , though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons . The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed - captioning . These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim , Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler . For the original movies & complete series sets , Imavision provided numerous additional special features including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson and specials highlighting Michael Landon , the casting of the show , and more . Imavision also released a French - language version of the series . Both versions are in NTSC color and coded for all regions . Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision , but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below . The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback ( a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label ) ; this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2 . Unlike the original North American DVD sets , the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes . In 2014 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD , and also for the first time , in high definition on Blu - ray , as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video . These new releases , which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters , contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound . The Blu - rays , with their high bitrate , high definition 1080p picture ( as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs ) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available . The first six seasons on Blu - ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs . Starting with Season 7 , Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu - ray 's exclusively through Amazon.com . In the process , they made several other changes to the Blu - ray 's including compressing the audio ( though with a relatively high bitrate ) , simplifying the on - screen disc menus , and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons . The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English , French , and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles . They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases , but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called `` The Little House Phenomenon '' . Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie . Season 7 contains no special features . Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras , with `` Look Back to Yesterday '' and `` The Last Farewell '' appearing on Season 8 , and `` Bless All The Dear Children '' appearing on Season 9 . Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this , both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline , and also because they included `` The Last Farewell '' on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending . Lionsgate 's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order , since `` Bless All The Dear Children '' was the last episode broadcast even though `` The Last Farewell '' was the last one produced . None of the available releases of the series contain `` Little House Years '' , which was a three - hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips . While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available , there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems . The most significant of these , affecting all formats of the remastered releases , include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode , `` Divorce , Walnut Grove Style , '' almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9 's `` Home Again , '' and extremely low volume of the townspeoples ' singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie , `` The Last Farewell . '' List of releases ( edit ) Name No. of episodes Originally aired DVD release dates Remastered DVD & Blu - ray release date Digital Copy release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 1 Region 1 Season 1 24 1974 -- 1975 July 8 , 2003 July 25 , 2005 March 25 , 2014 March 25 , 2014 Season 2 22 1975 -- 1976 July 8 , 2003 March 27 , 2006 May 6 , 2014 May 6 , 2014 Season 3 22 1976 -- 1977 November 4 , 2003 March 10 , 2008 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 Season 4 22 1977 -- 1978 February 17 , 2004 May 26 , 2008 January 20 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 5 24 1978 -- 1979 June 29 , 2004 August 4 , 2008 April 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 6 24 1979 -- 1980 October 26 , 2004 May 3 , 2010 July 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 7 22 1980 -- 1981 February 15 , 2005 July 17 , 2010 October 6 , 2015 ( DVD ) December 22 , 2015 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 Season 8 22 1981 -- 1982 June 14 , 2005 March 20 , 2011 January 19 , 2016 ( DVD ) March 22 , 2016 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 Season 9 22 1982 -- 1983 November 1 , 2005 January 20 , 2012 April 19 , 2016 September 9 , 2014 3 - Movie Box Set 3 movies 1983 -- 1984 November 28 , 2006 None ( but is in Complete set ) September 13 , 2016 ( DVD only ) September 13 , 2016 The Complete Television Series 204 1974 -- 1984 November 11 , 2008 October 7 , 2015 ( Dutch import ) October 6 , 2015 ( DVD only ) September 9 , 2014 Announced film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( feature film ) In October 2012 , Sony Pictures announced that a film based on the series 's pilot is under development , with Scott Rudin as the producer . However , the film was later on turnaround to Paramount Pictures in 2016 , where the film resumed development . It has Sean Durkin as the director and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter , although Rudin is still the film 's producer . No actors have been selected or joined the cast yet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie Lands at Paramount ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little House On The Prairie set for big screen reboot by Paramount '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago '' . TV.com . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Farewell Summary '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lennon . `` The REAL story of the destruction of Walnut Grove '' . Prairie Fans . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Melissa ( 2009 ) . Prairie Tale : A Memoir ( pp. 141 - 142 ) . Simon Spotlight Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1974 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1975 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1977 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1978 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1979 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1980 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ted Voigtlander , 75 ; Won Emmys for ' Little House ' Cinematography '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 1988 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows Archive - INSP TV - Family - Friendly Entertainment - TV Shows and Movies '' . www.insp.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Removes Happy Days for Dramas ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of April 29 , 2013 ) - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Blu-ray.com forum - Little House on the Prairie : Seasons 1 - 10 '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie in the Works at Paramount '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` Grab your bonnets ! ' Little House on the Prairie ' is heading to the big screen '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Little House on the Prairie movie back in development '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie Lands at Paramount ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) . Television in the United States portal 1970s portal 1980s portal Little House on the Prairie on IMDb Little House : Look Back to Yesterday on IMDb Little House : The Last Farewell on IMDb Little House : Bless All the Dear Children on IMDb The Illustrated Little House on the Prairie Episode Guide Little House on the Prairie Official Website Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson BNF : cb13506393j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)&oldid=857118317 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1983 American television series endings 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) English - language television programs NBC network shows Period family drama television series Period television series Television programs based on American novels Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Universal Television Television series set in the 1870s Television series set in the 1880s Television shows set in Minnesota Western ( genre ) television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did little house on the prarie come out | [
"The regular series was preceded by the two-hour pilot movie, which first aired on March 30, 1974. The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11, 1974, and last aired on May 10, 1982. During the 1982–83 television season, with the departure of Landon and Grassle, the series was broadcast with the new title Little House: A New Beginning.\n"
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1949661872263125695 | Luke Kleintank | Luke Kleintank - wikipedia Luke Kleintank Jump to : navigation , search Luke Kleintank ( 1990 - 05 - 18 ) May 18 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Cincinnati , Ohio , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 2009 -- present Luke Kleintank ( born May 18 , 1990 ) is an American actor . He is best known for playing Noah Newman on The Young and the Restless and Joe Blake in The Man in the High Castle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Kleintank was born on May 18 , 1990 in Cincinnati , Ohio . He and his family moved to Guadalajara , Mexico , when he was 2 . He spent his formative years in Stevensville , Maryland , where he resided for 12 years . Acting ( edit ) Kleintank 's mother introduced him to acting when he was 5 . `` She threw me into my first play , Carnival . Made a part for me '' , he recounts . `` That 's when I knew I wanted to act . '' He started doing plays and community theater , and took part in a number of stage productions while in high school . Ultimately , Kleintank went to New York City to pursue his acting career , and made his television debut as Greg in a 2009 episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . In 2010 , he played a recurring role in Gossip Girl as Elliot Leichter , a bisexual love interest for Eric van der Woodsen . Kleintank landed his first daytime role that same year , debuting as Noah Newman in The Young and the Restless on September 21 , 2010 ; however , he left the role after less than six months . In 2011 , Kleintank joined the recurring cast of the Fox series Bones , playing Finn Abernathy . He has also appeared multiple times in the CBS series The Good Wife . From 2013 to 2014 , Kleintank portrayed the recurring character of Travis in the ABC Family teen drama series Pretty Little Liars . In 2015 , Kleintank was cast as Joe Blake in the Amazon series The Man in the High Castle . Kleintank enjoys whitewater rafting , singing , dancing , and writing music . He is also interested in geocaching . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2012 Dark House Nick Di Santo 2014 1000 to 1 : The Cory Weissman Story Brendan `` Pops '' Trelease Direct - to - video 2014 Sacrifice Hank 2014 Phantom Halo Beckett Emerson 2015 Max Tyler Harne Television Year Title Role Notes 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Greg Episode : `` Snatched '' 2009 Good Wife , The The Good Wife Brian Keller Uncredited ; episode : `` Home '' 2009 Mercy Josh Episode : `` I 'm Not That Kind of Girl '' 2010 -- 11 Gossip Girl Elliot Leichter 10 episodes ( 3 uncredited ) 2010 -- 11 Young and the Restless , The The Young and the Restless Noah Newman Role held : September 21 , 2010 -- April 8 , 2011 Parenthood Howard 2 episodes 2011 No Ordinary Family Chris Minor 7 episodes 2011 Greek Rylan Episode : `` Agents for Change '' 2011 Law & Order : LA Jesse Beckman Episode : `` Runyon Canyon '' 2011 -- 14 Bones Finn Abernathy 9 episodes 2011 CSI : Miami Tom Granger Episode : `` Long Gone '' 2012 The Good Wife Connor Episode : `` Here Comes the Judge '' 2013 , 2015 Person of Interest Caleb Phipps 3 episodes 2013 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Jake / Usher 2 episodes 2013 -- 14 Pretty Little Liars Travis Hobbs 9 episodes 2015 -- present The Man in the High Castle Joe Blake Main role References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Luke Kleintank '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Luke Kleintank on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Kleintank&oldid=797594704 '' Categories : 1990 births 21st - century American male actors American male film actors Male models from Ohio American male soap opera actors American male stage actors American male television actors American people of Dutch descent American people of German descent Living people Male actors from Cincinnati Male actors from Maryland People from Stevensville , Maryland Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 03 : 04 . About Wikipedia | joe from the man in the high castle actor | [
"Luke Kleintank (born May 18, 1990)[1] is an American actor. He is best known for playing Noah Newman on The Young and the Restless and Joe Blake in The Man in the High Castle."
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"Luke Kleintank"
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4203176870426649569 | God of War (2018 video game) | God of War ( 2018 video game ) - Wikipedia God of War ( 2018 video game ) God of War Developer ( s ) SIE Santa Monica Studio Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Cory Barlog Producer ( s ) Elizabeth Dahm Wang Sean Llewellyn Chad Cox Eric Fong Designer ( s ) Derek Daniels Programmer ( s ) Florian Strauss Writer ( s ) Matt Sophos Richard Zangrande Gaubert Cory Barlog Composer ( s ) Bear McCreary Series God of War Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release April 20 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player God of War is an action - adventure video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world . Described by creative director Cory Barlog as a reimagining of the franchise , a major gameplay change is that Kratos prominently uses a magical battle axe instead of his signature double - chained blades . God of War also uses an over-the - shoulder free camera , with the game in one shot , as opposed to the fixed cinematic camera of the previous entries . The game includes role - playing video game elements , and Kratos ' son Atreus provides assistance in combat . The majority of the original game 's development team worked on God of War and designed the game to be accessible and grounded . A separate short text - based game , God of War : A Call from the Wilds released in February 2018 , follows Atreus on his first adventure . God of War received universal acclaim from critics , being praised for its narrative , world design , art direction , graphics , characters , and combat system . It received perfect scores from multiple reviewers , making it the highest - rated game in the God of War series , as well the third highest - rated PS4 game , on Metacritic . The game performed well commercially , selling five million copies within a month of release . A novelization of the game is scheduled to be released in August 2018 . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Characterization 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 God of War : A Call from the Wilds 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay is vastly different from the previous installments , as it was rebuilt from the ground up . Although the previous main installment , Ascension ( 2013 ) , introduced multiplayer to the series , this installment is single - player - only . The game features a third - person , over-the - shoulder free camera , a departure from the previous installments , which featured a third - person , fixed cinematic camera ( with the exception of 2007 's 2D side - scroller Betrayal ) . Cinematographically , the game is presented in a continuous shot , with no camera cuts . The game is open , but it is not open - world . Due to it being open , players can fast travel to different locations . As the ability to swim was cut from the game , players instead use a boat to traverse bodies of water . Just like previous entries , there are puzzles for players to solve to progress through parts of the game . Enemies in the game stem from Norse mythology , such as variants of trolls , ogres , dark elves and their king , wolves , wulvers , nightmares , draugrs , tatzelwurms , as well as Gullveig and the revenants , beings warped by seiðr magic , among other original creatures . Valkyries appear as optional boss battles , and players can free the dragons Fáfnir , Otr , and Reginn -- dwarfs that were turned into dragons -- in addition to battling a dragon called Hræzlyr . A major change is that Kratos no longer uses his signature double - chained blades , the Blades of Chaos , as his default weapon . Instead , he uses a magical battle axe , called the Leviathan Axe , which is infused with ice elemental magic . The axe can be thrown at enemies and magically summoned back to his hand ( similar to Thor 's hammer Mjölnir ) . Larger enemies have precision targets and throwing the axe at those targets stuns the enemy . The weapon can also be thrown at environmental objects to trigger a damaging explosion and it can freeze objects and some enemies in place for puzzle solving until the axe is summoned back to Kratos ' hand . The axe has standard light and heavy attacks , and over time , it can be upgraded with runes to allow for special runic attacks , with one slot being for a light runic attack and the other for heavy . This provides players with a variety of options to cater to their own play style . For example , one of the light runic attacks allows Kratos to charge the axe and let out a burst of energy and one of the heavy runic attacks allows Kratos to summon a swirling ice storm . Another new weapon that Kratos utilizes is the Guardian Shield . When not in use , it folds up and appears like a vambrace on Kratos ' left forearm . When summoned , the shield can be used offensively and defensively , similar to the Golden Fleece in previous games . Kratos also utilizes hand - to - hand combat , a feature originally introduced in Ascension . The Blades of Chaos , infused with fire elemental magic , are acquired late into the game via a plot device and perform similarly as they did in previous installments , but can also be upgraded with light and heavy runic attacks . Pre-release gameplay screenshot of God of War , taken from the trailer shown at E3 2016 : Kratos ( center ) and his son Atreus ( right ) are battling a troll . Atreus can assist in combat , such as firing lightning arrows on the player 's command . Similar to previous games , there is a `` Rage '' ability called Spartan Rage . Like the previous versions , the Rage ability has a meter that gradually fills during combat . With this ability , Kratos uses powerful bare - handed attacks , as opposed to weapons , to greatly damage enemies . The game also features elements similar to role - playing video games ( RPGs ) . There are crafting resources for the player to find that allow them to create new or upgrade existing armor with better perks . Players also accumulate a currency called Hacksilver , a key component in crafting and purchasing new items . Experience points ( XP ) are used for learning new combat skills . Throughout the game world , players find chests containing random items , such as Hacksilver and enchantments for improving armor and weapons , as well as two special items , Iðunn 's Apples and Horns of Blood Mead , which increase the maximum length of the health and rage meters , respectively . Quick time events have changed from previous games . Enemies display two meters above their heads , one for health ( the color of which indicates the enemy 's difficulty ) and the other for stun . Filling up the stun meter helps to defeat more difficult enemies . When the stun meter is full , a grab - prompt will appear . Depending on the enemy , Kratos may rip it in half or grab them and throw them into other enemies , among other possible outcomes . Although the game is played entirely as Kratos , there are times when the player may choose to passively control Kratos ' son , Atreus . One button is dedicated to Atreus and its use depends on the context . For example , if the player needs assistance , they can look at an enemy , press the button , and Atreus will use his Talon Bow to shoot arrows at the enemy . The arrows have little effect on an enemy 's health , but do increase the stun meter . Over the course of the game , Atreus helps in combat , traversal , exploration , and puzzle - solving . When facing a large number of enemies , he distracts the weaker ones as Kratos fights the stronger ones . If too many enemies gang up on Atreus , he is knocked out for the remainder of that combat . Just like Kratos , Atreus acquires new skills , armor , special arrows , such as lightning arrows , as well as runic attacks for his Talon Bow , but it only has one slot instead of two . Atreus ' runic attacks summon different spectral animals with different abilities . For example , one summons a wolf that attacks enemies , while another summons the squirrel Ratatoskr that will dig up orbs to replenish Kratos ' health or rage meters . These orbs are also found throughout the game world and dropped by downed foes . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) While the first seven games were loosely based on Greek mythology , this installment takes the series to Norse mythology . Six of the nine realms of Norse mythology can be explored . Predating the Vikings , the majority of the game takes place in ancient Norway in the realm of Midgard , inhabited by humans and other creatures and is the same realm that the Greek world had existed in . As more creatures began appearing , many humans fled . Other realms visited as part of the story include Alfheim , the mystical home of the light and dark elves , Helheim , the icy land of the dead , and Jötunheim , the mountainous land of the giants . Other explorable realms include Niflheim , a realm of poisonous fog with a maze - like structure of rewards , and the fire realm Muspelheim , featuring the six Trials of Muspelheim ; completing each trial grants rewards and advances Kratos and Atreus closer to the top of a large volcano . Access to the other three realms -- Asgard , home of the Æsir gods , Vanaheim , home of the Vanir gods , and Svartalfheim , home of the dwarves -- have been blocked by the ruler of Asgard and the Æsir gods , Odin . At the center of the realms is the mythical tree Yggdrasil , which connects each realm together . Although each realm is a different world , they simultaneously exist in the same space . Travel to and from realms can be done by the use of the Bifröst from a root of Yggdrasil contained within a temple located at the center of the Lake of the Nine . The temple was created by the now dead Týr , a peaceful God of War who had traveled to other lands and learned about their mythologies ; Odin had him killed as he believed Týr was secretly aiding the giants and would try to overthrow him . Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters of God of War The protagonists of the game are Kratos ( voiced by Christopher Judge ) and his young son Atreus ( Sunny Suljic ) . Kratos is a warrior originally from Sparta who became the Greek God of War and is the son of Zeus . After ending up in ancient Norway , he met his second and now deceased wife , Laufey ( addressed as Faye ) , and they bore their son , Atreus , who does not know about Kratos ' past or his divine nature , but can hear other beings ' thoughts . The main antagonist is the Æsir god Baldur ( Jeremy Davies ) , the brother of Thor , whose sons Modi and Magni ( Nolan North and Troy Baker , respectively ) assist Baldur . His parents are Odin and the Vanir god Freya ( Danielle Bisutti ) . Freya tried leaving Odin , as she did not truly love him , and Odin had her banished to Midgard , after which she became known as the Witch of the Woods . To protect her son from a prophecy that foretold his death , Freya cast a spell of immortality on Baldur , which also caused him to not feel pain or any feeling of pleasure , which he resented her for . The only thing that she could not prevent from breaking the spell was mistletoe , which she kept secret . Other characters include Mímir ( Alastair Duncan ) , who claims to be the smartest man alive , and the Huldra Brothers Brok ( Robert Craighead ) and Sindri ( Adam J. Harrington ) , a pair of dwarves who appear at various points in the world and assist Kratos and Atreus with forging new gear . Their weapons , including Thor 's hammer Mjölnir , were used by the Æsir gods and they also had forged Kratos ' Leviathan Axe , which originally belonged to Faye , who also gifted Kratos his Guardian Shield . The spirit of the Greek goddess Athena ( Carole Ruggier ) makes a cameo appearance , and Zeus ( Corey Burton ) appears as an illusion to Kratos in Helheim . Plot ( edit ) Many years have passed since Kratos took his vengeance against the Olympian gods , and he now lives with his young son Atreus in ancient Norway in the realm of Midgard . The game opens following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , Faye , whose last wish was for her ashes to be spread at the highest peak of the nine realms . Before starting their journey , Kratos is confronted by a mysterious man with godlike powers . After seemingly killing him , Kratos and Atreus begin their journey . Reaching the Lake of the Nine , Kratos and Atreus encounter the friendly World Serpent , Jörmungandr . After running into impenetrable black mist which can only be extinguished with the Light of Alfheim , they receive aid from the Witch of the Woods to use the Bifröst in order to travel to Alfheim and secure the Light . Upon vanquishing the mist and reaching Midgard 's peak , they overhear a conversation between the mysterious man , revealed to be Baldur , his nephews Modi and Magni , and the imprisoned Mímir . After they leave , Kratos and Atreus confront Mímir , who reveals that their goal is actually in Jötunheim , but travel there has been blocked to keep out Odin and Thor . Mímir , however , knows another passage . He instructs Kratos to cut off his head and have it revived by the Witch of the Woods , revealed to be Freya . Kratos immediately distrusts her , but both Freya and Mímir warn him that he must tell Atreus about his true nature . Kratos , Atreus , and Mímir 's head journey to collect needed components to open Jötunheim 's portal when they are attacked by Modi and Magni . After Kratos kills Magni , Modi flees , but later returns and ambushes them . Atreus collapses ill , which Mímir and Freya explain is a mental contradiction of a god believing himself to be mortal . She tells Kratos that he must retrieve the heart of the Keeper of the Bridge of the Damned in Helheim , but his Leviathan Axe is useless there . Kratos then returns home to unearth his old weapons , the Blades of Chaos , and is haunted by Athena 's spirit , who goads him about his past . After retrieving the heart , he has a haunting vision of Zeus . Atreus is cured and Kratos tells him that he is a god . Atreus then becomes increasingly arrogant on their journey , and he murders a weakened Modi , despite Kratos ordering not to . At Midgard 's peak , they are ambushed by Baldur , resulting in Jötunheim 's portal being destroyed and the group falling into Helheim . Atreus makes amends with Kratos and they find out about Freya and Baldur 's familial relationship . Returning to Midgard , Mímir realizes there is another way to reach Jötunheim , but it requires recovering his missing eye . After obtaining it from Jörmungandr 's belly , who had inadvertently swallowed it when he ate a statue of Thor , they are attacked by Baldur again , but Freya intervenes in an attempt to protect her son . During the fight , Baldur is pierced by Atreus ' mistletoe arrow , breaking Freya 's spell on him . Baldur is defeated , and although Kratos gives him an opportunity to retreat , he instead attempts to strangle Freya , forcing Kratos to kill him . A grieving Freya swears revenge on Kratos and taunts him about hiding his true nature from Atreus . Kratos finally tells Atreus about his past and how he had killed his fellow Greek gods , including his father Zeus . Atreus laments if all gods are good for is committing parricide . Kratos tells Atreus that they should both learn from their experiences and not repeat the mistakes of their predecessors . A silent Freya leaves with Baldur 's corpse and Mímir hopefully suggests that she will eventually move on from the tragedy and that Kratos did the right thing . In Jötunheim , they find a temple with a mural depicting their adventures , showing that the giants had foreseen everything that would happen and vaguely foretold what was to come . In addition , they discover that Faye was a giant who decided to stay behind in Midgard , making Atreus a tri-brid of giant , god , and mortal . Their fight with Baldur was shown , revealing he was actually after Faye the whole time . It is also revealed that Atreus was named Loki by his mother . Wondering if Faye planned this in advance , Kratos and Atreus fulfill their promise and spread her ashes at the peak . Afterwards , Kratos reveals to Atreus that his given name was also the name of a compassionate Spartan comrade . When they return to Midgard , Mímir warns them that the three - year long Fimbulwinter has started , meaning Ragnarök is soon to follow , which was not supposed to occur for another hundred years . In the game 's secret ending , Kratos and Atreus return home and slumber . Atreus has a vision that at the end of Fimbulwinter , Thor will arrive at their home to confront them . Development ( edit ) At the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6 , 2014 , Santa Monica Studios 's creative director Cory Barlog confirmed that a new God of War was in very early development . He said that the game would not be a prequel , but it might be a reboot . In April 2016 , Polygon reported that concept art of the next installment had been leaked . The images showed Kratos in the world of Norse mythology ; a concept originally considered by series creator David Jaffe after Kratos eliminated the Greek gods . At the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , the next installment was officially announced with a gameplay demo and confirmed the concept art to be true . The demo showed a fully bearded Kratos with a son , and Kratos was teaching the boy how to hunt . The pair also battled a troll . The end of the demo showed the title God of War and confirmed it was in development for the PlayStation 4 . E3 also confirmed that Barlog had returned to the series as game director for the new installment . Barlog has been a major contributor in the development of the God of War series since the original installment in 2005 , with his prior most notable role being game director of God of War II ( 2007 ) . This new installment was his fifth God of War game . In naming the game , Barlog stated that it was deliberately titled God of War with no numeral or subtitle because although it is a continuation of the series , `` we are reimagining everything . '' Head of Santa Monica Studio Shannon Studstill and Barlog said that Sony Interactive Entertainment had to be convinced to do another God of War game as a lot of people at Sony wanted the series to `` sleep and rest '' due to the lackluster response of the previous game , Ascension . In explaining why Barlog was brought back , Studstill said that he knew the series very well , `` and bringing in someone that understands that history is the respect the franchise deserves . '' Barlog followed up and said that `` You got ta know the rules to break the rules . '' Series creator David Jaffe was also considered , but was unavailable . In explaining the transition from Greek mythology to Norse mythology , Barlog said : `` it 's kind of this BC -- AD change over kind of thing . We 're moving and starting from zero and kind of moving forward on that . '' Before settling on Norse mythology , Egyptian mythology was also considered . Barlog said that half of the team was for it , but since `` there 's a lot more about civilization -- it 's less isolated , less barren '' , he had to make the decision and decided on the Norse setting because they wanted the focus to stay on Kratos : `` Having too much around distracts from that central theme of a stranger in a strange land . '' In explaining why Kratos was now in the Norse world , Barlog said that different cultures ' belief systems coexisted , but they were `` separated by geography '' , suggesting that Kratos traveled from Greece to Norway ( Scandinavia ) after the conclusion of God of War III ; in clarifying the conclusion of that game , Barlog said that Kratos did not destroy what was believed to be the entire world , but only the portion that was ruled over by the Greeks . Barlog said that the new game predates the Vikings ; it is the time in which their gods walked the Earth . It was also confirmed that this would not be Kratos ' last game . Barlog said that future games could see the series tackling Egyptian or Mayan mythology , and that although this game focuses on Norse mythology , it alludes to the fact that there are other mythologies co-existing in the world . Barlog also said that he liked the idea of having different directors for each game , seen throughout the first seven games , and although he may not direct another God of War , he would still be at Santa Monica to work on future games . Most of the development team that worked on the original God of War worked on the new installment . They claimed that they matched the new gameplay with the same level of accessibility as the previous installments . It was confirmed that the game would not feature any morality system or branching story ; all players have the same story experience . The developers also confirmed that some of the more controversial mini-games found in previous entries ( such as the sex mini-game ) would not return . Some gameplay characteristics found in the previous installments were cut , such as jumping , swimming , and instant - death platforming challenges ; these were cut due to the camera being closer to Kratos . Although the previous installment , Ascension , introduced multiplayer to the series , the team decided to drop the mode to focus on the single - player experience . In changing the gameplay , Studstill said `` I felt like , in order to reinvent , we really needed to turn a lot of things around . '' In regards to the camera change , Barlog said `` We wanted a much more intimate experience , a much more up close , and a much more player - controlled experience , so the camera really is a mechanic that ( we leaned ) into heavily for everything in the game . '' Explaining Kratos ' axe , lead gameplay designer Jason McDonald , who has worked on the series since the original game , said the axe was chosen because they wanted a more grounded direction for the game . Initially , they were unsure how to make it unique , like how the double - chained blades were . After they came up with the concept of throwing the axe and having it return to Kratos , `` things started to fall into place . '' McDonald said that combat with the axe is a little slower than what it was with the blades , `` but it 's just as fluid and just as brutal as it 's ever been . '' Barlog took inspiration from Dark Souls ( 2011 ) , which influenced the game 's combat system , particularly its gameplay loop and strategic decision - making , as well as the game 's approach to storytelling . In addition , designers Anthony Dimento and Luis Sanchez revealed how God of War 's level design and exploration was influenced by Bloodborne ( 2015 ) , as they wanted to `` just have the world breathe a little bit '' and expand upon player discovery by including `` micro-loops where you 're unlocking paths , unlocking shortcuts ... '' that gave purpose . The entire game was done in a single shot , as in no camera cuts , meaning there are no loading screens or fade - to - black between gameplay and cutscenes . The frame rate was confirmed as 30 frames per second , and the enemy count was increased to up to 100 enemies on - screen ; God of War III and Ascension could do up to 50 . Unlike the previous games , Santa Monica did not make a demo specifically for public release . Barlog explained that doing so would have delayed the game by a couple of months . He also confirmed that the game was built for the standard PlayStation 4 , but the game would `` benefit from the power '' of the PlayStation 4 Pro ; an updated version of the PlayStation 4 that can render games in 4K and was released a few months after God of War was announced . In late December 2016 , Barlog confirmed that the game was playable from start to finish . At the 2017 PlayStation Experience , Barlog said that the game 's story would take 25 -- 35 hours to complete , which is significantly more than the previous four main installments , which each took an average of 10 hours to complete . At E3 2017 , a new trailer was shown featuring new gameplay , cinematics , and characters . In the trailer , Kratos was shown using a shield that he could use offensively and defensively . At one point in the trailer , Kratos finds a Greek vase with himself on it , wielding his infamous double - chained blades . During the trailer , an unnamed woman warns Kratos about the Norse gods , as they know what he did to the Greek gods , while a pair of wolves were also shown . The trailer ends with Kratos and Atreus encountering the World Serpent . Atreus was able to translate what it said , which was that it wanted to help the pair . It was confirmed that the game would release in early 2018 . Since E3 2017 until the game 's launch , Santa Monica included a section on the God of War website titled `` The Lost Pages '' , detailing some of the lore of God of War 's Nordic world . In January 2018 , the game 's release date was confirmed for April 20 , 2018 . A trailer was also released that showed that the character Mímir from the mythology would have a role in the game . On March 22 , God of War went gold . Characterization ( edit ) Christopher Judge does the voice and cinematic motion capture for Kratos in the game , replacing longstanding voice actor Terrence C. Carson , who had voiced Kratos since the original 2005 game , and also did the motion capture for him in 2013 's Ascension During early development , there was talk about having a different protagonist for the game , but it was decided to keep Kratos . Referencing the Nintendo character Mario and the Mario games , Barlog said that just like Mario , `` Kratos is intrinsically tied '' to the God of War series . In regards to the new changes , Barlog said that : I knew I did n't want to simply reboot the franchise , starting over with a retelling of the origin story . I wanted to reimagine the gameplay , give players a fresh perspective and a new tactile experience while delving deeper into the emotional journey of Kratos to explore the compelling drama that unfolds when an immortal demigod makes a decision to change . Barlog explained that Kratos had to change his cycle of violence and learn how to control his rage . He said that Kratos had made many bad decisions , which led to the destruction of Olympus , and wanted to know what would happen if Kratos made a good decision . The birth of Barlog 's own son influenced the idea of Kratos ' character change . The canceled live - action Star Wars television series was also an influence . The bond between Kratos and his son is at the heart of the game and Barlog said `` This game is about Kratos teaching his son how to be a god , and his son teaching Kratos how to be human again . '' Referencing the Marvel Comics character Hulk , Barlog said that in regards to Kratos , `` We 've already told the story of The Hulk . We want to tell the story of ( Bruce ) Banner now . '' One of their goals was to make Kratos `` a more nuanced and interesting character . '' In changing the narrative focus , Studstill said `` I think we inherently knew the franchise needed to evolve in that emotional beat and be something meatier for the older generation of gamers . '' Christopher Judge , best known as Teal'c from Stargate SG - 1 , replaced T.C. Carson as the voice of Kratos ; Carson had voiced Kratos since the original God of War . Commenting in response to the change , Carson said in a tweet , `` Sony went in a new direction . '' Barlog explained that the way the previous games were made , they were able to have someone else do the motion capture instead of the voice actor . Although Carson had done the motion capture for Kratos in Ascension , Barlog said the actor change was made because of the type of camera work they wanted to do . For the new camera work , they needed someone who was closer to Kratos ' size to do the motion capture along with a child . Carson was unsuitable for this because he was much shorter than Kratos , who is over 6 - feet tall : `` Offsetting ( Carson 's height ) for the size of a child , it turned out it was going to be almost impossible to try and actually shoot them and go in and redo the animations . '' Judge was chosen because he was 6 - foot - 3 and had the body of a professional football player . He was also chosen because of the chemistry with his then - 10 - year - old co-star , Sunny Suljic , who plays Kratos ' son Atreus ; Suljic 's opinion was also sought in making the decision , and out of all the auditions , he liked Judge the most . The two bonded well , and Judge described his time with Suljic as time he had missed with his own children . In stepping into the role of Kratos , Judge took it as an opportunity to add something new to the character . He researched the character and Carson 's performance , but decided not to imitate it . Since Santa Monica were going in a new direction , he decided to start fresh and go from there . Judge was thrown off when he first read the script , stating it `` was a real script '' , and not just `` a way to get into battles . '' He said `` it was really this great story of this relationship and this crazy mythology . '' While Judge did all of Kratos ' motion capture for the cinematic scenes , stuntman Eric Jacobus did all of Kratos ' combat motion capture ; Jacobus was found by God of War 's animators on YouTube . Instead of going directly to Santa Monica to audition , Jacobus recorded an audition tape and they immediately hired him . During E3 2016 , GameSpot mistakenly reported that Kratos ' son 's name was Charlie , which Barlog laughingly denied . In January 2017 , after a fan downloaded the God of War overture and saw the track 's details that said `` An introduction to Kratos and Atreus '' , Barlog confirmed on Twitter that Atreus was in fact the son 's name . Barlog said that Atreus was unaware that Kratos was a demigod , and did not know about his past . They did not reveal details of Atreus ' mother prior to release due to her being a critical part of the story . Barlog stated that during gameplay , Atreus would be `` like magic , an additional combat resource , and ( the player is ) training him and teaching him . '' The developers stated that Atreus would not be a burden during gameplay . The team experimented with several different approaches for Atreus to ensure that he was an empowering presence . Barlog said he did not want the game to be an escort - mission where the A.I. caused a problem for the player . Their goal was for Atreus to enhance Kratos ' capabilities without Atreus becoming a liability . This resulted in the developers designating a command button for Atreus as well as for him to act freely . During combat , Atreus was also designed to call out enemy locations , as due to the camera being closer to Kratos , some enemies may be difficult for the player to see . Jason McDonald said it took a lot of iterations with the enemies and Atreus to make it all work together . Early in development , it was suggested for Atreus to be cut or to significantly minimize his role due to the many developmental challenges and financial expense . Barlog stated that the game could have worked without Atreus , but it would have been completely different , likening it to that of the 2013 film All Is Lost . Barlog said that with just Kratos , it would have been `` one character who talks to himself occasionally , but generally , it will be very silent and everyone will talk in old Norse , so that you wo n't understand anything anybody 's saying . '' After hearing Barlog 's case , Sony gave him the freedom to incorporate Atreus . Lead level designer Rob Davis also noted that with Atreus , it allowed for `` significant gameplay and storytelling opportunities that might not otherwise ( been ) possible . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bear McCreary , best known for his work on television shows such as Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead , scored God of War and composed themes for the game . McCreary said that he was called into Santa Monica Studio in November 2014 to meet with music producers Peter Scaturro and Keith Leary to discuss `` a secret project '' ; McCreary had previously collaborated with Scaturro and Leary on 2011 's SOCOM 4 : U.S. Navy SEALs . Ideas of folk music , mythology , Nordic ethnic instruments , vocal writing , and classical thematic development were discussed , to which McCreary correctly guessed that the discussions were about a new God of War . He met with Barlog early on , and they discussed Barlog 's narrative vision for the game . After meeting with Barlog , he felt that the franchise was in good hands because God of War II , which Barlog also directed , was his favorite installment . McCreary 's initial efforts focused on writing the new main theme , or what he called the Kratos Theme . He spent several months working with Barlog , Scaturro , Leary , Sony music director Chuck Doud , and the rest of the development team in making this new theme . McCreary described the Kratos Theme as `` arguably one of my most structurally satisfying and catchy melodies . '' The main theme features low orchestral instruments , Icelandic choir , deep male vocals , powerful female vocals ( in particular Faroese singer Eivør Pálsdóttir ) , folk percussion , and Nordic stringed instruments , such as the nyckelharpa and hurdy gurdy . When it was decided that God of War would be revealed at E3 2016 , Sony wanted McCreary to perform his original score with a live orchestra at the press conference . McCreary opened the show with the new main theme before the unveiling of God of War , and performed the gameplay demo 's music live during the presentation . On January 13 , 2017 , a live recording from E3 2016 of God of War 's overture was released for free for a limited time . Barlog released the overture as a thank you to fans for God of War 's E3 2016 trailer reaching fifteen million views on YouTube . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 . In addition to the standard base game , there were three special editions : the Stone Mason Edition , the Collector 's Edition , and the Digital Deluxe Edition . Only available in the United States and Canada , the Stone Mason Edition came with several physical items , including the base game in a SteelBook case , a 9 - inch ( 230 mm ) statue of Kratos and Atreus that was created by Gentle Giant , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the Huldra Brothers , a horse , and a troll , an exclusive lithograph , a cloth map , a stone mason 's ring , and a keychain of Mímir 's head that talks . There was also various downloadable content ( DLC ) , including an exclusive shield skin , in addition to an armor set and another shield skin for Kratos , a PlayStation 4 dynamic theme , a digital artbook , and God of War # 0 by Dark Horse Comics . The Collector 's Edition came with many of the same items , minus the ring , the keychain , the 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the horse and troll , and the exclusive shield skin . The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with all of the digital content , minus the exclusive shield skin . U.S. and Canadian customers also received a Kratos and Atreus pin for pre-ordering the Digital Deluxe Edition . Pre-orders at select retailers received three skins for Kratos ' shield , while pre-orders from GameStop or EB Games also received a `` Luck of Ages XP Talisman '' , granting increased XP gain , increased Hacksilver gain , and increased ability to trigger perks . In addition to the special editions of the game , a Limited Edition PlayStation 4 Pro bundle was available the same day as the game 's release . The bundle included the standard base game , a PlayStation 4 Pro console decorated with the runes as on Kratos ' axe , and a similarly themed DualShock 4 controller with the God of War logo . Game Director Cory Barlog confirmed that God of War would not have microtransactions post-launch , a feature that has become prominent with other recent games and negatively criticized . An official novelization of the game , written by Cory Barlog 's father , James Barlog , is scheduled for release on August 28 , 2018 by Titan Books . Since launch , Santa Monica has supported the game via patch updates to address software bugs . Additionally , the developers have added new features along with these free updates . A Photo Mode was released as part of update patch 1.20 on May 9 , 2018 . Photo Mode allows players to take customized in - game screenshots . Players can adjust the field of view , depth of view , filters , borders , the visibility of characters , and the ability to change the facial expressions of Kratos and Atreus . At E3 2018 , a New Game Plus mode was confirmed , and was released as part of update patch 1.30 on August 20 , 2018 . In order for players to access the mode , they must have completed the game on any difficulty . The mode itself can be played on any difficulty , but enemies are higher leveled with new maneuvers . All obtained items carry over to New Game Plus , and there are new resources to further upgrade gear , which also have a new rarity level . The option to skip cutscenes was also added . God of War : a Call from the Wilds ( edit ) God of War : A Call from the Wilds is a text - based game playable through Facebook Messenger . To help further promote God of War , Sony partnered with Facebook to develop the play - by - web game , which released on February 1 , 2018 . Completing the game unlocks downloadable concept art . The short story follows Atreus on his first adventure in the Norse wilds . After archery training and learning runes with his mother , Atreus adventures into the wilderness after telepathically hearing the voice of a dying deer ; he finds it covered in blood and stays with it during its final moments . A couple of draugrs appear and Atreus attempts to fight them , but is injured . He is saved by his father , Kratos , who was out hunting . The two then battle a revenant before returning home . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 94 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 The Guardian USgamer God of War received `` universal acclaim '' according to review aggregator Metacritic , tying it with the original God of War for the highest score in the franchise . It has the third highest score of all - time for a PlayStation 4 game , and the highest score for an original , non-remastered PlayStation 4 game . It is the highest rated PlayStation 4 game of 2018 , and is tied with the Xbox One version of Celeste for the highest score of 2018 , regardless of platform . God of War received particular praise for its art direction , graphics , combat system , music , story , use of Norse mythology , characters , and cinematic feeling . Critics called the game a `` technical achievement '' and one of the most impressive - looking games developed for consoles . Many also felt that it had successfully revitalized the series without losing the core identity of its predecessors . Sales ( edit ) During its release week in the UK , God of War became the fastest - selling entry in the franchise , selling 35 % more physical copies than God of War III . The game remained at the top of the all format sales chart throughout April and May for six consecutive weeks , setting a record for a PlayStation 4 exclusive having the most consecutive weeks at number one . It sold 46,091 copies within its first week on sale in Japan , which placed it at number two on the sales chart . The game sold over 3 million copies in three days after its release , making it the fastest - selling PlayStation 4 exclusive . The game was the fastest selling game of the month of its release and contributed to the PS4 being the best selling console of that month . In total , the game sold over five million copies in its first month , with 2.1 million in digital sales . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2016 Game Critics Awards 2016 Special Commendation for Graphics Won IGN 's Best of E3 2016 Awards Game of the Show Nominated Best PlayStation 4 Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated The Game Awards 2016 Most Anticipated Game Nominated 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Most Anticipated Game Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colloquially referred to as God of War 4 and God of War PS4 Jump up ^ As depicted in God of War III ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skipper , Ben ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War 4 kicks off Sony E3 2016 press conference '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ; Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` God of War 4 PS4 trailers , release date , price , gameplay and everything we know so far '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Jayce ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` In The New ' God of War 4 ' Trailer , Kratos Is Old , Grizzled , And As Brutal As Ever '' . Digital Trends . Designtechnica Corp . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Does n't Include Multiplayer , Wo n't Be Kratos 's Last Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seeto , Damian ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War PS4 Wo n't Have A Multiplayer Mode '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Modern Media Group . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Set After Third Game , Wo n't Be Open World '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War -- The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Manifestation Of The Revenant '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Henges , Elizabeth ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Latest God of War Podcast Episode Details the Origin of the Leviathan Axe '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 40 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ; Fillari , Alessandro ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : New God Of War Trailer Released , Release Date Set For Early 2018 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War Made Me Care About The Series For The First Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . 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Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God of War is already the biggest series launch in the UK '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khan , Zarmena . `` God of War Retains Its Crown in May 's UK Retail Charts , Detroit : Become Human Off to a Good Start '' . PlayStation Lifestyle . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Media Create Sales : 4 / 16 / 18 -- 4 / 22 / 18 '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ps4-outsells-xbox-one-and-switch-in-us-april-sales/1100-6459134/ Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/25/god-of-war-sales-top-5-million-in-the-first-month Jump up ^ https://www.vg247.com/2018/05/24/fortnite-god-of-war-april-digital-sales/ Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards -- Best of E3 2016 '' . Game Critics Awards . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IGN 's E3 Crew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephanny ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 GOTY nominees include : Wolfenstein 2 , Horizon : Zero Dawn , PUBG , Zelda : Breath of the Wild , more '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Juba , Joe ( February 2018 ) . `` Worshipping at New Altars : How Sony is Reinventing God of War '' . Game Informer . No. 298 . Minneapolis , Minnesota : GameStop . pp. 34 -- 45 . External links ( edit ) 2010s portal Mythology portal Sony PlayStation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Official website God of War U.S. PlayStation website God of War on IMDb God of War series Main series God of War ( 2005 ) God of War II God of War III Ascension God of War ( 2018 ) Other games Betrayal Chains of Olympus Ghost of Sparta Universe Characters Kratos Comic series Collections See also Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny Mortal Kombat PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_War_(2018_video_game)&oldid=857114171 '' Categories : 2018 video games Action - adventure games God of War ( series ) PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation 4 - only games Single - player video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video game sequels Video games based on Norse mythology Video games developed in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles to be expanded from June 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who do you kill in god of war 4 | [
"God of War[a] is an action-adventure video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE). Released on April 20, 2018, for the PlayStation 4 (PS4) console, it is the eighth installment in the God of War series, the eighth chronologically, and the sequel to 2010's God of War III. Unlike previous games, which were loosely based on Greek mythology, this game is loosely based on Norse mythology. The main protagonists are Kratos, the former Greek God of War, and his young son Atreus. Following the death of Kratos' second wife and Atreus' mother, they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms. Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus, who is unaware of his divine nature. Along their journey, they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world.\n"
] | [
"monsters and gods of the Norse world"
] |
7445620777679194534 | Rayna Jaymes | Rayna Jaymes - wikipedia Rayna Jaymes Jump to : navigation , search Rayna Jaymes Connie Britton as Rayna Jaymes Nashville character Portrayed by Connie Britton Duration 2012 -- 17 First appearance October 10 , 2012 ( episode 1.01 ; `` Pilot '' ) Last appearance February 23 , 2017 ( Alive ) ( episode 5.09 ; `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' ) March 9 , 2017 ( Archive Footage ) ( episode 5.11 ; `` Fire and Rain '' ) Created by Callie Khouri Profile Occupation Singer - songwriter Record executive Residence Nashville , Tennessee ( show ) Family Father Lamar Wyatt Mother Virginia Wyatt Sisters Tandy Hampton Spouse Teddy Conrad ( 2000 -- 13 ) Deacon Claybourne ( 2016 ) Daughters Maddie Conrad Daphne Conrad Other relatives Maggie Monahan Jimmy Monahan Rayna Alisia Jaymes Claybourne ( née Wyatt ; previously Conrad ) is a fictional character and one of the two leads in the ABC / CMT drama series Nashville . Rayna has been portrayed by actress Connie Britton since the series ' pilot episode , which aired on October 10 , 2012 . Britton , who does her own singing in the series , as do many of its other cast members , received critical acclaim for her performance as Rayna . She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama , Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and a Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and creation 2 Background 2.1 Albums 2.2 Singles 2.3 Tours 2.4 Labels 3 Album Track listing 3.1 Our Truth ( featuring Deacon Claybourne ) ( 2017 ) 3.2 The Parts I Remember ( 2015 ) 3.3 Four Platinum Albums ( 2014 ) ( Southside Of Love , Big Open Skies , Belt Buckle Blues , The Best Of ) 3.4 The Best Of ( 2013 ) 3.5 Belt Buckle Blues ( 2012 ) 3.6 Rayna Jaymes ( 2010 ) 3.7 Little Bits Of Heaven ( 2008 ) 3.8 Thoroughbred ( 2006 ) 3.9 Double Down ( 2003 ) 3.10 Big Open Skies ( 2000 ) 3.11 Until You Kissed Me ( 1999 ) 3.12 Sweet & Sorrow ( 1997 ) 3.13 Postcards From Mexico ( 1996 ) 3.14 Platinum Sea ( 1995 ) 3.15 Home ( 1993 ) 3.16 Southside Of Love ( 1991 ) 3.17 Cowgirls Love Too Hard ( 1990 ) 4 Storylines 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 5 Departure 6 References 7 External links Casting and creation ( edit ) Connie Britton was cast as Rayna Jaymes on March 6 , 2012 . Rayna was characterized as the `` reigning queen of country , '' a 40 - year - old country music superstar singer whose star is beginning to fade . The character of Rayna Jaymes is inspired from Britton 's role as Tami Taylor on the TV series Friday Night Lights , with Nashville creator Callie Khouri creating the central characters as well as developing the core format specifically for Britton to star in the lead role . Britton states that her performance as Jaymes is based on several country singers , including Faith Hill ( who was also born in 1967 ) , Reba McEntire , and Bonnie Raitt . The writers also consulted country star Sara Evans when creating Rayna 's character so that her experience of being a working mother in the music industry could be accurately portrayed . Background ( edit ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rayna , a nine - time Grammy Award -- winner and fifteen - time CMA Award -- nominee , inducted into the Grand Ole Opry as a member in 2005 . She is the daughter of the late Virginia Wyatt and her husband , the late politician Lamar Wyatt ( played by Powers Boothe ) whom she was estranged from before he died due to him never approving of her career leading to her being kicked out at 16 . Early in her career she dated songwriter and guitar player Deacon Claybourne when she was 19 around 1990 after the release of her debut hit album `` Cowgirls Love Too Hard '' which featured the hit `` Changing Grounds '' . The couple worked together for a large part of Jaymes 90 's catalogue as he was her lead guitarist for 2 decades on tour and a frequent collaborator . Jaymes sophomore album `` Southside of Love '' ( 1991 ) expanded her new age country sound that merged new age with traditional country . Jaymes 3rd album `` Home '' ( 1993 ) is recognized as one of the best country albums of the 1990s as it featured the iconic `` No One Will Ever Love You '' . Ultimately Rayna sent Deacon to rehab ( which would be his last time ) due to his destructive patterns after multiple iconic albums and tours worked on together . While in rehab Jaymes began dating and married financial advisor Teddy Conrad . The couple moved to a mansion in Nashville during the height of Jaymes music career and had two daughters together , Maddie and Daphne . Teddy though is not Maddie 's biological father , she is Deacon 's child , though Deacon and Maddie did not know until she was 12 . Maddie was born in 1999 , the same year as Rayna 's smash album `` Until You Kissed Me '' & multi-platinum song `` This Love Ai n't Big Enough '' . Daphne was born 2004 a year after the release of Jaymes multi-platinum record `` Double Down '' featuring the fan favorite song `` Already Gone '' which peaked at # 1 on the country and Pop Charts . She followed this up with the critically successful gold album `` Thoroughbred '' ( 2006 ) . 2008 was another very successful era for Jaymes with her multi-platinum `` Little Bits Of Heaven '' . in 2010 she released her first self - titled album `` Rayna Jaymes '' and followed it up in 2012 with the gold selling `` Belt Buckle Blues '' featuring top 20 country single `` It 's My Life '' . Though the album was her first too miss the top 10 landing in the 20 's and falling to the charts top 40 's in its following week . She ultimately canceled her `` Belt Buckle Blues '' tour and co-headlined with Country Pop singer Juliette Barnes on a single `` Wrong Song '' that was an instant hit and then co-headlined on tour with her , the `` Red Lips White Lies '' tour . Rayna then began her own record label `` Highway 65 Records '' in 2014 which she announced at the Grand Ole Opry . The `` Red Lips White Lies '' tour was a sell out but was stopped at a halt after the death of Juliette 's mother , and then the near death car crash of Jaymes with Deacon Claybourne that led to her being in a coma for two weeks . Once she recovered she suffered from vocal damage and decided to take time off to spend with her daughters . Though her follow up album was almost complete , her label wanted to rush release the album in order to capitalize on the publics re found love for Jaymes after her near death accident . Against Jaymes demands the label had police seize Jaymes for the masters to her album , threw out certain tracks , produced an album cover which featured her coming out of fire , and re-titled it `` Rising out of the ashes '' . This led to her buying herself out of Edgehill Republic Records that year for a total of $20,000,000 . The first release off of her label was her highly anticipated comeback album `` The Parts I Remember '' in 2015 which launched at number 1 on both the Billboard 200 Chart and the Billboard Country chart . This album was recorded while under Edgehill Republic and was her first album following her deadly car crash in 2013 . The record ultimately was certified gold and its lead single `` This Time '' was certified platinum . She then went on to win 5 CMA 's including `` Album of the year '' , `` Song of the year '' , `` Female vocalist of the year '' , `` Record of the year '' , and `` Entertainer of the year '' . Rayna has a catalogue of hit song after hit songs which include `` Already Gone '' , `` This Time '' , `` The Last Stand '' , `` Stompin ' Grounds '' , `` Changing Grounds '' , `` This Love Ai n't Big Enough '' , `` Postcards From Mexico '' , `` Buried Under '' , `` Ball And Chain '' , and `` American Beauty '' to name a few . She also has a hit of ballads which she is well known for including `` Sanctuary '' , `` No One Will Ever Love You '' , `` Do n't Leave Without Me '' , `` The Rivers Between Us '' , `` This Could Be Us '' , `` Stronger Than Me '' , and `` Together We Stand '' to name just a few . Albums ( edit ) 1990 : Cowgirls Love Too Hard - Sold 1 Million Copies 1991 : Southside Of Love 1993 : Home 1995 : Platinum Sea - Sold 3 Million Copies 1996 : Postcards From Mexico 1997 : Sweet & Sorrow 1999 : Until You Kissed Me - Sold 9 million Copies 2000 : Big Open Skies 2003 : Double Down 2006 : Thoroughbred 2008 : Little Bits Of Heaven - Sold 6 Million Copies 2010 : Rayna Jaymes 2012 : Belt Buckle Blues 2013 : Best Of - Sold 1 million copies 2014 : Four Platinum Albums ( Compilation ) 2015 : The Parts I Remember 2016 : Rayna Jaymes Live 2017 : ( Unknown Album with Deacon Claybourne ) Singles ( edit ) 1990 : Changing Ground 1991 : Wayfaring Stranger 1993 : No One Will Ever Love You ( featuring Deacon Claybourne ) 1995 : American Beauty 1995 : Sanctuary 1996 : No One Will Ever Love You re-release ( featuring Deacon Claybourne ) 1996 : Postcards From Mexico ( featuring Deacon Claybourne ) 1996 : The Rivers Between Us ( featuring Deacon Claybourne ) 1997 : The Best Songs Come From Broken Hearts 1999 : This Love Ai n't Big Enough 1999 : Surrender ( featuring Deacon Claybourne ) 2003 : Already Gone 2006 : I wan na do ( everything for you ) 2008 : The End Of The Day 2012 : It 's My Life 2012 : Stomping Ground 2012 : Buried Under 2013 : Stronger Than Me 2014 : Ball & Chain ( featuring : Luke Wheeler ) 2014 : This Time 2014 : Gasoline and Matches ( featuring : Sadie Stone ) 2015 : Take Mine ( featuring : Autumn Chase ) 2016 : Hold Onto Me 2016 : Strong Tonight 2016 : Together We Stand ( featuring : Daphne Conrad ) Tours ( edit ) 1990 : Cowgirls Love Too Hard Tour 1996 : No One Will Ever Love You Tour 1999 : Until You Kissed Me All Access Tour 2000 : Big Open Skies Tour 2003 : Double Down Tour 2008 : Little Bits Of Heaven World Tour 2012 : Belt Buckle Blues Tour 2014 : Ride Easy Tour ( The Parts I Remember Tour ) 2014 : The Honeymoon Tour with Luke Wheeler - 100 tour dates ( Canceled ) 2015 : Rayna Jaymes Live Tour Labels ( edit ) Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records : ( 1990 - 2013 ) Highway 65 Records : ( 2013 - 2017 ) Album Track listing ( edit ) Our Truth ( featuring Deacon Claybourne ) ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ca n't Remember Never Loving You '' Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne 3 : 43 2 . `` My Favorite Huricane '' Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne 4 : 05 3 . `` You 're Mine ( feat . Maddie Jaymes , Daphne Conrad , Juliette Barnes , Avery Barkley , Scarlett O ' Connor ( The Exes ) , Gunnar Scott ( The Exes ) , & Will Lexington ) '' Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Avery Barkley 4 : 39 The Parts I Remember ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` This Time '' Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Liam McGuinness 3 : 43 2 . `` Bitter Memory '' Rayna Jaymes Brad Paisley Liam McGuinness Rayna Jaymes Brad Paisley Liam McGuinness 5 : 05 3 . `` Wrong Song ( feat . Juliette Barnes ) '' Rayna Jaymes Juliette Barnes Rayna Jaymes Juliette Barnes Liam McGuinness 4 : 39 4 . `` Ball And Chain ( feat . Luke Wheeler ) '' Gunnar Scott Gunnar Scott Liam McGuinness 4 : 38 5 . `` Buried Under '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 11 6 . `` Stronger Than Me '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 54 7 . `` Together We Stand ( feat . Daphne Conrad ) '' Rayna Jaymes Daphne Conrad Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 08 8 . `` Strong Tonight '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 5 : 21 9 . `` The Blues Have Blown Away ( feat . Maddie Jaymes & Daphne Conrad ) '' Rayna Jaymes Daphne Conrad Maddie Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 5 : 02 10 . `` A Life That 's Good ( Quartet Version ) ( feat . Deacon Claybourne , Maddie Jaymes & Daphne Conrad ) '' Deacon Claybourne Deacon Claybourne Liam McGuinness 5 : 21 11 . `` Hold On To Me '' Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 5 : 21 12 . `` This Is Real Life ( feat . Maddie Jaymes & Daphne Conrad ) '' Rayna Jaymes Daphne Conrad Maddie Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 08 13 . `` Wrong For The Right Reasons '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 00 14 . `` Lies Of The Lonley ( Bonus Track ) '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 08 15 . `` Take Mine ( feat . Autumn Chase ) ( Bonus Track ) '' Rayna Jaymes Autumn Chase Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 08 16 . `` Gasoline & Matches ( feat . Saddie Stone ) ( Bonus Track ) '' Julie Miller Buddy Miller Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 08 17 . `` He Ai n't Gonna Change ( feat . Juliette Barnes ) ( Bonus Track ) '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness Juliette Barnes 4 : 08 18 . `` Buried Under ( Alternate Version ) ( Bonus Track ) '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 08 19 . `` This Time ( Quartet Version ) ( feat . Deacon Claybourne , Maddie Jaymes & Daphne Conrad ) ( Bonus Track ) '' Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Liam McGuinness 4 : 08 20 . `` This Time ( Acoustic Version ) feat . Deacon Claybourne ) ( Bonus Track ) '' Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Rayna Jaymes Deacon Claybourne Liam McGuinness 4 : 08 21 . `` Better Days ( Bonus Track ) '' Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 12 22 . `` Hickory ( Bonus Track ) '' Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness Rayna Jaymes Liam McGuinness 4 : 12 Four Platinum Albums ( 2014 ) ( Southside Of Love , Big Open Skies , Belt Buckle Blues , The Best Of ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Wayfaring Stranger '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 2 . `` Do n't Leave Without Me '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 4 : 03 3 . `` Already Gone '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 23 4 . `` It 's My Life '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 53 The Best Of ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Changing Grounds '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Belt Buckle Blues ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` It 's My Life '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Rayna Jaymes ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Last Stand '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 2 . `` Stompin ' Ground '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Little Bits Of Heaven ( 2008 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The End Of The Day ( feat . Deacon Claybourne ) '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Thoroughbred ( 2006 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I Wanna Do ( Everything For You ) feat . Deacon Claybourne '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Double Down ( 2003 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Already Gone '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Big Open Skies ( 2000 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` This Could Be Us '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 2 . `` Do n't Leave Without Me '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Until You Kissed Me ( 1999 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` This Love Ai n't Big Enough '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 2 . `` Surrender ( feat . Deacon Claybourne ) '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Sweet & Sorrow ( 1997 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Best Songs Come From Broken Hearts '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 2 . `` Back Again '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Postcards From Mexico ( 1996 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Postcards From Mexico ( feat . Deacon Claybourne ) '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 2 . `` The Rivers Between Us ( feat . Deacon Claybourne ) '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Platinum Sea ( 1995 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` American Beauty '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 2 . `` Sanctuary '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Home ( 1993 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` No One Will Ever Love You ( feat . Deacon Claybourne ) '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Southside Of Love ( 1991 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Wayfaring Stranger '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Cowgirls Love Too Hard ( 1990 ) ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Changing Grounds '' Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes Rayna Jaymes 3 : 43 Storylines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) After two decades of topping the charts , Rayna Jaymes ' career has begun to fall . Her latest album flopped so her record label suggests she open for the young country pop star Juliette Barnes ( Hayden Panettiere ) . Juliette hates Rayna because her mother Jolene ( Sylvia Jefferies ) was a fan of hers . When the president of their label , Marshall Evans , suggests that Rayna should collaborate with Juliette at a party for Edgehill , they write a song together . After their duet `` Wrong Song '' becomes a success , the two go on to co-headline a tour together . While Rayna is on tour Teddy visits her , telling her that he wants a divorce . When Marshall threatens to release a Greatest Hits album against her will , Rayna decides to work on a new album with a non-country producer , Liam McGuinness . At first , Liam does n't want to work with her . He changes his mind and then joins her band . When Rayna has the idea to start her own label , Liam does something behind her back . She fires him and dissolves their partnership . The two later reconcile and continue to work on her album . While they are on a break from the tour , Liam asks Rayna to spend the weekend away with him in St. Lucia . While she is packing for the trip , she realizes it feels wrong for her to go . She then goes to Deacon and tells him that she loves him and always has . The two spend the night together . The morning after Rayna tells Tandy that she and Deacon spent the night together . Tandy says it was just one night -- -- a -- -- fling and Rayna replies that it will never be one night or a fling with them because how they have always had a relationship . Tandy mentions how it 's always been all or nothing between them and asks her if that is what she and Deacon want . Teddy is not excited when he finds out that Rayna and Deacon may now be a couple . He is against it because there is a chance of Deacon finding out that he is Maddie 's biological father . Teddy tells her they made an agreement when Maddie was born and she has to honor it . Rayna promises him that she would never want to hurt their relationship and plans on keeping it a secret . After Maddie overhears her mother telling someone `` I love you '' on the phone she asks who she said that to . Rayna tells her she said that to Deacon and that they are together now . Later in the day when Rayna and Teddy are not home , Maddie snoops through her mother 's closet and finds a box that contains a paternity test . Maddie talks to a friend over the phone and says that Teddy might not be her father . The next day Maddie tells Deacon that he might be her father , which leaves Deacon shocked . Backstage at the CMA Awards , Deacon confronts Rayna about him possibly being Maddie 's biological father . Rayna tells him the whole story of how she found out she was pregnant the last time he went to rehab . She talked about it with Teddy and they decided to get married and do a paternity test afterwards . Coleman advised her to cut ties with Deacon because they wanted him to get better . Teddy and Rayna wanted what was best for Maddie . Deacon storms off and goes to a bar and begins to drink again . On the night Juliette plays a show at the Bluebird Cafe , Rayna runs after a drunk Deacon who leaves the café when the two notice each other . Rayna tells him that he is not driving anywhere and makes him move over to the passenger seat . On the way home the two argue which prevents Rayna from stopping at a stop sign . While swerving around the oncoming traffic , the car flips several times and lands in a ditch . Season 2 ( edit ) Rayna is put in a medically induced coma and hangs on to life for two weeks following the wreck . Deacon believes he was the one driving and pleads guilty of driving under the influence . Rayna wakes up and is able to say that she was the one driving the car and Deacon is set free . There are several flashbacks showing Rayna 's and Deacon 's lives around the time she got pregnant with Maddie . During the flashbacks it is revealed that Deacon proposal to Rayna was followed by Maddie 's conception . The morning after , Rayna realizes that Deacon had been drinking and did n't realize he had proposed . She gives back the ring and leaves him . She finds out that she 's pregnant and almost tells Deacon , but she sees him drunk , tearing up his cabin , and Tandy suggests not telling him about the pregnancy . Rayna struggles to get out of her contract with Edgehill and butts heads with the label 's new CEO , Jeff Fordham , when he steals Will Lexington from Highway 65 and threatens to release a Rayna Jaymes Greatest Hits album against her will . Her father was going to loan her money to get her out of it but he was sent to prison before he had the chance to . She is eventually able to get out of her contract by using her mortgage . Tandy finds out Lamar was involved with the car crash that killed their mother but ca n't say anything about it . Rayna eventually finds out . Soon after Lamar is released from prison he suffers a fatal heart attack while visiting Teddy at his office . During the season , Rayna and Deacon are able to repair their friendship following the events of the wreck and his discovery that he is Maddie 's biological father . Maddie and Deacon spend more time together , and he gives her music lessons , much to Teddy 's dislike . Also during the season , Rayna begins dating fellow country music singer , Luke Wheeler . When Maddie uploads a video of herself singing , using Deacon 's last name , the media soon finds out the truth about her paternity . Rayna , Teddy and Deacon go on GMA to talk about the situation , and Deacon says that Teddy did a great job raising Maddie . After Rayna and Luke finish singing `` Ball and Chain '' at her show at LP Field , Luke proposes to her on stage and she accepts . Later that night Deacon visits her telling her not to marry Luke because he now knows how to love her . He also proposes to her . Season 3 ( edit ) Rayna must make a decision whom to marry -- Luke or Deacon . She goes through old letters Deacon wrote to her , albums and starts playing their song , `` Postcard from Mexico '' . While listening to the song she looks back at their relationship , which includes her going to his hotel room and finding him being passed out or being unable to find him anywhere . She also remembers a time that Luke was there for her . Rayna then goes to Deacon and tells him that she chooses Luke because they have a clean slate and that he is the safe choice . Deacon responds that he is not the right choice . Looking for new artists to sign at Highway 65 , she comes across a fellow country singer , Sadie Stone , who is looking for a new record deal . When Rayna hears that Jeff Fordham of Edgehill is talking to Sadie , she does , too . Rayna 's manager Bucky later tells her that Sadie is leaning towards Edgehill so Rayna rushes to her before contracts are signed . Sadie says that Edgehill can make her as big as ' Rayna Jaymes ' but Rayna says no , only she ( Sadie ) can make herself big . Rayna then explains to her that Jeff only wants to sign her so he can show her off to his board so they will see that he has a female artist on his roster , then forget about her . With Highway 65 , she ( Rayna ) wo n't . At the beginning of her show Sadie announces that she signed with Rayna , leaving Jeff furious . In retaliation , Jeff calls someone saying that he is interested in signing a young sister act then waves to Teddy . He wants to sign Maddie and Daphne . Rayna becomes closer to Juliette when she is the first person Juliette tells about her pregnancy . During her tour Rayna is also planning her wedding to Luke . Rayna and Luke go two months without really seeing each other and when they do have a few days off , Rayna uses that time to be interviewed by Rolling Stone . Luke is angry since they have barely seen each other . The Rolling Stone reporter then interviews her at home . As she , Luke , and the reporter walk around they hear loud music playing . They go find the noise and when they do , they walk in on Maddie and Luke 's son , Colt , making out . Fearing that the reporter will write what he saw , Rayna goes to him and convinces him not to write about it , offering her story about Deacon instead . Rayna gets the most CMA nominations with six , including some for which she is up against Luke ; `` Entertainer of the Year '' , `` Album '' and `` Single '' . When the CMA 's finally come around , Rayna immediately wins the first award of the night for `` Single of the Year '' , beating Luke . During her speech , she thanks Deacon who co-wrote it with her . Luke is not pleased . Rayna beats out Luke again for `` Album of the Year '' . So far , Luke has only won `` Male Vocalist '' and then `` Musical Event '' with Rayna . To blow off steam he drinks and his ego gets to him . He walks off to the restroom , and Rayna follows him to see what 's wrong . He complains about her thanking Deacon , saying she came to the show with him , not Deacon , and he is the reason her album went gold because he proposed to her the day it was released . As the show closes , Rayna sweeps her nominations and wins `` Entertainer of the Year '' . At home , Luke apologizes for his behavior . He blames it on his ego and drinking and assures her that she is the only reason her album went gold . As her wedding day approaches , Rayna starts to feel unsure about going through it . The girls talk about going to boarding school when they hear from Luke that his kids do . Rayna disapproves of them talking about that with him , without her . She tells the girls they are n't going to boarding school . One of the reasons is because she feels that everything is changing and not for the better . On the day of the wedding , Rayna tells Luke she ca n't marry him and calls it off , leaving him furious . Later that day , Rayna goes to Deacon to tell him she loves him and always has , but she needs some time for herself . ' Jeff now only wants to sign Maddie so he can have a singer like Taylor Swift on his roster . He blackmails Teddy into signing his consent that Maddie be signed since only one parent 's consent is necessary . Rayna is furious when she finds out but she is able to prevent it when she tells Jeff 's boss about Layla overdosing at Jeff 's house , among other things . In addition to Maddie not getting signed , Jeff gets fired and Edgehill folds . Deacon finds out he has liver cancer but does n't want Rayna to know . He tells Scarlett he is supposed to take care of Rayna , not the other way around . He keeps his distance from her for a while until she asks him to sing with her to celebrate the tenth anniversary of her induction into the Grand Ole Opry . When they finish singing he runs off to avoid talking to her . He goes to his cabin at the lake but she follows him . Deacon finally tells her that he has cancer and she breaks down . After spending all day at the lake talking , they finally get back together . They go back to Rayna 's house so they can tell the girls they are back together , and so Deacon can tell them he is sick . With Deacon 's sister , Beverly , being his only match as a donor , Rayna goes to Mississippi to ask her but Beverly refuses . Rayna and Beverly do n't have a good history with each other because years ago Deacon chose to join Rayna 's band instead of making it big with Beverly , and Beverly resents Rayna for that . Beverly eventually agrees to be his donor . As the surgery approaches , Deacon has nightmares about dying . Before he goes into the O.R. he asks Rayna to marry him right then and there . She tells him no , they will wait until after the operation so they can have a proper ceremony . They do , however , recite wedding vows to each other . Rayna assures him that he is going to be alright . While waiting for the surgery to be over , Dr. Rand tells Rayna something has gone wrong . The heart - monitor then appears on screen showing a flat - line , leaving viewers to wonder if it was Deacon or Beverly who flat - lined . Season 4 ( edit ) A month has past since the transplant . Deacon and Beverly made it through the surgery although Beverly had an aneurysm and is in a coma . Rayna , who just officially dropped Juliette from Highway 65 , gets a call from her , crying and saying she needs help . Rayna flies out to Los Angeles to see her because she cares about her . When Rayna tries to talk to her after her set she does n't have much luck . Juliette yells at her and says she is not having good luck with Highway 65 . On her way back home in Nashville , Rayna hears the radio DJ 's criticizing her about letting Juliette go and how she is not that good at running a label . In an effort to save her label Rayna tries to find a big - name artist to sign . She comes up with a rock star named Markus Keen who is looking for a new label but Bucky thinks it wo n't work because he is a rock artist . On a flight to New York she is conveniently seated right next to Markus . During the flight she smooth talks him about switching to country , convincing him that at her label he can be heard . Markus ends up signing with her . Scarlett makes the tough decision of taking Beverly off life support . At the funeral Deacon breaks down during the eulogy so Rayna takes over . After the funeral , Markus calls Rayna saying he is on his way to Nashville and ready to work . Rayna gets mad at Maddie when she finds out Juliette invited her to sing on stage with her in Atlanta and punishes her . She is having a tough time with Maddie and brings her and Daphne to the meeting with Markus . Markus gets Rayna to produce his album after he fires Avery for not `` getting '' his `` vision '' , among other things . While working on the album he acts like an arrogant brat , as usual . He and Rayna do n't see eye - to - eye so he storms off , saying this was a mistake . Markus eventually gets her version of his song now . Deacon decides to buy into a bar with one of his buddies , Frankie Grey , who was his AA sponsor . Rayna is unsure about it because he is a recovering alcoholic . They get into an argument over it but she eventually supports him . Deacon proposes to Rayna and she says yes . When Rayna and Deacon 's wedding day arrives , the paparazzi has discovered where the wedding is going to be held - at Rayna 's late mother 's country property , where she has lots of wonderful childhood memories with her mom and Tandy . Rayna 's publicist finds a private barn where the wedding can be held out of the public eye . Maddie is concerned about her parents getting married because sometimes Deacon can be violent ; for instance , when he pushed a paparazzi photographer out of the way and broke his camera in rage . Daphne is concerned about the marriage , too , because she 's worried about being the outsider . Rayna assures both of the girls that there is nothing to worry about because they are a family and nothing is going to tear that apart , and Deacon loves them both more than anything . Tandy is openly opposed to the marriage and threatens to hunt Deacon down if he ever hurts her sister . The ceremony proceeds as ceremony , and Rayna and Deacon are now married . Maddie runs away from home to live with Frankie 's daughter Cash , and Cash is going to help her with her career . Cash tells Maddie about the recording contract at Edgehill she was offered that she did n't know about . Maddie feels that her mother is standing in her way and wants to be emancipated so she can take control of her career . Rayna does n't want Maddie to be like her , when she was younger and left home for a career . She wants to shield her from being exploited , but she also fears she is losing her . At the hearing Deacon 's violent , drunken past is exposed to the judge . The lawyer uses this as a tool to help get Maddie emancipated . Deacon realizes the only way the lawyer knew all of that is because Frankie told Cash , who then told the lawyer . Deacon then confronts Frankie outside of their bar . The two get into a brawl after Frankie sucker punches him . Just as Deacon bloodies Frankie 's nose , everyone from inside comes out to , and Frankie accuses Deacon of trying to kill him . This causes the judge to decide to grant Maddie 's emancipation . Cash wants Maddie to get away from Nashville so there will be no connections to Rayna , and Maddie signs with a shady label in New York . When an older record producer attempts to assault Maddie , Deacon bursts in and rescues her . Maddie reconciles with her family , and as the season comes to a close Rayna , Deacon , Maddie and Daphne are a happy family once more . Season 5 ( edit ) Rayna has her family back at last . The season opens with the family watching the news coverage of Juliette 's plane crash . Rayna has some financial problems with the label hitting some bumps in the road . She agrees to play at a private event in Silicon Valley hosted by an app developer named Zach Wells ( who is a fanboy of hers ) as a way to bring in money . Zach informs Rayna that he is on his way to Nashville . He wants to `` hack her cloud '' and wants to go into business with her . She and Deacon are unsure of the proposal , but she needs the money . In return , Zach wants 20 % of Highway 65 . Luke has put Wheelin ' Dealin ' Records up for sale , and Zach wants Highway 65 to acquire it . Rayna gets inspired for her and Deacon to write their story for a concept album featuring the two of them . Rayna also has a stalker . One day when she walks into work , someone watches her as they listen to her music . A few days later Rayna discovers a mysterious package with no stamp at her door . It contains a letter and rose petals . More mysterious letters show up and she and Bucky try to figure out who is behind them . The man who wrote the letters , Wayne Hockney , shows up at Highway 65 , which alarms her . Bucky escorts him out while she calls for security . She gets a restraining order against Hockney and increases security at her house . One day Hockney shows up at Daphne 's school . He taunts the Jaymes / Claybourne household by going as far as he can while still obeying the restraining order . This drives them crazy , turning their lives upside down , and Deacon wants to confront him , but the police advise not to do that . They want him arrested but he has n't done anything for which he can be arrested . He eventually violates the restraining order by surprising Rayna at work . He holes up in her office where they talk , and when she tries to get free he catches her and threatens her with a knife . After pleas from Rayna and the police he lets her go and is arrested . The police take her home , and as she is on the phone with Deacon to tell him what happened an oncoming car crashes into them , sending Rayna to the hospital . Due to the crash , Rayna has a shattered pelvis and hip , and is in surgery for four hours . Lying in her hospital bed , Rayna sees her dead mother and talks to her . This worries Deacon because he knows people can experience that when they are on the brink of death , but the doctor tells him not to worry . Daphne 's choir comes to the hospital to support her . While they sing for Rayna she crashes and is sent to the ICU . Her organs are failing , her condition worsens and her outcome is n't too promising . She ca n't hold on any longer , and dies with her family by her side . Following her death , Bucky announced that the CMT Awards ( where Rayna was scheduled to perform ) had planned a musical tribute by Faith Hill . Juliette convinces the organizers that she knew Rayna best and should sing instead , however , when she comes to perform `` Sanctuary '' , she leaves the stage and allows Maddie to sing instead . Maddie breaks down halfway through the song and is then joined by Daphne and Deacon , with the trio receiving a standing ovation from the crowd . Rayna 's death causes tension within the family when Teddy and Tandy suggest that the girls should live with Teddy ( as Daphne is biologically his and Deacon has proven to be an unstable parent ) . Tandy also states that Deacon is not fully equipped to run Highway 65 . Eventually , Teddy realizes that Rayna would have wanted Maddie and Daphne to stay with Deacon . At a Highway 65 meeting , Deacon is furious when Zach states that they should release Deacon and Rayna 's duet album ( as Rayna had completed the majority of her studio recordings before her death ) although he later comes to see that the album is the perfect way to end Rayna 's career . Deacon goes into their home studio where he finds Bucky , Gunnar , Scarlett , Will , Avery , Juliette , Maddie and Daphne all singing along with Rayna 's recording of the track `` You 're Mine '' and he joins them , seeing it as their final song together . Departure ( edit ) After CMT picked up Nashville in summer 2016 , there were rumors that Britton would depart the series after ten episodes . In the ninth episode of season 5 , Rayna dies onscreen following injuries from a car crash . Discussing her reason for leaving the show , Britton stated `` various reasons , had been percolating for me . What was really important to me was that it felt like the right time . '' `` There were a lot of different factors that played into it ; it was a cumulative thing . I do n't need to go into greater detail about what that was but , for me it felt like the timing was important and my No. 1 priority was the show and making sure that it was done in the right way . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Picture from Life 's Other Side '' . Nashville . Season 1 . Episode 20 . May 15 , 2013 . ABC . Per the restraining order in the episode . Jump up ^ Tim Goodman ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Nashville : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Linda Stasi ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Nashville ' is a smash '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Singing its praises : ABC 's Nashville is fall 's best newcomer '' . Uncle Barky . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations : ' Lincoln ' Leads With 7 , ' Game Change ' Tops TV '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Connie Britton To Star In ABC 's ' Nashville ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mandi Bierly ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Connie Britton cast in ABC drama pilot ' Nashville ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Willa Paskin ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` '' Nashville 's '' Callie Khouri : `` Watching two women go at it is boring '' `` . Salon . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Britton and Panettiere go country for ' Nashville ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.cmt.com/news/1793679/exclusive-how-sara-evans-relates-to-rayna-jaymes/ Jump up ^ David , Valerie ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Nashville ' Recap : Rayna and Deacon Struggle with Their Love , Dante Proves He 's Worse Than We Thought '' . Jump up ^ `` Deacon confronts Rayna - Nashville , 1x21 preview '' . ABC . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' Shocker Explained : Connie Britton Open Up About Devastating Ending '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Rayna Jaymes on IMDb Nashville Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Rayna Jaymes Juliette Barnes Discography Albums The Music of Nashville : Season 1 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 1 , Volume 2 The Music of Nashville : Season 2 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 2 , Volume 2 Christmas with Nashville The Music of Nashville : Season 3 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 3 , Volume 2 The Music of Nashville : Season 4 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 4 , Volume 2 The Music of Nashville : Season 5 , Volume 1 The Music of Nashville : Season 5 , Volume 2 Singles `` Telescope '' `` Shotgun '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayna_Jaymes&oldid=841048478 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Fictional characters from Tennessee Fictional singers Nashville ( 2012 TV series ) Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2018 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 19 : 06 . About Wikipedia | who does rayna end up with in nashville | [
"When Rayna and Deacon's wedding day arrives, the paparazzi has discovered where the wedding is going to be held - at Rayna's late mother's country property, where she has lots of wonderful childhood memories with her mom and Tandy. Rayna's publicist finds a private barn where the wedding can be held out of the public eye. Maddie is concerned about her parents getting married because sometimes Deacon can be violent; for instance, when he pushed a paparazzi photographer out of the way and broke his camera in rage. Daphne is concerned about the marriage, too, because she's worried about being the outsider. Rayna assures both of the girls that there is nothing to worry about because they are a family and nothing is going to tear that apart, and Deacon loves them both more than anything. Tandy is openly opposed to the marriage and threatens to hunt Deacon down if he ever hurts her sister. The ceremony proceeds as ceremony, and Rayna and Deacon are now married."
] | [
"Deacon"
] |
2774482559585231986 | Smith (surname) | Smith ( surname ) - wikipedia Smith ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search For a list of people with surname Smith , see List of people with surname Smith . Smith Family name A close - up of a blacksmith at work . Smith became a popular last name for those with this occupation . Pronunciation / ˈsmɪθ / Meaning derived from smitan , meaning `` to smite '' Region of origin England Related names numerous Footnotes : Smith is a surname originating in England . It is the most prevalent surname in the United Kingdom , Australia and the United States , the second most common surname in Canada , and the fifth most common surname in the Republic of Ireland . The surname Smith is particularly prevalent among those of English , Scottish and Irish descent , but is also a common surname among African Americans , which can be attributed to black slaves being forced to adopt the name during slavery and never changing the name upon the end of the era of slavery and after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation . 2,376,206 Americans shared the surname Smith during the 2000 census , and more than 500,000 people share it in the United Kingdom . At the turn of the 20th century , the surname was sufficiently prevalent in England to have prompted the statement : `` Common to every village in England , north , south , east and west '' ; and sufficiently common on the ( European ) continent ( in various forms ) to be `` common in most countries of Europe '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and history 2 Variations 2.1 English variations 2.2 Other languages 2.2. 1 Other Germanic languages 2.2. 2 Romance languages 2.2. 3 Celtic languages 2.2. 4 Slavic languages 2.2. 5 Other 2.2. 6 Other 3 Notable people sharing the surname `` Smith '' 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Etymology and history ( edit ) The name refers to a smith , originally deriving from smið or smiþ , the Old English term meaning one who works in metal related to the word smitan , the Old English form of smite , which also meant strike ( as in early 17th century Biblical English : the verb `` to smite '' = to hit ) . The Old English word smiþ comes from the Proto - Germanic word smiþaz . Smithy comes from the Old English word smiðē from the Proto - Germanic smiðjon . The use of Smith as an occupational surname dates back to Anglo - Saxon times , when inherited surnames were still unknown : Ecceard Smith of County Durham , North East England , was recorded in 975 . Although the name is derived from a common occupation , many later Smiths had no connection to that occupation , but adopted or were given the surname precisely because of its commonness . For example : It is common for people in English - speaking countries to adopt the surname Smith in order to maintain a secret identity , when they wish to avoid being found . Smith is an extremely common name among English Gypsies ; see also John Smith . During the colonisation of North America , some Native Americans took the name for use in dealing with colonists . During the period of slavery in the United States , many other slaves were known by the surname of their masters , or adopted those surnames upon their emancipation . During the world wars , many German Americans anglicised the common and equivalent German surname Schmidt or Schmitz to Smith to avoid discrimination . Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island ; some chose more `` American '' surnames , like `` Smith '' , on arrival . A popular misconception holds that at the beginning of the 20th century , when many new immigrants were entering the U.S. , civil servants at Ellis Island responsible for cataloging the entry of such persons sometimes arbitrarily assigned new surnames if the immigrants ' original surname was particularly lengthy , or difficult for the processor to spell or pronounce . While such claims are likely vastly exaggerated , many immigrants did choose to begin their American lives with more `` American '' names , particularly with Anglicised versions of their birth names ; the German Schmidt was often Anglicized to Smith not only during the world wars , but also commonly in times of peace , and the equivalent Polish Kowalski was Anglicized to Smith as well . Variations ( edit ) Variations of the surname Smith also remain very common . These include different spellings of the English term , and versions in other languages . English variations ( edit ) There is some disagreement about the origins of the numerous variations of the name Smith . The addition of an e at the end of the name is sometimes considered an affectation , but may have arisen either as an attempt to spell smithy or as the Middle English adjectival form of smith , which would have been used in surnames based on location rather than occupation ( in other words , for someone living near or at the smithy ) . Likewise , the replacement of the i with a y in Smyth or Smythe is also often considered an affectation but may have originally occurred because of the difficulty of reading blackletter text , where Smith might look like Snuth or Simth . However , Charles Bardsley wrote in 1901 , `` The y in Smyth is the almost invariable spelling in early rolls , so that it can not exactly be styled a modern affectation . '' Some variants ( such as Smijth ) were adopted by individuals for personal reasons , while others may have arisen independently or as offshoots from the Smith root . Names such as Smither and Smithers may in some cases be variants of Smith but in others independent surnames based on a meaning of light and active attributed to smyther . Additional derivatives include Smithman , Smithson and Smithfield ( see below ) . Athersmith may derive from at the Smith . Other variations focus on specialisms within the profession ; for example Blacksmith , from those who worked predominantly with iron , Whitesmith , from those who worked with tin ( and the more obvious Tinsmith ) , Brownsmith and Redsmith , from those who worked with copper ( Coppersmith and Greensmith ; copper is green when oxidised ) , Silversmith and Goldsmith -- and those based on the goods produced , such as Hammersmith , Bladesmith , Naismith ( nail - smith ) , Arrowsmith which in turn was shortened to Arsmith , or Shoesmith ( referring to horseshoes ) . Sixsmith has nothing to do with six smiths but it is variant spelling of a sickle or scythe smith . Wildsmith in turn is a corruption of wheelsmith The patronymic practice of attaching son to the end of a name to indicate that the bearer is the child of the original holder has also led to the surnames Smithson and Smisson . Other languages ( edit ) Other languages with different words for the occupation of `` smith '' or `` blacksmith '' also produced surnames based on that root . Other Germanic languages ( edit ) German : Schmid , Schmidt , Schmitt , Schmitz , Schmith , Schmied , Schmick Southern Dutch : De Smid , De Smedt , Desmedt , De Smet , Desmet , Smeets , Smets Northern Dutch and Afrikaans : Smit , Smits , Smid , Smidt , Smed , De Smet Danish , Norwegian and Swedish : Smed Romance languages ( edit ) Words derived from the Latin term for smith ( literally `` one who works with iron '' ) , such as the Italian words fabbro and ferraio , are the root of last names common in several parts of Europe . Italian : Fabbri , Fabbro , Fabris , Ferrara , Ferraro , Ferrari , Ferrera , Ferrero French : Lefebvre , Lefèvre , Lefeuvre , Lefébure , Favre , Faber , Fabre , Fabré , Faure , Fauré , Favret , Favrette , or Dufaure , Feaver ( anglicisation ) Spanish : Herrero , Herrera , Ferrero Romanian : Feraru , Fieraru Portuguese : Ferreiro , Ferreira Catalan : Ferrer , Ferré , Farré , Fabre , Fabra Latin : Faber Celtic languages ( edit ) In Ireland and Scotland , the word for smith , gobha , is found in the surname `` MacGouren '' / MacGouran / MacGowan / McGowan . This surname is an Anglicised form of Mac a ' Ghobhainn ( Scottish Gaelic ) , Mac Gabhann ( Irish ) , meaning `` son of the smith '' . In England the surname Goff , which is common in East Anglia , is derived from the Breton and Cornish goff a cognate of the Gaelic gobha . This particular surname was brought to England by migrant Bretons , following the Norman Conquest of England . Cornish : Angove ( an Gov ) , Goff , Goffe , Trengove Slavic languages ( edit ) Belarusian : Kavaliou ( Кавалёў ) Russian : Kovalyov ( Ковалёв ) , Kuznetsov ( Кузнецов ) Bosnian : Kovač , Kovačić , Kovačević Bulgarian : Kovachev ( Ковачев ) Croatian : Kovač , Kovačić , Kovačević , Kovačev , Kovačec , Kovaček Czech : Kovář Macedonian : Kovačevski ( Ковачевски ) , Kovačev ( Ковачев ) Slovak : Kováč and derived Kováčik , Kovačovič Polish : Kowal and its place name derivative Kowalski , and patronymics Kowalik , Kowalczyk and Kowalewski Serbian : Kovačević / Ковачевић , Kovač / Ковач , Kovačev / Ковачев Slovenian : Kovač , Kovačič Ukrainian : Kovalenko ( Коваленко ) , Kovalchuk ( Ковальчук ) , Koval ( Коваль ) Other ( edit ) Greek : Sideras ( Σιδεράς ) Hungarian : Kovács Latvian : Kalējs Lithuanian : Kalvaitis Other ( edit ) Arabic : Haddad ( حداد ) Albanian : Nallbani Azerbaijani : Dəmirçi Aramaic : Haddad Armenian : Darbinyan , Tarpinyan ( Դարբինյան , Տարպինյան ) Balinese : Pande Bengali : Karmakar ( কর্মকার ) Estonian : Sepp Finnish : Seppä , Seppälä , Seppänen Georgian : Mchedlidze , Mchedlishvili ( მჭედლიძე , მჭედლიშვილი ) Japanese : Kajiya ( 鍛冶屋 ) Lingala : Motuli Nepali : Kami ( कामी ) Persian : Zargar ( زرگر ) Punjabi : Lohar Syriac : Hadodo , Hadad , Haddad Turkish : Demirci Notable people sharing the surname `` Smith '' ( edit ) Main article : List of people with surname Smith See also ( edit ) Smyth Smythe ( disambiguation ) Smith family Smith ( taxonomic authority ) Smith and Jones ( disambiguation ) Smithson ( son of Smith ) Mayor Smith ( disambiguation ) General Smith ( disambiguation ) Governor Smith ( disambiguation ) President Smith ( disambiguation ) Judge Smith ( disambiguation ) Psmith Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : British surnames Jump up ^ 1990 Census Name Files Jump up ^ SMITH - Name Meaning & Origin Jump up ^ 2000 Census : Frequently Occurring Surnames Jump up ^ Citation : Brooke , 2006 . Jump up ^ Franklin Carter Smith , Emily Anne Croom , A Genealogist 's Guide to Discovering Your African - American Ancestors ( 2009 ) , p. 109 - 110 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Genealogy Data : Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000 '' . 27 Sept 2011 . Accessed 29 Mar 2012 . Jump up ^ UCL News : Surname Profiler ^ Jump up to : Bardsley . English and Welsh Surnames. 1901 . ^ Jump up to : Citation : Anderson , 1863 . Jump up ^ Citation : Simpson , 2007 . Jump up ^ USCIS Home Page ^ Jump up to : Cottle , Basil . Penguin Dictionary of Surnames . Baltimore , MD : Penguin Books , 1967 . ^ Jump up to : Citation : Lower , 1860 . Jump up ^ http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Athersmith Jump up ^ http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Arsmith Jump up ^ http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Sixsmith Jump up ^ http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Wildsmith Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) References ( edit ) Anderson , William ( 1863 ) . The Scottish Nation ( Volume 3 : MAC to ZET ) ( PDF ) . Edinburgh : A. Fullerton & Co. p. 479 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Bardsley , Charles Wareing ( 1901 ) . English and Welsh Surnames ( PDF ) . London : Henry Frowde . p. 699 . ISBN 0 - 8063 - 0022 - 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . The section heading referenced here reads `` Smith , Smyth , Smythe '' , suggesting these to be the most common variants at the time ( 1901 ) . `` Surname Map for Smith in Britain , Ireland and Mann . '' ( map ) . CelticFamilyMaps.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Brooke , Bob ( 2006 - 12 - 31 ) . `` The Mighty Smiths : Dealing With Common Surnames '' . Everyday Genealogy . Genealogy Today , LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . CBC News ( 2007 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Common surnames '' . News In Depth . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 . Cottle , Basil ( 1967 ) . Penguin Dictionary of Surnames . Baltimore , MD : Penguin Books . Dorward , David ( 1998 ) . Scottish Surnames . Collins Celtic ( Pocket edition ) . Geoghegan , Eddie ( 2006 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Smith coat of arms and family history '' . araltas.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . At the outset it is important to mention that the spelling of the name as Smith , Smyth , Smithe , Smythe , etc. is of little historical significance . The use of `` i '' and `` y '' and the presence or absence of the terminal `` e '' merely reflect the writing styles of the day . `` How Many of Me ? '' ( database search result ) . HowManyofMe.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . There are 3,053,623 people in the U.S. with the last name Smith . Lower , Mark Antony ( 1860 ) ( 1860 ) . Patronymica Britannica : A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom ( PDF ( Google Books ) ) . London : John Russell Smith . pp. 319 -- 321 . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 0456 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . O'Kane , Willie ( 1998 ) . `` Surnames of County Monaghan '' . Irish Roots. 26 ( 2nd quarter ) . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 ... certain members of the MacGabhann and O Gabhan septs , usually Anglicised as McGowan , took the name Smith on the basis of the name Mac Gobha , ' son of the smith ' . The URL here is to a reprint on the Irish Ancestors website . Tables of contents for back issues of Irish Roots Magazine are found at http://www.irishroots.ie/Back%20Issues%20List.htm and there are two listings for the title here , one in ' Issue No. 26 ( 1998 Second quarter ) ' , the other in ' Issue No. 48 ( 2003 Fourth quarter ) ' . It is not clear whether the latter is a simple reprint of the former or an update . The reprinted article notes ' From Irish Roots , ( No. 28 ) ' . Simpson , David ( 2007 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Surnames of North East England '' . The North East England History Pages . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Smith , Elsdon C. ( 1997 ) . American Surnames . Genealogical Publishing Company . `` Smith surname at YourNotMe '' . YourNotMe.com . Archived from the original ( database search result ) on 2006 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . US Census Bureau ( 9 May 1995 ) . s : 1990 Census Name Files dist. all. last ( 1 - 100 ) . Retrieved on 25 February 2008 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSmith ( surname ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Origin and history of the name of Smith , with biographies of all the most noted persons of that name , Chicago , Ill. , American Publishers ' Association , 1902 . via Internet Archive Surnames associated with the occupation of smith Armenian Darbinyan Celtic Cowell Goff Gow Gowan Mac a ' Ghobhainn MacGavin / McGavin MacGowan / McGowan Germanic De Smet Schmid Schmidt Schmied Schmieden Schmitt Schmitz Schmitzer Smeets Smet Smets Smit Smith Smithe Smither Smithers Smithies Smithson Smits Smyth Smythe Szmidt Indic Lohar Kartvelian Mchedlidze Mchedlishvili Romance Fabbri Faber Fabre Fabri Faure Favre Feaver Ferrara Ferrari Ferraris Ferraro Ferrara Ferré Ferreira Ferrer Ferrero Ferreiro Ferretti Ferrier Fieraru Fierarul Herrera Herrero Lefébure Lefebvre Lefèvre Semitic Haddad Hadodo Al - Haddad El - Haddad Slavic Covaci Kavalyow Kovač Kovačić Kovačević Kovachev Kovács Koval Kovalchuk ( Kowalczuk ) Kovalenko Kovalevich ( Kowalewicz ) Kovalevsky Kovalic Kovalik Kovalyuk Kovals Kovalyov Kovář Kovařík Kowal , Kowalczyk , Kowalewski , Kowalik , Kowalski Kuznets Kuznetsov Turkic Demirci Demircioğlu Uralic Sepp Seppä Seppänen Seppälä From `` spark '' rel. to occ . ' smith ' Funke Vonck Vonk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smith_(surname)&oldid=803217792 '' Categories : Occupational surnames English - language surnames Surnames of English origin Hidden categories : Pages using infobox family name with unknown parameters All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Deutsch Polski Română Slovenščina Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the last name smith originate from | [
"\n\nSmith\n\n\nFamily name\n\n\n\nA close-up of a blacksmith at work. Smith became a popular last name for those with this occupation.\n\n\n\nPronunciation\n/ˈsmɪθ/\n\n\nMeaning\nderived from smitan, meaning \"to smite\"\n\n\nRegion of origin\nEngland\n\n\nRelated names\nnumerous\n\n\nFootnotes: [1][2]\n\n",
"\n\nSmith\n\n\nFamily name\n\n\n\nA close-up of a blacksmith at work. Smith became a popular last name for those with this occupation.\n\n\n\nPronunciation\n/ˈsmɪθ/\n\n\nMeaning\nderived from smitan, meaning \"to smite\"\n\n\nRegion of origin\nEngland\n\n\nRelated names\nnumerous\n\n\nFootnotes: [1][2]\n\n"
] | [
"England",
"derived from smitan, meaning \"to smite\""
] |
2634598207449886013 | Chesapeake Shores | Chesapeake Shores - wikipedia Chesapeake Shores Jump to : navigation , search Chesapeake Shores Genre Drama Based on Characters created by Sherryl Woods Developed by Dan Paulson Starring Jesse Metcalfe Meghan Ory Barbara Niven Laci J. Mailey Emilie Ullerup Diane Ladd Treat Williams Brendan Penny Andrew Francis Opening theme `` Coming Home Soon '' by Adam Woodall ( season 1 ) `` Home '' by Daughtry ( season 2 ) Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Tinker Dan Paulson Martin Wood Nancey Silvers Sherryl Woods Michael Berns Producer ( s ) Matt Drake Location ( s ) Vancouver Island , British Columbia Camera setup Multiple - camera Running time 48 -- 96 minutes Production company ( s ) Chesapeake Shores S2 Productions Inc . Daniel L. Paulson Entertainment Distributor Borderline Distribution , Inc . Release Original network Hallmark Channel Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) -- present ( present ) External links www.hallmarkchannel.com/chesapeake-shores Chesapeake Shores is a Canadian / American drama television series , based on the novel series of the same name by Sherryl Woods , produced by Chesapeake Shores S1 ( for Season 1 ) , S2 ( for Season 2 ) Productions in association with Borderline Distribution . The series had a two - hour premiere on the Hallmark Channel on August 14 , 2016 . Meghan Ory , Jesse Metcalfe , Treat Williams , Brendan Penny , Andrew Francis and Diane Ladd star in the series . John Tinker is showrunner and executive producer . On January 15 , 2017 , Hallmark announced that the show was renewed for a 10 - episode second season , which aired from August 6 through October 8 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Viewership 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Abby O'Brien Winters returns from New York to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores , Maryland , after receiving a panicked phone call from her youngest sister Jess , who is renovating the Inn at Eagle Point . Abby 's demanding career , divorce , and young daughters have kept her too busy to even think about the town her father built . Saving her sister 's inn from foreclosure means dealing not only with her fractured family but also with Trace Riley , her first love whom she abruptly left sixteen years ago . He initially is an obstacle but becomes an unexpected ally and a second chance at finding love . The troubled family dynamic is intensified when Abby 's estranged mother comes back to town . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Meghan Ory as Abby O'Brien : a high - powered New York City career woman , divorcée , mother to two young daughters , and the oldest of Mick and Megan 's five children . After years away from her family , she takes a trip to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores and decides to stay . Jesse Metcalfe as Trace Riley , a musician and Abby 's first love who has returned to Chesapeake Shores from Nashville . After high school , Abby abruptly left Trace and Chesapeake Shores without warning , an action for which he has never forgiven her . Treat Williams as Mick O'Brien : patriarch of the O'Briens . His wife Megan left him many years ago , making him a single father working hard to provide for his family . Diane Ladd as Nell O'Brien : matriarch of the O'Briens and Mick 's mother . When Megan moved out and Mick was frequently on the road for work , Nell became the children 's primary caregiver . Laci J. Mailey as Jess O'Brien : Abby 's youngest sister who has bought a dilapidated old inn that she intends to transform into a bed and breakfast . Poised for financial disaster , she must call on Abby to save her from early bankruptcy . Emilie Ullerup as Bree Elizabeth O'Brien : Abby 's younger sister who is a struggling playwright living in Chicago . Her first play earned her glowing reviews , but she has yet to recreate its success . Her writer 's block and her grandmother 's illness cause her to return home . Barbara Niven as Megan : Mick 's estranged wife . Her children hold a grudge over her leaving many years ago , but she claims Mick left her no choice . She could n't be around him , but also did n't want to uproot the children from their home . Brendan Penny as Kevin O'Brien , older son of Mick and Megan who is a medic in the U.S. Army . Andrew Francis as Connor O'Brien , younger son of Mick and Megan who is a law student . Recurring ( edit ) Abbie Magnuson as Caitlyn Winters , daughter of Abby and Wes Kayden Magnuson as Carrie Winters , daughter of Abby and Wes Michael Karl Richards as Wes Winters , Abby 's ex-husband Brittany Willacy as Leigh Corley , Trace 's bandmate and songwriting partner Serge Houde as Del Granger , Abby 's new boss in Baltimore Britt Irvin as Danielle Clayman , Connor 's law school classmate who becomes his love interest Ali Liebert as Georgia Eyles , Kevin 's ex-fiancée ( season 1 ) Karen Kruper as Dee Riley , Trace 's mother Tom Butler as Lawrence Riley , Trace 's father Carlo Marks as David Peck , Jess 's boyfriend who seems to have more in common with Bree Kyle Cassie as Martin Demming , Bree 's former longtime boyfriend Bradley Stryker as John Rawl , bassist for Trace 's former band who later joins the Trace Riley Band ( season 2 ) Jessica Sipos as Sarah Mercer , a local firefighter and Kevin 's love interest ( season 2 ) Gregory Harrison as Thomas O'Brien , Mick 's brother ( season 2 ) Victor Webster as Douglas Peterson , a widower that Abby meets who later partners with Mick in a land development deal . ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 1.94 When Abby O'Brien was 17 years old , her mother , Megan , left her father , Mick , Abby and her siblings Bree , Kevin , Connor , and Jess . Fifteen years later , Abby , a successful career woman and divorced mother of two daughters , Carrie and Caitlyn , lives in New York . Just when Abby is told her ex-husband Wes is getting remarried , her sister Jess asks her and the girls to visit Chesapeake Shores for a weekend . Abby is concerned upon learning Jess is renovating a rundown home into a bed and breakfast and is also needing help with finances . Returning home , Abby sees her high school sweetheart , Trace , now a successful country musician , whom she left to move to New York . Meanwhile , there is tension between Mick and Abby , stemming from him being a frequently absent parent when she was growing up and its negative impact on the family . She soon realizes that she has been a somewhat similar parent for her girls . She voices her fears to Trace , and he whisks her away for a moonlit swim that ultimately leads to a kiss . She later apologizes for both the kiss and for leaving him years ago . She extends her visit when Nell , the grandmother who raised her , suffers a minor illness . Middle sister Bree also make a trip home . Reconnecting with her family , Abby contemplates her children growing up there . Trace reveals that he tried to find her in New York after college , but stopped upon hearing of her engagement . He also admits that the Nashville scene was n't for him and he came home to recharge . Abby then visits her firm 's Baltimore office , where she is extended an open employment offer ; the office 's proximity to Chesapeake Shores and the family - friendly hours appeal to her . That night , Mick surprises everyone as he has summoned Megan to town . After years of strained relations , he believes the family should reconnect . Soon , Mick 's sons , Connor and Kevin , also return home . `` Home to Roost , Part One '' Peter DeLuise John Tinker August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 1.86 Nell returns home from a doctor visit , hinting there is something wrong but not wanting to discuss it . Abby jogs by Trace 's place , and they briefly discuss last night and what it might mean . Soon after , Wes arrives to pick up the girls and gets into an argument with Abby . He gets in his car and says he 'll be back in an hour . Abby returns to Trace , and they try to talk about each other 's lives over the past several years . Trace wo n't open up about why he returned from Nashville , only saying that the music business is n't what he hoped it would be . As the two start to embrace , Abby stops and tells Trace the only way they can have a chance together is if her girls always come first and he lets things happen at her pace . As Jess prepares for the soft opening of her B&B , Megan takes a room there and the two later argue . A pipe bursts and Mick rushes to the B&B to fix it before the opening . Kevin , an Army medic , announces he 's being deployed again to Afghanistan . Wes returns and hands papers to Abby , saying their current arrangement is n't going to work . Trace catches them arguing and starts toward Wes , but Abby tells him to butt out . `` Home to Roost , Part Two '' Peter DeLuise John Tinker August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 2.18 Abby decides to accept the job offer in the Baltimore office and stay in Chesapeake Shores to raise her daughters . She consults Connor , her soon - to - be lawyer brother , on the best way to fight for custody . Trace continues to struggle with things he left behind in Nashville , as evidenced by a heated exchange with someone on the other end of a phone call . Trace and Abby meet and agree that , for now , they need to be friends and nothing more . Mick suggests to Bree that staying in Chesapeake Shores for a while may be just what she needs to overcome her writer 's block . `` We 're Not Losing a Son ... '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 2.21 Just as Abby and Trace are getting comfortable with their `` friendship '' agreement , Trace 's beautiful singing partner Leigh arrives unannounced from Nashville . Leigh tries to convince Trace to return to Nashville and finish the album they were working on , while Trace hints at problems he needed to leave behind . Leigh checks into Jess 's bed & breakfast , leaving Jess and Bree to wonder if the relationship between Trace and Leigh went beyond music . Megan visits with Connor in his small apartment and tries to mend old wounds , but Connor 's resentment is still very apparent . Nell convinces Mick to stop meddling in Jess 's business , so Mick takes on a new project -- building a playhouse for Abby 's girls . Abby goes to see Trace at the diner , and catches him and Leigh smiling and laughing over a meal . At the end of the episode , Mick gets a call from an Army representative , saying that Kevin 's unit in Afghanistan has gone missing . 5 5 `` We 're Gaining a Daughter '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 2.23 Mick receives news regarding his son Kevin , who has been missing in action . This causes anxiety within the family . Trace tells his music partner , Leigh , he can not return to Nashville to finish the album they started together . Mick and Abby travel to New York for her custody battle with her ex-husband Wes . Neither party can come to an agreement concerning their two daughters . The judge grants Abby temporary custody until an agreement can be made over the summer . Trace finds an abandoned warehouse for sale in town and dreams of turning it into a place for the townspeople to listen to music , with a studio upstairs . He then agrees to finish the album , as he needs the money , but he says when it 's done , so will be his partnership with Leigh . She tries to kiss him , but he stops her . Mick receives another phone call saying that Kevin is alive and will be transported to a hospital . Mick and Nell discuss his father , who died in 1999 . Mick wishes his children had the same feelings for him as he had for his father . 6 6 `` Georgia on My Mind '' Anne Wheeler John Tinker September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 1.85 Out of nowhere , a woman named Georgia arrives at the house and says she is Kevin 's fiancée . She has convinced the hospital to let Kevin recover at home . All the O'Briens want to tend to the injured Kevin , while also trying to figure out more about the mysterious Georgia . Abby is at work when an agent from the SEC shows up and asks what was in the boxes she transported home from New York . Not knowing what is going on , Abby calls Connor , who tells her to `` lawyer up '' . Connor is otherwise occupied taking the bar exam , and starts to get romantic with his study partner . Bree tells Abby that while she was in Chicago , she found out her long - time boyfriend Martin is seeing someone else . Trace 's banker father tells him he has been rejected for a loan to buy the warehouse , saying there is nothing he can do to get around Trace 's debts and lack of a steady job -- also mentioning regular payments Trace is sending back to Nashville . Trace later finds out that Mick bought the building . At home in her room , Abby pores over the contents of her New York office , trying to figure out what spiked the interest of the SEC , while she watches a video of Trace and Leigh singing together . 7 7 `` Second Chances '' Anne Wheeler Kirsten Hansen September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 1.89 At her new book exchange booth , Bree meets a man named David , who sort of flirts with her . She later tells Jess about it , and Jess prepares to see her new boyfriend . Trace talks about the warehouse with Mick , who likes his idea of making it a music venue and asks if they can be partners on the project . Wes visits Abby and asks about the SEC investigation . She learns it is related to a deal he and his fiancée Gabrielle were working on while Abby was still employed in New York . He says he and Gabrielle broke up , that he now has no job and is facing an investigation , and that the girls are all he has left . He and Abby agree to work out something , without lawyers , regarding the children . Megan confronts Mick , saying she is upset that the kids feel she just left them years ago . She says she never wanted to leave , but she could n't be with Mick and she did n't want to uproot the kids . Abby visits Trace , and admits she was jealous seeing him with Leigh . Trace finally reveals that he was the driver in an auto accident that badly injured his bass player , who may never walk again , and Trace is dealing with the guilt . Bree meets Jess 's boyfriend and sees it is David , leading to an awkward moment . Nell prepares for a trip to Ireland . Kevin rides into the woods with Connor , and , despite Kevin 's injury , they climb to an old tree house . Kevin talks about his convoy in Afghanistan hitting an IED , and he 's obviously still shaken . When the two climb down from the tree , Kevin falls and can not move . 8 8 `` Deals Undone '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 2.19 Kevin appears to have suffered no ill effects from his fall , but he and Connor are nevertheless chastised by the family for doing something so careless . Trace learns that Mick pulled out of his deal to buy the warehouse and is declined a loan from his father 's bank . Although his father later offers him a personal loan , Trace refuses , knowing it will be conditional . Mick then shows Trace a different property he owns that needs some work , but might also make a great music venue . The two agree to a partnership . Abby is served with a summons by the Department of Justice , who wants to seize all of the contents she has from her New York office . Connor gets involved and , without consulting Abby or Wes , sets up a meeting with the DOJ rep . Connor convinces the rep that Gabrielle , Wes ' ex-fiancée , is the real culprit and says Wes and Abby should be exonerated for their cooperation . Though his move is successful , Connor is scolded by Abby and Megan for taking such a risk as he is not an actual lawyer . One of Mick 's business deals takes a turn , and he becomes cranky and distant as his children remember him . During a family fun day at a game center , David invites Bree to participate with him and Jess . Jess soon becomes angry as she is excluded from David and Bree 's talks . Georgia prepares to leave town and reminds Kevin that they both agreed to start their new life in Daytona Beach . Trace invites Abby on a date , dancing at his soon - to - be music venue . 9 9 `` Exes Mark the Spot '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 1.72 Jess tells David she wants to break up , as they have nothing in common . Almost immediately after , she says she needs a chef at the B&B and offers him the job . As Abby and Trace grow closer together , Wes tells Abby he will no longer fight for custody of their daughters . He also announces he 'll be looking for a job in the area , and Abby promises to be generous with visitation . Kevin confides in Connor that he loves Georgia , but is not in love with the idea of marrying her . He announces he 's going back to Johns Hopkins to become a doctor . At a family gathering , both Leigh and Bree 's former flame Martin show up unannounced . Bree argues with Martin , saying she waited for years for him to propose marriage , only to have him break her heart . Trace gets a phone call and learns his father has been hospitalized , so he leaves the party abruptly . On the way to the hospital , he is stopped for speeding , then arrested for an outstanding warrant . Back at the party , Martin announces the real reason he showed up : he offers Bree the position of Playwright in Residence at the Chicago theater where he is a director . Mick finally arrives at the party . With his five children surrounding him , he tells each how proud he is of them . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Secrets , Lies , and School Supplies '' Sean McNamara Nancey Silvers August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.87 As the town prepares for the annual lantern festival , Trace must return to Nashville to face a mistake from his past . Meanwhile , Mick takes his granddaughters back - to - school shopping and covertly works on a business deal that is bound to cause family conflict . Jess is overwhelmed by both a busy weekend at her bed and breakfast and the news that her mother , Megan , has returned to town for good . Bree must decide if she will move to Chicago to produce her play . As the festival nears , Trace and the O'Briens try to put their challenges aside , so that four generations -- including grandma Nell -- can come together . 11 `` Pasts and Presents '' Sean McNamara Michael Berns August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 1.61 As Mick moves forward with his bold plans to develop the O'Brien Trust land , he tells Trace he has to sell the music club space . Trace 's father returns home from his surgery and again offers Trace a loan to buy the property , but Trace decides to try a different tactic . Jess is working around the clock planning to host her second cousin 's wedding at the B&B , forcing her to reluctantly accept help from Megan . Kevin has a possible PTSD episode in front of Megan , but later runs toward danger as he was trained , and saves a man 's life with Abby 's help . Connor interviews for his first job as a lawyer . Bree travels to Chicago , and finds herself confronting Martin for making major changes to the script for her play . As Trace and Leigh work on a song , she tries to convince him that he belongs back in Nashville . 12 `` Photographs and Memories '' Terry Ingram Michael MacLennan August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 1.84 As Abby sends her girls off to their first day at a new school , conflict arises between Trace and Wes about their roles in the family . This is complicated further when a Nashville recording label takes interest in Trace and Leigh 's new demo . The O'Brien siblings reminisce over their own school days watching home movies shot by Megan , but these videos have Jess feeling left out and angry at her mother for leaving when she was young . Megan tries to help Jess market the B&B as the slow season approaches , but Jess is resistant . Connor learns that his new place of employment values conformity over individualism . Nell helps Connor dress more professionally , but struggles to prevent Mick from butting heads with his brother Thomas ( Gregory Harrison ) over family land . Bree sees that the bookstore in town is going out of business and takes it upon herself to save it , while Kevin learns that a cute firefighter named Sarah , whom he met at the accident scene , is interested in him . This causes a dilemma , as Kevin has n't yet officially ended things with Georgia . 13 `` It 's Always Nashville '' Terry Ingram Kristen Hansen August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 1.70 Trace and Leigh learn that famous Nashville producer Mark Hall ( Jerry Trimble ) will be recording their new single . As they attempt to sing the song in the studio , Hall says he does n't hear enough emotion in their voices . He orders them to different rooms and tells each to imagine someone special they would sing to . Thinking of Abby , Trace nails his take , but it leads to Hall thinking that Trace would be better off as a solo act , without Leigh . Jess tries to help out Bree 's book store by promoting an appearance from Simon Atwater , a hot new author , but Bree learns her sister has n't asked Simon yet . Kevin finally asks out Sarah on a date , saying he will explain why he did n't call her back after their last encounter . Abby says her client has agreed to work with Mick on developing the O'Brien Trust land , but Nell thinks it is more important for Mick to reconcile with Thomas . 14 5 `` Buried Treasures '' Mike Rohl Michael MacLennan September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 1.85 Nell discovers a treasure map that Bree made as a teenager , leading Bree and Kevin to hunt for a family time capsule in the backyard . Trace is in Nashville fighting Mark to keep Leigh on an upcoming album at the risk of his own career . Later , the Trace Riley Band , featuring Leigh , debuts at an industry event show , while an irritated Mark observes . Abby meets a handsome widower in the PTA , Douglas Peterson ( Victor Webster ) . At her bed and breakfast , Jess must deal with a demanding customer , but David later discovers that the guest is a famous travel writer . Mick and Thomas continue to spar over the development deal , never seeing eye - to - eye about the past or the future . Megan reconnects with the family by giving Connor dating advice and tutoring her granddaughters . 15 6 `` Grand Openings '' Mike Rohl David Maples September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1.80 As The Bridge nightclub 's opening nears , Trace spends late nights practicing with Leigh and his band , while Mick fights city hall to obtain a live music permit . Abby receives a promotion at work , but it could leave her with less time to spend with the family and Trace . Frustrated with her own work prospects , Megan gets an endorsement from an unexpected ally . Jess begins to develop feelings for David , while also trying to get him to open up about himself . Bree is surprised at her bookstore by a new admirer , author Simon Atwater . Connor reconnects with former schoolmate Danielle ( Britt Irvin ) , and Kevin focuses on Sarah . Sensing romance in the air , Nell hosts a dinner for her grandchildren and their new love interests . The Bridge opens with a good crowd on hand , but moments into the Trace Riley Band 's first song , Abby gets a text from Wes saying their sick girls want their mommy . Trace sees her leave . 16 7 `` All Our Yesterdays '' Anne Wheeler Nancey Silvers September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1.72 Mick receives damaging information about Thomas from Abby 's client , and considers whether to use it in their town hall debate over the family land trust . Jess plans a special meal to win over David , but is fearful to take the next step in their relationship . Bree is also afraid to move forward with Simon , telling Megan that she always gets into relationships that are doomed . Connor and Kevin both contemplate their careers , concerned they may be headed down the wrong paths . Overloaded with work , both Trace and Abby try to find time to spend with each other and their families . On advice from Nell , Megan tells her children the real reason she left for New York all those years ago . 17 8 `` Forest Through the Trees '' Anne Wheeler Ann Hamilton September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1.86 Trace takes Abby on a camping trip where they reconnect , and he makes a vow that , no matter where their careers take them , he will always put Abby first . Jess fears falling in love with David because she always screws up things , while Bree is letting the pain of her past with Martin prevent her from getting involved with Simon . Both eventually share a romantic moment with their significant others . Sarah confides to Kevin that her late husband was a Marine who died on the battlefield three years ago , adding that she 's not yet ready to start a new relationship . Connor helps Thomas with a legal project and becomes intrigued with the possibility of a career in environmental law . Mick decides to compromise on the O'Brien Trust land and finally sits down with Thomas to talk . Meanwhile , a video of the Trace Riley Band singing `` Freefall '' has gained over 400,000 views , causing Trace to realize he 's likely heading back to Nashville . 18 9 `` The Royal Court '' Andy Mikita Nancey Silvers October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.92 After his band 's music video goes viral , Trace receives offers from music executives , but he tries to convince his band to follow through on their plans to remain independent . After a conversation with Mick , Trace later wants to give an apologetic Mark Hall another chance . Abby , Nell , and Megan spend some family time together preparing a princess birthday party for Carrie . Kevin finds inspiration to follow his passion while visiting a fallen army friend 's mother with Bree . Watching the shop in Bree 's absence , Jess discovers that running a bookstore is not as easy as she thought . She makes a big error in a book order , but David secretly bails her out . Connor turns to Danielle when he finds his career direction shifting . After Mick refuses to use incriminating information against Thomas , he must find a new investor for his development deal . 19 10 `` Freefall '' Andy Mikita Ann Hamilton October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.63 After Mark Hall offers Trace and his band a worldwide tour deal , Trace and Abby worry about how it might impact their future together . David makes a confession to Jess . As Nell ponders a lost love from her past , Abby , Jess , and Bree are faced with the possibility of losing their new loves in the present and turn to each other for strength and support in sisterhood . Kevin reconnects with Sarah as they prepare for Megan 's art fair , which has Kevin confused about the nature of their relationship . Mick explores a land development partnership with Douglas , while adjusting to news that Connor has been working for Thomas . Production ( edit ) Chesapeake Shores is filmed on Vancouver Island 's Qualicum Beach and its neighboring town of Parksville , British Columbia . The first season was filmed there from May through July 2016 . In addition to playing the character Trace , Jesse Metcalfe performs some of the songs used in the series ' episodes . A songwriter for more than a decade , Metcalfe also composed two of the songs himself . Production for the second season started in spring 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on the Hallmark Channel on August 14 , 2016 . It premiered on Canada 's W Network on August 25 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said Chesapeake Shores is `` as well scrubbed and predictable as they come -- in other words , perfectly suited to Hallmark 's target audience . '' He added , `` fans of ( Sherryl Woods 's series of novels ) , at least , will probably enjoy seeing this annoyingly pristine world brought to life . '' Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the two - hour series premiere a B grade , praising the `` ethereally gorgeous '' Meghan Ory and the `` acting powerhouses '' of Treat Williams and Diane Ladd . She added that they `` may make the show worth watching , and the giddy chemistry of the romantic leads certainly does n't hurt . '' Viewership ( edit ) Chesapeake Shores ' two - hour premiere on Sunday , August 14 , 2016 , was seen by 1.942 million viewers . Its largest ratings demographic were people over the age of 50 , with a 1.42 share , followed by a 0.45 share among women aged 18 to 49 . Over the course of the first season , the series was Hallmark 's `` most - watched ( ... ) in the network 's history '' by women and adults in the 25 -- 54 age demographic in its live plus three days ( L + 3 ) of DVR viewing , leading to its second - season renewal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Original Primetime Series `` Chesapeake Shores '' Premieres Sunday , August 14 on Hallmark Channel '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2 March 2016 ) . `` ' Chesapeake Shores ' : John Tinker Set As Showrunner For Hallmark Channel Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Shores - Season 2 - Premiere Date Announced '' . spoilertv.com.com . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel ( @ hallmarkchannel ) ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` We 're thrilled to announce that Season 2 of # ChesapeakeShores has been renewed , will return to TV in July ! # TCA17 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Anop , Nirat ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Chesapeake Shores - Renewed for a 2nd Season by Hallmark Channel '' . spoilertv.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.13. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.20. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Series : Hallmark 's Chesapeake Shores With Meghan Ory & Jesse Metcalfe to Film in Parksville / Qualicum Beach on Vancouver Island from Mid-May to July '' . yvrshoots.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , John ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Jesse Metcalfe on Showing His Musical Side in Hallmark 's Chesapeake Shores '' . TVinsider.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Shores premieres August 25 on W Network '' . corusent.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Gauzy Clichés Swaddle ' Chesapeake Shores ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Chesapeake Shores offers more idyllic and unrealistic small - town life from Hallmark '' . avclub.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Chesapeake Shores on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Related List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chesapeake_Shores&oldid=808922938 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s Canadian drama television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 Canadian television series debuts American romance television series Canadian romance television series English - language television programs Hallmark Channel shows Television programs based on American novels Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Maryland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 01 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the title song for chesapeake shores | [
"\n\nChesapeake Shores\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nDrama\n\n\nBased on\nCharacters created\nby Sherryl Woods\n\n\nDeveloped by\nDan Paulson\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nJesse Metcalfe\nMeghan Ory\nBarbara Niven\nLaci J. Mailey\nEmilie Ullerup\nDiane Ladd\nTreat Williams\nBrendan Penny\nAndrew Francis\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\n\n\n\n\"Coming Home Soon\" by Adam Woodall (season 1)\n\"Home\" by Daughtry (season 2)\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\n\n\n\nUnited States\nCanada\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n2\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n19 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nJohn Tinker\nDan Paulson\nMartin Wood\nNancey Silvers\nSherryl Woods\nMichael Berns\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMatt Drake\n\n\nLocation(s)\nVancouver Island, British Columbia\n\n\nCamera setup\nMultiple-camera\n\n\nRunning time\n48–96 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nChesapeake Shores S2 Productions Inc.\nDaniel L. Paulson Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nBorderline Distribution, Inc.\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nHallmark Channel\n\n\nPicture format\n\n\n\nNTSC (480i)\nHDTV 1080i\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal release\nAugust 14, 2016 (2016-08-14) – present (present)\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nwww.hallmarkchannel.com/chesapeake-shores\n\n",
"\n\nChesapeake Shores\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nDrama\n\n\nBased on\nCharacters created\nby Sherryl Woods\n\n\nDeveloped by\nDan Paulson\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nJesse Metcalfe\nMeghan Ory\nBarbara Niven\nLaci J. Mailey\nEmilie Ullerup\nDiane Ladd\nTreat Williams\nBrendan Penny\nAndrew Francis\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\n\n\n\n\"Coming Home Soon\" by Adam Woodall (season 1)\n\"Home\" by Daughtry (season 2)\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\n\n\n\nUnited States\nCanada\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n2\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n19 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nJohn Tinker\nDan Paulson\nMartin Wood\nNancey Silvers\nSherryl Woods\nMichael Berns\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMatt Drake\n\n\nLocation(s)\nVancouver Island, British Columbia\n\n\nCamera setup\nMultiple-camera\n\n\nRunning time\n48–96 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nChesapeake Shores S2 Productions Inc.\nDaniel L. Paulson Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nBorderline Distribution, Inc.\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nHallmark Channel\n\n\nPicture format\n\n\n\nNTSC (480i)\nHDTV 1080i\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal release\nAugust 14, 2016 (2016-08-14) – present (present)\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nwww.hallmarkchannel.com/chesapeake-shores\n\n"
] | [
"Adam Woodall (season 1)",
"Daughtry (season 2)"
] |
5977927905116860677 | American Horror Story: Murder House | American Horror Story : Murder house - wikipedia American Horror Story : Murder house Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the first season of the series . For a summary of the episode titled `` Murder House '' , see Murder House ( American Horror Story ) . American Horror Story : Murder House Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Connie Britton Dylan McDermott Evan Peters Taissa Farmiga Denis O'Hare Jessica Lange Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network FX Original release October 5 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) -- December 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 21 ) Season chronology Next → Asylum List of American Horror Story episodes American Horror Story : Murder House ( originally titled as American Horror Story ) is the first season of the FX television series American Horror Story . It aired between October 5 , and December 21 , 2011 . The season was produced by 20th Century Fox Television , and the executive producers were Dante Di Loreto and series creators Brad Falchuk and Ryan Murphy . It centers on the Harmon family : Dr. Ben Harmon , Vivien and their daughter Violet , who move from Boston to Los Angeles after Vivien has a miscarriage and Ben has an affair . They move into a restored mansion , unaware that the house is haunted by the ghosts of its former residents and their victims . The first season of American Horror Story received generally positive reviews from critics . The series drew consistently high ratings for the FX network , ending its first season as the biggest new cable series of the year . The season was nominated for various industry awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama , and received a total of seventeen Emmy Award nominations . In addition , Lange won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Future season 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Title sequence 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Ratings 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The first season follows the Harmon family : Ben ( Dylan McDermott ) , Vivien ( Connie Britton ) and Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) , who move from Boston to Los Angeles to start a new life in a Victorian mansion , after Vivien has a miscarriage and Ben has an affair with Hayden ( Kate Mara ) , one of his students . On arrival , they learn from Marcy ( Christine Estabrook ) , the real estate agent , that the previous owners of their new mansion , a couple named Chad and Patrick ( Zachary Quinto and Teddy Sears ) , died in an apparent murder / suicide . Their neighbor Constance ( Jessica Lange ) and her daughter Addie ( Jamie Brewer ) become frequent , and mostly unwelcome , guests . Addie seems to have a connection with the house 's mysterious past . Larry Harvey ( Denis O'Hare ) , a former resident of the house who has suffered from terrible burns , also begins inserting himself into the Harmons ' lives , giving Ben a cryptic warning about the house . The house also `` comes with '' Moira O'Hara ( Frances Conroy / Alexandra Breckenridge ) , a housekeeper who appears young and seductive to men , but old and matronly to women . Ben begins seeing patients out of his home office . One in particular , a possibly psychotic teenage boy named Tate Langdon ( Evan Peters ) , takes interest in kindred spirit Violet , who suffers from depression . Ben is unaware that Tate is both a ghost and the son of Constance . As the family settles into the home , bizarre events begin to occur with increasing regularity . It is soon revealed that there have been upwards of 20 violent deaths in the home over the course of its history , so much so that it has come to be known as `` The Murder House '' . The family struggles with their own personal tribulations , oblivious to the reality that their home is haunted by ghosts . While exploring the attic , Vivien discovers a latex bondage suit . She later is raped by a man wearing it , who she believes is Ben , but is actually Tate . Vivien 's rape results in the rare occurrence of becoming pregnant with twins by different fathers . It is later revealed that Tate 's motive in having sex with Vivien was to conceive a baby for Nora ( Lily Rabe ) , a ghost in the house who lost her own child . Hayden comes from Boston and tries to blackmail Ben into abandoning Vivien , so they can start their relationship over , threatening to tell Vivien that she 's pregnant with Ben 's baby . She is killed by Larry and buried by Ben in the house grounds , thus coming back as a ghost . Several ghosts in the house , including Hayden and Nora , conspire to drive Vivien mad so that they can raise the babies as their own . On Halloween , the one day in which the dead can walk among the living , Violet learns that Tate is an infamous school shooter , who killed a library full of his classmates ( as well as crippling a teacher and setting Larry Harvey on fire ) to punish his mother Constance for having Tate 's younger ( and deformed ) brother smothered to death . Addie is run over by a car , and Constance fails to get her corpse to the Harmon 's property in time to imprison her spirit so that she can be reunited with her brother 's ghost . Vivien , meanwhile , learns from the `` Murder House Tour '' that the house was the home of a back alley abortionist and that the still - living monster in the basement of the house is the creation of the doctor , whose son was killed by a patient 's vengeful boyfriend , dismembered and resurrected as the monstrous `` Infantata '' . Faced with the monster Tate is , and her own romantic feelings for him , Violet accidentally kills herself , something she does n't realize was successful until weeks later when she discovers she can not leave the house . After many ghosts , Vivien is committed to an insane asylum , while Ben is convinced that the second twin was fathered by Luke ( Morris Chestnut ) , a neighbourhood security officer . Meanwhile , Constance enlists the help of a medium , Billie Dean Howard ( Sarah Paulson ) , to help her talk to Addie . Constance discovers from Billie Dean to her horror , that Tate 's child with Vivien will become the Antichrist . After Ben learns of Tate being the `` Rubber Man '' , he has Vivien freed from the asylum . Vivien gives birth to the twins in the house , with Moira recruiting the more benevolent ghosts of the house to help her deliver the children . Vivien and one of the newborn babies die , leaving Ben with the surviving twin . Violet breaks up with Tate after Chad reveals that Tate raped Violet 's mother and murdered him and his boyfriend due to their deciding not to have a child . Ben tries to get into contact with his now dead wife and daughter , who refuse to show themselves . As he grieves , he contemplates suicide to be with them . Instead , Vivien shows herself and convinces Ben to leave the house immediately for the protection of the baby . As Ben is leaving the house , he is caught and murdered by Hayden , who hangs him to simulate a suicide . Hayden attempts to take the baby , but Constance , with the help of the ghost of a lover named Travis ( Michael Graziadei ) , whom Hayden murdered , takes the child instead . Constance hides the baby and tells the police that Ben killed himself out of grief for his wife 's death and that Violet ( whose body is never found ) ran off with the surviving child . Now trapped in the house , the Harmons team up with Moira and the other benevolent spirits to forbid other families from moving in by scaring them away . Meanwhile , Tate has consigned himself to living with Hayden , both of whom have been blocked out by the Harmons using a trick that Tate taught Violet . As the Harmons are decorating a Christmas tree , Tate promises to wait for Violet forever , as he and Hayden watch on through a door frame . Three years later , Constance ( who left town ) returns to Los Angeles , but finds that her grandson , Michael ( the Antichrist ) , has murdered his nanny . She slowly walks towards the smiling child as he rocks back and forth . She then smiles and whispers , `` Now what am I gon na do with you ? '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story characters and List of American Horror Story : Murder House characters Main ( edit ) Connie Britton , Dylan McDermott and Jessica Lange ( left to right ) portray lead roles Vivien Harmon , Dr. Ben Harmon and Constance Langdon , respectively . Taissa Farmiga , Evan Peters and Frances Conroy ( left to right ) portray Violet Harmon , Tate Langdon , and elder Moira O'Hara , respectively . Denis O'Hare , Alexandra Breckenridge and Kate Mara ( left to right ) portray Larry Harvey , young Moira O'Hara , and Hayden McClaine , respectively . Connie Britton as Vivien Harmon Dylan McDermott as Dr. Ben Harmon Evan Peters as Tate Langdon Taissa Farmiga as Violet Harmon Denis O'Hare as Larry Harvey Jessica Lange as Constance Langdon Special guest stars ( edit ) Kate Mara as Hayden McClaine Zachary Quinto as Chad Warwick Eric Stonestreet as Derek Charles S. Dutton as Detective Granger Recurring ( edit ) Frances Conroy as Moira O'Hara Lily Rabe as Nora Montgomery Alexandra Breckenridge as Young Moira O'Hara Jamie Brewer as Adelaide `` Addie '' Langdon Christine Estabrook as Marcy Morris Chestnut as Luke Matt Ross as Dr. Charles Montgomery Bodhi Schulz as Troy Kai Schulz as Bryan Michael Graziadei as Travis Wanderley Celia Finkelstein as Nurse Gladys Eve Gordon as Dr. Hall Rosa Salazar as Nurse Maria Teddy Sears as Patrick Azura Skye as Fiona Kyle Davis as Dallas Adina Porter as Sally Freeman Sarah Paulson as Billie Dean Howard Shelby Young as Leah Rebecca Wisocky as Lorraine Harvey Sam Kinsey as Beauregard `` Beau '' Langdon David Anthony Higgins as Stan Mena Suvari as Elizabeth Short Malaya Rivera Drew as Detective Barrios Ben Woolf as Thaddeus Montgomery / The Infantata Eric Close as Hugo Langdon Brando Eaton as Kyle Greenwell Ashley Rickards as Chloe Stapleton Alessandra Torresani as Stephanie Boggs Jordan David as Kevin Gedman Alexander Nimetz as Amir Stanley Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Ryan Murphy Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 1ATS79 3.18 The Harmon family moves from Boston to Los Angeles to recover from mother Vivien 's ( Connie Britton ) miscarriage and father Ben 's ( Dylan McDermott ) infidelity with one of his students . Daughter Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) starts at a new school , only to be terrorized by a group of girls . The family deals with intrusive neighbors Constance ( Jessica Lange ) and her daughter , Addie ( Jamie Brewer ) , who has Down syndrome , along with Larry ( Denis O'Hare ) , a previous homeowner who set fire to his entire family . Larry 's face is severely scarred , likely due to this incident . Ben , a psychiatrist , sees patients out of his home , one of them , a possibly psychotic boy named Tate ( Evan Peters ) , who becomes friends with Violet . Vivien rehires the house 's former housekeeper , an elderly Moira ( Frances Conroy ) , who appears to Ben as a young , seductive maid ( Alexandra Breckenridge ) . Ben and Vivien eventually have sex , once after a fight , and later while she thinks he has dressed up in a bondage suit . She later tells Ben she 's pregnant . `` Home Invasion '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) 1ATS01 2.46 After meeting with a new patient , Bianca ( Mageina Tovah ) , Ben receives a call from his ex-mistress , Hayden ( Kate Mara ) , who tells him she 's pregnant and needs his support for an abortion . Ben lies to Vivien to resolve his past . A trio of serial killer enthusiasts led by Bianca break into the house to re-enact the brutal murders of two nursing students , Maria and Gladys , when the house was used as a dormitory in 1968 . Vivien and Violet are the intended victims , but they escape their captors , who become lost in the house . Tate and the ghosts of the house dispatch the intruders . Upon hearing of what happened , Ben leaves Hayden at the clinic and rushes home . Vivien tells him that they are selling the house . `` Murder House '' Bradley Buecker Jennifer Salt October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) 1ATS02 2.59 The Harmon 's finances take a blow , making moving impractical . Hayden surprises Ben by appearing at his doorstep ; she is keeping the baby , determined to continue their affair . Vivien learns about the house 's original owners : a crazed surgeon , Charles Montgomery ( Matt Ross ) , and his wife , Nora ( Lily Rabe ) , who provided illegal abortions in their basement , until their bitter marriage ended in murder . After spotting blood , Vivien is told by her doctor that the baby is fine . Ben passes out , and the doctor informs him that he found traces of an opiate that causes memory loss . Ben confronts Moira , who has been trying to seduce him , about poisoning his coffee with the opiate . Hayden shows up again , frantic that Ben has ignored her . As he takes her outside to calm her down , Larry kills her with a shovel to help Ben , who becomes distraught . Larry convinces him that getting rid of the body is the best option . Larry digs a hole , discovering Moira 's remains , but buries Hayden over them . `` Halloween ( Part 1 ) '' David Semel James Wong October 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) 1ATS03 2.96 The Harmons hire interior designers ( `` fluffers '' ) to make over the house to help it sell , mistaking the arrivals of Chad ( Zachary Quinto ) and his partner Patrick ( Teddy Sears ) as the fluffers . Unknown to the Harmons , the couple are the former owners who were killed by the Rubber Man in the house one year ago . Violet demands Tate tells her what is in the basement . Tate says it is the still - living abomination created when Dr. Montgomery , driven insane , tried to bring his dismembered child back to life by sewing the pieces together with various animal parts . Vivien confronts Ben , who swears that Hayden is gone . The baby begins kicking , an impossibility at 8 weeks . At the hospital , an ultrasound reveals that the baby is more developed than it should be ; the ultrasound technician collapses after seeing the baby onscreen . While trick - or - treating , Addie is fatally hit by a car and Constance attempts to get her to the Harmon 's lawn before she dies . Violet is alone in the house when Larry arrives ; the Rubber Man is behind her . The Harmon 's return from the hospital to find the house broken into and Violet missing . Ben answers a knock at the door , finding Hayden 's ghost standing there , covered in dirt . 5 5 `` Halloween ( Part 2 ) '' David Semel Tim Minear November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) 1ATS04 2.74 The Rubber Man disappears , and Tate appears . He and Violet go on their date to the beach , and Tate tells her high school was terrible for him . Five mangled , bloody teens appear and harass Tate , prompting the couple to leave . Vivien tells Ben that Hayden is in the house . Ben finds her in the basement , but Larry knocks him out with the shovel and ties him up . Nora frees him , urging him to save his child . Hayden appears to Vivien and both are shocked to learn that the other is pregnant with Ben 's child . Hayden attacks her , but is stopped by Ben , who is forced to admit that he impregnated Hayden months after Vivien discovered the affair . The teens find Tate and Violet , but Tate protects Violet by making them chase him . Constance takes Violet to her house , revealing that Addie is dead and Tate is her son . The teens are revealed to be ghosts from various cliques at Westfield High who were killed when Tate committed a school shooting in 1994 . The ghosts angrily demand to know why he killed them and that he admit what he did , but Tate can not remember anything about them . Two of the ghosts , one being a football player and the other a cheerleader , asked why he `` targeted jocks '' which is probably a reference to the Columbine massacre . With Halloween night ending , the teens depart . The other ghosts including Moira , Chad , Patrick , and Nora warily return to the house . Ben packs and sadly leaves the house . 6 6 `` Piggy Piggy '' Michael Uppendahl Jessica Sharzer November 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) 1ATS05 2.83 After Violet confirms online that Tate was killed after his massacre at Westfield High ( shot by a SWAT team in the house ) , Constance introduces her to a medium , Billie Dean ( Sarah Paulson ) and she and Constance explain that Tate is unaware he is dead . Constance has been sending him to Ben , hoping a breakthrough will help him pass on and they need Violet 's help , though Violet is shaken by the revelation . Ben needs to use the house for his therapy sessions to make them money , and Vivien agrees out of necessity . Ben sees a new patient , Derek ( Eric Stonestreet ) , who is terrified by urban legends , most recently the legend of `` Piggy Man '' , who will slaughter anyone who repeats a specific mantra in the mirror . Ben begins noticing that Vivien has developed an attraction to the security officer . Vivien contacts the ultrasound technician , who fainted during the ultrasound and has since quit her job , claiming she saw that the baby was the Antichrist . Taking Ben 's advice to face his fear , Derek repeats the mantra in his bathroom mirror , but is ironically shot and killed by an armed robber . Violet tries to confront Tate , but is mobbed by the other ghosts . Overwhelmed , she attempts suicide , but Tate saves her . Tate tearfully confesses that he loves her . He plans to leave her alone , but she comforts him . 7 7 `` Open House '' Tim Hunter Brad Falchuk November 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) 1ATS06 3.06 In 1994 , Larry , in love with Constance , mercy - kills her deformed son , Beau , who lives chained in the attic , at Constance 's request upon learning that Beau would be taken away from her due to her neglectful parenting . In the present , Violet takes solace in Tate , who says he is aware of the ghosts and that they will not harm her if she tells them to leave her alone . He shows her old photographs he found of the house and the Montgomerys . Vivien learns she is pregnant with twins . Resolved to be upfront with prospective buyers about the house 's past , she learns of the Montgomerys and that Charles revived their son into a monster , causing Nora to go insane and kill him and herself . Ben finds Larry 's home and confronts him , learning that Larry wants the house so he can be with Constance . Violet shares the photos of the Montgomerys with Vivien , who is shocked to find that she recognizes Nora as one of the interested buyers from Episode 3 . 8 8 `` Rubber Man '' Miguel Arteta Ryan Murphy November 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 23 ) 1ATS07 2.81 Tate is revealed to be the Rubber Man , attempting to provide the distraught Nora with a baby . The outfit is a fetish suit Chad bought in hopes of reigniting his and Patrick 's failing relationship . Tate donned the suit and killed Patrick and Chad after they decided not to have a baby , hoping that a new family would move in and have a child , which Nora could then have . In the present , Hayden conspires with Nora to drive Vivien insane so that they can have her twins . Vivien and Violet are confronted by the ghostly house intruders from Episode 2 ; Ben believes that Vivien is mentally unstable because the police found no evidence of the intruders ' presence and Violet lied about what she saw . He prohibits Vivien from leaving , believing that she is trying to take Violet and the twins away from him . Vivien steals Marcy 's handgun for protection . Hayden convinces Tate , as the Rubber Man , to attack Vivien , revealing that Tate fathered one of Vivien 's twins . During the attack , Vivien accidentally shoots Ben , who is convinced that she is a danger to herself and to others . Vivien 's reaction to another poltergeist results in the police taking her away . The full scene of Chad and Patrick 's murder is shown ; it is revealed that after Tate immobilized them , Moira gave Tate the couple 's gun , which Tate used to make the scene look like a murder / suicide . 9 9 `` Spooky Little Girl '' John Scott Jennifer Salt November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) 1ATS08 2.85 The events of the famous 1940s Black Dahlia case are shown . A dentist raped Elizabeth Short while she was under anesthesia , only to find he had administered too much and she had died . The ghost of Charles Montgomery dismembers her corpse . In the present , Elizabeth 's ghost appears to Ben , seeking his psychiatric help . Ben receives a call from Vivien 's OB / GYN telling him that Vivien 's twins have separate fathers -- him and someone else . He accuses Vivien of cheating on him . Hayden tells him that she saw Vivien and Luke , the security guard , growing closer . Ben confronts Luke about the possible paternity and learns that Luke is sterile . Constance and Travis get into a domestic dispute ; Travis has sex with Hayden in the Harmon house . Hayden kills him , and Larry , who `` owes her a favor '' , takes Travis ' body and dumps it out in public in the Black Dahlia tradition . Ben finds the Rubber Man 's mask and realizes the possibility that Vivien had been raped . Constance is told by Moira that Tate is the other father . She asks Billie Dean what would happen if a ghost sires a living child . The medium tells her of the Pope 's knowledge of such an event as the beginning of the Apocalypse by the Antichrist . 10 10 `` Smoldering Children '' Michael Lehmann James Wong December 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) 1ATS09 2.54 It is revealed that Tate caused Larry 's scars by setting him on fire on the morning of the school shooting . Constance is told by police of Travis ' murder , and her behavior causes them to suspect her as his killer . Ben learns that Violet has not been seen in school in over two weeks and notices a blowfly infestation in the house . Ben calls an exterminator to deal with the infestation , which results in Tate killing the exterminator while he investigates the crawl space beneath the house . Ben and Violet argue about her school attendance which ultimately ends in her reluctant agreement to return on the condition that she changes schools . Ben checks out boarding schools for Violet and , upon hearing this , Tate takes measures to keep her around , ending in showing Violet her own corpse in the house 's crawl space . Violet had actually died from her suicide attempt in episode 6 , despite Tate 's attempts to save her . In an act of penance for his own crimes , Larry confesses to the murder of Travis after meeting the ghosts of his wife and two daughters for the first time . Ben learns that Tate is the Rubber Man and the other one who got Vivien pregnant . 11 11 `` Birth '' Alfonso Gomez - Rejon Tim Minear December 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) 1ATS10 2.59 Ben goes to pick Vivien up at the sanitarium , intent on taking Violet with him . However Violet , being a ghost , is trapped on the property . He takes Vivien home to pick up Violet as Vivien insists on going to her sister 's in Florida . While waiting in the car , Vivien begins to have labor pains . Violet tries to explain to her father that she is dead . Constance brings Vivien into the house and goes to get `` help '' to assist in the delivery -- the ghosts of Dr. Charles Montgomery and the 1968 nurses . As Vivien goes into labor , Chad tells Violet that Tate was the one who sired one of the twins . Vivien has great difficulty giving birth to the babies , losing one to stillbirth while the other causes her to bleed internally . Violet appears to comfort her mother and asks her to `` come be with her '' . Vivien dies and Violet confronts Tate , telling him she loves him but can never forgive him . She screams for him to go away and he does . Vivien appears and comforts her daughter in the afterlife . 12 12 `` Afterbirth '' Bradley Buecker Jessica Sharzer December 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 21 ) 1ATS11 3.22 Ben , feeling alone , plans to commit suicide , but the ghosts of Violet and Vivien encourage him to take the living twin and get out of the house . During his attempt , he is killed by Hayden and the home - invader ghosts , hanged from the chandelier ; Constance takes the living twin . Moira and other `` innocent '' ghosts help the Harmon ghosts prevent the deaths of further tenants by scaring away the first family that wants to move in , the Ramoses . Tate , feeling alienated , tries to kill the Ramos son , so Violet wo n't be alone . She prevents this by distracting Tate . Nora , who wants a child since hers was murdered and turned evil , relinquishes motherhood of the dead Harmon twin to Vivien , who asks Moira to be its godmother . The Harmons and Moira decorate the house for Christmas , while Tate tells Hayden he will wait `` forever '' for Violet . Three years later , Constance comes home and sees a trail of blood on the floor , leading to the bedroom of the living Harmon twin , now about three years old and looking much like Tate . He has murdered his nanny and is sitting in a rocking chair , smiling up at Constance . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) What you saw in the finale was the end of the Harmon house . The second season of the show will be a brand - new home or building to haunt . Just like this year every season of this show will have a beginning , middle and end . ( The second season ) wo n't be in L.A. It will obviously be in America , but in a completely different locale . `` '' -- Murphy on American Horror Story 's second season . Creators Murphy and Falchuk began working on American Horror Story before their Fox series Glee began production . Murphy wanted to do the opposite of what he had done previously and thus began his work on the series . He stated , `` I went from Nip / Tuck to Glee , so it made sense that I wanted to do something challenging and dark . And I always had loved , as Brad had , the horror genre . So it just was a natural for me . '' Falchuk was intrigued by the idea of putting a different angle on the horror genre , stating that their main goal in creating the series was to scare viewers . `` You want people to be a little bit off balance afterwards , '' he said . The dark tone of the series is modeled after the ABC soap opera Dark Shadows , which Murphy 's grandmother forced him to watch when he was younger to toughen him up . He also cited Rosemary 's Baby , Do n't Look Now , The Amityville Horror , and Stanley Kubrick 's version of The Shining as influences for the series . From the beginning , Murphy and Falchuk planned that each season of the series would tell a different story . After the first - season finale aired , Murphy spoke of his plans to change the cast and location for the second season , while retaining some actors from the first , `` The people that are coming back will be playing completely different characters , creatures , monsters , etc . ( The Harmons ' ) stories are done . '' In February 2011 , FX officially announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series from Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk , with both Murphy and Falchuk writing and Murphy directing . Dante Di Loreto was announced as executive producer . Production on the series began in April 2011 . In July 2011 , FX officially announced the project had been given a series order consisting of 13 episodes . In August 2011 , it was announced that Tim Minear , Jennifer Salt , James Wong and Jessica Sharzer had joined the series as writers . Future season ( edit ) On October 30 , 2016 , Murphy announced that a future crossover season of the series will continue the Murder House and Coven stories , merging their characters and themes . He did not state which season it would be , but that he had already reached out to actors from both seasons to reprise their respective roles . Murphy later confirmed one of the Murder House characters will be moved in the season finale of Coven . However , in January 5 , 2018 , it was announced that the crossover season will be take place in the ninth season . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in March 2011 , with Connie Britton first to be cast , portraying female lead Vivien Harmon . Britton stated that she took a risk in taking the role of Vivien . When Murphy presented the role to her , he said , `` This is something we 've never seen you do before . It will be turning what you 've just been doing on its ear . '' She was intrigued by what he had presented her and ultimately decided to take the part . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , series co-creator Ryan Murphy stated that he had told Connie Britton , early on , that her character Vivien would die in the first season . `` We 've really had the whole season mapped out from the beginning , '' he said . `` In the meetings with the core actors , the three leads being Connie , Dylan ( McDermott ) and Jessica ( Lange ) , as we tried to snare them we were able to say this is where you start , this is the middle , and this is where you end up . So , yes , I was able to tell Connie really the whole run of the series . '' Denis O'Hare joined the cast in late March 2011 as Larry Harvey . Jessica Lange joined the cast in April 2011 as Constance , marking her first regular role on television . Lange was attracted to the role because it did n't require a 22 - episode commitment like a series on a broadcast network . `` That was huge for me ! '' she said . `` I was n't about to commit to , you know , six months . It was cable , rather than network ... I 've been offered network ( shows ) before , and determined not to do it , just because I ca n't make that kind of time commitment . '' Dylan McDermott was cast as the lead Ben Harmon in late April 2011 . His character was initially described as `` a handsome and masculine but sensitive therapist who loves his family but has hurt his wife . '' McDermott stated that he wanted to do the role to break away from his previous role as Bobby Donnell in the ABC series The Practice . `` This was exactly why I wanted to do this show -- to change it up and do a different kind of character . People think of me as the guy from The Practice ... I wanted to turn that ( notion ) on its head and hopefully I 'm doing that ( with this show ) '' , he said . In May 2011 , Taissa Farmiga and Evan Peters were the last lead actors to be cast , portraying Violet Harmon and Tate Langdon , respectively . Farmiga said that she loved Violet `` immediately '' and that `` she had spunk to her , she had attitude . '' Murphy has described Tate as the `` true monster '' of the series , adding , `` To Evan 's great credit and the credit of the writers , I think Evan 's done an amazingly difficult job making a monster sympathetic . '' Filming ( edit ) Murphy was looking for a house that could be appropriately creepy but also attractive . The pilot episode was shot on location in a house in Country Club Park , Los Angeles , California , which serves as the haunted house and crime scene in the series . Designed and built in 1902 by Alfred Rosenheim , the president of the American Institute of Architects ' Los Angeles chapter , the Tudor or Collegiate Gothic - style single family home was previously used as a convent . An adjoining chapel was removed from exterior shots using CGI . The series is filmed on sets that are an exact replica of the house . Details such as Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows , and hammered bronze light fixtures , were re-created to preserve the look of the house . The house became available for rent on Airbnb for six months , beginning February 2016 , before being unlisted . Due to a `` very aggressive '' production schedule and the series ' pilot shoot having to wait for co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk 's other show , Glee , to wrap its second season production , it was announced that the show 's first - season finale , the thirteenth episode , would be thirty minutes shorter than planned . Finally , the thirteenth episode was dropped and they made the twelfth episode 10 minutes longer ( 52 minutes ) . The finale aired on December 21 , 2011 . Title sequence ( edit ) The opening title sequence was created by Kyle Cooper and his company Prologue . He also created the title sequence for the AMC series The Walking Dead and the 1995 film Se7en . The theme music was composed by sound designer Cesar Davila - Irizarry and musician Charlie Clouser . The sequence is set in the Harmons ' basement and includes images of postmortem young children , unborn ( or aborted ) babies in jars , skulls , a Christening dress , a nurse 's uniform , and a figure holding a pair of bloody hedge clippers . Murphy described the sequence as a mini-mystery and stated , `` By the time you see the ninth episode of this season , every image in that title sequence will be explained '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story received generally positive reviews from critics . The first episode scored 62 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Convoluted yet effective , American Horror Story is strange , gory , and twisted enough to keep viewers hooked . '' Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly awarded the pilot episode a B+ , stating , `` AHS is pretty much all scare , all the time : a whole lotta screams , sex , jolts , mashed faces , psychotic behavior , and dead babies . '' Chuck Barney of the San Jose Mercury News said , `` Most TV shows , after all , quickly fade from memory . This one will haunt your dreams . '' Hank Stuever from The Washington Post said in his review , `` Overdoing things is one of Murphy 's trademark flaws , but this show has a captivating style and giddy gross - outs . '' The New York Times ' Mike Hale called the show `` a more classically minded chiller , '' taking into mind the success of HBO 's True Blood and AMC 's The Walking Dead . However , not all reviews were favorable . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the series a D − , saying , `` It is so far over the top that the top is a microscopic speck in its rearview mirror . '' American Horror Story ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2011 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story In its first season , American Horror Story was nominated for 65 awards , and won 19 . Year Association Nominated work Result 2011 IGN 's Best of 2011 : TV Best Sci - Fi / Horror Series American Horror Story Won 16th Satellite Awards Best TV Series -- Genre Won Special Achievement Award : Outstanding Performance in a TV Series Jessica Lange Won 2012 18th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Won 3rd Dorian Awards TV Performance of the Year Won TV Drama of the Year American Horror Story Won LGBT - Themed TV Show of the Year Nominated Campy TV Show of the Year Nominated Bram Stoker Award 2011 Best Screenplay Jessica Sharzer ( for `` Afterbirth '' ) Won 38th Saturn Awards Best Actress on TV Jessica Lange Nominated Best Actor on TV Dylan McDermott Nominated Best Supporting Actress on TV Frances Conroy Nominated Best Guest Performer on TV Zachary Quinto Nominated Best Syndicated / Cable TV Series American Horror Story Nominated 2nd Critics ' Choice TV Awards Best Movie or Miniseries Nominated Best Actress in a Movie or Miniseries Jessica Lange Nominated 64th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Won Frances Conroy Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Connie Britton Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Denis O'Hare Nominated Outstanding Miniseries or Movie * American Horror Story Nominated 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie Mark Worthington , Edward L. Rubin , Ellen Brill ( for `` Open House '' ) Nominated Beth Rubino , Charles M. Lagola , Ellen Brill ( for `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Chrisi Karvonides , Conan Castro ( for `` Halloween ( Part 1 ) '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie Fabienne Bouville ( for `` Birth '' ) Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or Movie Monte C. Haught , Samantha Wade , Melanie Verkins , Natalie Driscoll , Michelle Ceglia Won Outstanding Main Title Design Kyle Cooper , Juan Ruiz Anchia , Gabriel Diaz , Ryan Murphy Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Silvina Knight , D. Garen Tolkin Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Hiroshi Yada , Michael Mekash , Christopher Nelson , Kim Ayers , Christien Tinsley , Jason Hamer Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Gary Megregian , David Klotz , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Jason Lezama , Timothy Cleveland , Bruce Tanis , Simon Coke , Zane Bruce , Jeff Gunn , Lance Wiseman ( for `` Piggy Piggy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie Sean Rush , Joe Earle , Doug Andham ( for `` Piggy Piggy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination Tim Davison Nominated 69th Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or TV Film Jessica Lange Won Best TV Series -- Drama American Horror Story Nominated 5th Kerrang ! Awards Best TV Show Nominated 16th Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Best Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Best Direction in a Drama Series Won Best Writing in a Drama Series Nominated Best Music in a Series Won Best Sound in a Series Nominated Best Editing in a Series Won Best Cinematography in a Series Nominated Best Production Design in a Series Nominated Best Costume Design in a Series Nominated Best Makeup / Hairstyling in a Series Nominated Best Visual Effects in a Series Won Best New Theme Song in a Series Won Best New Titles Sequence Won Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Jessica Lange Nominated 16th ADG Excellence in Production Design Awards One - Hour Single Camera TV Series Mark Worthington ( for `` Murder House '' ) Nominated 28th Artios Awards TV Movie or Miniseries Robert J. Ulrich , Eric Dawson , Carol Kritzer , Eric Souliere ( Associate ) Nominated 28th TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Jessica Lange Nominated TV Guide Awards 2012 Favorite Villain Jessica Lange ( as Constance Langdon ) Nominated Favorite Horror Series American Horror Story Nominated 1st PAAFTJ TV Awards Best Miniseries or TV Movie Nominated Best Main Title Design Nominated Best Directing for a Miniseries or TV Movie Ryan Murphy Won Best Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie Jessica Lange Won Best Cast in a Miniseries or TV Movie Dylan McDermott , Connie Britton , Taissa Farmiga , Jessica Lange , Evan Peters , Denis O'Hare Nominated Best Production Design in a Miniseries or TV Movie Mark Worthington Won Best Cinematography in a Miniseries or TV Movie Mark Worthington Nominated 5th NewNowNext Awards Cause You 're Hot Jessica Lange Nominated 2013 24th PGA Awards Outstanding Producer of Long - Form TV Brad Buecker , Dante Di Loreto , Brad Falchuk , Ryan Murphy , Chip Vucelich , Alexis Martin Woodall Nominated * The FX network submitted the series to the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in the miniseries , rather than the drama series , category for its 64th Primetime Emmy Awards . Ratings ( edit ) The pilot episode gained a 1.6 ratings share among adults aged 18 -- 49 and garnered 3.2 million viewers , and totalled 5.2 million between two airings . These were the best numbers FX had ever received for a series premiere . Taken together with equally strong numbers for the station 's returning original series -- Sons of Anarchy , It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia and The League -- the episode helped make October the most - watched month on FX ever . The episode was seen by 3.2 million viewers total in 59 countries . Ratings increased as the season progressed , with the fourth episode receiving a 1.7 ratings share among adults 18 -- 49 , a tenth of a point higher than the pilot episode . The seventh episode had a viewership of 3.06 million , receiving a 1.8 ratings share in the 18 -- 49 demographic ; a series high . The season finale was watched by 3.22 million viewers and received a 1.7 ratings share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The first season tied with the TNT series Falling Skies as the biggest new cable series of the year among adults 18 -- 49 . American Horror Story 's November 2011 international premiere across Europe and Latin America , on Fox International Channels , drew rankings of 1st or 2nd among all Pay - TV in most metered markets for its time slot . In the UK , it premiered on non-terrestrial channel FX , with 128,200 viewers . The second episode saw an increase of 27 % , receiving an overall viewership of 158,700 . American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 1.82 1.97 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Home media release ( edit ) American Horror Story -- The Complete First Season Set Details Special Features 12 Episodes Audio Commentary of the Pilot episode by Ryan Murphy Behind the Fright : The Making of American Horror Story The Murder House presented by Eternal Darkness Tours of Hollywood On the Set of American Horror Story Overture to Horror : Creating the Title Sequence Out of the Shadows : Meet the House Ghosts Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable : ' American Horror Story ' Premiere , ' South Park ' Return Top MLB Playoffs + ' Ghost Hunters , ' ' Nick Swardson ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' South Park ' Rises ; ' American Horror Story ' Falls ; + Brewers / Cards NLCS , ' Psych ' Premiere , ' Ghost Hunters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Tops Night , ' American Horror Story ' Rises ; ' South Park ' Falls + ' Psych , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Series High Edges ' South Park ' + ' Psych , ' ' Daily Show , ' ' Ultimate Fighter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' South Park , ' ' American Horror Story ' Lead + ' Psych , ' ' Real World , ' ' Mythbusters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story , ' ' South Park ' Lead ; ' Psych ' Lower + ' Real World , ' ' Mythbusters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Series High + ' South Park , ' ' Psych , ' ' Real World , ' ' Ultimate Fighter , ' ' Mythbusters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Cruises to Easy Thanksgiving Eve Win '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + Captain Kirk Boosts ' Psych ' ; ' Hot In Cleveland , ' ' Full Throttle Saloon ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story , ' ' Sons Of Guns ' Top Night + ' Psych ' , ' Hot In Cleveland , ' ' Ghost Hunters ' Finale & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Falls , But Leads + ' Sons Of Guns , ' ' Moonshiners , ' ' Psych ' , ' Hot In Cleveland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Finale Rises , Leads Night + ' Sons Of Guns , ' ' Moonshiners , ' ' Top Chef ' , ' Hot In Cleveland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mullins , Jenna ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story Season Two Scoop : New House and ( Mostly ) New Faces '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' co-creator Ryan Murphy talks premiere , his favorite scene , and identity of Rubber Man -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Juergens , Brian ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk Talk `` American Horror Story '' : Blood , Infidelity , and Zachary Quinto `` . The Backlot . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Talks American Horror Story '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Will Scare Up a New Cast and New Haunted Home for Season 2 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` FX orders ' American Horror Story ' from ' Glee ' pair '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FX Orders `` American Horror Story '' to Series `` . The Futon Critic . July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Adds Tim Minear , 3 More Writers ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` AHS : Ryan Murphy announces Murder House and Coven crossover season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Friday Night Lights ' star Connie Britton cast in Ryan Murphy 's ' American Horror Story ' pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Gayle Jo ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` What you do n't know about TV 's Connie Britton '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Ryan Murphy warns finale 's brutal labor scene is ' the most shocking scene we 've ever done ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Denis O'Hare Joins Ryan Murphy 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Jessica Lange To Star In Ryan Murphy / Brad Falchuk 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jessica Lange Talks Ryan Murphy 's `` American Horror Story '' `` . TheBacklot.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Dylan McDermott To Star In Ryan Murphy 's FX Pilot ' American Horror Story ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michals , Susan ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Dylan McDermott , Ryan Murphy Talk ' American Horror Story ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Casts Young Leads '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story 's Taissa Farmiga Dishes on Violet 's Fate and What 's Coming Up Next '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Ryan Murphy talks the Black Dahlia and whether Violet is alive ... or dead -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keeps , David A. ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Set Pieces : The haunted house of ' American Horror Story ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kudler , Adrian Glick ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story Gave Alfred Rosenheim House in Country Club Park an Early Halloween Costume '' . Curbed.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` The American Horror Story House Is on the Market for How Much ? Come Take a Tour Inside ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Connie Britton on ' American Horror Story , ' ' Friday Night Lights ' and what she learned from Rob Zombie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Murder House Available for Airbnb Rental '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Two - Hour Finale Will Be Trimmed To 90 Minutes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Watch the terrifying opening credits sequence -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Crider , Michael ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Opening Credits Are Totally Creepy ( Updated ) '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Murder House ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck . `` Chuck Barney : Scary , sexy ' American Horror Story ' gets its freak on '' . Mercury News . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 TV season : Few smooth takeoffs , many bumpy arrivals '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` They Said It Had Good Bones '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Review : FX 's ' American Horror Story ' an overwrought mess '' . HitFix . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Murder House '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sci - Fi / Horror Series '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners '' . Dorian Awards . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Bram Stoker Award TM winners and Vampire Novel of the Century Award winner '' . Horror Writers Association . April 1 , 2012 . horror.org . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Awards -- 2011 / 2012 ( 16th Awards ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . ofta.cinemasight.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2012 Artios Winners '' . Casting Society of America . November 7 , 2012 . castingsociety.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . TV Guide . April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PAAFTJ Television Awards winners announced '' . Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists . July 8 , 2012 . paaftj.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys Buzz : American Horror Story to Enter Race for Best Miniseries , Not Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable : ' American Horror Story ' Premiere , ' South Park ' Return Top MLB Playoffs + ' Ghost Hunters , ' ' Nick Swardson ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Scares Up 3.2 Million Viewers in Premiere Telecast '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` American Horror Story Is # 1 Series Premiere In FX History '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` October is FX 's Most - Watched Month In Its History '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` International Premiere Of ' American Horror Story ' Scares Up Big Numbers On Fox International Channels '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Series High + ' South Park ' + ' Psych , ' ' Real World , ' ' Ultimate Fighter , ' ' Mythbusters , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` '' American Horror Story '' Surges to Series Highs in Multiple Demos `` . The Futon Critic . November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` American Horror Story to completely ditch season one characters , story , do something new in season two '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` International Premiere Of ' American Horror Story ' Scares Up Big Numbers On Fox International Channels '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` American Horror Story -- Formal DVD / Blu - ray Announcement Confirms Date , Cost and Reveals Boxes , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Murder House '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Horror Story Season 1 Horror fiction portal Television portal List of American Horror Story episodes on IMDb List of American Horror Story episodes at TV.com ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! 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"The first season follows the Harmon family: Ben (Dylan McDermott), Vivien (Connie Britton) and Violet (Taissa Farmiga), who move from Boston to Los Angeles to start a new life in a Victorian mansion, after Vivien has a miscarriage and Ben has an affair with Hayden (Kate Mara), one of his students. On arrival, they learn from Marcy (Christine Estabrook), the real estate agent, that the previous owners of their new mansion, a couple named Chad and Patrick (Zachary Quinto and Teddy Sears), died in an apparent murder/suicide. Their neighbor Constance (Jessica Lange) and her daughter Addie (Jamie Brewer) become frequent, and mostly unwelcome, guests. Addie seems to have a connection with the house's mysterious past. Larry Harvey (Denis O'Hare), a former resident of the house who has suffered from terrible burns, also begins inserting himself into the Harmons' lives, giving Ben a cryptic warning about the house. The house also \"comes with\" Moira O'Hara (Frances Conroy/Alexandra Breckenridge), a housekeeper who appears young and seductive to men, but old and matronly to women."
] | [
"Connie Britton"
] |
-7340911379310951436 | Woodstock | Woodstock - Wikipedia Woodstock This article is about the 1969 music and art festival . For other uses , see Woodstock ( disambiguation ) . Woodstock Logo designed by Arnold Skolnick ; dove on guitar originally resembled a catbird perched on a guitar . Genre Rock and folk , including blues rock , folk rock , jazz fusion , hard rock , latin rock , psychedelic rock Dates August 15 -- 17 , 1969 ran over to August 18 Location ( s ) Bethel , White Lake , New York , U.S. ( original ) Years active 1969 ( original ) . 49 years ago namesake events : 1979 , 1989 , 1994 , 1999 , 2009 Founded by Michael Lang , John P. Roberts , Joel Rosenman , Artie Kornfeld Website The Woodstock Festivals Bethel Location in the United States Max Yasgur 's farm Location in New York The Woodstock Music & Art Fair -- informally , the Woodstock Festival or simply Woodstock -- was a music festival in the United States in 1969 which attracted an audience of more than 400,000 . Scheduled for August 15 -- 17 on a dairy farm in the Catskill Mountains of southern New York State , northwest of New York City , it ran over to Monday , August 18 . Billed as `` An Aquarian Exposition : 3 Days of Peace & Music '' , it was held at Max Yasgur 's 600 - acre ( 240 ha ; 0.94 sq mi ) dairy farm near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel . Located in Sullivan County , Bethel is 43 miles ( 70 km ) southwest of the town of Woodstock in adjoining Ulster County . During the sometimes rainy weekend , 32 acts performed outdoors . It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history , as well as the definitive nexus for the larger counterculture generation . Rolling Stone listed it as one of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll . The event was captured in the Academy Award - winning 1970 documentary movie Woodstock , an accompanying soundtrack album , and Joni Mitchell 's song `` Woodstock '' , which commemorated the event and became a major hit for both Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort . Joni Mitchell said , `` Woodstock was a spark of beauty '' where half - a-million kids `` saw that they were part of a greater organism '' . In 2017 , the festival site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Contents 1 Planning and preparation 1.1 Selection of the venue 2 The festival 2.1 Sound 2.2 Performing artists 2.3 Declined invitations or missed connections 2.4 Media coverage 3 Releases 3.1 Films 3.2 Albums 4 Aftermath 5 Legacy 5.1 Woodstock site today 5.2 Woodstock 40th anniversary and plans for 50th anniversary event 6 In popular culture 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Planning and preparation ( edit ) Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang , Artie Kornfeld , Joel Rosenman , and John P. Roberts . Roberts and Rosenman financed the project . Lang had some experience as a promoter , having co-organized a small festival on the East Coast the prior year , the Miami Pop Festival , where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two - day event . Early in 1969 , Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs , in the process of building Media Sound , a large audio recording studio complex in Manhattan . Lang and Kornfeld 's lawyer , Miles Lourie , who had done legal work on the Media Sound project , suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar , but much smaller , studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock , New York . Unpersuaded by this Studio - in - the - Woods proposal , Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area ( such as Bob Dylan and The Band ) . Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan , and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969 . The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan . Burt Cohen , and his design group , Curtain Call Productions , oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office . From the start , there were differences in approach among the four : Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed , while the laid - back Lang saw Woodstock as a new , `` relaxed '' way of bringing entrepreneurs together . When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert , Roberts and Rosenman , growing increasingly concerned , took to the road and eventually came up with a venue . Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project . In April 1969 , Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event , agreeing to play for $10,000 . The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big - name groups prior to Creedence committing to play . Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented , `` Once Creedence signed , everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on . '' Given their 3 a.m. start time and omission from the Woodstock film ( at Creedence frontman John Fogerty 's insistence ) , Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences regarding the festival . Woodstock was designed as a profit - making venture . It famously became a `` free concert '' only after the event drew hundreds of thousands more people than the organizers had prepared for . Tickets for the three - day event cost $18 in advance and $24 at the gate ( equivalent to about $120 and $160 today ) . Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area , or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan . Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold , and the organizers anticipated approximately 200,000 festival - goers would turn up . Selection of the venue ( edit ) The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in Wallkill , New York , possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz . After local residents quickly shot down that idea , Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location in Saugerties , New York . But they had misunderstood , as the landowner 's attorney made clear , in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman . Growing alarmed at the lack of progress , Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue , and discovered the 300 - acre ( 120 ha ) Mills Industrial Park ( 41 ° 28 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 21 ′ 49 '' W / 41.477525 ° N 74.36358 ° W / 41.477525 ; - 74.36358 ( Mills Industrial Park ) ) in the town of Wallkill , New York , which Woodstock Ventures leased for $10,000 in the Spring of 1969 . Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend . Town residents immediately opposed the project . In early July , the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people . On July 15 , 1969 , the Wallkill Zoning Board of Appeals officially banned the concert on the basis that the planned portable toilets would not meet town code . Reports of the ban , however , turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival . Max Yasgur 's dairy farm in 1968 In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock , Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15 acres ( 6.1 ha ) motel grounds , and had a permit for such an event . He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur . Lang , however , disputes Tiber 's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor , who drove him to Yasgur 's farm without Tiber . Sam Yasgur , Max 's son , agrees with Lang 's account . Yasgur 's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land 's north side . The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop . The pond would become a popular skinny dipping destination . The organizers once again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people . Despite resident opposition and signs proclaiming , `` Buy No Milk . Stop Max 's Hippy Music Festival '' , Bethel Town Attorney Frederick W.V. Schadt and building inspector Donald Clark approved the permits , but the Bethel Town Board refused to issue them formally . Clark was ordered to post stop - work orders . The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare . At a meeting three days before the event , organizers felt they had two options : one was to complete the fencing and ticket booths , without which the promoters would lose any profit or go into debt ; the other option involved putting their remaining available resources into building the stage , without which the promoters feared they would have a disappointed and disgruntled audience . When the audience began arriving by the tens of thousands the next day , the Wednesday before the weekend , the decision was made for them . Those without tickets simply walked through gaps in the fences , and the organizers were forced to make the event free of charge . Though the festival left its promoters nearly bankrupt , their ownership of the film and recording rights more than compensated for the losses after the release of the hit documentary film in 1970 . The festival ( edit ) Part of the crowd on the first day of the festival The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam . Fearing chaos as thousands began descending on the community , Bethel did not enforce its codes . Eventually , announcements on radio stations as far away as WNEW - FM in Manhattan and descriptions of the traffic jams on television news discouraged people from setting off to the festival . Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed . The director of the Woodstock museum discussed below said this never occurred . To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds , recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields . The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending ; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather , food shortages , and poor sanitation . On the morning of Sunday , August 17 , New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John Roberts and told him he was thinking of ordering 10,000 New York State National Guard troops to the festival . Roberts was successful in persuading Rockefeller not to do this . Sullivan County declared a state of emergency . During the festival , personnel from nearby Stewart Air Force Base assisted in helping to ensure order and airlifting performers in and out of the concert venue . Jimi Hendrix was the last act to perform at the festival . Because of the rain delays that Sunday , when Hendrix finally took the stage it was 8 : 30 Monday morning . The audience , which had peaked at an estimated 400,000 during the festival , was now reduced to about 30,000 by that point ; many of them merely waited to catch a glimpse of Hendrix before leaving during his performance . Hendrix and his new band , Gypsy Sun and Rainbows ( introduced as The Experience , but corrected by Hendrix ) performed a two - hour set . His psychedelic rendition of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred about three - quarters into the set ( after which he segued into `` Purple Haze '' ) . The song would become `` part of the sixties Zeitgeist '' as it was captured forever in the Woodstock film ; Hendrix 's image performing this number wearing a blue - beaded white leather jacket with fringe and a red head scarf has since been regarded as a defining moment of the 1960s . We were ready to rock out and we waited and waited and finally it was our turn ... there were a half million people asleep . These people were out . It was sort of like a painting of a Dante scene , just bodies from hell , all intertwined and asleep , covered with mud . And this is the moment I will never forget as long as I live : A quarter mile away in the darkness , on the other edge of this bowl , there was some guy flicking his Bic , and in the night I hear , ' Do n't worry about it , John . We 're with you . ' I played the rest of the show for that guy . -- John Fogerty recalling Creedence Clearwater Revival 's 3 : 30 am start time at Woodstock Although the festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved , there were two recorded fatalities : one from insulin usage , and another caused in an accident when a tractor ran over an attendee sleeping in a nearby hayfield . There also were two births recorded at the event ( one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter ) and four miscarriages . Oral testimony in the film supports the overdose and run - over deaths and at least one birth , along with many logistical headaches . Yet , in tune with the idealistic hopes of the 1960s , Woodstock satisfied most attendees . There was a sense of social harmony , which , with the quality of music , and the overwhelming mass of people , many sporting bohemian dress , behavior , and attitudes , helped to make it one of the enduring events of the century . After the concert , Max Yasgur , who owned the site of the event , saw it as a victory of peace and love . He spoke of how nearly half a million people filled with potential for disaster , riot , looting , and catastrophe spent the three days with music and peace on their minds . He stated , `` If we join them , we can turn those adversities that are the problems of America today into a hope for a brighter and more peaceful future ... '' Sound ( edit ) Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley . `` It worked very well , '' he says of the event . `` I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70 - foot ( 21 m ) towers . We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people . Of course , 500,000 showed up . '' ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall , almost 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) deep , and 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) wide . Each of these enclosures carried four 15 - inch ( 380 mm ) JBL D140 loudspeakers . The tweeters consisted of 4 × 2 - Cell & 2 × 10 - Cell Altec Horns . Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup . For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins . Performing artists ( edit ) Main article : List of performances and events at Woodstock Festival Thirty - two acts performed over the course of the four days : Friday , August 15 -- Saturday , August 16 Artist Time Notes Richie Havens 5 : 07 pm -- 7 : 00 pm Swami Satchidananda 7 : 10 pm -- 7 : 20 pm Gave the opening speech / invocation for the festival . Sweetwater 7 : 30 pm -- 8 : 10 pm Bert Sommer 8 : 20 pm -- 9 : 15 pm Tim Hardin 9 : 20 pm -- 9 : 45 pm Ravi Shankar 10 : 00 pm -- 10 : 35 pm Played through the rain . Melanie 10 : 50 pm -- 11 : 20 pm Arlo Guthrie 11 : 55 pm -- 12 : 25 am Joan Baez 12 : 55 am -- 2 : 00 am Was six months pregnant at the time . Magazine advertisement promoting the Woodstock Music & Art Fair 's `` Aquarian Exposition , '' to be held in Wallkill , NY . Saturday , August 16 -- Sunday , August 17 Artist Time Notes Quill 12 : 15 pm -- 12 : 45 pm Country Joe McDonald 1 : 00 pm -- 1 : 30 pm Joe later performed together with The Fish . Santana 2 : 00 pm -- 2 : 45 pm Aged 20 , Michael Shrieve , the band 's drummer , was the youngest musician to play at the festival . John Sebastian 3 : 30 pm -- 3 : 55 pm Sebastian was not on the bill , but rather was attending the festival , and was recruited to perform while the promoters waited for many of the scheduled performers to arrive . Keef Hartley Band 4 : 45 pm -- 5 : 30 pm The Incredible String Band 6 : 00 pm -- 6 : 30 pm Canned Heat 7 : 30 pm -- 8 : 30 pm Mountain 9 : 00 pm -- 10 : 00 pm This performance was only their third gig as a band Grateful Dead 10 : 30 pm -- 12 : 05 am Their set was cut short after the stage amps overloaded during `` Turn On Your Love Light '' . Creedence Clearwater Revival 12 : 30 am -- 1 : 20 am Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band 2 : 00 am -- 3 : 00 am Sly and the Family Stone 3 : 30 am -- 4 : 20 am The Who 5 : 00 am -- 6 : 05 am Briefly interrupted by Abbie Hoffman . Jefferson Airplane 8 : 00 am -- 9 : 40 am Joined onstage on piano by Nicky Hopkins . Sunday , August 17 -- Monday , August 18 Artist Time Notes Joe Cocker and The Grease Band 2 : 00 pm -- 3 : 25 pm Played `` With A Little Help From My Friends . '' After Joe Cocker 's set , a thunderstorm disrupted the events for several hours . Country Joe and the Fish 6 : 30 pm -- 8 : 00 pm Country Joe McDonald 's second performance . Ten Years After 8 : 15 pm -- 9 : 15 pm The Band 10 : 00 pm -- 10 : 50 pm Johnny Winter 12 : 00 am -- 1 : 05 am Winter 's brother , Edgar Winter , is featured on three songs . Blood , Sweat & Tears 1 : 30 am -- 2 : 30 am Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young 3 : 00 am -- 4 : 00 am An acoustic and electric set were played . Neil Young skipped most of the acoustic set . Paul Butterfield Blues Band 6 : 00 am -- 6 : 45 am Sha Na Na 7 : 30 am -- 8 : 00 am Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows 9 : 00 am -- 11 : 10 am Performed to a considerably smaller crowd of fewer than 200,000 people . Declined invitations or missed connections ( edit ) Bob Dylan , in whose `` backyard '' the festival was held , was never in serious negotiation . Instead , Dylan signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music , on August 31 . Dylan set sail for England on Queen Elizabeth 2 on August 15 , the day the Woodstock Festival started . His son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked . Dylan , with his wife Sara , flew to England the following week . Dylan had been unhappy about the number of hippies piling up outside his house in the nearby town of Woodstock . Simon & Garfunkel declined the invitation , as they rather wanted to get ahead with their new album . The Jeff Beck Group : Jeff Beck disbanded the group prior to Woodstock . `` I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock '' , Beck said . `` I did n't want it to be preserved . '' It was to have been the first time that Beck would perform with Tim Bogert and Carmine Appice . Also , Beck 's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane . Led Zeppelin was asked to perform , their manager Peter Grant stated : `` We were asked to do Woodstock and Atlantic were very keen , and so was our U.S. promoter , Frank Barsalona . I said no because at Woodstock we 'd have just been another band on the bill . '' However , the group did play the first Atlanta International Pop Festival on July 5 , as one of 22 bands at the two - day event . Woodstock weekend , Zeppelin performed south of the festival at the Asbury Park Convention Hall in New Jersey . Their only time out taken was to attend Elvis Presley 's show at the International Hotel in Las Vegas , on August 12 . The Byrds were invited , but chose not to participate , figuring Woodstock to be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer . There were also concerns about money . As bassist John York remembers : `` We were flying to a gig and Roger ( McGuinn ) came up to us and said that a guy was putting on a festival in upstate New York . But at that point they were n't paying all of the bands . He asked us if we wanted to do it and we said , ' No ' . We had no idea what it was going to be . We were burned out and tired of the festival scene . ( ... ) So all of us said , ' No , we want a rest ' and missed the best festival of all . '' Chicago , at the time still known as the Chicago Transit Authority , had initially been signed on to play at Woodstock . However , they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham , which allowed him to move Chicago 's concerts at the Fillmore West . He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17 , thus forcing the band to back out of the concert . Graham did so to ensure that Santana , which he managed at the time , would take their slot at the festival . According to singer and bassist Peter Cetera , `` We were sort of peeved at him for pulling that one . '' Tommy James and the Shondells declined an invitation . Lead singer Tommy James stated later : `` We could have just kicked ourselves . We were in Hawaii , and my secretary called and said , ' Yeah , listen , there 's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field . ' That 's how it was put to me . So we passed , and we realized what we 'd missed a couple of days later . '' The Moody Blues were included on the original Wallkill poster as performers , but decided to back out after being booked in Paris the same weekend . Frank Zappa , then with The Mothers of Invention , according to the Class of the 20th Century U.S. television special , is quoted as saying `` A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there , we turned it down . '' Arthur Lee and Love declined the invitation , but Mojo Magazine later described inner turmoil within the band which caused their absence at the Woodstock festival . Free was asked to perform and declined . They did however play at the Isle of Wight Festival , a week later . Mind Garage declined because they thought the festival would be no huge deal and they had a higher paying gig elsewhere . The Doors were considered as a potential performing band but canceled at the last moment . According to guitarist Robby Krieger , they turned it down because they thought it would be a `` second class repeat of Monterey Pop Festival '' and later regretted that decision . Spirit also declined an invitation to play , as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead , not knowing how big Woodstock would be . Joni Mitchell was originally slated to perform , but cancelled at the urging of her manager to avoid missing a scheduled appearance on The Dick Cavett Show . Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock . Roy Rogers was asked by Lang to close the festival with `` Happy Trails '' but he declined . Procol Harum was invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower 's baby . Jethro Tull also declined . According to frontman Ian Anderson , he knew it would be a big event but he did not want to go because he did not like hippies and other concerns including inappropriate nudity , heavy drinking and drug use . Raven -- attorney Miles Laurie , one of Michael Lang 's lawyers set up a meeting with Raven manager Marty Angelo and offered his band a spot on the lineup but only if they signed a contract with Lang to be Raven 's record producer and 10 % of future earnings . Raven turned down his offer based on the fact that the year before the band played at one of the Woodstock Sound - Outs and the gig did n't go well . Lang assured them that his concert was going to be different . The band respectfully turned down . Blues Image , according to a 2011 interview with percussionist Joe Lala , agreed to appear at the Woodstock festival . Their manager did not want them to go and said , `` There 's only one road in and it 's going to be raining , you do n't want to be there '' . The band members were disappointed and in response said , `` Do n't you think it 'll be beneficial that we 're there ? '' The band instead took a gig at Binghamton . Iron Butterfly was booked to appear , and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance , but could not perform because they were stuck at LaGuardia Airport . According to Production Coordinator John Morris , `` They sent me a telegram saying , ' We will arrive at LaGuardia . You will have helicopters pick us up . We will fly straight to the show . We will perform immediately , and then we will be flown out . ' And I picked up the phone and called Western Union ... And ( my telegram ) said : ' For reasons I ca n't go into / Until you are here / Clarifying your situation / Knowing you are having problems / You will have to find / Other transportation / Unless you plan not to come . ' '' The first letter of each line in the telegram spelled out an acrostic making clear that Iron Butterfly was not welcome . The Rascals were invited to play the festival but declined due to the fact that they were in the middle of recording a new album . When feelers were sent out to The Beatles about possibly appearing , it was also suggested that a recent signee to their label Apple Records should also get an invite . That artist was James Taylor . When the group declined their invitation Taylor 's invite was withdrawn as well . Allegedly , The Rolling Stones were also sent an invitation , but declined because Mick Jagger was in Australia filming Ned Kelly , and Keith Richards ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg had just given birth to their son Marlon . Media coverage ( edit ) Very few reporters from outside the immediate area were on the scene . During the first few days of the festival , national media coverage emphasized the problems . Front - page headlines in the Daily News read `` Traffic Uptight at Hippiefest '' and `` Hippies Mired in a Sea of Mud '' . The New York Times ran an editorial titled `` Nightmare in the Catskills , '' which read in part , `` The dreams of marijuana and rock music that drew 300,000 fans and hippies to the Catskills had little more sanity than the impulses that drive the lemmings to march to their deaths in the sea . They ended in a nightmare of mud and stagnation ... What kind of culture is it that can produce so colossal a mess ? '' Coverage became more positive by the end of the festival , in part because the parents of concertgoers called the media and told them , based on their children 's phone calls , that their reporting was misleading . The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel . Barnard Collier , who reported from the event for The New York Times , asserts that he was pressured by on - duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event . According to Collier , this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper 's executive editor , James Reston , agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit . The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking , but went on to emphasize cooperation , generosity , and the good nature of the festival goers . When the festival was over , Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event . The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers . Middletown , New York 's Times Herald - Record , the only local daily newspaper , editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill . During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published . The paper had the only phone line running out of the site , and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassable crowd to the newspaper 's office 35 miles ( 56 km ) away in Middletown . Releases ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Main article : Woodstock ( film ) The documentary film Woodstock , directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by Thelma Schoonmaker and Martin Scorsese , was released in 1970 . Artie Kornfeld ( one of the promoters of the festival ) went to Fred Weintraub , an executive at Warner Bros. , and asked for money to film the festival . Artie had been turned down everywhere else , but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives , Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 to make the film . Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business . The book Easy Riders , Raging Bulls details the making of the film . Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene . With no money to pay the crew , he agreed to a double - or - nothing scheme , in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed . Wadleigh strove to make the film as much about the hippies as the music , listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival ( such as the Vietnam War ) , as well as the views of the townspeople . Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . The film has been deemed culturally significant by the United States Library of Congress . In 1994 , Woodstock : The Director 's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane , Jimi Hendrix , and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film . In 2009 , the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD . This release marks the film 's first availability on Blu - ray disc . Another film on Woodstock named Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee . Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon , New York , to shoot the film . He was concerned with angering the locals , but they ended up being incredibly welcoming and excited to help with the film . The movie is based on Elliot Tiber , played by Demetri Martin , and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel , New York . The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg . Albums ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two soundtrack albums were released . The first , Woodstock : Music from the Original Soundtrack and More , was a 3 - LP ( later 2 - CD ) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed . A year later , Woodstock 2 was released as a 2 - LP album . Both albums included recordings of stage announcements ( many by Production Coordinator John Morris , e.g. , `` ( We 're told ) that the brown acid is not specifically too good '' , `` Hey , if you think really hard , maybe we can stop this rain '' ) and crowd noises ( i.e. , the rain chant ) between songs . In 1994 , a third album , Woodstock Diary was released . Tracks from all three albums , as well as numerous additional , previously unreleased performances from the festival but not the stage announcements and crowd noises , were reissued by Atlantic as a 4 - CD box set titled Woodstock : Three Days of Peace and Music . An album titled Jimi Hendrix : Woodstock also was released in 1994 , featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival . A longer double - disc set , Live at Woodstock ( 1999 ) features nearly every song of Hendrix 's performance , omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist . In 2009 , Joe Cocker released Live at Woodstock , a live album of his entire Woodstock set . The album contained eleven tracks , ten of which were previously unreleased . In 2009 , complete performances from Woodstock by Santana , Janis Joplin , Sly & the Family Stone , Jefferson Airplane , and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy / SME Records , and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience . Also , in 2009 , Rhino / Atlantic Records issued a 6 - CD box set titled Woodstock : 40 Years On : Back to Yasgur 's Farm , which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material . Aftermath ( edit ) Peace and Music Woodstock monument with plaques by sculptor Wayne C. Saward and erected in 1984 on the festival site . ( Note that John Sebastian 's surname is misspelled as `` Sabastian '' ) Max Yasgur refused to rent out his farm for a 1970 revival of the festival , saying , `` As far as I know , I 'm going back to running a dairy farm . '' Yasgur died in 1973 . Bethel voters tossed out their supervisor in an election held in November 1969 because of his role in bringing the festival to the town . New York State and the town of Bethel passed mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring . In 1984 , at the original festival site , land owners Louis Nicky and June Gelish put up a monument marker with plaques called `` Peace and Music '' by a local sculptor from nearby Bloomingburg , Wayne C. Saward ( 1957 -- 2009 ) . Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site , its owners spread chicken manure , and during one anniversary , tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks . Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration . In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors . Unlike Bethel , the town of Woodstock made several efforts to cash in on its notoriety . Bethel 's stance changed in recent years , and the town now embraces the festival . Efforts have begun to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock . Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures , primarily by farmers in the area . The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt Woodstock Ventures had incurred from the festival . Legacy ( edit ) Woodstock site today ( edit ) Max Yasgur 's farm in 1999 In 1984 , a plaque was placed at the original site commemorating the festival . The field and the stage area remain preserved in their rural setting and the fields of the Yasgur farm are still visited by people of all generations . In 1996 , the site of the concert and 1,400 acres ( 5.7 km ) surrounding was purchased by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose of creating the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts . The Center opened on July 1 , 2006 , with a performance by the New York Philharmonic . On August 13 , 2006 , Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young performed before 16,000 fans at the new Center -- 37 years after their historic performance at Woodstock . The Museum at Bethel Woods opened on June 2 , 2008 . The Museum contains film and interactive displays , text panels , and artifacts that explore the unique experience of the Woodstock festival , its significance as the culminating event of a decade of radical cultural transformation , and the legacy of the Sixties and Woodstock today . Richie Havens ' ashes were scattered across the site on August 18 , 2013 . In late 2016 New York 's State Historic Preservation Office applied to the National Park Service to have 600 acres ( 240 ha ) including the site of the festival and adjacent areas used for campgrounds , all of which still appear mostly as they did in 1969 as they were not redeveloped when Bethel Woods was built , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Woodstock 40th anniversary and plans for 50th anniversary event ( edit ) There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009 . A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world . On August 15 , at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site , the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight - hour concert in front of a sold - out crowd . Hosted by Country Joe McDonald , the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin 's hits ( she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock , although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew ) , Canned Heat , Ten Years After , Jefferson Starship , Mountain , and the headliners , The Levon Helm Band . At Woodstock , Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band . Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane lineup to appear with Jefferson Starship . Tom Constanten , who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock , joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers . Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared , backed up by Canned Heat . Richie Havens , who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969 , appeared at a separate event the previous night . Crosby , Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009 . Another event occurred in Hawkhurst , Kent ( UK ) , at a Summer of Love party , with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock , Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band , plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands . On August 14 and 15 , 2009 , a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock , Illinois , and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the `` Father of Woodstock '' , Artie Kornfeld . Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event 's promoters . Also in 2009 , Michael Lang and Holly George - Warren published The Road to Woodstock , which describes Lang 's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival , and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event . In May 2014 , a producer and organizer of the original Woodstock event , Michael Lang , revealed plans for a possible 50th anniversary concert in 2019 and that he was exploring various locations . In popular culture ( edit ) As one of the biggest rock festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late 1960s , Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture . The phrase `` the Woodstock generation '' became part of the common lexicon . Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the final chords sounded . Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character -- which began appearing in 1966 but was still unnamed -- Woodstock in tribute to the festival . In April 1970 , Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled `` I Remember , I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair '' that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music . Keith Robertson 's 1970 children 's book Henry Reed 's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle 's farm . In 1973 , the stage show National Lampoon 's Lemmings portrayed the `` Woodchuck '' festival , featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers . More recent culture continues to remember Woodstock , with Time magazine naming `` The Who at Woodstock -- 1969 '' to the magazine 's `` Top 10 Music - Festival Moments '' list on March 18 , 2010 . In 2005 , Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock , a long poem commemorating the festival . An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders . In 2017 , the singer Lana Del Rey released a song , Coachella - Woodstock in My Mind , in order to show her worries about the tensions between North Korea and the United States , while she was at Coachella , expressing nostalgia by reminding the Woodstock festival as a symbol of peace . Gallery ( edit ) Opening ceremony at Woodstock . Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech A rainy day ( August 15 , 1969 ) Two hippies at Woodstock Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18 , 1969 Richie Havens performing at Woodstock Tents and cars of spectators at Woodstock See also ( edit ) List of historic music festivals Nambassa National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County , New York Przystanek Woodstock ( Woodstock Festival Poland ) Sunbury 1960s portal Hudson Valley portal National Register of Historic Places portal Rock music portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tiber , Elliot ( 1994 ) . `` How Woodstock Happened ... Part 1 '' . Times Herald - Record ( Reprint from `` Woodstock Commemorative Edition '' ) . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Peace and sharing dominate festival '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . August 18 , 1969 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Music , art fair ends ; 2 are dead '' . Chicago Tribune . UPI . August 18 , 1969 . p. 3 , sec. 1 . Jump up ^ Rock , Naomi ( August 18 , 1969 ) . `` ' Great ' rock festival ends without violence '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . p. 4A . ^ Jump up to : Jesse , Jarnow . `` Woodstock Music and Arts Fair '' . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Investigating Handling of Tickets At Woodstock Fair '' . The New York Times . August 27 , 1969 . p. 45 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Michael Lang stated 400,000 attended , half of them did not have a ticket . Jump up ^ Kilgannon , Corey ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` 3 Days of Peace and Music , 40 Years Later '' . Arts . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Baby Boomer Generation Fast Facts '' . CNN . November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock in 1969 '' . Rolling Stone . June 24 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . 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Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shepard , Richard F. ( July 23 , 1969 ) . `` Pop Rock Festival Finds New Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Woodstock Now & Then . VH1 ( Documentary ) . 2009 . Jump up ^ Collier , Barnard L. ( August 16 , 1969 ) . `` 200,000 Thronging To Rock Festival Jam Roads Upstate '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 , 31 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . A state police official said , `` We 're just going to reroute everybody ; Sullivan County is filled up . '' Jump up ^ Woodstock ( Motion picture ) . Warner Brothers . 1970 . Jump up ^ Hill , Michael ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Happy 40th birthday Woodstock baby , if you exist '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Doyle , Michael William ( September 25 , 2001 ) . `` Statement on the Historical and Cultural Significance of the 1969 Woodstock Festival Site '' . Woodstock -- Preservation Archives . 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September 2006 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jerry ( 1970 ) . Festival ! The Book of American Music Celebrations . New York : Macmillan Publishing . ISBN 0 - 02 - 580170 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` From Live Peace in Toronto to the Thin End of Wedgies in Soweto '' . The Hidden Years . 3rd Ear Music . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock '' . woodstock.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock Guru '' . Sri Swami Satchidananda . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Shrieve '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shrieve , Michael . '' Encyclopedia of Popular Music , 4th ed . Ed . Colin Larkin . Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press . Web . Jump up ^ `` West , Leslie . '' Encyclopedia of Popular Music , 4th ed . Ed . Colin Larkin . Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press . Web Jump up ^ `` Janis Joplin '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Woodstock Wars '' . newyorker.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cocker , Joe . '' Encyclopedia of Popular Music , 4th ed . Ed . Colin Larkin . Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Hendrix and Woodstock : 10 Little Known Facts about the Performance That Defined the ' 60s -- WPI '' . Jump up ^ Dylan , Bob . Chronicles Volume One . p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 7435 - 4309 - 2 . Jump up ^ Joe Morella et Patricia Barey , Simon & Garfunkel : Old Friends , Carol Pub . Group , 1991 , 261 p . ( ISBN 1559720891 ) Jump up ^ Carson , Annette ( 2001 ) . Jeff Beck : Crazy Fingers . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . p. 96 . ISBN 9781617744846 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( 1997 ) . Led Zeppelin : The Concert File . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 5307 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rogan , Johnny . The Byrds : Timeless Flight Revisited . Rogan House , London . p. 293 . ISBN 0 - 9529540 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ `` Cetera lends voice to SuperPops opener '' . Features . The Spokesman - Review . September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tommy James and the Shondells : Anthology ( Media notes ) . Tommy James and the Shondells . Rhino Records Inc . pp. 8 , 12 . R2 70920 . ^ Jump up to : `` Passing On Woodstock : Who and Why '' . Woodstock Story . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger Live Chat Log - July 3 , 1996 '' . The Doors ( Transcript ) . July 3 , 1996 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clear ( Media notes ) . Spirit. 1969 . Jump up ^ Houston , Frank ( April 4 , 2000 ) . `` Joni Mitchell '' . Salon.com . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( August 13 , 1998 ) . `` Joni - Come - Lately '' . Daily News . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` Lighthouse Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dufour , Jeff ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Woodstock producer : Roy Rogers , not Hendrix , could have closed '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock Music and Art Fair '' . Advanced Placement American History . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiser , Carl . `` Songwriter Interviews : Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull '' . Songfacts . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Marty , Once Life Matters : A New Beginning ( Impact Publishers , 2005 -- 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 9618954 - 4 - 6 Jump up ^ Lala , Joe ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` An Unplugged Interview With The Silent - Giant Of The Music Industry - Joe Lala '' . Classic Rock Here And Now ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Ray Shasho . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Original Woodstock Wallkill Poster '' . Woodstock Story . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fornatale , Pete . `` Sweetwater '' . Back to the Garden : The Story of Woodstock . pp. 54 , 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9119 - 1 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The 60s : The Story of a Decade , The New Yorker , Random House , 2016 , pg. 231 ^ Jump up to : Fornatale , Pete ( 2009 ) . Back to the Garden : The Story of Woodstock . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781416591191 . Jump up ^ `` Warner , Simon ( May 2004 ) . `` Reporting Woodstock : Some contemporary press reflections on the festival '' . In Bennett , Andy . Remembering Woodstock . Aldershot , UK : Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 0714 - 3 . Jump up ^ Romm , Ethel Grodzins ( August 15 , 2009 ) . `` Sex , Drugs , Rock ' N Roll in Redneck Country '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Romm , David E. ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` In His Own Words : The ' Record ' on Woodstock '' . The Times Herald - Record . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock : Celebrating the 40th Anniversary '' . The Times Herald - Record . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How Woodstock Came To Be ... ( continued ) '' . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2002 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taking Woodstock on IMDb Jump up ^ Schoemer , Karen . `` Turn on , Tune in , Turn Back the Clock '' . www.nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Synopsis '' . www.focusfeatures.com . Focus Features . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock -- 40 Years On : Back to Yasgur 's Farm boxed set '' . Rhino Entertainment ( Press release ) . June 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayne C. `` Woodstock '' Saward `` . Find a Grave . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( August 13 , 1989 ) . `` Love was the word but what was the truth ? '' . The Day . New London , Connecticut . Knight - Ridder . pp. D1 -- D2 . Jump up ^ `` Max Yasgur Dies ; Woodstock Festival Was on His Farm '' . The New York Times . February 9 , 1973 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock Music and Arts Fair monument '' . The Historical Marker Database . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Israel , Steve ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Woodstock at 40 : A tale of two towns '' . Times Herald - Record . Jump up ^ Perone , James E. ( January 1 , 2005 ) . Woodstock : An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair . books.google.com . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313330575 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock : A Moment of Muddy Grace '' . New York Times . Bethel , New York : New York Times . August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Alan Gerry '' Archived May 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Midgette , Anne ( July 1 , 2006 ) . `` New York Philharmonic Plays Summer Guest at Bethel Woods Arts Center '' . New York Times . Bethel , New York : New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.crusinsouthflorida.com/2009/1/2009.08.Woodstock/index.htm ^ Jump up to : `` the Museum at Bethel Woods to Open June 2 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens ' ashes scattered across 1969 Woodstock site '' . CBS News . Woodstock , New York : CBS News . August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaFrank , Kathleen ( November 2016 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places nomination , Woodstock Music Festival Site '' ( PDF ) . New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Israel , Steve ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Woodstock media frenzy as date draws closer '' . Times Herald - Record . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( August 16 , 2009 ) . `` Back to the Garden , Without the Shock , or All That Mud '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barry , John W. ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Woodstock 40th anniversary : Richie Havens kicks off festivities '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Return to the Summer of Love Soulstock 2009 '' . Deadhead UK . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kornfeld gives event blessing '' . Daily Herald . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mankin , Bill ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` We Can All Join In : How Rock Festivals Helped Change America '' . Like the Dew . Jump up ^ Charles M. Schulz , The Complete Peanuts , 1967 -- 1968 , New York , Fantagraphic Books , pp. 41 -- 42 , 83 , 207 , 227 -- 228 . Jump up ^ `` R.I.P. Richie Havens , Musician '' . Mad . April 1970 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Craig . `` Original Off - Broadway Cast , National Lampoon 's Lemmings '' . Green Man Review . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Dan ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` The Who at Woodstock -- 1969 '' . Time . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Brau '' . Words Without Borders . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Hear Lana Del Rey 's Somber New Song ' Coachella -- Woodstock in My Mind ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Further reading ( edit ) Blelock , Weston ; Blelock , Julia , eds. ( 2009 ) . Roots of the 1969 Woodstock Festival : The Backstory to `` Woodstock '' . WoodstockArts . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9679268 - 5 - 8 . Kirkpatrick , Rob ( 2009 ) . 1969 : The Year Everything Changed . Skyhorse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60239 - 366 - 0 . Kornfeld , Artie ( 2009 ) . The Pied Piper of Woodstock . Spirit of the Woodstock Nation LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 32599 - 6 . Lang , Michael ( 2009 ) . Woodstock Experience . Genesis Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905662 - 09 - 8 . Lang , Michael ( 2009 ) . The Road to Woodstock . Ecco Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 157655 - 3 . Makower , Joel ( 2009 ) . Woodstock : The Oral History , 40th Anniversary Edition . SUNY Press / Excelsior Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2974 - 8 . Perone , James E. ( 2005 ) . Woodstock : An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313330575 . Rosenman , Joel ( 1999 ) . Young Men With Unlimited Capital : The Story of Woodstock . Scrivenery Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893818 - 02 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodstock Music Festival . Woodstock at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Kirkpatrick , Rob ( August 5 , 2009 ) . `` Pot , Skinny - Dipping , and Freedom Rock : Woodstock and the Year of the Outdoor Music Festival '' . PopMatters . Michael Lang Interview , The man behind Woodstock . Artie Kornfeld Interview NAMM Oral History Library ( 2017 ) Woodstock Festival Founders Michael Lang John P. Roberts Joel Rosenman Artie Kornfeld August 15 , 1969 Richie Havens Swami Satchidananda Sweetwater Bert Sommer Tim Hardin Ravi Shankar Melanie Arlo Guthrie Joan Baez August 16 , 1969 Quill Country Joe McDonald John Sebastian Santana Keef Hartley The Incredible String Band Canned Heat Mountain Grateful Dead Creedence Clearwater Revival August 17 , 1969 August 18 , 1969 Janis Joplin Sly and the Family Stone The Who Jefferson Airplane Joe Cocker and The Grease Band Country Joe and the Fish Ten Years After The Band Blood , Sweat & Tears Johnny and Edgar Winter Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young Paul Butterfield Blues Band Sha Na Na Jimi Hendrix Related Bethel Woods Center for the Arts Hog Farm Collective List of performances and events My Generation The Road to Woodstock Taking Woodstock ( book film ) Wavy Gravy Woodstock ( film ) Woodstock ' 79 Woodstock Reunion 1979 Woodstock ' 89 Woodstock ' 94 Woodstock ' 99 Heroes of Woodstock Tour Woodstock Nation Woodstock Nation ( 1969 book by Abbie Hoffman ) Woodstock Revisited Altamont Free Concert Max Yasgur Recordings At the Woodstock Festival ( 1970 ) Woodstock : Music from the Original Soundtrack and More ( 1970 ) Woodstock 2 ( 1971 ) The Best of Woodstock ( 1994 ) Woodstock : Three Days of Peace and Music ( 1994 ) Woodstock Diary ( 1994 ) Live at Woodstock ( Jimi Hendrix album ) ( 1999 ) Live at Woodstock ( Joe Cocker album ) ( 2009 ) The Woodstock Experience ( 2009 ) Woodstock : 40 Years On : Back to Yasgur 's Farm ( 2009 ) `` Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) '' ( Melanie song ) `` Woodstock '' ( Joni Mitchell song ) Historic rock and pop festivals italics = festival ongoing List of festivals 1950s -- 1960s 1950 -- 66 Sanremo Music Festival Festival di Napoli Newport Jazz Festival Beaulieu Jazz Festival Nationaal Songfestival Eurovision Song Contest Melodifestivalen Benidorm International Song Festival Thessaloniki Song Festival Viña del Mar International Song Festival Melodi Grand Prix Sopot International Song Festival Reading and Leeds Festivals National Jazz and Blues Festival Festival Omladina National Festival of Polish Song in Opole Festivali i Këngës Festival da Canção Un disco per l'estate Parada ritma / Vatromet ritma Jazz Bilzen Gitarijada ( Belgrade ) Golden Orpheus Gitarijada ( Zaječar ) 1967 -- 68 Mantra - Rock Dance Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival Barbeque 67 Monterey Pop Festival Schaefer Music Festival Miami Pop Festival I Northern California Folk Rock Festival I Summerfest Quebec City Summer Festival Newport Pop Festival Festival de Ancón ( Perú ) Isle of Wight Festival Sky River Rock Festival Internationale Essener Songtage San Francisco Pop Festival Los Angeles Pop Festival Miami Pop Festival II 1969 Big Rock Pow - Wow Northern California Folk - Rock Festival II Newport 69 Pop Festival Denver Pop Festival Bath Festival of Blues Mississippi River Festival Atlanta International Pop Festival I The Stones in the Park Harlem Cultural Festival Laurel Pop Festival Midwest Rock Festival Seattle Pop Festival Atlantic City Pop Festival Woodstock Vancouver Pop Festival Texas International Pop Festival New Orleans Pop Festival Toronto Rock and Roll Revival Altamont Free Concert 1970s 1970 Festival of Political Songs Hollywood Music Festival The Kickapoo Creek Rock Festival World Popular Song Festival Atlanta International Pop Festival II Super Concert ' 70 Aachen Open Air Pop Festival Piedra Roja Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music Phun City Kralingen Music Festival Strawberry Fields Ruisrock Pinkpop Festival Powder Ridge Rock Festival Goose Lake International Music Festival Man - Pop Festival Glastonbury Festival Vortex I 1971 -- 73 Festival de Ancon Roskilde Festival Pesnya goda Vilar de Mouros Festival Myponga Pop Festival Bumbershoot Ilosaarirock Tokyo Music Festival Weeley Festival Northern Lights Festival Boréal Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Sunbury Pop Festival Erie Canal Soda Pop Festival Bickershaw Festival Concert 10 Mar y Sol Pop Festival Windsor Free Festival BOOM Festival The Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival Aquarius Festival Day on the Green Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Hurricane Festival 1974 -- 79 Stonehenge Free Festival Volunteer Jam Ashton Court Festival Knebworth Festival Village Fair Zaire 74 August Jam Ozark Music Festival Rock Werchter California Jam Hollywood Rock Watchfield Free Festival Michigan Womyn 's Music Festival Midtfyns Festival Stemweder Open Air Cropredy Convention 100 Club Punk Special Paléo Festival Nambassa Deeply Vale Festivals Texxas Jam Havana Jam Gurtenfestival Waikino Music Festival California Jam II Canada Jam Bele Chere Key people Chet Helms Tom Rounds Mel Lawrence Lou Adler John Phillips Hilly Kristal Michael Lang Bill Graham Wally Hope Ubi Dwyer Sid Rawle Bill Hanley Wavy Gravy Freddy Bannister Barry Fey Merry Pranksters Alex Cooley Graeme Dunstan Mick Farren Russ Gibb Shelly Finkel Jim Koplik Stewart Levine Hugh Masekela Leonard Stogel Robert Raymond Bruce Lundvall Jerry Masucci Related Counterculture of the 1960s Summer of Love UK underground hippies la Onda deadheads rock concert crowd surfing audience wave music festival folk festival pop festival rock festival free festival Rock festivals Subtypes List of heavy metal festivals List of jam band music festivals List of punk rock festivals List of gothic festivals List of industrial music festivals Traveling ( italics = ongoing ) Anger Management Tour Area Festival Big Day Out Coachella Crüe Fest Curiosa Deconstruction Tour Doomination Family Values Tour Festival Express Fuji Rock Festival G3 Gigantour Hard Electric Tour H.O.R.D.E. Knotfest Lilith Fair Lollapalooza Mayhem Festival Magic Circle Festival Monsters of Rock Nintendo Fusion Tour Persistence Tour Rock am Ring and Rock im Park Rock in Rio Rock in Roma Rock Boat Ruido Fest Ozzfest Projekt Revolution Rock Never Stops Tour Sonisphere Festival Sounds of the Underground Soundwave Summer Sanitarium Tour Taste of Chaos The Unholy Alliance Tour Uproar Festival Vive Latino Warped Tour Culture Deadheads Hippies La Onda Moshpit Pogo ( dance ) Headbanging Stage diving Crowd surfing Sign of the horns Summer of Love Rivethead Related events Music festival Rock concert Concert tour Pop festival Folk festival Hip hop music festival EDM festival Trance festival Reggae festival Hippies History of the hippie movement Etymology of ' hippie ' Beat Generation / Beatniks Central Park be-in Counterculture of the 1960s Red Dog Experience San Francisco Sound Drop City Sunset Strip curfew riots Love Pageant Rally Haight - Ashbury Human Be-In Mantra - Rock Dance Summer of Love Fantasy Fair Monterey Pop Festival Newport Pop Festival Sky River Rock Festival People 's Park Woodstock Glastonbury Festival The Farm Piedra Roja Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Nambassa People and groups Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Further bus Diggers San Francisco Oracle Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Haight - Ashbury Switchboard Yippies Wavy Gravy and the Hog Farm Collective Brotherhood of Eternal Love Rainbow Family Deadhead New Age travellers Radical Faeries Politics and ethics Free love Anti-authoritarianism Simple living Environmentalism Pacifism Communalism Counterculture Bohemianism Make love , not war Turn on , tune in , drop out Vegetarianism Veganism Culture and fashion Psychedelia Flower power Hippie trail Hippie exploitation films Happening Peace symbols Bell - bottoms Love beads Long hair Tie - dye Intentional community communal living Free festival Music festival Flower child Music Folk music Folk rock Protest music Psychedelic music Psychedelic folk Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic pop Psychedelic trance Acid rock Space rock Progressive rock Raga rock World music New - age music Jam bands List of jam band music festivals List of historic rock festivals Psychedelics and other drugs Cannabis LSD Magic mushrooms Mescaline Peyote Related List of films List of books and other publications Subculture Cannabis culture Cyberdelic Head shop Underground press press syndicate list New Age movement Legend of the Rainbow Warriors Freak scene Free Speech Movement Anti-war movement Civil rights movement Protests of 1968 Chicago Seven New Left UK underground La Onda New social movements Mánička Post-materialism Neotribalism Hungry generation Sexual revolution Second Summer of Love Neo-psychedelia Sexual revolution Main topics Free love Summer of Love Milestones Abortion law Blue Movie Divorce law by country Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Golden Age of Porn `` Porno chic '' Pornography Pornography in the United States Swinging The Pill ( 1965 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses Slogans `` Make love , not war '' `` The personal is political '' Events Kinsey Reports Masters and Johnson Institute Playboy Protests of 1968 Stonewall riots People Gerard Damiano Hugh Hefner Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey William Masters Radley Metzger Wilhelm Reich Andy Warhol Related topics Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist views of pornography Hippie LGBT LGBT culture in New York City Lust New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre 55th Street Playhouse Peace movement The Factory Make Love , Not War : The Sexual Revolution : An Unfettered History ( 2001 book ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Coordinates : 41 ° 42 ′ 04 '' N 74 ° 52 ′ 48 '' W / 41.701 ° N 74.880 ° W / 41.701 ; - 74.880 GND : 4235184 - 4 LCCN : n91073670 NKC : ko2005275619 VIAF : 248162169 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodstock&oldid=856628441 '' Categories : 1969 in music 1969 in New York ( state ) Catskills Concerts in the United States Hippie movement New York ( state ) culture Rock festivals in the United States Free festivals Counterculture festivals Counterculture of the 1960s National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County , New York Tourist attractions in Sullivan County , New York Woodstock Festival Media franchises Jam band festivals Music festivals established in 1969 Timeline of 1960s counterculture 1969 festivals 1969 music festivals 1969 in American music August 1969 events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2013 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 15 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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"The Woodstock Music & Art Fair—informally, the Woodstock Festival or simply Woodstock—was a music festival in the United States in 1969 which attracted an audience of more than 400,000. Scheduled for August 15–17 on a dairy farm in the Catskill Mountains of southern New York State, northwest of New York City, it ran over to Monday, August 18.[2][3][4][5]\n"
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"on a dairy farm in the Catskill Mountains of southern New York State, northwest of New York City"
] |
7588024441606634581 | Super Bowl ring | Super Bowl ring - wikipedia Super Bowl ring Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring Joe Theismann 's Super Bowl ring ( right ) The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league 's annual championship game , the Super Bowl . Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team ( ownership ) itself , the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Value and resale 3 Most Super Bowl rings 4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds . They usually include the team name , team logo , and Super Bowl number ( usually indicated in Roman numerals ) . The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team ; any additional costs are borne by the team . Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens . In 2015 , the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each , making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced . The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose , including usually , but not limited to : players ( active roster or injured ) , coaches , trainers , executives , personnel , and general staff . Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season , despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself . Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle . Teams can distribute any number of rings . A recent trend over the last 15 -- 20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff . These are commonly called `` B '' and `` C '' level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds . The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones ( which resemble diamonds ) . When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII , the players and coaches received rings with a diamond - centered Lombardi trophy . Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the `` C '' level ring did not contain any diamonds . Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football . Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo . Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won . Also , the rings are customized with the player 's name and uniform number . The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring contained more than 100 diamonds . The Packer logo , in the center of the ring , made up 13 diamonds , one for each title the team has won , dating back to 1929 . In a break from tradition , this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum , not gold . The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds , to commemorate their comeback from being down 28 - 3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter . Value and resale ( edit ) Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles , along with genuine rings . Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay . Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008 . Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia . Tight end Shannon Sharpe , meanwhile , gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling , who had his career cut short by injury . In 2011 , a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright , a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s , sold for over $73,000 at auction . Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders ' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction . In 2012 , Lawrence Taylor 's son sold his father 's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000 . Most Super Bowl rings ( edit ) Seven : two people . Bill Belichick : two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots Neal Dahlen : five with San Francisco 49ers ( staff and player personnel ) and two with Denver Broncos ( general manager ) Six : six people . Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II : each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll : four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers Bill Nunn : each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers `` Mean Joe '' Greene : four as a defensive tackle , two as a special assistant for player personnel , all with the Pittsburgh Steelers Conditioning coach Mike Woicik : three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots Five : twenty people . Charles Haley , five ( two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys ) Tom Brady , five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots ; he has the most rings of any active player ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) , he is the only player to win five playing for one team , and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history . Robert Kraft , five as owner of New England Patriots Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. , five as owner of San Francisco 49ers Keith Simon : five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers Bobb McKittrick : five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Ray Rhodes : five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers Bill McPherson : five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Dick Hoak : each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers Romeo Crennel : two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots George Seifert : three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers Dwight Clark : two as a player and three as a member of the front office , all with San Francisco 49ers Pepper Johnson : two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots Monsignor Peter Armstrong : five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers Markus Paul : three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots , and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants Tim Rooney : Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants ( as Pro Personnel Director / Scout ) Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant , second as defensive coaching assistant , third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator . Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach . Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots , one as a defensive coaching assistant , two as wide receivers coach , and two as tight ends coach Four : at least 39 players , many coaches and staff . The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight - end Marv Fleming , who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967 , and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973 . Twenty - two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s : Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , Mel Blount , Jack Lambert , Jack Ham , Mike Webster , Donnie Shell , L.C. Greenwood , Rocky Bleier , Gerry Mullins , Larry Brown , Mike Wagner , J.T. Thomas , Loren Toews , Jon Kolb , Sam Davis , Steve Furness , Dwight White , Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene ( who later added two more rings ) . At least five coaches were with the team all four years : George Perles , Louis Riecke , Woody Widenhofer and ( as noted above ) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak . The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley . Tom Flores : First person to have rings as a player ( Kansas City Chiefs ) , assistant coach and head coach ( Oakland Raiders ) Joe Montana , Keena Turner , Jesse Sapolu , Eric Wright , Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers . Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams , one with Oakland Raiders , one with Los Angeles Raiders , one with San Francisco 49ers , and one with Washington Redskins ( only player to earn a ring with four different cities ) Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers Willie Davis Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers : two as a player , one as a member of the team 's board of directors , and one as an emeritus director . He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay 's Super Bowl rings . Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams , bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven , as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants Ken Norton , Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl - winning teams in a row as a player , and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots , and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach , two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator , and one as the head coach of the Broncos Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach , along with being assistant head coach for three of them Brian Pariani has won four rings . One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos Three : many players , coaches and staff Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh , John Elway , Mike Ditka , Mike Shanahan , Art Shell , Jerry Rice , Steve Young , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Jay Novacek , Michael Irvin , Larry Brown , Eric Mangini , Joe Gibbs , Dave Dalby , Cliff Branch , Roger Craig , Shannon Sharpe , Ed McCaffrey , Mark Schlereth , Forrest Gregg , Herb Adderley , Tom Coughlin , LeGarrette Blount , and Matt Cavanaugh . Twenty - two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s : Troy Brown , Willie McGinest , Richard Seymour , Ty Law , Mike Vrabel , Tedy Bruschi , Kevin Faulk , Matt Light , Patrick Pass , Ted Johnson , Lonie Paxton , Stephen Neal , Joe Andruzzi , David Patten , Roman Phifer , Tom Ashworth , Adrian Klemm , Je'Rod Cherry , Matt Chatham , the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri ( who later added a fourth ring with the Colts ) , the aforementioned Tom Brady ( who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots ) , and the aforementioned Larry Izzo ( who won a fourth with the Giants ) . Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings ( edit ) As of 2017 , ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada 's equivalent Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O.J. Brigance ( linebacker ) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL 's Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens . He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city . Brandon Browner ( cornerback ) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks , although he did not play in that game due to a suspension . He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year 's Super Bowl , when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots . Terry Greer ( wide receiver ) was the first person to win both championships ; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983 , and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989 . Harald Hasselbach ( defensive end ) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos . Bobby Singh ( guard ) is the only player to win a Super Bowl ( 1999 with the St. Louis Rams ) , and a Grey Cup ( 2006 with the BC Lions ) , and the XFL Championship ( 2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme ) . Alvin Walton ( safety ) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL 's Washington Redskins ( 1987 and 1991 seasons , but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory ) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 . Barry Wilburn ( cornerback ) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions . Tyrone Williams ( wide receiver ) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993 , although he did not participate in either game . He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996 . Andre Rison ( wide receiver ) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 , and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004 . Josh Miller ( punter ) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 , and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004 . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Championship ring World Series ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much does a Super Bowl ring cost ? It depends '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2015 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How much does each Patriots Super Bowl ring cost ? '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Week 15 : Winter Leaves its Mark : Playoff Picture Remains Muddled '' . Last Call . ESPN . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Jump up ^ d'Estries , Michael ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities '' . Mother Nature Network . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring 's Might '' . In My Opinion . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring : Pats ' SB bling has 283 diamonds '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction '' . Pittsburgh : WTAE - TV . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle '' . Celebrities for Charities . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa , Canada Jump up ^ Garber , Greg . `` Super Bowl Ring ' a Symbol of Excellence ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lord of the Rings '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Delozier , Dave ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` 7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan '' . Denvery : KUSA - TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Long - Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Greene one of few with six rings '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spofford , Mike ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` One man has all four rings '' ( Press release ) . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Images of the first 45 Super Bowl Rings at ESPN.com Images of all of the Super Bowl Rings , photos of presentation boxes & conference rings at sports-rings.com ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_ring&oldid=832728083 '' Categories : Super Bowl trophies and awards Rings Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who gets super bowl rings on a team | [
"The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called \"B\" and \"C\" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the \"C\" level ring did not contain any diamonds.",
"The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called \"B\" and \"C\" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the \"C\" level ring did not contain any diamonds.",
"The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called \"B\" and \"C\" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the \"C\" level ring did not contain any diamonds.",
"The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called \"B\" and \"C\" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the \"C\" level ring did not contain any diamonds.",
"The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called \"B\" and \"C\" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the \"C\" level ring did not contain any diamonds.",
"The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called \"B\" and \"C\" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the \"C\" level ring did not contain any diamonds."
] | [
"players (active roster or injured)",
"coaches",
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-2499145633456007817 | Vice President of the United States | Vice president of the United States - wikipedia Vice president of the United States Jump to : navigation , search For a list of office - holders , see List of Vice Presidents of the United States . Vice President of the United States of America Vice Presidential seal Vice Presidential standard Incumbent Mike Pence since January 20 , 2017 Executive branch of the U.S. government Office of the Vice President Style Mr. Vice President ( Informal ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Mr. President ( When presiding over Senate ) His Excellency ( In international correspondence ) Member of Cabinet National Security Council President of the U.S. Senate Residence Number One Observatory Circle Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Electoral College Term length 4 years Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Inaugural holder John Adams ( April 21 , 1789 ) Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Succession First Salary $230,700 Website WhiteHouse.gov The Vice President of the United States ( informally referred to as VPOTUS , or Veep ) is a constitutional officer in the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States as the President of the Senate under Article One , Section Three of the U.S. Constitution . The vice president is a statutory member of the National Security Council under the National Security Act of 1947 , and through the 25th Amendment is the highest - ranking official in the presidential line of succession in the executive branch of the federal government . The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two , Section One of the Constitution . The vice president is indirectly elected , together with the president , to a four - year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College . The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists and organizes the vice president 's official functions . As the president of the United States Senate , the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie . While Senate customs have created supermajority rules that have diminished this constitutional tie - breaking authority , the vice president still retains the ability to influence legislation ; for example , the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 was passed in the Senate by a tie - breaking vice presidential vote . Additionally , pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment , the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College . While the vice president 's only constitutionally prescribed functions aside from presidential succession relate to their role as President of the Senate , the role of the vice president evolved during the 20th century into more of an executive branch position . Currently , the vice president is usually seen as an integral part of a president 's administration and presides over the Senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie - breaking vote may be needed . The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch , causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch , the legislative branch , or both . The modern view of the vice president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress . Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president . He assumed office on January 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Roles of the vice president 2.1 President of the United States Senate 2.1. 1 Regular duties 2.1. 2 Recurring , infrequent duties 2.2 Succession and the Twenty - Fifth Amendment 2.3 Informal roles 2.3. 1 Office as stepping stone to the presidency 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 3.2 Disqualifications 3.3 Residency limitation 3.4 Nominating process 3.5 Election , oath , and tenure 3.6 Original election process and reform 3.7 Salary 3.8 Impeachment 4 Vacancies 5 Growth of the office 6 Post -- vice presidency 7 Timeline of vice presidents 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading 11 External links Origin ( edit ) The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College . The delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state 's allocation of Representatives and Senators . The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state ( the so - called `` favorite son '' candidate ) over candidates from other states . Under a plurality election process , this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states . Consequently , the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by an absolute majority of the number of electors . Yet , the delegates also assumed that the requirement of an absolute majority for an election might not be sufficient to entice electors to vote for candidates who were from another state , since such a vote might be viewed by their constituents as a vote against their own state , imposing too steep a political cost on that elector 's choice and ultimately resulting in elections which failed to produce a winner . To counter this potential difficulty , the delegates further agreed to give each elector two votes , requiring that at least one of their votes must be for a candidate from outside the elector 's state , believing that this second vote could be cast without political cost for a statesman of national character . However , even under that system , the delegates feared that electors might attempt to game the election , strategically throwing away their second vote in order to bolster their favorite son 's chance of winning . To guard against such stratagems , the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner - up presidential candidate would become vice president . Creating this new office imposed a political cost on strategically discarded electoral votes , incentivizing electors to make their choices for president without resort to electoral gamesmanship and to cast their second ballot accordingly . The process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment . Each elector still receives two votes , but now only one of those votes is for president , while the other is for vice president . The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the elector 's own state remains in effect . The emergence of national political parties in the late - 18th and early - 19th centuries , their processes of nomination candidates for each office , their nominations of party loyalists for election to Electoral College positions , the Twelfth Amendment , and the consequent turn of presidential campaigns towards seeking to maximize their electoral vote totals have alleviated much of the electoral gamesmanship that caused concern for the delegates at Philadelphia . Roles of the vice president ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Constitution limits the formal powers and role of vice president to becoming president , should the president become unable to serve , prompting the well - known expression `` only a heartbeat away from the presidency , '' and to acting as the presiding officer of the U.S. Senate . Other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution . President of the United States Senate ( edit ) As President of the Senate , the vice president has two primary duties : to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over and certify the official vote count of the U.S. Electoral College . For example , in the first half of 2001 , the Senators were divided 50 - 50 between Republicans and Democrats . The Democrats had the majority from January 3 to noon January 20 with Al Gore 's tie - breaking vote . Dick Cheney 's tie - breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority until June 6 , 2001 when Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party . Regular duties ( edit ) As President of the Senate ( Article I , Section 3 , Clause 4 ) , the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie - breaking vote . There is a strong convention within the U.S. Senate that the vice president should not use their position as President of the Senate to influence the passage of legislation or act in a partisan manner , except in the case of breaking tie votes . As President of the Senate , John Adams cast 29 tie - breaking votes that was later surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31 , no other vice president since then has ever threatened this record . Adams 's votes protected the president 's sole authority over the removal of appointees , influenced the location of the national capital , and prevented war with Great Britain . On at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed , and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters . Adams 's political views and his active role in the Senate made him a natural target for critics of George Washington 's administration . Toward the end of his first term , a threatened resolution that would have silenced him except for procedural and policy matters caused him to exercise more restraint in hopes of seeing his election as President of the United States . Formerly , the vice president would preside regularly over Senate proceedings , but in modern times , the vice president rarely presides over day - to - day matters in the Senate ; in their place , the Senate chooses a President pro tempore ( or `` president for a time '' ) to preside in the vice president 's absence ; the Senate normally selects the longest - serving senator in the majority party . The President pro tempore has the power to appoint any other senator to preside , and in practice junior senators from the majority party are assigned the task of presiding over the Senate at most times . Except for this tie - breaking role , the Standing Rules of the Senate vest no significant responsibilities in the vice president . Rule XIX , which governs debate , does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate , and grants only to members of the Senate ( and , upon appropriate notice , former presidents of the United States ) the privilege of addressing the Senate , without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president . Thus , as Time magazine wrote during the controversial tenure of Vice President Charles G. Dawes , `` once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech , and then he is done . For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent , attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise , of deliberation or humor . '' Recurring , infrequent duties ( edit ) The President of the Senate also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College . This process occurs in the presence of both houses of Congress , generally on January 6 of the year following a U.S. presidential election . In this capacity , only four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency : John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Martin Van Buren , and George H.W. Bush . At the beginning of 1961 , it fell to Richard Nixon to preside over this process , which officially announced the election of his 1960 opponent , John F. Kennedy . In 2001 , Al Gore announced the election of his opponent , George W. Bush . In 1969 , Vice President Hubert Humphrey would have announced the election of his opponent , Richard Nixon ; however , on the date of the Congressional joint session ( January 6 ) , Humphrey was in Norway attending the funeral of Trygve Lie , the first elected Secretary - General of the United Nations . The president pro tempore presided in Humphrey 's absence . In 1933 , incumbent Vice President Charles Curtis announced the election of House Speaker John Nance Garner as his successor , while Garner was seated next to him on the House dais . The President of the Senate may also preside over most of the impeachment trials of federal officers . However , whenever the President of the United States is impeached , the US Constitution requires the Chief Justice of the United States to preside over the Senate for the trial . The Constitution is silent as to the presiding officer in the instance where the vice president is the officer impeached . Succession and the Twenty - fifth Amendment ( edit ) John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency following the death of his predecessor . ( Left to right ) President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon with Gerald Ford and Betty Ford after President Nixon nominated Ford to be Vice President , October 13 , 1973 The U.S. Constitution ( Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 ) provides that `` In Case of the Removal of the President from Office , or of his Death , Resignation , or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office , the Same shall devolve on the Vice President , ... '' Initially , it was unclear whether this meant the vice president became the new president or merely an acting president . This was first tested in 1841 with the death of President William Henry Harrison . Harrison 's vice president , John Tyler , asserted that he had succeeded to the full presidential office , powers , and title , and declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as `` Acting President . '' Despite some strong calls against it , Tyler took the oath of office as the nation 's tenth President . Although some in Congress denounced Tyler 's claim as a violation of the Constitution , it was not challenged legally , and so the Tyler precedent of full succession was established . This was made explicit by Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1967 . In total , nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the presidency . In addition to Tyler they are , Millard Fillmore , Andrew Johnson , Chester A. Arthur , Theodore Roosevelt , Calvin Coolidge , Harry S. Truman , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Gerald Ford . Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment provides for vice presidential succession : Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President , the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress . Gerald Ford was the first vice president selected by this method , after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1973 ; after succeeding to the presidency , Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller as vice president . Another issue was who had the power to declare that an incapacitated president is unable to discharge his duties . This question had arisen most recently with the illnesses of President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Sections 3 and 4 of the amendment provide means for the vice president to become acting president upon the temporary disability of the president . Section 3 deals with self - declared incapacity of the president . Section 4 deals with incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet or of such other body as Congress may by law provide . While Section 4 has never been invoked , Section 3 has been invoked three times : on July 13 , 1985 when Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove cancerous polyps from his colon , and twice more on June 29 , 2002 and July 21 , 2007 when George W. Bush underwent colonoscopy procedures requiring sedation . Prior to this amendment , Vice President Richard Nixon informally assumed some of President Dwight Eisenhower 's duties for several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill . Informal roles ( edit ) The extent of any informal roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president , but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration 's policies , adviser to the president , and being a symbol of American concern or support . The influence of the vice president in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration . Dick Cheney , for instance , was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush 's closest confidants . Al Gore was an important adviser to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment . Often , vice presidents are chosen to act as a `` balance '' to the president , taking either more moderate or radical positions on issues . Under the American system the president is both head of state and head of government , and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president . The vice president is often assigned the ceremonial duties of representing the president and the government at state funerals or other functions in the United States . This often is the most visible role of the vice president , and has occasionally been the subject of ridicule , such as during the vice presidency of George H.W. Bush . The vice president may meet with other heads of state or attend state funerals in other countries , at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but can not send the president themselves . Office as stepping stone to the presidency ( edit ) In recent decades , the vice presidency has frequently been used as a platform to launch bids for the presidency . The transition of the office to its modern stature occurred primarily as a result of Franklin Roosevelt 's 1940 nomination , when he captured the ability to nominate his running mate instead of leaving the nomination to the convention . Prior to that , party bosses often used the vice presidential nomination as a consolation prize for the party 's minority faction . A further factor potentially contributing to the rise in prestige of the office was the adoption of presidential preference primaries in the early 20th century . By adopting primary voting , the field of candidates for vice president was expanded by both the increased quantity and quality of presidential candidates successful in some primaries , yet who ultimately failed to capture the presidential nomination at the convention . Of the thirteen presidential elections from 1956 to 2004 , nine featured the incumbent president ; the other four ( 1960 , 1968 , 1988 , 2000 ) all featured the incumbent vice president . Former vice presidents also ran , in 1984 ( Walter Mondale ) , and in 1968 ( Richard Nixon , against the incumbent vice president , Hubert Humphrey ) . The first presidential election to include neither the incumbent president nor the incumbent vice president on a major party ticket since 1952 came in 2008 when President George W. Bush had already served two terms and Vice President Cheney chose not to run . Richard Nixon is also the only non-sitting vice president to be elected president , as well as the only person to be elected president and vice president twice each . Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eligibility ( edit ) John Adams , the first Vice President of the United States The Twelfth Amendment states that `` no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States . '' Thus , to serve as vice president , an individual must : Be a natural - born U.S. citizen ; Be at least 35 years old Have resided in the U.S. at least 14 years . Disqualifications ( edit ) Additionally , Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment denies eligibility for any federal office to anyone who , having sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution , later has rebelled against the United States . This disqualification , originally aimed at former supporters of the Confederacy , may be removed by a two - thirds vote of each house of the Congress . Under the Twenty - second Amendment , the President of the United States may not be elected to more than two terms . However , there is no similar limitation on how many times one can be elected vice president . Scholars disagree whether a former president barred from election to the presidency is also ineligible to be elected or appointed vice president , as suggested by the Twelfth Amendment . Age , nation of birth , and length of residency in the U.S. are eligibility requirements easily tested by reference to established facts , but the contingent and uncertain nature of vice presidential lines of succession mean that an otherwise eligible American citizen who had been elected as President for two terms might not therefore lose eligibility for the vice presidency if he or she is later appointed by Congress to the vice presidency through procedures codified by the Presidential Succession Act . However , this scenario has not yet been tested . Also , Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 allows the Senate , upon voting to remove an impeached federal official from office , to disqualify that official from holding any federal office . Residency limitation ( edit ) While it is commonly held that the president and vice president must be residents of different states , this is not actually the case . Nothing in the Constitution prohibits both candidates being from a single state . Instead , the limitation imposed is on the members of the Electoral College , who must cast a ballot for at least one candidate who is not from their own state . In theory , the candidates elected could both be from one state , but the electors of that state would , in a close electoral contest , run the risk of denying their vice presidential candidate the absolute majority required to secure the election , even if the presidential candidate is elected . This would then place the vice presidential election in the hands of the Senate . In practice , however , residency is rarely an issue . Parties have avoided nominating tickets containing two candidates from the same state . Further , the candidates may themselves take action to alleviate any residency conflict . For example , at the start of the 2000 election cycle Dick Cheney was a resident of Texas ; Cheney quickly changed his residency back to Wyoming , where he had previously served as a U.S. Representative , when Texas governor and Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush asked Cheney to be his vice presidential candidate . Nominating process ( edit ) Though the vice president does not need to have any political experience , most major - party vice presidential nominees are current or former United States Senators or Representatives , with the occasional nominee being a current or former Governor , a high - ranking military officer , or a holder of a major post within the Executive Department . The vice presidential candidates of the major national political parties are formally selected by each party 's quadrennial nominating convention , following the selection of the party 's presidential candidates . The official process is identical to the one by which the presidential candidates are chosen , with delegates placing the names of candidates into nomination , followed by a ballot in which candidates must receive a majority to secure the party 's nomination . In practice , the presidential nominee has considerable influence on the decision , and in the 20th century it became customary for that person to select a preferred running mate , who is then nominated and accepted by the convention . In recent years , with the presidential nomination usually being a foregone conclusion as the result of the primary process , the selection of a vice presidential candidate is often announced prior to the actual balloting for the presidential candidate , and sometimes before the beginning of the convention itself . The first presidential aspirant to announce his selection for vice president before the beginning of the convention was Ronald Reagan who , prior to the 1976 Republican National Convention announced that Richard Schweiker would be his running mate . Reagan 's supporters then sought to amend the convention rules so that Gerald R. Ford would be required to name his vice presidential running mate in advance as well . The proposal was defeated , and Reagan did not receive the nomination in 1976 . Often , the presidential nominee will name a vice presidential candidate who will bring geographic or ideological balance to the ticket or appeal to a particular constituency . The vice presidential candidate might also be chosen on the basis of traits the presidential candidate is perceived to lack , or on the basis of name recognition . To foster party unity , popular runners - up in the presidential nomination process are commonly considered . While this selection process may enhance the chances of success for a national ticket , in the past it often insured that the vice presidential nominee represented regions , constituencies , or ideologies at odds with those of the presidential candidate . As a result , vice presidents were often excluded from the policy - making process of the new administration . Many times their relationships with the president and his staff were aloof , non-existent , or even adversarial . The ultimate goal of vice presidential candidate selection is to help and not hurt the party 's chances of getting elected , nonetheless several vice presidential selections have been controversial . In 1984 , Democratic nominee Walter Mondale 's groundbreaking choice of Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate ( the first woman in U.S. history nominated for Vice President by a major political party ) , became a drag on the ticket due to repeated questions about her husband 's finances . A selection whose positive traits make the presidential candidate look less favorable in comparison or which can cause the presidential candidate 's judgment to be questioned often backfire , such as in 1988 when Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis chose experienced Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen ; Bentsen was considered a more seasoned statesman in federal politics and somewhat overshadowed Dukakis . Questions about Dan Quayle 's experience were raised in the 1988 presidential campaign of George H.W. Bush , but the Bush - Quayle ticket still won handily . James Stockdale , the choice of third - party candidate Ross Perot in 1992 , was seen as unqualified by many and Stockdale had little preparation for the vice presidential debate , but the Perot - Stockdale ticket still won about 19 % of the vote . In 2008 , Republican John McCain chose Sarah Palin as his running mate . This surprise move would , it was hoped , draw women voters disappointed by Hillary Clinton 's defeat in the Democratic presidential primaries into the McCain camp . Her selection soon came to be seen as a negative for McCain . This perception continued to grow throughout the campaign , especially after her interviews with Katie Couric led to concerns about her fitness for the presidency . Historically , vice presidential candidates were chosen to provide geographic and ideological balance to a presidential ticket , widening a presidential candidate 's appeal to voters from outside his regional base or wing of the party . Candidates from electoral - vote rich states were usually preferred . However , in 1992 , moderate Democrat Bill Clinton ( of Arkansas ) chose moderate Democrat Al Gore ( of Tennessee ) as his running mate . Despite the two candidates ' near - identical ideological and regional backgrounds , Gore 's extensive experience in national affairs enhanced the appeal of a ticket headed by Clinton , whose political career had been spent entirely at the local and state levels of government . In 2000 , George W. Bush chose Dick Cheney of Wyoming , a reliably Republican state with only three electoral votes , and in 2008 , Barack Obama mirrored Bush 's strategy when he chose Joe Biden of Delaware , a reliably Democratic state , likewise one with only three electoral votes . Both Cheney and Biden were chosen for their experience in national politics ( experience lacked by both Bush and Obama ) rather than the ideological balance or electoral vote advantage they would provide . The first presidential candidate to choose his vice presidential candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 . The last not to name a vice presidential choice , leaving the matter up to the convention , was Democrat Adlai Stevenson in 1956 . The convention chose Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver over Massachusetts Senator ( and later president ) John F. Kennedy . At the tumultuous 1972 Democratic convention , presidential nominee George McGovern selected Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate , but numerous other candidates were either nominated from the floor or received votes during the balloting . Eagleton nevertheless received a majority of the votes and the nomination , though he later resigned from the ticket , resulting in Sargent Shriver becoming McGovern 's final running mate ; both lost to the Nixon - Agnew ticket by a wide margin , carrying only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia . In cases where the presidential nomination is still in doubt as the convention approaches , the campaigns for the two positions may become intertwined . In 1976 , Ronald Reagan , who was trailing President Gerald R. Ford in the presidential delegate count , announced prior to the Republican National Convention that , if nominated , he would select Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate . This move backfired to a degree , as Schweiker 's relatively liberal voting record alienated many of the more conservative delegates who were considering a challenge to party delegate selection rules to improve Reagan 's chances . In the end , Ford narrowly won the presidential nomination and Reagan 's selection of Schweiker became moot . In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries which pitted Hillary Clinton against Barack Obama , Clinton suggested a Clinton - Obama ticket with Obama in the vice president slot as it would be `` unstoppable '' against the presumptive Republican nominee . Obama rejected the offer outright by noting `` With all due respect . I won twice as many states as Sen. Clinton . I 've won more of the popular vote than Sen. Clinton . I have more delegates than Sen. Clinton . So , I do n't know how somebody who 's in second place is offering vice presidency to the person who 's in first place '' . Obama stated that the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton , saying `` I do n't want anybody here thinking that ' Somehow , maybe I can get both ' '' , by nominating Clinton as president and assuming he would be her running mate `` . Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency . Later , when Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee , former President Jimmy Carter cautioned against Clinton being picked for the vice president slot on the ticket , saying `` I think it would be the worst mistake that could be made . That would just accumulate the negative aspects of both candidates '' , citing opinion polls showing 50 % of US voters with a negative view of Hillary Clinton . Election , oath , and tenure ( edit ) Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electoral by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main article : Electoral College ( United States ) Vice presidents are elected indirectly in the United States . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . The winning slate of electors meet at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president , acting in his capacity as President of the Senate and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the vice president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and vice president . Although Article VI requires that the vice president take an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the US Constitution , unlike the president , the United States Constitution does not specify the precise wording of the oath of office for the vice president . Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789 ; the current form , which is also recited by Senators , Representatives and other government officers , has been used since 1884 : I , ( first name last name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . So help me God . The term of office for vice president is four years . While the Twenty - Second Amendment generally restricts the president to two terms , there is no similar limitation on the office of vice president , meaning an eligible person could hold the office as long as voters continued to vote for electors who in turn would renew the vice president 's tenure . A vice president could even serve under different administrations , as George Clinton and John C. Calhoun have done . Original election process and Reform ( edit ) Four vice presidents : L-R , outgoing President Lyndon B. Johnson ( the 37th Vice President ) , incoming President Richard Nixon ( 36th ) , ( Everett Dirksen administering oath ) , incoming Vice President Spiro Agnew ( 39th ) , and outgoing Vice President Hubert Humphrey ( 38th ) , January 20 , 1969 Under the original terms of the Constitution , the electors of the Electoral College voted only for office of president rather than for both president and vice president . Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for the top office . The person receiving the greatest number of votes ( provided that such a number was a majority of electors ) would be president , while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president . If no one received a majority of votes , then the House of Representatives would choose among the five candidates with the largest numbers of votes , with each state 's representatives together casting a single vote . In such a case , the person who received the highest number of votes but was not chosen president would become vice president . In the case of a tie for second , then the Senate would choose the vice president . The original plan , however , did not foresee the development of political parties and their adversarial role in the government . For example , in the election of 1796 , Federalist John Adams came in first , but because the Federalist electors had divided their second vote amongst several vice presidential candidates , Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson came second . Thus , the president and vice president were from opposing parties . Predictably , Adams and Jefferson clashed over issues such as states ' rights and foreign policy . A greater problem occurred in the election of 1800 , in which the two participating parties each had a secondary candidate they intended to elect as vice president , but the more popular Democratic - Republican party failed to execute that plan with their electoral votes . Under the system in place at the time ( Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ) , the electors could not differentiate between their two candidates , so the plan had been for one elector to vote for Thomas Jefferson but not for Aaron Burr , thus putting Burr in second place . This plan broke down for reasons that are disputed , and both candidates received the same number of votes . After 35 deadlocked ballots in the House of Representatives , Jefferson finally won on the 36th ballot and Burr became vice president . This tumultuous affair led to the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804 , which directed the electors to use separate ballots to vote for the president and vice president . While this solved the problem at hand , it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the vice presidency , as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the presidency . The separate ballots for president and vice president became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state 's Electoral College delegation . Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate ( offered by the same political party ) . So , while the Constitution says that the president and vice president are chosen separately , in practice they are chosen together . If no vice presidential candidate receives an Electoral College majority , then the Senate selects the vice president , in accordance with the United States Constitution . The Twelfth Amendment states that a `` majority of the whole number '' of Senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie which might occur . The election of 1836 is the only election so far where the office of the vice president has been decided by the Senate . During the campaign , Martin Van Buren 's running mate Richard Mentor Johnson was accused of having lived with a black woman . Virginia 's 23 electors , who were pledged to Van Buren and Johnson , refused to vote for Johnson ( but still voted for Van Buren ) . The election went to the Senate , where Johnson was elected 33 - 17 . Salary ( edit ) The vice president 's salary is $230,700 . The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act , which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees . The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office , but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his position as President of the Senate . The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension . Since 1974 , the official residence of the vice president and their family has been Number One Observatory Circle , on the grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington , D.C. Impeachment ( edit ) See also : Impeachment in the United States and Acting Vice President of the United States Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 and Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution both authorize the House of Representatives to serve as a `` grand jury '' with the power to impeach high federal officials , including the president , for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Similarly , Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 and Article II , Section 4 both authorize the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . No vice president has ever been impeached . Vacancies ( edit ) Prior to ratification of the Twenty - fifth Amendment in 1967 , no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency . As a result , when one occurred , the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration . Between 1812 and 1967 , the vice presidency was vacant on sixteen occasions -- as a result of seven deaths , one resignation , and eight cases in which the vice president succeeded to the presidency . Since the Twenty - Fifth Amendment came into force the office has been vacant twice , until the confirmation of a new vice president by both houses of Congress and the swearing in ceremony . The first such instance occurred in 1973 following the resignation of Spiro Agnew , Richard Nixon 's vice president . Gerald Ford was subsequently nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by Congress . The second occurred 10 months later when Nixon resigned following the Watergate scandal and Ford assumed the presidency . The resulting vice presidential vacancy was filled by Nelson Rockefeller . Ford and Rockefeller are the only two people to have served as vice president without having been elected to the office , and Ford remains the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office . Vice Presidency vacancies Dates Length in days Reason Next Vice President after vacancy 01 ! March 4 , 1789 -- April 21 , 1789 48 Logistical delays as the new Federal Government began operations . John Adams , following his inauguration . 02 ! April 20 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1813 318 George Clinton died . Elbridge Gerry , following election of 1812 . 03 ! November 23 , 1814 -- March 4 , 1817 832 Elbridge Gerry died . Daniel D. Tompkins , following election of 1816 . 04 ! December 28 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1833 66 John C. Calhoun resigned . Martin Van Buren , following election of 1832 . 05 ! April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 1,430 John Tyler succeeded to presidency . George M. Dallas , following election of 1844 . 06 ! July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 969 Millard Fillmore succeeded to presidency . William R. King , following election of 1852 . 07 ! April 18 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 1,416 William R. King died . John C. Breckinridge , following election of 1856 . 08 ! April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 1,419 Andrew Johnson succeeded to presidency . Schuyler Colfax , following election of 1868 . 09 ! November 22 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1877 468 Henry Wilson died . William A. Wheeler , following election of 1876 . 10 ! September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 1,262 Chester A. Arthur succeeded to presidency . Thomas A. Hendricks , following election of 1884 . 11 ! November 25 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 1,195 Thomas A. Hendricks died . Levi P. Morton , following election of 1888 . 12 ! November 21 , 1899 -- March 4 , 1901 468 Garret Hobart died . Theodore Roosevelt , following election of 1900 . 13 ! September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 1,267 Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to presidency . Charles W. Fairbanks , following election of 1904 . 14 ! October 30 , 1912 -- March 4 , 1913 125 James S. Sherman died . Thomas R. Marshall , following election of 1912 . 15 ! August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 580 Calvin Coolidge succeeded to presidency . Charles G. Dawes , following election of 1924 . 16 ! April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1949 1,379 Harry S. Truman succeeded to presidency . Alben W. Barkley , following election of 1948 . 17 ! November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 425 Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to presidency . Hubert Humphrey , following election of 1964 . 18 ! October 10 , 1973 -- December 6 , 1973 57 Spiro Agnew resigned . Gerald Ford , following confirmation by Congress . 19 ! August 9 , 1974 -- December 19 , 1974 132 Gerald Ford succeeded to presidency . Nelson Rockefeller , following confirmation by Congress . Growth of the office ( edit ) Further information : Office of the Vice President of the United States `` My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived . '' -- John Adams , to his wife Though prominent as a Missouri Senator , Harry Truman had been vice president only three months when he became president ; he was never informed of Franklin Roosevelt 's war or postwar policies while vice president . For much of its existence , the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position . Adams , the first vice president , was the first of many who found the job frustrating and stupefying , writing to his wife Abigail that `` My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived . '' Many vice presidents lamented the lack of meaningful work in their role . John Nance Garner , who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt , claimed that the vice presidency `` is n't worth a pitcher of warm piss . '' Harry Truman , who also served as vice president under Roosevelt , said that the office was as `` useful as a cow 's fifth teat . '' Thomas R. Marshall , the 28th vice president , lamented : `` Once there were two brothers . One ran away to sea ; the other was elected Vice President of the United States . And nothing was heard of either of them again . '' His successor , Calvin Coolidge , was so obscure that Major League Baseball sent him free passes that misspelled his name , and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge 's Washington residence was evacuated . When the Whig Party asked Daniel Webster to run for the vice presidency on Zachary Taylor 's ticket , he replied `` I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead and in my coffin . '' This was the second time Webster declined the office , which William Henry Harrison had first offered to him . Ironically , both of the presidents making the offer to Webster died in office , meaning the three - time presidential candidate could have become president if he had accepted either . Since presidents rarely died in office , however , the better preparation for the presidency was considered to be the office of Secretary of State , in which Webster served under Harrison , Tyler , and later , Taylor 's successor , Fillmore . For many years , the vice president was given few responsibilities . Garret Hobart , the first vice president under William McKinley , was one of the very few vice presidents at this time who played an important role in the administration . A close confidant and adviser of the president , Hobart was called `` Assistant President . '' However , until 1919 , vice presidents were not included in meetings of the President 's Cabinet . This precedent was broken by President Woodrow Wilson when he asked Thomas R. Marshall to preside over Cabinet meetings while Wilson was in France negotiating the Treaty of Versailles . President Warren G. Harding also invited his vice president , Calvin Coolidge , to meetings . The next vice president , Charles G. Dawes , did not seek to attend Cabinet meetings under President Coolidge , declaring that `` the precedent might prove injurious to the country . '' Vice President Charles Curtis was also precluded from attending by President Herbert Hoover . In 1933 , Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings , which every president since has maintained . Roosevelt 's first vice president , John Nance Garner , broke with him over the `` court - packing issue , early in his second term , and became Roosevelt 's leading critic . At the start of that term , on January 20 , 1937 , Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president ; a tradition that continues . Prior to that time , vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber . Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller , who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment , were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers , respectively . Henry Wallace , Roosevelt 's Vice President during his third term ( 1941 -- 1945 ) , was given major responsibilities during World War II . However , after numerous policy disputes between Wallace and other Roosevelt Administration and Democratic Party officials , he was denied renomination to office at the 1944 Democratic National Convention . Harry Truman was selected instead . During his 82 day vice presidency , Truman was not informed about any war or post-war plans , including the Manhattan Project , leading Truman to remark , wryly , that the job of the Vice President was to `` go to weddings and funerals . '' As a result of this experience , Truman , after succeeding to the presidency upon Roosevelt ' s death , recognized the need to keep the Vice President informed on national security issues . Congress made the vice president one of four statutory members of the National Security Council in 1949 . The stature of the Vice-presidency grew again while Richard Nixon was in office ( 1953 -- 1961 ) . He attracted the attention of the media and the Republican party , when Dwight Eisenhower authorized him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence . Nixon was also the first vice president to formally assume temporary control of the executive branch , which he did after Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24 , 1955 , ileitis in June 1956 , and a stroke in November 1957 . Until 1961 , vice presidents had their offices on Capitol Hill , a formal office in the Capitol itself and a working office in the Russell Senate Office Building . Lyndon B. Johnson was the first vice president to be given an office in the White House complex , in the Old Executive Office Building . The former Navy Secretary 's office in the OEOB has since been designated the `` Ceremonial Office of the Vice President '' and is today used for formal events and press interviews . President Jimmy Carter was the first president to give his vice president , Walter Mondale , an office in the West Wing of the White House , which all vice presidents have since retained . Because of their function as Presidents of the Senate , vice presidents still maintain offices and staff members on Capitol Hill . Though Walter Mondale 's tenure was the beginning of the modern day power of the vice presidency , the tenure of Dick Cheney saw a rapid growth in the office of the vice president . Vice President Cheney held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own , without the knowledge of the President . After his tenure , and during the 2008 presidential campaign , both vice presidential candidates , Sarah Palin and Joe Biden , stated the office had expanded too much under Cheney 's tenure and both claimed they would reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president . Post -- vice presidency ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Living former vice presidents Walter Mondale ( age 89 ) since 1981 George H.W. Bush ( age 93 ) since 1989 Dan Quayle ( age 70 ) since 1993 Al Gore ( age 69 ) since 2001 Dick Cheney ( age 76 ) since 2009 Joe Biden ( age 74 ) since 2017 Four vice presidents have been elected to the presidency while serving as vice president : John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Martin Van Buren and George H.W. Bush . Additionally , John C. Breckinridge , Richard Nixon , Hubert Humphrey and Al Gore were each nominated by their respective parties , but did not succeed the presidents with whom they were elected , though Nixon was elected president eight years later . Two vice presidents served under different presidents . George Clinton served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , while John C. Calhoun served under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson . In 1900 , Adlai Stevenson I , who had earlier served as vice president under Grover Cleveland , ran for another term , this time as William Jennings Bryan 's running mate . Charles W. Fairbanks , vice president under Theodore Roosevelt , sought unsuccessfully to return to office as Charles Evans Hughes ' running mate in 1916 . Some former vice presidents have sought other offices after serving as vice president . Daniel D. Tompkins ran for Governor of New York in 1820 while serving as vice president under James Monroe . He lost to DeWitt Clinton , but was re-elected vice president . John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president to accept election as US Senator from South Carolina . Hannibal Hamlin , Andrew Johnson , Alben Barkley and Hubert H. Humphrey were all elected to the Senate after leaving office . Levi P. Morton , vice president under Benjamin Harrison , was elected Governor of New York after leaving office . Adlai Stevenson I was narrowly defeated for Governor of Illinois in 1908 . Richard Nixon unsuccessfully sought the governorship of California in 1962 , nearly two years after leaving office as vice president and just over six years before becoming president . Walter Mondale ran unsuccessfully for president in 1984 , served as U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996 , and then sought unsuccessfully to return to the Senate in 2002 . George H.W. Bush won the presidency , and his vice president , Dan Quayle , sought the Republican nomination in 2000 . Since 1977 , former presidents and vice presidents who are elected or re-elected to the Senate are entitled to the largely honorific position of Deputy President pro tempore . So far , the only former vice president to have held this title is Hubert Humphrey following his return to the Senate . Walter Mondale would have been entitled to the position had his 2002 Senate bid been successful . Under the terms of an 1886 Senate resolution , all former vice presidents are entitled to a portrait bust in the Senate wing of the United States Capitol , commemorating their service as presidents of the Senate . Dick Cheney is the most recent former vice president to be so honored . Unlike former presidents , who receive a pension automatically regardless of their time in office , former vice presidents must reach pension eligibility by accumulating the appropriate time in federal service . Since 2008 , former vice presidents are also entitled to Secret Service personal protection . Former vice presidents traditionally receive Secret Service protection for up to six months after leaving office , by order of the Secretary of Homeland Security , though this can be extended if the Secretary believes the level of threat is sufficient . In 2008 , a bill titled the `` Former Vice President Protection Act '' was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bush . It provides six - month Secret Service protection by law to a former vice president and family . According to the Department of Homeland Security , protection for former vice president Cheney has been extended numerous times because threats against him have not decreased since his leaving office . Timeline of vice presidents ( edit ) This is a graphical timeline listing of the Vice Presidents of the United States . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of Vice Presidents of the United States Acting Vice President of the United States Presiding Officer of the United States Senate Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff , LII ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` 25th Amendment '' . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Const . art . I , § 3 , cl. 4 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . XXV , § 1 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Const . amend . XII , § 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. CRS7 - 5700 Super-Majority Votes in the Senate Congressional Research Service , April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President of the United States ( President of the Senate ) '' . senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Joel K. ( 1995 ) . `` The New Constitutional Vice Presidency '' . Wake Forest Law Review . Winston Salem , NC : Wake Forest Law Review Association , Inc. 30 : 505 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Glenn Harlan ( 2007 ) . `` Is Dick Cheney Unconstitutional ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy . Chicago : Northwestern University School of Law . 102 : 110 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Todd ( 2008 ) . `` A Constitutional Anomaly : Safeguarding Confidential National Security Information Within the Enigma That Is the American Vice Presidency '' . William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal . Williamsburg : Publications Council of the College of William and Mary . 17 : 565 . Jump up ^ Subhawong , Aryn ( 2008 ) . `` A Realistic Look at the Vice Presidency : Why Dick Cheney Is An `` Entity Within the Executive Branch '' `` . Saint Louis University Law Journal . Saint Louis : Saint Louis University School of Law . 53 : 281 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President Mike Pence '' . the White House . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 : 811 , at 816 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Who Is Mike Pence Again ? on YouTube Jump up ^ Draper , Robert ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` How Donald Trump Picked His Running Mate '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 50 U.S.C. § 402 Jump up ^ 20 U.S.C. § 42 Jump up ^ `` Senate.gov : VPTies. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President Dawes , '' Time Magazine , December 14 , 1924 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 15 Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg Times , January 7 , 1969 , p. 6A '' . News.google.com . January 7 , 1969 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . I , § 3 , cl. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ( 2011 ) . `` Presidential Succession and Inability : Before and After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment '' . Fordham Law Review . New York City : Fordham University School of Law . 79 ( 3 ) : 907 -- 949 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wikisource : Additional amendments to the United States Constitution # Amendment XII Jump up ^ See : U.S. Const . art . II , § 1 , cl. 5 ; see also , U.S. Const . amend . XII , § 4 . Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 : 565 . Jump up ^ See : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 : 811 , at 856 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Concerns About Palin 's Readiness as Big Test Nears '' . The New York Times . p . A16 . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The `` Veepstakes '' : Strategic Choice in Presidential Running Mate Selection , by Lee Sigelman and Paul J. Wahlbeck , American Political Science Review , December 1997 Jump up ^ Stratton , Allegra ; Nasaw , Daniel ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Obama scoffs at Clinton 's vice-presidential hint '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Obama rejects being Clinton 's No. 2 '' . CNN . March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trump throws 2008 Obama ad in Clinton 's face '' . Politico . June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freedland , Jonathan ( June 4 , 2008 ) . `` US elections : Jimmy Carter tells Barack Obama not to pick Hillary Clinton as running mate '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ See : 5 U.S.C. § 3331 Jump up ^ `` OATHS - Rules of the Senate - United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Constitution of the United States of America # Section 1 2 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Current salary information '' . Usgovinfo.about.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL30631.pdf Jump up ^ Emily Yoffe ( January 3 , 2001 ) . `` Pension information '' . Slate.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Succession : Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts '' . CNN . September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President of the United States ( President of the Senate ) '' . senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Adams '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Nance Garner quotes '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nation : Some Day You 'll Be Sitting in That Chair '' . Time.com . November 29 , 1963 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A heartbeat away from the presidency : vice presidential trivia '' . Case Western Reserve University . October 4 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( 2007 ) . Calvin Coolidge profile . Macmillan . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6957 - 7 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Wilfred Ellsworth ; Moos , Malcolm Charles ( 1949 ) . A Grammar of American Politics : The National Government . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` Garret Hobart '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harold C. Relyea ( February 13 , 2001 ) . `` The Vice Presidency : Evolution of the Modern Office , 1933 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate Web page on Charles G. Dawes , 30th Vice President ( 1925 -- 1929 ) '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kenneth T. Walsh ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` Dick Cheney is the most powerful vice president in history . Is that good ? '' . U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Vice Presidential Debate with Gov. Palin and Sen. Biden '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Public Library : FARQs '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LARRY KING LIVE : Interview with Al , Tipper Gore '' . CNN . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008 '' . Opencongress.org . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Barack Obama authorizes extended Secret Service guard for former VP Dick Cheney '' . Daily News . New York . July 21 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Goldstein , Joel K. ( 1982 ) . The Modern American Vice Presidency . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02208 - 9 . Tally , Steve ( 1992 ) . Bland Ambition : From Adams to Quayle -- The Cranks , Criminals , Tax Cheats , and Golfers Who Made It to Vice President . Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 613140 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vice President of the United States . White House website for the Vice President Mike Pence Vice-President Elect Chester Arthur on Expectations of VP Shapell Manuscript Foundation A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 -- 1825 Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by None 1st in line Succeeded by Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan Vice Presidents of the United States ( list ) John Adams ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801 -- 1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) Elbridge Gerry ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1833 -- 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson ( 1837 -- 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 ) George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1849 -- 1850 ) William R. King ( 1853 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) Schuyler Colfax ( 1869 -- 1873 ) Henry Wilson ( 1873 -- 1875 ) William A. Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who takes the vice president's place in senate | [
"Formerly, the vice president would preside regularly over Senate proceedings, but in modern times, the vice president rarely presides over day-to-day matters in the Senate; in their place, the Senate chooses a President pro tempore (or \"president for a time\") to preside in the vice president's absence; the Senate normally selects the longest-serving senator in the majority party. The President pro tempore has the power to appoint any other senator to preside, and in practice junior senators from the majority party are assigned the task of presiding over the Senate at most times."
] | [
"a President pro tempore"
] |
-2033000162805729792 | Wilson (name) | Wilson ( name ) - wikipedia Wilson ( name ) This article is about the name . For people who share this surname , see List of people with surname Wilson . For people who share this given name , see List of people with given name Wilson . For other uses , see Wilson ( disambiguation ) . Wilson is an English and Scottish surname , common in the English - speaking world . The name is derived from a patronymic form of Will , a popular medieval name . The medieval Will is derived from any of several names containing the first Germanic element wil , meaning `` desire '' . Possibly the most common of these names was William , derived from elements wil and helm , meaning `` desire '' and `` helmet '' , `` protection '' . The surname Wilson is first recorded in England as Willeson in 1324 , and in Scotland as Wulson in 1405 . It is the seventh most common surname in England , and tenth most common in the United States. , occurring 783,051 times as of 2000 . Wilson is also now quite common as a surname in many other countries with a large English - speaking population such as Canada , Australia , South Africa , and New Zealand . Wilson is the third most common surname in Scotland . In the sixteenth and seventeenth century the surname was greatly increased in Ulster by the thousands of Scottish settlers and as a result of this settlement it is the most common Surname in Northern Ireland . Wilson can also be a given name . See also ( edit ) Willson , a variant of the surname Williams , a surname that also means `` son of William '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson Family History , Ancestry.com , retrieved 16 February 2012 . This webpage cited : Dictionary of American Family Names , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508137 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Patrick ; Hardcastle , Kate ; Hodges , Flavia ( 2006 ) , A Dictionary of First Names , Oxford Paperback Reference ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 276 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861060 - 1 . Jump up ^ Reaney , Percy Hilde ( 1995 ) , Wilson , Richard Middlewood , ed. , A Dictionary of English Surnames ( 3rd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 495 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 863146 - 4 . Jump up ^ Black , George Fraser ( 1946 ) , The Surnames of Scotland : Their Origin , Meaning , and History , New York : New York Public Library , p. 817 Jump up ^ Wilson Surname at Forebears Jump up ^ http://blogs.ancestry.com/cm/2014/07/08/hello-mr-and-mrs-smith-americas-most-common-surnames/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilson_(name)&oldid=852534743 '' Categories : English - language surnames Surnames of English origin Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Esperanto Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 17 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the last name wilson originate from | [
"Wilson is an English and Scottish surname, common in the English-speaking world. The name is derived from a patronymic form of Will, a popular medieval name. The medieval Will is derived from any of several names containing the first Germanic element wil, meaning \"desire\".[1] Possibly the most common of these names was William, derived from elements wil and helm, meaning \"desire\" and \"helmet\", \"protection\".[2] The surname Wilson is first recorded in England as Willeson in 1324,[3] and in Scotland as Wulson in 1405.[4]\n",
"Wilson is an English and Scottish surname, common in the English-speaking world. The name is derived from a patronymic form of Will, a popular medieval name. The medieval Will is derived from any of several names containing the first Germanic element wil, meaning \"desire\".[1] Possibly the most common of these names was William, derived from elements wil and helm, meaning \"desire\" and \"helmet\", \"protection\".[2] The surname Wilson is first recorded in England as Willeson in 1324,[3] and in Scotland as Wulson in 1405.[4]\n"
] | [
"English",
"Scottish"
] |
3639262087372542725 | Philadelphia | Philadelphia - wikipedia Philadelphia This article is about the Pennsylvania city . For other uses , see Philadelphia ( disambiguation ) . `` Philly '' redirects here . For other uses , see Philly ( disambiguation ) . Largest city in Pennsylvania Consolidated city - county in United States Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Consolidated city - county City of Philadelphia Clockwise from top : Philadelphia skyline ( 2015 ) ; City Hall ; Elfreth 's Alley ; paifang in Chinatown ; Ben Franklin Bridge ; SS United States at Port of Philadelphia ; College Hall at Penn ; Museum of Art ; Liberty Bell and Independence Hall Flag Seal Logo Etymology : Ancient Greek : φίλος phílos ( beloved , dear ) and ἀδελφός adelphós ( brother , brotherly ) Nickname ( s ) : `` Philly '' , `` City of Brotherly Love '' , `` The Athens of America '' more ... Motto ( s ) : `` Philadelphia maneto '' ( `` Let brotherly love endure '' or `` ... continue '' ) Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Interactive map of Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Location within Pennsylvania Philadelphia Location within United States Philadelphia Location within North America Philadelphia Location within Earth Show map of Philadelphia Show map of Pennsylvania Show map of the US Show map of North America Show map of Earth Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.009376 ° N 75.133346 ° W / 40.009376 ; - 75.133346 Coordinates : 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.009376 ° N 75.133346 ° W / 40.009376 ; - 75.133346 Country United States Commonwealth Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Historic countries Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain Historic colony Province of Pennsylvania Founded October 27 , 1682 Incorporated October 25 , 1701 Founded by William Penn Government Type Mayor -- council , consolidated city - county Body Philadelphia City Council Mayor Jim Kenney ( D ) Area Consolidated city - county 142.71 sq mi ( 369.62 km ) Land 134.18 sq mi ( 347.52 km ) Water 8.53 sq mi ( 22.09 km ) Elevation 39 ft ( 12 m ) Population ( 2017 ) Consolidated city - county 1,580,863 Rank US city : 6th Density 11,781.7 / sq mi ( 4,549.0 / km ) Metro 6,096,120 ( US : 8th ) CSA 7,206,807 ( US : 8th ) Demonym Philadelphian Time zone UTC - 5 ( EST ) Summer ( DST ) UTC - 4 ( EDT ) ZIP code 19092 - 19093 , 19099 , 191xx Area code ( s ) 215 , 267 , 445 FIPS code 42 - 60000 GNIS feature ID 1215531 Major airport Philadelphia International Airport Interstates Website www.phila.gov Philadelphia , often called Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city , with a 2017 census - estimated population of 1,580,863 . Since 1854 , the city has been coterminous with Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth - largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth - largest combined statistical area in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia was one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. , was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany -- the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans . The city 's population doubled from one million to two million people between 1890 and 1950 . The Philadelphia area 's many universities and colleges make it a top study destination , as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub . According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis , the Philadelphia area had a gross domestic product of US $431 billion in 2016 , the eighth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to five Fortune 1000 companies . The Philadelphia skyline is expanding , with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 , including several nationally prominent skyscrapers . Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city . Fairmount Park , when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The city is known for its arts , culture , cuisine , and colonial history , attracting 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent US $6.8 billion , generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania . Philadelphia has also emerged as a biotechnology hub . Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps , and is also the home of many U.S. firsts , including the first library ( 1731 ) , hospital ( 1751 ) , medical school ( 1765 ) , national capital ( 1774 ) , stock exchange ( 1790 ) , zoo ( 1874 ) , and business school ( 1881 ) . Philadelphia contains 67 National Historic Landmarks and the World Heritage Site of Independence Hall . The city became a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities in 2015 , as the first World Heritage City in the United States . Although Philadelphia is rapidly undergoing gentrification , the city actively maintains mitigation strategies to minimize displacement of homeowners in gentrifying neighborhoods . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Cityscape 2.2. 1 City planning 2.2. 2 Architecture 2.3 Climate 2.3. 1 Air quality 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 3.2 Languages 3.2. 1 Dialect 4 Economy 5 Education 5.1 Primary and secondary education 5.2 Higher education 6 Culture 6.1 Arts 6.2 Music 6.3 Cuisine 7 Sports 8 Parks 9 Law and government 9.1 Courts 9.2 Politics 9.3 Crime 10 Media 10.1 Newspapers 10.2 Radio 10.3 Television 11 Infrastructure 11.1 Transportation 11.1. 1 Airports 11.1. 2 Roads 11.1. 3 Bus service 11.1. 4 Rail 11.1. 5 Walk Score ranks 11.2 Utilities 12 Notable people 13 Sister Cities 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links History Main articles : History of Philadelphia and Timeline of Philadelphia Before Europeans arrived , the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape ( Delaware ) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon . The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government . They are also called Delaware Indians , and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed , western Long Island , and the Lower Hudson Valley . Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies , exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts . Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases , mainly smallpox , and violent conflict with Europeans . Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape . Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin . The American Revolutionary War and United States ' independence pushed them further west . In the 1860s , the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma and surrounding territory ) under the Indian removal policy . In the 21st century , most Lenape reside in Oklahoma , with some communities living also in Wisconsin , Ontario ( Canada ) , and in their traditional homelands . Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century , with the first settlements founded by the Dutch , who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn , New Jersey . The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony . In 1638 , Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina ( present - day Wilmington , Delaware ) and quickly spread out in the valley . In 1644 , New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland . In 1648 , the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware , south of the Schuylkill near the present - day Eastwick neighborhood , to reassert their dominion over the area . The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm , or New Korsholm , after a town in Finland with a Swedish majority . In 1655 , a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director - General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony , ending its claim to independence . The Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia , religion , and court , and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch . The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664 , though the situation did not change substantially until 1682 when the area was included in William Penn 's charter for Pennsylvania . In 1681 , in partial repayment of a debt , Charles II of England granted Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony . Despite the royal charter , Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony . Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon , in what is now the city 's Fishtown neighborhood . Penn named the city Philadelphia , which is Greek for `` brotherly love , '' derived from the Ancient Greek terms φίλος phílos ( beloved , dear ) and ἀδελφός adelphós ( brother , brotherly ) . As a Quaker , Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely . This tolerance , far more than afforded by most other colonies , led to better relations with the local native tribes and fostered Philadelphia 's rapid growth into America 's most important city . Benjamin Franklin , 1777 Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government . Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city , Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart , with areas for gardens and orchards . The city 's inhabitants did not follow Penn 's plans , however , as they crowded by the Delaware River port , and subdivided and resold their lots . Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time , he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city . Though poor at first , the city became an important trading center with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s . Benjamin Franklin , a leading citizen , helped improve city services and founded new ones , such as fire protection , a library , and one of the American colonies ' first hospitals . A number of philosophical societies were formed , which were centers of the city 's intellectual life : the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture ( 1785 ) , the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts ( 1787 ) , the Academy of Natural Sciences ( 1812 ) , and the Franklin Institute ( 1824 ) . These societies developed and financed new industries , attracting skilled and knowledgeable immigrants from Europe . An 18th - century map of Philadelphia , circa 1752 Philadelphia 's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America 's revolutionaries . By the 1750s , Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America , and second in the British Empire after London . The city hosted the First Continental Congress ( 1774 ) before the Revolutionary War ; the Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 76 ) , which signed the United States Declaration of Independence , during the war ; and the Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) after the war . Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well . Philadelphia served as the temporary capital of the United States while the new capital was under construction in the District of Columbia from 1790 to 1800 . In 1793 , the largest yellow fever epidemic in U.S. history killed approximately 4,000 to 5,000 people in Philadelphia , or about 10 % of the city 's population . The state capital was moved to Lancaster in 1799 , then Harrisburg in 1812 , while the federal government was moved to Washington , D.C. in 1800 upon completion of the White House and U.S. Capitol building . The city remained the young nation 's largest until the late 18th century , being both a financial and a cultural center for America . In 1816 , the city 's free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) , the first independent black denomination in the country , and the first black Episcopal Church . The free black community also established many schools for its children , with the help of Quakers . New York City surpassed Philadelphia in population by 1790 . Large - scale construction projects for new roads , canals , and railroads made Philadelphia the first major industrial city in the United States . Throughout the 19th century , Philadelphia hosted a variety of industries and businesses , the largest being textiles . Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works , William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company , and the Pennsylvania Railroad . Industry , along with the U.S. Centennial , was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition , the first official World 's Fair in the United States . Immigrants , mostly from Ireland and Germany , settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts . These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835 , in which workers in the city won the ten - hour workday . The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s ; housing for them was developed south of South Street and later occupied by succeeding immigrants . They established a network of Catholic churches and schools and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades . Anti-Irish , anti-Catholic nativist riots erupted in Philadelphia in 1844 . The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854 , which extended the city limits from the 2 square miles ( 5.2 km ) of Center City to the roughly 134 square miles ( 350 km ) of Philadelphia County . In the latter half of the century , immigrants from Russia , Eastern Europe and Italy , and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city . Philadelphia was represented by the Washington Grays in the American Civil War . The African - American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 between 1880 and 1930 . Twentieth - century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural south to northern and midwestern industrial cities . The Birth of Pennsylvania , 1680 , by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris - William Penn , holding paper , and King Charles II Penn 's Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence - the Committee of Five presents their draft in Independence Hall , June 28 , 1776 . President 's House -- the presidential mansion of George Washington and John Adams , 1790 -- 1800 Opening day ceremonies at the Centennial Exposition at Memorial Hall , 1876 - first official World 's Fair in the United States By the 20th century , Philadelphia had an entrenched Republican political machine and a complacent population . The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election - year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the City Council from two houses to just one . In July 1919 , Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer , in post-World War I unrest , as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs . In the 1920s , the public flouting of Prohibition laws , organized crime , mob violence , and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brig. Gen. Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety , but political pressure prevented any long - term success in fighting crime and corruption . In 1940 , non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8 % of the city 's population . The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950 , then began to decline with the restructuring of industry , which led to the loss of many middle - class union jobs . In addition , suburbanization had enticed many of the more affluent residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing . The resulting reduction in Philadelphia 's tax base and the resources of local government caused the city to struggle through a long period of adjustment , with it approaching bankruptcy by the late 1980s . Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century , with much of the development occurring in the Center City and University City neighborhoods . After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down , the city started attracting service businesses and began to market itself more aggressively as a tourist destination . Contemporary glass - and - granite skyscrapers were built in Center City beginning in the 1980s . Historic areas such as Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s , making those areas among the most desirable neighborhoods in Center City . These developments have begun a reversal of the city 's population decline between 1950 and 2000 during which it lost about one - quarter of its residents . The city eventually began experiencing a growth in its population in 2007 , which has continued with gradual yearly increases to the present . Geography Landsat simulated - color image of Philadelphia and the Delaware River Topography The geographic center of Philadelphia is located approximately at 40 ° 0 ′ 34 '' north latitude and 75 ° 8 ′ 0 '' west longitude . The 40th parallel north passes through neighborhoods in Northeast Philadelphia , North Philadelphia , and West Philadelphia including Fairmount Park . The city encompasses 142.71 square miles ( 369.62 km ) , of which 134.18 square miles ( 347.52 km ) is land and 8.53 square miles ( 22.09 km ) , or 6 % , is water . Natural bodies of water include the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers , the lakes in Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park , and Cobbs , Wissahickon , and Pennypack creeks . The largest artificial body of water is the East Park Reservoir in Fairmount Park . The lowest point is sea level , while the highest point is in Chestnut Hill , about 446 feet ( 136 m ) above sea level on Summit Street near the intersection of Germantown Avenue and Bethlehem Pike ( example coordinates near high point : 40.07815 N , 75.20747 W ) . Philadelphia is situated on the Fall Line that separates the Atlantic coastal plain from the Piedmont . The rapids on the Schuylkill River at East Falls were inundated by the completion of the dam at the Fairmount Water Works . The city is the seat of its own county . The adjacent counties are Montgomery to the northwest ; Bucks to the north and northeast ; Burlington County , New Jersey , to the east ; Camden County , New Jersey , to the southeast ; Gloucester County , New Jersey , to the south ; and Delaware County to the southwest . Cityscape Center City skyline from the east across the Delaware River in Camden , New Jersey , 2018 ( annotated version ) Skyline at twilight from the southwest on the South Street Bridge , 2016 ( annotated version ) Skyline at night from the northwest at Boathouse Row , 2017 ( annotated version ) City Planning See also : List of Philadelphia neighborhoods A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia , by Thomas Holme -- the first map of Philadelphia , ca . 1683 Philadelphia 's central city was created in the 17th century following the plan by William Penn 's surveyor Thomas Holme . Center City is structured with long straight streets running nearly due east - west and north - south , forming a grid pattern between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers that is aligned with their courses . The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire . Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824 ( new names in parenthesis ) : Centre Square ( Penn Square ) , Northeast Square ( Franklin Square ) , Southeast Square ( Washington Square ) , Southwest Square ( Rittenhouse Square ) , and Northwest Square ( Logan Circle / Square ) . Center City had an estimated 183,240 residents as of 2015 , making it the second-most populated downtown area in the United States , after Midtown Manhattan in New York City . Philadelphia 's neighborhoods are divided into large sections -- North , Northeast , South , Southwest Philadelphia , West , and Northwest -- surrounding Center City , which corresponds closely with the city 's limits before consolidation in 1854 . Each of these large areas contains numerous neighborhoods , some of whose boundaries derive from the boroughs , townships , and other communities that constituted Philadelphia County before their inclusion within the city . The City Planning Commission , tasked with guiding growth and development of the city , has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan . Much of the city 's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 to 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter . The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning maps in order to facilitate future community development , as the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs will be added by 2035 . The Philadelphia Housing Authority is the largest landlord in Pennsylvania . Established in 1937 , it is the nation 's fourth - largest housing authority , housing about 84,000 people and employing 1,250 . In 2013 , its budget was $371 million . The Philadelphia Parking Authority works to ensure adequate parking for city residents , businesses and visitors . Architecture Main articles : Architecture of Philadelphia and List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia Juxtaposition of architectural styles in Center City , showing One Liberty Place and City Hall Philadelphia 's architectural history dates back to colonial times and includes a wide range of styles . The earliest structures were constructed with logs , but brick structures were common by 1700 . During the 18th century , the cityscape was dominated by Georgian architecture , including Independence Hall and Christ Church . In the first decades of the 19th century , Federal and Greek Revival architecture were the dominant styles produced by Philadelphia architects such as Benjamin Latrobe , William Strickland , John Haviland , John Notman , Thomas Walter , and Samuel Sloan . Frank Furness is considered Philadelphia 's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century . His contemporaries included John McArthur Jr. , Addison Hutton , Wilson Eyre , the Wilson Brothers , and Horace Trumbauer . In 1871 , construction began on the Second Empire - style Philadelphia City Hall . The Philadelphia Historical Commission was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city . The commission maintains the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places , adding historic buildings , structures , sites , objects and districts as it sees fit . In 1932 , Philadelphia became home to the first modern International Style skyscraper in the United States , the PSFS Building , designed by George Howe and William Lescaze . The 548 ft ( 167 m ) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was completed . Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Center City beginning in the late 1980s . In 2007 , the Comcast Center surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city 's tallest building . The Comcast Technology Center was completed in 2018 , reaching a height of 1,121 ft ( 342 m ) , as the tallest building in the United States outside of Manhattan and Chicago . For much of Philadelphia 's history , the typical home has been the row house . The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and , for a time , row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as `` Philadelphia rows '' . A variety of row houses are found throughout the city , from Federal - style continuous blocks in Old City and Society Hill to Victorian - style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia . While newer homes have been built recently , much of the housing dates to the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , which has created problems such as urban decay and vacant lots . Some neighborhoods , including Northern Liberties and Society Hill , have been rehabilitated through gentrification . Elfreth 's Alley , `` Our nation 's oldest residential street '' , dating to 1702 Second Bank of the United States exhibiting Greek Revival architecture , 1824 Second Empire - style Philadelphia City Hall , 1871 -- 1901 , from North Broad Street Delancey Street row homes in Society Hill displaying Federal architecture The grand concourse of the 30th Street Station , in Art Deco style Climate Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 40 26 2.7 44 28 3.8 53 34 3.6 64 44 3.7 74 54 3.4 83 64 4.4 87 69 3.5 85 68 3.8 78 60 3.2 67 48 56 39 3.6 45 30 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches show Metric conversion J J J O 77 5 − 4 67 7 − 2 96 12 90 18 7 94 23 12 87 28 18 110 31 21 89 30 20 96 26 16 81 19 9 76 13 90 7 − 1 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm According to the Köppen climate classification , Philadelphia falls under the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen Cfa ) , whereas according to the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Summers are typically hot and muggy , fall and spring are generally mild , and winter is moderately cold . The plant life hardiness zones are 7a and 7b , representing an average annual extreme minimum temperature between 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) and 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) . Snowfall is highly variable with some winters having only light snow while others include major snowstorms . The normal seasonal snowfall averages 22.4 in ( 57 cm ) , with rare snowfalls in November or April , and rarely any sustained snow cover . Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from trace amounts in 1972 -- 73 to 78.7 inches ( 200 cm ) in the winter of 2009 -- 10 . The city 's heaviest single - storm snowfall was 30.7 in ( 78 cm ) which occurred in January 1996 . Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year , with eight to eleven wet days per month , at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches ( 1,050 mm ) , but historically ranging from 29.31 in ( 744 mm ) in 1922 to 64.33 in ( 1,634 mm ) in 2011 . The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28 , 2013 when 8.02 in ( 204 mm ) fell at Philadelphia International Airport . Philadelphia has a moderately sunny climate with an average of 2,500 hours of sunshine annually , and a percentage of sunshine ranging from 47 % in December to 61 % in June , July , and August . The January daily average temperature is 33.0 ° F ( 0.6 ° C ) , though the temperature frequently rises to 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) during thaws and dips to 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) for 2 or 3 nights in a normal winter . July averages 78.1 ° F ( 25.6 ° C ) , although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent , with highs reaching or exceeding 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on 27 days of the year . The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2 , allowing a growing season of 217 days . Early fall and late winter are generally dry with February having the lowest average precipitation at 2.64 inches ( 67 mm ) . The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 ° F ( 15 ° C ) and 64.5 ° F ( 18 ° C ) . The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 7 , 1918 , but temperatures at or above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) are not common . The lowest officially recorded temperature was − 11 ° F ( − 24 ° C ) on February 9 , 1934 . Temperatures at or below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) are rare with the last such occurrence being January 19 , 1994 . The record low maximum is 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) on February 10 , 1899 , and December 30 , 1880 , while the record high minimum is 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) on July 23 , 2011 , and July 24 , 2010 . show Climate data for Philadelphia ( Philadelphia Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1872 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 74 ( 23 ) 79 ( 26 ) 87 ( 31 ) 95 ( 35 ) 97 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 102 ( 39 ) 96 ( 36 ) 84 ( 29 ) 73 ( 23 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 62.7 ( 17.1 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 89.1 ( 31.7 ) 94.2 ( 34.6 ) 96.4 ( 35.8 ) 94.7 ( 34.8 ) 89.8 ( 32.1 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 40.3 ( 4.6 ) 43.8 ( 6.6 ) 52.7 ( 11.5 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 85.3 ( 29.6 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 33.0 ( 0.6 ) 35.7 ( 2.1 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 73.3 ( 22.9 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 25.6 ( − 3.6 ) 27.7 ( − 2.4 ) 34.4 ( 1.3 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 67.9 ( 19.9 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 39.2 ( 4 ) 30.1 ( − 1.1 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 8.7 ( − 12.9 ) 12.7 ( − 10.7 ) 19.4 ( − 7 ) 31.6 ( − 0.2 ) 42.0 ( 5.6 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 15.8 ( − 9 ) 6.4 ( − 14.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 7 ( − 22 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) 5 ( − 15 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 44 ( 7 ) 51 ( 11 ) 44 ( 7 ) 35 ( 2 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 8 ( − 13 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.03 ( 77 ) 2.65 ( 67.3 ) 3.79 ( 96.3 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 3.43 ( 87.1 ) 4.35 ( 110.5 ) 3.50 ( 88.9 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.18 ( 80.8 ) 2.99 ( 75.9 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 41.53 ( 1,054.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 6.5 ( 16.5 ) 8.8 ( 22.4 ) 2.9 ( 7.4 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 3.4 ( 8.6 ) 22.4 ( 56.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.6 9.4 10.5 11.3 11.1 9.8 9.9 8.4 8.7 8.6 9.3 10.6 118.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 4.4 3.6 1.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.8 12.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 66.2 63.6 61.7 60.4 65.4 67.8 69.6 70.4 71.6 70.8 68.4 67.7 67.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.7 154.7 202.8 217.0 245.1 271.2 275.6 260.1 219.3 204.5 154.7 137.7 2,498.4 Percent possible sunshine 52 52 55 55 55 61 61 61 59 59 52 47 56 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Air quality Philadelphia County received an ozone grade of F and a 24 - hour particle pollution rating of D in the American Lung Association 's 2017 State of the Air report , which analyzed data from 2013 -- 15 . The city was ranked 22nd for ozone , 20th for short - term particle pollution , and 11th for year - round particle pollution . According to the same report , the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001 -- from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10 -- along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000 -- from about 19 days per year to about 3 -- and an approximate 30 % reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000 . Five of the ten largest combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) were ranked higher for ozone : Los Angeles ( 1st ) , New York City ( 9th ) , Houston ( 12th ) , Dallas ( 13th ) , and San Jose ( 18th ) . Many smaller CSAs were also ranked higher for ozone including Sacramento ( 8th ) , Las Vegas ( 10th ) , Denver ( 11th ) , El Paso ( 16th ) , and Salt Lake City ( 20th ) ; however , only two of those same ten CSAs -- San Jose and Los Angeles -- were ranked higher than Philadelphia for both year - round and short - term particle pollution . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Philadelphia See also : History of the Irish Americans in Philadelphia , History of the Italian Americans in Philadelphia , Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia , Chinese in Philadelphia , Koreans in Philadelphia , History of the Jews in Philadelphia , and LGBT culture in Philadelphia Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1683 600 -- 1731 12,000 + 1900.0 % 1790 28,522 + 137.7 % 1800 41,220 + 44.5 % 1810 53,722 + 30.3 % 1820 63,802 + 18.8 % 1830 80,462 + 26.1 % 1840 93,665 + 16.4 % 1850 121,376 + 29.6 % 1860 565,529 + 365.9 % 1870 674,022 + 19.2 % 1880 847,170 + 25.7 % 1890 1,046,964 + 23.6 % 1900 1,293,697 + 23.6 % 1910 1,549,008 + 19.7 % 1920 1,823,779 + 17.7 % 1930 1,950,961 + 7.0 % 1940 1,931,334 − 1.0 % 1950 2,071,605 + 7.3 % 1960 2,002,512 − 3.3 % 1970 1,948,609 − 2.7 % 1980 1,688,210 − 13.4 % 1990 1,585,577 − 6.1 % 2000 1,517,550 − 4.3 % 1,526,006 + 0.6 % 2017 1,580,863 + 3.6 % Populations for City of Philadelphia , not for Philadelphia County . Population for Philadelphia County was 54,388 ( including 42,520 urban ) in 1790 ; 81,009 ( including 69,403 urban ) in 1800 ; 111,210 ( including 91,874 urban ) in 1810 ; 137,097 ( including 112,772 urban ) in 1820 ; 188,797 ( including 161,410 urban ) in 1830 ; 258,037 ( including 220,423 urban ) in 1840 ; and 408,762 ( including 340,045 urban ) in 1850 . Under Act of Consolidation , 1854 , City of Philadelphia absorbed the various districts , boroughs , townships , other suburbs , and remaining rural area in Philadelphia County as the consolidated City and County of Philadelphia . Source : According to the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimate , there were 1,580,863 people residing in Philadelphia , representing a 3.6 % increase from the 2010 census . After the 1950 Census , when a record high of 2,071,605 was recorded , the city 's population began a long decline . The population dropped to a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again . Between 2006 and 2017 , Philadelphia added 92,153 residents . In 2015 , the Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of the city was 41.5 % Black ( non-Hispanic ) , 35.8 % White ( non-Hispanic ) , 13.4 % Hispanic or Latino , 6.8 % Asian , 0.2 % Native Americans , 0.03 % Pacific Islanders , and 2.0 % multiracial . hide Census racial composition 2015 * 2000 1990 1980 1970 Black ( includes Black Hispanics ) 42.8 % 43.4 % 43.2 % 39.9 % 37.8 % 33.6 % -- non-Hispanic Black 41.5 % 42.2 % 42.6 % 39.3 % 37.5 % 33.3 % White ( includes White Hispanics ) 41.7 % 41.0 % 45.0 % 53.5 % 58.2 % 65.6 % -- non-Hispanic White 35.8 % 36.9 % 42.5 % 52.1 % 57.1 % 63.8 Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 13.4 % 12.3 % 8.5 % 5.6 % 3.8 % 2.4 % Asian 6.8 % 6.3 % 4.5 % 2.7 % 1.1 % 0.3 % Pacific Islanders 0.03 % 0.05 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Native Americans 0.2 % 0.5 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races 2.0 % 2.8 % 2.2 % n / a n / a n / a * 2015 figures are estimates Map of racial distribution in Philadelphia , 2010 Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic , or Other . The 2010 Census redistricting data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 644,287 ( 42.2 % ) Black ( non-Hispanic ) , 562,585 ( 36.9 % ) White ( non-Hispanic ) , 96,405 ( 6.3 % ) Asian ( 2.0 % Chinese , 1.2 % Indian , 0.9 % Vietnamese , 0.4 % Korean , 0.3 % Filipino , 0.1 % Japanese , and 1.4 % other ) , 6,996 ( 0.5 % ) Native Americans , 744 ( 0.05 % ) Pacific Islanders , and 43,070 ( 2.8 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons ( 12.3 % ) ; 8.0 % of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican , 1.0 % Mexican , 0.3 % Cuban , and 3.0 % other . The racial breakdown of Philadelphia 's Hispanic / Latino population was 63,636 ( 33.9 % ) White , 17,552 ( 9.4 % ) Black , 3,498 ( 1.9 % ) Native American , 884 ( 0.47 % ) Asian , 287 ( 0.15 % ) Pacific Islander , 86,626 ( 46.2 % ) from other races , and 15,128 ( 8.1 % ) from two or more races . The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 Census included Irish ( 13.0 % ) , Italian ( 8.3 % ) , German ( 8.2 % ) , Polish ( 3.9 % ) , and English ( 3.1 % ) . The estimated average population density was 11,782 people per square mile ( 4,549 / km2 ) in 2017 . In 2010 , the Census Bureau reported that 1,468,623 people ( 96.2 % of the population ) lived in households , 38,007 ( 2.5 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 19,376 ( 1.3 % ) were institutionalized . In 2013 , the city reported having 668,247 total housing units , down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010 . As of 2013 , 87 percent of housing units were occupied , while 13 percent were vacant , a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied , or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant , or 70,435 . Of the city 's residents , 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available , as of 2013 . In 2010 , 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them , 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present , 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present , and 43.2 percent were non-families . The city reported 34.1 percent of all households were made up of individuals while 10.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20 . In 2013 , the percentage of women who gave birth in the previous 12 months who were unmarried was 56 percent . Of Philadelphia 's adults , 31 percent were married or lived as a couple , 55 percent were not married , 11 percent were divorced or separated , and 3 percent were widowed . According to the Census Bureau , the median household income in 2013 was $36,836 , down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the inflation - adjusted median household income was $40,008 ( in 2013 dollars ) . For comparison , on an inflation - adjusted basis , the median household income among metropolitan areas was $60,482 , down 8.2 percent in the same period , and the national median household income was $55,250 , down 7.0 percent from 2008 . The city 's wealth disparity is evident when neighborhoods are compared . Residents in Society Hill had a 2013 median household income of $93,720 , while residents in one of North Philadelphia 's districts reported the lowest median household income , $14,185 . During the last decade , Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile . In 2000 , the city 's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape . In 2013 , the city took on an expansive pyramid shape , with an increase in the three millennial age groups , 20 to 24 , 25 to 29 , and 30 to 34 . The city 's 25 - to 29 - year - old age group was the city 's largest age cohort . According to the 2010 Census , 343,837 ( 22.5 % ) were under the age of 18 ; 203,697 ( 13.3 % ) from 18 to 24 ; 434,385 ( 28.5 % ) from 25 to 44 ; 358,778 ( 23.5 % ) from 45 to 64 ; and 185,309 ( 12.1 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33.5 years . For every 100 females , there were 89.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85.7 males . The city had 22,018 births in 2013 , down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008 . Philadelphia 's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half - century , 13,691 deaths in 2013 . Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia 's rising immigration rate . Like the millennial population , Philadelphia 's immigrant population is also growing rapidly ; according to a study by the Pew Charitable Trusts , the city 's foreign - born population had increased by 69 % between 2000 and 2016 to constitute nearly 20 % of Philadelphia 's work force . `` Leacht Quimhneachain Na Gael '' , an Irish famine memorial at Penn 's Landing honors the large Irish community ( 14.2 % of the city 's population ) . Irish , Italian , German , Polish , English , Russian , Ukrainian and French are the largest ethnic European groups in the city . Philadelphia has the second - largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States , after New York City . South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market . The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray 's Ferry section of South Philadelphia , home to many Mummer clubs , are well known as Irish neighborhoods . The Kensington , Port Richmond , and Fishtown neighborhoods have historically been heavily Irish and Polish . Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish - American community in Philadelphia , and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants . Northeast Philadelphia , although known for its Irish and Irish - American population , is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population . Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community , while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo - Saxon Protestant community . Gayborhood street sign , near Washington Square Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population . Philadelphia 's Gayborhood , which is located near Washington Square , is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses , restaurants , and bars . The Black American population in Philadelphia is the third - largest in the country , after New York City and Chicago . Historically , West Philadelphia and North Philadelphia were largely black neighborhoods , but many are leaving those areas in favor of the Northeast and Southwest sections of Philadelphia . There is a higher proportion of Muslims in the Black American population than most cities in America . West Philadelphia also has significant Caribbean and African immigrant populations . The Puerto Rican population in Philadelphia is the second - largest after New York City , and the second - fastest growing after Orlando . There are large Puerto Rican and Dominican populations in North Philadelphia and the Northeast , as well as a significant Mexican population in South Philadelphia . Philadelphia 's Asian American population originated mainly from China , India , Vietnam , South Korea , and the Philippines . Over 35,000 Chinese Americans made their home within Philadelphia city proper alone in 2015 , including a large Fuzhounese population , and the city hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese - owned bus lines to and from Chinatown , Manhattan in New York City . While a large Korean community initially settled in the North Philadelphia neighborhood of Olney , the primary Koreatown has subsequently evolved in North Philadelphia straddling the border with the northern suburb of Cheltenham , in Montgomery County . South Philadelphia is also home to large Cambodian , Vietnamese , and Chinese communities . Philadelphia has the fifth largest Muslim population among American cities . Religion Interior of the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 68 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christian , with 41 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , 26 % professing Catholic beliefs , and less than 1 % are Mormons , while the remaining 24 % claim no religious affiliation . The same study says that other religions collectively compose about 8 % of the population , including Judaism , Buddhism , Islam , and Hinduism . The Philadelphia metropolitan area 's Jewish population was estimated at 206,000 in 2001 , which was the sixth largest in the United States at that time . Other religious groups in Philadelphia include Buddhism in Chinatown , and Caribbean and traditional African religions in North and West Philadelphia . Historically , the city has strong connections to the Quakers , Unitarian Universalism , and the Ethical Culture movement , all of which continue to be represented in the city . The Quaker Friends General Conference is based in Philadelphia . African diasporic religions are practiced in some Hispanic and Caribbean communities in North and West Philadelphia . Languages Italian Market , part of South Philadelphia 's Italian heritage As of 2010 , 79.12 % ( 1,112,441 ) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 9.72 % ( 136,688 ) spoke Spanish , 1.64 % ( 23,075 ) Chinese , 0.89 % ( 12,499 ) Vietnamese , 0.77 % ( 10,885 ) Russian , 0.66 % ( 9,240 ) French , 0.61 % ( 8,639 ) other Asian languages , 0.58 % ( 8,217 ) African languages , 0.56 % ( 7,933 ) Cambodian ( Mon - Khmer ) , and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55 % ( 7,773 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 20.88 % ( 293,544 ) of Philadelphia 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Dialect Main article : Philadelphia English The traditional Philadelphia accent is considered by some linguists to be the most distinctive accent in North America . The Philadelphia dialect , which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey , is part of a larger Mid-Atlantic American English family , a designation that also includes the Baltimore dialect . Additionally , it shares many similarities with the New York accent . Thanks to over a century of linguistic data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania under sociolinguist William Labov , the Philadelphia dialect has been one of the best - studied forms of American English . The accent is especially found within the Irish American and Italian American working - class neighborhoods . Philadelphia also has its own unique collection of neologisms and slang terms . Economy Main articles : Economy of Philadelphia and List of companies based in the Philadelphia area Top publicly traded companies headquartered in Philadelphia Corporation Rank Revenue Comcast 31 80.4 Aramark 192 14.4 Crown Holdings 333 8.3 Urban Outfitters 645 3.5 FMC 681 3.3 Revenue in billions for FY 2016 Source : Fortune Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania with the headquarters of five Fortune 1000 companies located within city limits . According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis , the Philadelphia area had a total gross domestic product of $431 billion in 2016 , the eighth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Philadelphia was rated by the GaWC as a ' Beta ' city in its 2016 ranking of world cities . Philadelphia International Airport is undergoing a $900 million infrastructural expansion to increase passenger capacity and augment passenger experience ; while the Port of Philadelphia , having experienced the highest percentage growth by tonnage loaded in 2017 among major U.S. seaports , was in the process of doubling its capacity in order to accommodate super-sized post-Panamax shipping vessels in 2018 . Philadelphia 's economic sectors include financial services , health care , biotechnology , information technology , manufacturing , oil refining , food processing , and tourism . Financial activities account for the largest economic sector of the metropolitan area , which is also one of the largest health education and research centers in the United States . Philadelphia Stock Exchange , the oldest stock exchange in the United States The city is home to the Philadelphia Stock Exchange and some of the area 's largest companies including cable television and internet provider Comcast , insurance companies Cigna , Colonial Penn , and Independence Blue Cross , energy company Sunoco , food services company Aramark , packaging company Crown Holdings , chemical makers FMC and Rohm and Haas , pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline , Boeing Rotorcraft Systems , apparel retailer Urban Outfitters , and automotive parts retailer Pep Boys . Philadelphia 's annualized unemployment rate was 7.8 % in 2014 , down from 10 % the previous year . This is higher than the national average of 6.2 % . Similarly , the rate of new jobs added to the city 's economy lagged behind the national job growth . In 2014 , about 8,800 jobs were added to the city 's economy . Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health care , leisure and hospitality , and professional and business services . Declines were seen in the city 's manufacturing and government sectors . About 31.9 % of the city 's population was not in the labor force in 2015 , the second highest percentage after Detroit . The city 's two largest employers are the federal and city governments . Philadelphia 's largest private employer is the University of Pennsylvania followed by the Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia . A study commissioned by the city 's government in 2011 projected 40,000 jobs would be added to the city within 25 years , raising the number of jobs from 675,000 in 2010 to an estimated 715,000 by 2035 . Philadelphia 's history attracts many tourists , with the Independence National Historical Park ( which includes the Liberty Bell , Independence Hall , and other historic sites ) receiving over 5 million visitors in 2016 . The city welcomed 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent $6.8 billion , generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania . Education Main article : Education in Philadelphia Primary and secondary education William Penn Charter School , established in 1689 , is the oldest Quaker school in the nation Education in Philadelphia is provided by many private and public institutions . The School District of Philadelphia runs the city 's public schools . The Philadelphia School District is the eighth largest school district in the United States with 142,266 students in 218 traditional public schools and 86 charter schools as of 2014 . The city 's K - 12 enrollment in district run schools dropped from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015 . During the same time period , the enrollment in charter schools increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015 . This consistent drop in enrollment led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013 . During the 2014 school year , the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil , below the average among comparable urban school districts . Graduation rates among district - run schools , meanwhile , steadily increased in the ten years from 2005 . In 2005 , Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52 % . This number increased to 65 % in 2014 , still below the national and state averages . Scores on the state 's standardized test , the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment ( PSSA ) trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but subsequently decreased . In 2005 , the district - run schools scored an average of 37.4 % on math and 35.5 % on reading . The city 's schools reached its peak scores in 2011 with 59.0 % on math and 52.3 % on reading . In 2014 , the scores dropped significantly to 45.2 % on math and 42.0 % on reading . Of the city 's public high schools , including charter schools , only four performed above the national average on the SAT ( 1497 out of 2400 ) in 2014 : Masterman , Central , Girard , and MaST Community Charter School . All other district - run schools were below average . Higher education Quadrangle at the University of Pennsylvania , one of the highest ranked universities in the world Perelman School of Medicine , the oldest medical school in the United States Philadelphia has the third - largest student concentration on the East Coast , with over 120,000 college and university students enrolled within the city and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area . There are over 80 colleges , universities , trade , and specialty schools in the Philadelphia region . One of the founding members of the Association of American Universities is in the city , the University of Pennsylvania , an Ivy League institution with claims to being the oldest university in the country . The city 's largest school by number of students is Temple University , followed by Drexel University . The University of Pennsylvania , Temple University and Drexel University comprise the city 's major research universities . Philadelphia is also home to five schools of medicine : Drexel University College of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine , Temple University School of Medicine , and the Thomas Jefferson University . Hospitals , universities , and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia 's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015 . Other institutions of higher learning within the city 's borders include : Community College of Philadelphia Saint Joseph 's University La Salle University Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia University Chestnut Hill College Holy Family University Peirce College University of the Sciences University of the Arts The Art Institute of Philadelphia Moore College of Art and Design Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Curtis Institute of Music The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College Culture Main article : Culture of Philadelphia See also : Cultural depictions of Philadelphia , List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia , and List of sites of interest in Philadelphia Independence Hall , where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were adopted . Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States . Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country 's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Independence Hall , where the Declaration of Independence was signed , and the Liberty Bell are the city 's most famous attractions . Other national historic sites include the homes of Edgar Allan Poe and Thaddeus Kosciuszko , early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States , Fort Mifflin , and the Gloria Dei ( Old Swedes ' ) Church . Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks , the third most of any city in the country . Philadelphia 's major science museums include the Franklin Institute , which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial ; the Academy of Natural Sciences ; the Mütter Museum ; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology . History museums include the National Constitution Center , the Museum of the American Revolution , the Philadelphia History Museum , the National Museum of American Jewish History , the African American Museum in Philadelphia , the Historical Society of Pennsylvania , the Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania in the Masonic Temple , and the Eastern State Penitentiary . Philadelphia is home to the United States ' first zoo and hospital , as well as Fairmount Park , one of America 's oldest and largest urban parks , founded in 1855 . The city is home to important archival repositories , including the Library Company of Philadelphia , established in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin , and the Athenaeum of Philadelphia , founded in 1814 . The Presbyterian Historical Society is the country 's oldest denominational historical society , organized in 1852 . Arts See also : List of public art in Philadelphia Philadelphia Museum of Art , informally called the Art Museum The city contains many art museums , such as the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Rodin Museum , which holds the largest collection of work by Auguste Rodin outside France . The city 's major art museum , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , is one of the largest art museums in the world . The long flight of steps to the Art Museum 's main entrance became famous after the film Rocky ( 1976 ) . The city is home to the Philadelphia Sketch Club , one of the country 's oldest artists ' clubs , and The Plastic Club , started by women excluded from the Sketch Club . Many Old City art galleries stay open late on the First Friday event of each month . Annual events include film festivals and parades , the most famous being the Thanksgiving Day Parade and the Mummers Parade on New Year 's Day . Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life . The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters , such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts , home of the Philadelphia Orchestra , and the Academy of Music , home of Opera Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet . The Wilma Theatre and the Philadelphia Theatre Company at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre produce a variety of new plays . Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre , claimed to be America 's oldest and most subscribed - to theater in the world , and the Lantern Theater Company at St. Stephens Episcopal Church . Keys To Community , a bust of Ben Franklin by James Peniston , 2007 Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city . In 1872 , the Association for Public Art ( formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association ) was created as the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning . In 1959 , lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance , the first for a U.S. city . The program , which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art , is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture , the city 's art agency . Philadelphia has more murals than any other U.S. city , thanks in part to the 1984 creation of the Department of Recreation 's Mural Arts Program , which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for graffiti artists . The program has funded more than 2,800 murals by professional , staff and volunteer artists and educated more than 20,000 youth in underserved neighborhoods throughout Philadelphia . Music See also : Music of Philadelphia Philadelphia has played a prominent role in the music of the United States . The culture of American popular music has been influenced by significant contributions of Philadelphia area musicians and producers , in both the recording and broadcasting industries . In 1952 , the teen dance party program called Bandstand premiered on local television , hosted by Bob Horn . The show was renamed American Bandstand in 1957 when it began national syndication on ABC , hosted by Dick Clark and produced in Philadelphia until 1964 when it moved to Los Angeles . Promoters marketed youthful musical artists known as teen idols to appeal to the young audience . Philadelphia - born singers such as Frankie Avalon , James Darren , Eddie Fisher , Fabian Forte , and Bobby Rydell , along with South Philly - raised Chubby Checker , topped the music charts , establishing a clean - cut rock and roll image . Philly soul music of the late 1960s -- 1970s is a highly produced version of soul music which led to later forms of popular music such as disco and urban contemporary rhythm and blues . On July 13 , 1985 , John F. Kennedy Stadium was the American venue for the Live Aid concert . The city also hosted the Live 8 concert , which attracted about 700,000 people to the Benjamin Franklin Parkway on July 2 , 2005 . Famous rock and pop musicians from Philadelphia or its suburbs include Bill Haley & His Comets , Todd Rundgren and Nazz , Hall & Oates , The Hooters , Ween , Cinderella , and Pink . Local hip - hop artists include The Roots , DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince , The Goats , Schoolly D , Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes , and Meek Mill . The Curtis Institute of Music is one of the world 's premier conservatories . The Philadelphia Orchestra is generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States . The orchestra performs at the Kimmel Center and has a summer concert series at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts . Opera Philadelphia performs at the nation 's oldest continually operating opera house -- the Academy of Music . The world - renowned Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale has performed its music all over the world . The Philly Pops plays orchestral versions of popular jazz , swing , Broadway , and blues songs at the Kimmel Center and other venues within the mid-Atlantic region . The Curtis Institute of Music , one of the world 's premier conservatories Kimmel Center , home of the Philadelphia Orchestra Academy of Music , home of Opera Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet Walnut Street Theatre , the oldest continuously operating theatre in the English - speaking world The atrium of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts , the nation 's oldest art school and art museum Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Philadelphia Pat 's Steaks and Geno 's Steaks The city is known for its hoagies , stromboli , scrapple , soft pretzels , water ice , Irish potato candy , Tastykakes , and the cheesesteak sandwich which was developed by Italian immigrants . The Philadelphia area has many establishments that serve cheesesteaks , including restaurants , taverns , delicatessens and pizza parlors . The originator of the thinly - sliced steak sandwich in the 1930s , initially without cheese , is Pat 's King of Steaks , which faces its rival Geno 's Steaks , founded in 1966 , across the intersection of 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue in the Italian Market of South Philadelphia . McGillin 's Olde Ale House , opened in 1860 on Drury Street in Center City , is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city . The City Tavern is a replica of a historic 18th - century building first opened in 1773 , demolished in 1854 after a fire , and rebuilt in 1975 on the same site as part of Independence National Historical Park . The tavern offers authentic 18th - century recipes , served in seven period dining rooms , three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden . The Reading Terminal Market is a historic food market founded in 1893 in the Reading Terminal building , a designated National Historic Landmark . The enclosed market is one of the oldest and largest markets in the country , hosting over a hundred merchants offering Pennsylvania Dutch specialties , artisan cheese and meat , locally grown groceries , and specialty and ethnic foods . Sports Main article : Sports in Philadelphia See also : U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports Citizens Bank Park , home of the Phillies Philadelphia 's first professional sports team was baseball 's Athletics , organized in 1860 . The Athletics were initially an amateur league team that turned professional in 1871 , and then became a founding team of the current National League in 1876 . The city is one of 13 U.S. cities to have teams in all four major league sports : the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League of Major League Baseball , the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League , the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League , and the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association . The Phillies , formed in 1883 as the Quakers and renamed in 1884 , are the oldest team continuously playing under the same name in the same city in the history of American professional sports . The Philadelphia metro area is also home to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer . The Union began playing their home games at Talen Energy Stadium in 2010 , a soccer - specific stadium in Chester , Pennsylvania . The Flyers play at the Wells Fargo Center The city 's professional teams and their fans endured 25 years without a championship , from the 76ers 1983 NBA Finals win until the Phillies 2008 World Series win . The lack of championships was sometimes attributed in jest to the Curse of Billy Penn after One Liberty Place became the first building to surpass the height of the William Penn statue on top of City Hall 's tower in 1987 . After ten years passed without another championship , the Eagles won their first Super Bowl in 2018 . In 2004 , ESPN placed Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities . Fans of the Eagles and Phillies were singled out as the worst fans in the country by GQ magazine in 2011 , which used the subtitle of `` Meanest Fans in America '' to summarize incidents of drunken behavior and a history of booing . Major professional sports teams that originated in Philadelphia but which later moved to other cities include the Golden State Warriors basketball team -- in Philadelphia from 1946 to 1962 -- and the Oakland Athletics baseball team -- originally the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 to 1954 ( a different Athletics team than the one mentioned above ) . Philadelphia is home to professional , semi-professional , and elite amateur teams in cricket , rugby league ( Philadelphia Fight ) , and rugby union . Major running events in the city include the Penn Relays ( track and field ) , the Philadelphia Marathon , and the Broad Street Run . The Philadelphia International Cycling Classic was held annually from 1985 to 2016 , but not in 2017 due to insufficient sponsorship . The Collegiate Rugby Championship is played every June at Talen Energy Stadium in Chester , Pennsylvania . Historic Boathouse Row at night on the Schuylkill , a symbol of the city 's rich rowing history Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century . Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia 's rich rowing history , and each Big Five member has its own boathouse . Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions , including the annual Dad Vail Regatta , which is the largest intercollegiate rowing event in North America with more than 100 U.S and Canadian colleges and universities participating ; the annual Stotesbury Cup Regatta , which is billed as the world 's oldest and largest rowing event for high school students ; and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta . The regattas are held on the Schuylkill River and organized by the Schuylkill Navy , an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers . The Philadelphia Spinners were a professional ultimate team in Major League Ultimate ( MLU ) until 2016 . The Spinners were one of the original eight teams of the American Ultimate Disc League ( AUDL ) that began in 2012 . They played at Franklin Field and won the inaugural AUDL championship and the final MLU championship in 2016 . The MLU was suspended indefinitely by its investors in December 2016 . As of 2018 , the Philadelphia Phoenix continue to play in the AUDL . Philadelphia is home to the Philadelphia Big 5 , a group of five NCAA Division I college basketball programs . The Big 5 are La Salle , Penn , Saint Joseph 's , Temple , and Villanova universities . The sixth NCAA Division I school in Philadelphia is Drexel University . Villanova won the 2016 and the 2018 championship of the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . Team League Sport Venue Capacity Founded Championships Philadelphia Phillies MLB Baseball Citizens Bank Park 46,528 1883 1980 , 2008 Philadelphia Eagles NFL American football Lincoln Financial Field 69,176 1933 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 2017 Philadelphia 76ers NBA Basketball Wells Fargo Center 21,600 1963 1966 -- 67 , 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia Flyers NHL Ice hockey Wells Fargo Center 19,786 1967 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 Philadelphia Soul AFL Arena football Wells Fargo Center 17,597 2008 , 2016 Philadelphia Union MLS Soccer Talen Energy Stadium 18,500 none Parks Fairmount Park , ca . 1900 Main article : Fairmount Park See also : List of parks in Philadelphia As of 2014 , the total city parkland , including municipal , state and federal parks within the city limits , amounts to 11,211 acres ( 17.5 sq mi ) . Philadelphia 's largest park is Fairmount Park which includes the Philadelphia Zoo and encompasses 2,052 acres ( 3.2 sq mi ) of the total parkland , while the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park contains 2,042 acres ( 3.2 sq mi ) . Fairmount Park , when combined with Wissahickon Valley Park , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The two parks , along with the Colonial Revival , Georgian and Federal - style mansions contained in them , have been listed as one entity on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972 . Law and government Old City Hall served as Philadelphia 's town hall from 1800 to 1854 . From a governmental perspective , Philadelphia County is a legal nullity , as all county functions were assumed by the city in 1952 . The city has been coterminous with the county since 1854 . Philadelphia 's 1952 Home Rule Charter was written by the City Charter Commission , which was created by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in an act of April 21 , 1949 , and a city ordinance of June 15 , 1949 . The existing city council received a proposed draft on February 14 , 1951 , and the electors approved it in an election held April 17 , 1951 . The first elections under the new Home Rule Charter were held in November 1951 , and the newly elected officials took office in January 1952 . The city uses the strong - mayor version of the mayor -- council form of government , which is led by one mayor in whom executive authority is vested . The mayor has the authority to appoint and dismiss members of all boards and commissions without the approval of the city council . Elected at - large , the mayor is limited to two consecutive four - year terms , but can run for the position again after an intervening term . James A. Byrne United States Courthouse , houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania . Courts The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas ( the First Judicial District of Pennsylvania ) is the trial court of general jurisdiction for the city , hearing felony - level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $10,000 . The court also has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts , and some administrative agencies and boards . The trial division has 70 commissioned judges elected by the voters , along with about one thousand other employees . The court also has a family division with 25 judges and an orphans ' court with three judges . As of 2018 , the city 's District Attorney is Larry Krasner , a Democrat . The last Republican to hold the office is Ronald D. Castille , who left in 1991 and later served as the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 2008 to 2014 . The Philadelphia Municipal Court handles misdemeanor and felony criminal cases with maximum incarceration of five years , and civil cases involving $12,000 or less ( $15,000 in real estate and school tax cases ) , and all landlord - tenant disputes . The municipal court has 27 judges elected by the voters . Philadelphia Traffic Court is a court of special jurisdiction that hears violations of traffic laws . As with magisterial district judges , the judges need not be lawyers , but must complete the certifying course and pass the qualifying examination administered by the Minor Judiciary Education Board . Pennsylvania 's three appellate courts also have sittings in Philadelphia . The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania , the court of last resort in the state , regularly hears arguments in Philadelphia City Hall . The Superior Court of Pennsylvania and the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania also sit in Philadelphia several times a year . Judges for these courts are elected at large . The state Supreme Court and Superior Court have deputy prothonotary offices in Philadelphia . Additionally , Philadelphia is home to the federal United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , both of which are housed in the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse . Politics See also : List of mayors of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania § Politics Jim Kenney , the current and 99th Mayor of Philadelphia The current mayor is Jim Kenney who won the election in November , 2015 . Kenney 's predecessor was Michael Nutter who had served two terms from 2009 to January 2016 . Kenney is a member of the Democratic Party as all Philadelphia mayors have been since 1952 . Philadelphia City Council is the legislative branch which consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at - large , all of whom are elected to four - year terms . Democrats currently hold 14 seats including nine of the ten districts and five at - large seats , while Republicans hold two at - large seats and the Northeast - based Tenth District . The current council president is Darrell L. Clarke . As of December 31 , 2016 , there were 1,102,620 registered voters in Philadelphia . Registered voters constitute 70.3 % of the total population . Democratic : 853,140 ( 77.4 % ) Republican : 125,530 ( 11.4 % ) Other parties and unaffiliated : 123,950 ( 11.2 % ) Presidential Elections Results Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2016 15.3 % 108,748 82.3 % 584,025 2.4 % 16,845 2012 14.0 % 96,467 85.2 % 588,806 0.8 % 5,503 2008 16.3 % 117,221 83.0 % 595,980 0.7 % 4,824 19.3 % 130,099 80.4 % 542,205 0.3 % 1,765 2000 18.0 % 100,959 80.0 % 449,182 2.0 % 11,039 ... 1936 36.9 % 329,881 60.5 % 539,757 2.6 % 23,310 1932 54.5 % 331,092 42.9 % 260,276 2.6 % 15,651 ... 1892 57.5 % 116,685 41.6 % 84,470 1.0 % 1,947 1888 54.2 % 111,358 45.2 % 92,786 0.6 % 1,300 Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party from the American Civil War until the mid-1930s . The city hosted the first Republican National Convention in 1856 . Democratic registrations increased after the Great Depression ; however , the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 as Pennsylvania was one of only six states won by Republican Herbert Hoover . Voter turnout surged from 600,000 in 1932 to nearly 900,000 in 1936 and Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60 % of the vote . The city has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1936 . In 2008 , Democrat Barack Obama drew 83 % of the city 's vote . Obama 's win was even greater in 2012 , capturing 85 % of the vote . In 2016 , Democrat Hillary Clinton won 82 % of the vote . As a result of the declining population in the city and state , Philadelphia has only three congressional districts of the 18 districts in Pennsylvania , based on the 2010 Census apportionment : the 1st district , represented by Bob Brady ; the 2nd , represented by Dwight Evans ; and the 13th , represented by Brendan Boyle . All three representatives are Democrats though Republicans still have some support in the city , primarily in the Northeast . Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in 1999 and 2003 , losing to Democrat John Street both times . Pennsylvania 's longest - serving Senator , Arlen Specter , was an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania who opened his first law practice in Philadelphia . Specter served as a Republican from 1981 and as a Democrat from 2009 , losing that party 's primary in 2010 and leaving office in January 2011 . He had also been assistant counsel on the Warren Commission in 1964 and the city 's district attorney from 1966 to 1974 . Philadelphia has hosted various national conventions , including in 1848 ( Whig ) , 1856 ( Republican ) , 1872 ( Republican ) , 1900 ( Republican ) , 1936 ( Democratic ) , 1940 ( Republican ) , 1948 ( Republican ) , 1948 ( Progressive ) , 2000 ( Republican ) , and 2016 ( Democratic ) . Philadelphia has been home to one vice president , George M. Dallas , and one Civil War general , George B. McClellan , who won his party 's nomination for president but lost in the general election to Abraham Lincoln in 1864 . Crime Main article : Crime in Philadelphia Police Administration Building ( the Roundhouse ) in Center City east of Chinatown The police districts with the highest rates of violent crime are Frankford ( 15th district ) and Kensington ( 24th district ) in the Near Northeast , and districts to the North ( 22nd , 25th , and 35th districts ) , West ( 19th district ) and Southwest ( 12th district ) of Center City . Philadelphia had 525 murders in 1990 , a rate of 31.5 per 100,000 . An average of about 600 murders occurred each year for most of the 1990s . The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288 , then rose to 406 by 2006 , before dropping slightly to 392 in 2007 . A few years later , Philadelphia began to see a rapid decline in homicides and violent crime . In 2013 , the city had 246 murders , which is a decrease of nearly 40 % since 2006 . In 2014 , 248 homicides were committed . The homicide rate rose to 280 in 2015 , then fell slightly to 277 in 2016 , before rising again to 317 in 2017 . In 2006 , Philadelphia 's homicide rate of 27.7 per 100,000 people was the highest of the country 's 10 most populous cities . In 2012 , Philadelphia had the fourth - highest homicide rate among the country 's most populous cities . The rate dropped to 16 homicides per 100,000 residents by 2014 placing Philadelphia as the sixth - highest city in the country . Mounted police officer in Center City , 1973 In 2004 , there were 7,513.5 crimes per 200,000 people in Philadelphia . Among its neighboring mid-Atlantic cities in the same population group , Baltimore and Washington , D.C. were ranked second - and third-most dangerous cities in the United States , respectively . Camden , New Jersey , a city directly across the Delaware River from Center City , was ranked as the most dangerous city in the United States . The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly since the early years of the 21st century . Shooting incidents peaked at 1,857 in 2006 before declining nearly 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014 . Major crimes have decreased gradually since a peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported . The number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent in three years to 68,815 occurrences in 2014 . Violent crimes , which include homicide , rape , aggravated assault , and robbery , decreased 14 percent in three years to 15,771 occurrences in 2014 . Philadelphia was ranked as the 76th most dangerous city in a 2018 report based on FBI data from 2016 for the rate of violent crimes per 1,000 residents in American cities with 25,000 or more people . The latest four years of reports indicate a steady reduction in violent crime as the city placed 67th in the 2017 report , 65th in 2016 , and 54th in 2015 . In 2014 , Philadelphia decriminalized small amounts of marijuana , reducing penalties for possession and public use to minor fines and community service . The move makes Philadelphia the largest city in the United States to decriminalize pot . Media See also : Media in Philadelphia Newspapers Inquirer Building - the newspaper 's home until 2012 Philadelphia 's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer , first published in 1829 -- the third - oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country -- and the Philadelphia Daily News , first published in 1925 . The Daily News has been published as an edition of the Inquirer since 2009 . Recent owners of the Inquirer and Daily News have included Knight Ridder , The McClatchy Company , and Philadelphia Media Holdings , with the latter organization declaring bankruptcy in 2010 . After two years of financial struggle , the newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012 . The two newspapers had a combined daily circulation of 306,831 and a Sunday circulation of 477,313 in 2013 -- the eighteenth largest circulation in the country -- while the website of the newspapers , Philly.com , was ranked thirteenth in popularity among online U.S. newspapers by Alexa Internet for the same year . Smaller publications include the Philadelphia Tribune published five days each week for the African - American community ; Philadelphia magazine , a monthly regional magazine ; Philadelphia Weekly , a weekly alternative newspaper ; Philadelphia Gay News , a weekly newspaper for the LGBT community ; The Jewish Exponent , a weekly newspaper for the Jewish community ; Al Día , a weekly newspaper for the Latino community ; and Philadelphia Metro , a free daily newspaper . Student - run newspapers include the University of Pennsylvania 's The Daily Pennsylvanian , Temple University 's The Temple News , and Drexel University 's The Triangle . Radio The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph 's College . The first commercial AM radio stations began broadcasting in 1922 : first WIP , then owned by Gimbels department store , followed by WFIL , then owned by Strawbridge & Clothier department store , and WOO , a defunct station owned by Wanamaker 's department store , as well as WCAU and WDAS . As of 2018 , the FCC lists 28 FM and 11 AM stations for Philadelphia . As of December 2017 , the ten highest - rated stations in Philadelphia were adult contemporary WBEB - FM ( 101.1 ) , sports talk WIP - FM ( 94.1 ) , classic rock WMGK - FM ( 102.9 ) , urban adult contemporary WDAS - FM ( 105.3 ) , classic hits WOGL - FM ( 98.1 ) , album - oriented rock WMMR - FM ( 93.3 ) , country music WXTU - FM ( 92.5 ) , all - news KYW - AM ( 1060 ) , talk radio WHYY - FM ( 90.9 ) , and urban adult contemporary WRNB - FM ( 100.3 ) . Philadelphia is served by three non-commercial public radio stations : WHYY - FM ( NPR ) , WRTI - FM ( classical and jazz ) , and WXPN - FM ( adult alternative music ) . Television Original WCAU studio at 1622 Chestnut Street In the 1930s , the experimental station W3XE , owned by Philco , became the first television station in Philadelphia . The station became NBC 's first affiliate in 1939 , and later became KYW - TV ( currently a CBS affiliate ) . WCAU - TV , WFIL - TV , and WHYY - TV were all founded by the 1960s . In 1952 , WFIL ( renamed WPVI ) premiered the television show Bandstand , which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark . Each commercial network has an affiliate , and call letters have been replaced by corporate branding for promotional purposes : CBS3 , 6ABC , NBC10 , PHL17 , Fox29 , The CW Philly 57 , UniMás Philadelphia , Telemundo62 , and Univision65 . The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WPPT - TV ( Philadelphia ) , WHYY - TV ( Wilmington , Delaware and Philadelphia ) , WLVT - TV ( Lehigh Valley ) , and NJTV ( New Jersey ) . Philadelphia has owned - and - operated stations for all five major English - language broadcast networks : NBC -- WCAU - TV , CBS -- KYW - TV , ABC -- WPVI - TV , Fox -- WTXF - TV , and The CW -- WPSG - TV . The major Spanish - language networks are Univision -- WUVP - DT , UniMás -- WFPA - CD , and Telemundo -- WWSI - TV . As of 2018 , the city is the nation 's fourth - largest consumer in media market , as ranked by the Nielsen Media Research firm , with nearly 2.9 million TV households . Infrastructure Transportation The 30th Street Station , seen in 2016 , accommodates SEPTA Regional Rail and Amtrak service . Main article : Transportation in Philadelphia Philadelphia is served by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) which operates buses , trains , rapid transit ( subway and elevated trains ) , trolleys , and trackless trolleys ( electric buses ) throughout Philadelphia , the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of Bucks , Chester , Delaware , and Montgomery , in addition to service to Mercer County , New Jersey ( Trenton ) and New Castle County , Delaware ( Wilmington and Newark , Delaware ) . The city 's subway system consists of two routes : the subway section of the Market -- Frankford Line running east -- west under Market Street which opened in 1905 to the west and 1908 to the east of City Hall , and the Broad Street Line running north -- south beneath Broad Street which opened in stages from 1928 to 1938 . Market -- Frankford Line train departing 52nd Street station . Beginning in the 1980s , large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to a lack of funding for equipment and infrastructure maintenance . Philadelphia 's 30th Street Station is a major railroad station on Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor with 4.4 million passengers in 2017 making it the third - busiest station in the country after New York City 's Pennsylvania Station and Washington 's Union Station . 30th Street Station offers access to Amtrak , SEPTA , and NJ Transit lines . Over 12 million SEPTA and NJ Transit rail commuters use the station each year , and more than 100,000 people on an average weekday . The PATCO Speedline provides rapid transit service to Camden , Collingswood , Westmont , Haddonfield , Woodcrest ( Cherry Hill ) , Ashland ( Voorhees ) , and Lindenwold , New Jersey , from stations on Locust Street between 16th and 15th , 13th and 12th , and 10th and 9th Streets , and on Market Street at 8th Street . Airports Control tower at Philadelphia International Airport Two airports serve Philadelphia : the Philadelphia International Airport ( PHL ) is located 7 mi ( 11 km ) south - southwest of Center City on the boundary with Delaware County , providing scheduled domestic and international air service , while Northeast Philadelphia Airport ( PNE ) is a general aviation relief airport in Northeast Philadelphia serving general and corporate aviation . Philadelphia International Airport is among the busiest airports in the world measured by traffic movements ( i.e. , takeoffs and landings ) . More than 30 million passengers pass through the airport annually on 25 airlines , including all major domestic carriers . The airport has nearly 500 daily departures to more than 120 destinations worldwide . SEPTA 's Airport Regional Rail Line provides direct service between Center City railroad stations and Philadelphia International Airport . Roads William Penn planned Philadelphia with numbered streets traversing north and south , and streets named for trees , such as Chestnut , Walnut , and Mulberry , traversing east and west . The two main streets were named Broad Street ( the north - south artery , since designated Pennsylvania Route 611 ) and High Street ( the east - west artery , since renamed Market Street ) converging at Centre Square which later became the site of City Hall . Traffic heading into Philadelphia on Interstate 95 during the morning rush hour . Interstate 95 ( the Delaware Expressway ) traverses the southern and eastern edges of the city along the Delaware River as the main north - south controlled - access highway , connecting Philadelphia with Newark , New Jersey and New York City to the north and with Baltimore and Washington , D.C. southward . The city is also served by Interstate 76 ( the Schuylkill Expressway ) , which runs along the Schuylkill River , intersecting the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia and providing access to Harrisburg and points west . Interstate 676 ( the Vine Street Expressway ) links I - 95 and I - 76 through Center City by running below street level between the eastbound and westbound lanes of Vine Street . Entrance and exit ramps for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge are near the eastern end of the expressway , just west of the I - 95 interchange . The Roosevelt Boulevard and Expressway ( U.S. 1 ) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City via I - 76 through Fairmount Park . Woodhaven Road ( Route 63 ) and Cottman Avenue ( Route 73 ) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia , running between I - 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard . The Fort Washington Expressway ( Route 309 ) extends north from the city 's northern border , serving Montgomery County and Bucks County . U.S. Route 30 ( Lancaster Avenue ) extends westward from West Philadelphia to Lancaster . Ben Franklin Bridge at sunrise Interstate 476 ( locally referred to as the Blue Route ) traverses Delaware County , bypassing the city to the west and serving the city 's western suburbs , as well as providing a link to Allentown and points north . Interstate 276 ( the Pennsylvania Turnpike 's Delaware River extension ) acts as a bypass and commuter route to the north of the city as well as a link to the New Jersey Turnpike and New York City . The Delaware River Port Authority operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area across the Delaware River to New Jersey : the Walt Whitman Bridge ( I - 76 ) , the Benjamin Franklin Bridge ( I - 676 and U.S. 30 ) , the Betsy Ross Bridge ( New Jersey Route 90 ) , and the Commodore Barry Bridge ( U.S. 322 in Delaware County , south of the city ) . The Burlington County Bridge Commission maintains two bridges across the Delaware River : the Tacony -- Palmyra Bridge which connects PA Route 73 in the Tacony section of Northeast Philadelphia with New Jersey Route 73 in Palmyra , Camden County , and the Burlington -- Bristol Bridge which connects NJ Route 413 / U.S. Route 130 in Burlington , New Jersey with PA Route 413 / U.S. 13 in Bristol Township , north of Philadelphia . Bus service Philadelphia is a hub for Greyhound Lines . The Greyhound terminal is located at 1001 Filbert Street ( at 10th Street ) in Center City , southeast of the Pennsylvania Convention Center and south of Chinatown . Several other bus operators provide service at the Greyhound terminal including Bieber Transportation Group , Fullington Trailways , Martz Trailways , Peter Pan Bus Lines , and New Jersey Transit buses . Other intercity bus services include Megabus with stops at 30th Street Station and the visitor center for Independence Hall , and BoltBus ( operated by Greyhound ) at 30th Street Station . Rail Main article : History of rail transport in Philadelphia Suburban Station with Art Deco architecture Since the early days of rail transportation in the United States , Philadelphia has served as a hub for several major rail companies , particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad . The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station , then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station , and the Reading Railroad operated Reading Terminal , now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center . The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area . The two systems now operate as a single system under the control of SEPTA , the regional transit authority . Additionally , the PATCO Speedline subway system and NJ Transit 's Atlantic City Line operate successor services to southern New Jersey . In 1911 , Philadelphia had nearly 4,000 electric trolleys running on 86 lines . In 2005 , SEPTA reintroduced trolley service to the Girard Avenue Line , Route 15 . SEPTA operates six `` subway - surface '' trolleys that run on street - level tracks in West Philadelphia and subway tunnels in Center City , along with two surface trolleys in adjacent suburbs . Philadelphia is a regional hub of the federally owned Amtrak system , with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington - Boston Northeast Corridor and the Keystone Corridor to Harrisburg and Pittsburgh . 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad 's former Pennsylvania Main Line to Chicago . As of 2017 , 30th Street is Amtrak 's third - busiest station in the country , after New York City and Washington . Walk Score ranks A 2017 study by Walk Score ranked Philadelphia the fifth most walkable major city in the United States with a score of 79 out of 100 , in the middle of the `` very walkable '' range . The city was just edged out by fourth place Miami ( 79.2 ) , with the top three cities being New York , San Francisco , and Boston . Philadelphia placed fifth in the public transit friendly category , behind Washington , D.C. , with the same three cities for walkability topping this category . The city ranked tenth in the bike friendly cities category , with the top three cities being Minneapolis , San Francisco and Portland . The readers of USA Today newspaper voted the Schuylkill River Trail the best urban trail in the nation in 2015 . Utilities Fairmount Water Works , Philadelphia 's second municipal waterworks In 1815 , Philadelphia began sourcing its water via the Fairmount Water Works located on the Schuylkill River , the nation 's first major urban water supply system . In 1909 , the Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods . Today , the Philadelphia Water Department ( PWD ) provides drinking water , wastewater collection , and stormwater services for Philadelphia , as well as surrounding counties . PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River . The city has two filtration plants on the Schuylkill River and one on the Delaware River . The three plants can treat up to 546 million gallons of water per day , while the total storage capacity of the combined plant and distribution system exceeds one billion gallons . The wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants , 21 pumping stations , and about 3,657 miles ( 5,885 km ) of sewers . Exelon subsidiary PECO Energy Company , founded as the Brush Electric Light Company of Philadelphia in 1881 and renamed Philadelphia Electric Company ( PECO ) in 1902 , provides electricity to about 1.6 million customers and more than 500,000 natural gas customers in the southeastern Pennsylvania area including the city of Philadelphia and most of its suburbs . PECO is the largest electric and natural gas utility in the state with 472 power substations and nearly 23,000 miles ( 37,000 km ) of electric transmission and distribution lines , along with 12,000 miles ( 19,000 km ) of natural gas transmission , distribution & service lines . Philadelphia Gas Works ( PGW ) , overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission , is the nation 's largest municipally - owned natural gas utility . PGW serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area . Founded in 1836 , the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits . In 2014 , the City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW , part of a two - year effort that was proposed by the mayor . The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer . Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the Bell System went into effect . The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created , with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215 . Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997 , and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999 . A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas ( area code 445 to 215 , area code 835 to 610 ) was delayed and later rescinded . Area code 445 was implemented as an overlay for area codes 215 and 267 starting on February 3 , 2018 . In 2005 , a low - cost , citywide Wi - Fi service was approved for installation in the city . Wireless Philadelphia would have been the first municipal internet utility in a large U.S. city , but the plan was abandoned in 2008 as EarthLink pushed back the completion date several times . Mayor Nutter 's administration closed the project in 2009 after an attempt to revitalize it failed . Notable people Main article : List of people from Philadelphia Sister cities Chinatown Gate at 10th and Arch ( 2013 ) , a symbol of Philadelphia 's friendship with Tianjin Philadelphia has eight official sister cities designated by the Citizen Diplomacy International of Philadelphia : City Country Date Florence Italy 1964 Tel Aviv Israel 1966 Toruń Poland 1976 Tianjin China 1979 Incheon South Korea 1984 Douala Cameroon 1986 Nizhny Novgorod Russia Frankfurt Germany 2015 Philadelphia also has three partnership cities or regions : City Country Date Kobe Japan 1986 Abruzzo Italy Aix - en - Provence France 1999 Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities . The Sister Cities Park , a site of 0.5 acres ( 2,400 sq yd ) located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway within Logan Square , was dedicated in June 1976 . The park was built to commemorate Philadelphia 's first two sister city relationships , with Tel Aviv and Florence . The Toruń Triangle , honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń , Poland , was constructed in 1976 , west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway . Sister Cities Park was redesigned and reopened in 2012 , featuring an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia 's sister and partnership cities , a café and visitor 's center , children 's play area , outdoor garden , and boat pond , as well as a pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards . The Chinatown Gate , erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans of Tianjin , stands astride 10th Street , on the north side of its intersection with Arch Street , as a symbol of the sister city relationship . The CDI of Philadelphia has participated in the U.S. Department of State 's `` Partners for Peace '' project with Mosul , Iraq , as well as accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries . Gallery Assembly Room , Independence Hall Carpenters ' Hall Senate Chamber , Congress Hall Merchants ' Exchange Building New Market and Head House See additional Media related to Philadelphia at Wikimedia Commons . See also Pennsylvania portal Philadelphia portal Metropolitan areas in the United States Metropolitan areas in the Americas National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia Notes Jump up ^ Description of the Lenape peoples ( Delaware nations ) historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous landforms flanking the Delaware River 's drainage basin . These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise : the shores from the east - shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island ( all of both colonial New Amsterdam and New Sweden ) , and portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today 's boundaries -- making the eastern bounds of their influence , thence their region extended : westerly past the region around Albany , New York to the Susquehanna River side of the Catskills , then southerly through the eastern Poconos outside the rival Susquehannock lands past Eastern Pennsylvania then southerly past the site of Colonial Philadelphia past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial Delaware . The Susquehanna - Delaware watershed divides bound the frequently contested ' hunting grounds ' between the rival Susquehannock peoples and the Lenape peoples , whilst the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range . Jump up ^ See North American blizzard of 2009 # Snowfall ( December 19 -- 20 , 2009 ) , February 5 -- 6 , 2010 North American blizzard # Snowfall ( February 5 -- 6 , 2010 ) , and February 9 -- 10 , 2010 North American blizzard # Impact ( February 9 -- 10 , 2010 ) . The February 2010 storms contributed to a single month record accumulation of 51.5 in ( 131 cm ) . If no snow fell outside of February that season , 2009 -- 10 would still rank as 5th - snowiest . See the Franklin Institute for a visual representation of seasonal snowfall . Jump up ^ The last occurrence of such a temperature was July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official temperature and precipitation measurements for Philadelphia were taken at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from January 1872 to 19 June 1940 , and at Philadelphia Int'l from 20 June 1940 to the present . Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 January 1884 and 1 October 1948 , respectively . In 2006 , snowfall measurements were moved to National Park , New Jersey directly across the Delaware River from the airport . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ E.g. , in the opening chapter of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change ( ed . Chambers et al. , Blackwell 2002 ) , J.K. Chambers writes that `` variationist sociolinguistics had its effective beginnings only in 1963 , the year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report '' ; the dedication page of the Handbook says that Labov 's `` ideas imbue every page '' . Jump up ^ 1,102,620 / 1,567,872 = 70.3 % ( registered voters divided by 2016 population estimate ) References Jump up ^ `` Art & Artifacts : Discover the Library Company 's Art and Artifact Collection -- Athens of America '' . librarycompany.org . The Library Company of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Sam ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Behind Philadelphia Maneto : Dissecting The City Seal '' . hiddencityphila.org . Hidden City Philadelphia . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , John ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Plaque Dedication Marks 120th Anniversary of Creation of Philadelphia 's Flag '' . philadelphia.cbslocal.com . CBS Broadcasting Inc . 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Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second Edition ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . pp. 21 -- 22 . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- People Reporting Ancestry '' . factfinder.census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Click on ' Add / Remove Geographies ' , enter ' Philadelphia ' , select city or county ( same result either way ) , click on ' Show Table ' . Jump up ^ Great Migration -- Black History -- HISTORY.com , History.com , retrieved April 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Puerto Rican Diaspora : Historical Perspectives , by Carmen Whalen and Víctor Vázquez - Hernández , Temple University Press , 2008 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Laura ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Philadelphia '' . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sisak , Michael A. ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Philadelphia Becomes First World Heritage City in US '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gross Metropolitan Product '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia PA '' . CrediFi . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 's Newest Skyscraper : The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway to Public Art in Philadelphia '' . fpaa.org . Fairmount Park Art Association . August 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . according to the Smithsonian Institution , Philadelphia has more outdoor sculpture than any other city in the country ( Save Outdoor Sculpture ! program ) . Jump up ^ `` Mural Arts Philadelphia -- Press kit '' ( PDF ) . muralarts.org . Mural Arts Philadelphia . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Mural Arts Philadelphia is the nation 's largest public art program ... creating nearly 4,000 artworks that have transformed public spaces . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 City Park Facts '' ( PDF ) . tpl.org . The Trust for Public Land . pp. 9 , 25 , 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visit Philadelphia 2017 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . visitphilly.com . Visit Philadelphia . p. 6 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amy He ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Chinese company helps boost Philadelphia as biotech sector '' . China Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Decade Timeline '' . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps marks its founding in Philly in 1775 '' . Philadelphia Media Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia Firsts 1681 -- 1899 '' . USHistory . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Morgan ( 1735 -- 1789 ) '' . Penn in the 18th Century . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nine Capitals of the United States '' . United States Senate . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the Philadelphia Zoo '' . Philadelphia Zoo . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Wharton '' . The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Hall '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 's new branding as World Heritage City '' . ovpm.org . Organization of World Heritage Cities . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Diana Lu ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Philly Fed : Homeowners in gentrifying neighborhoods suffer tax delinquency but not displacement '' . WHYY.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pritzker 422 ^ Jump up to : Josephy 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Brookes , Karin ; John Gattuso , Lou Harry , Edward Jardim , Donald Kraybill , Susan Lewis , Dave Nelson and Carol Turkington ( 2005 ) . Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second Edition ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Weigley RF ( eds ) ; et al. ( 1982 ) . Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01610 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Avery , Ron ( 1999 ) . A Concise History of Philadelphia . Philadelphia : Otis Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 9658825 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 7 , 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ `` Explore PA History website '' . Explorepahistory.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lew , Alan A. ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 4 -- The Mid-Atlantic and Megalopolis '' . Geography : USA . Northern Arizona University . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rappleye , Charles ( 2010 ) . Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution . New York City : Simon and Schuster . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 7091 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` View of Philadelphia , Circa 1770 '' . Library of Congress . World Digital Library . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 30 -- 33 Jump up ^ `` Part 3 : Philadelphia / The Yellow Fever Epidemic '' . Africans in America . PBS Online . 1998 . Jump up ^ Arnebeck , Bob ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US '' . Benjamin Rush , Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 214 , 218 , 428 -- 429 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Philadelphia '' . Philadelphia History . ushistory.org . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consolidation Act of 1854 '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the historical development of population in West Philadelphia '' , University of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ `` Detroit and the Great Migration , 1916 -- 1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin '' . Bentley Historical Library , University of Michigan . July 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's - Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography - Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 535 , 537 Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 563 -- 564 Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 578 -- 581 Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Continuing Economic Decline : A Foreboding Future for Philadelphia '' ( PDF ) . White Paper . October 15 , 1996 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 's Changing Middle Class : After Decades of Decline , Prospects for Growth '' . www.pewtrusts.org . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ A Concise History of Philadelphia , page 78 Jump up ^ `` Census : Phila . keeps on growing '' ( archive ) . by Dylan Purcell and Karie Simmons . March 14 , 2013 . philly.com . Interstate General Media , LLC . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The National Map '' . nationalmap.gov . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Discovering Chestnut Hill : Discover Summit Street , a microcosm of 19th Century American architecture - Chestnut Hill Local Philadelphia PA '' . chestnuthilllocal.com . Chestnut Hill Community Association . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Railsback , Bruce . `` The Fall Line . '' GEOL 1122 : Earth 's History of Global Change . University of Georgia Department of Geology . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Neighborhoods and Place Names , A -- K '' . Philadelphia Information Locator System . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Molly ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` A Guide To Philadelphia 's ' Squares ' '' . CBS Philly . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia City Hall location '' . philadelphiabuildings.org . The Athenaeum of Philadelphia . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Square History '' . Historic Philadelphia . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Alan Hughes ( June 1 , 2000 ) . `` Dirt Into Dollars ; Converting Vacant Land Into Valuable Development '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Historical marker on Elfreth 's Alley Jump up ^ `` Climate Summary for Philadelphia , Pennsylvania '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trewartha GT , Horn LH ( 1980 ) Introduction to climate , 5th edn . McGraw Hill , New York , NY Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . usda.gov . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Note : high resolution map , may be slow to download . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lipman , Don ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) . `` One wild storm : A look back at the ' Blizzard of ' 96 ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Average Days of Precipitation , . 01 Inches or more '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for PHILADELPHIA / INT'L ARPT PA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Station Name : PA PHILADELPHIA INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia Record Highs and Lows '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx ; search for location = `` PA - Philadelphia '' , variable = `` Station thread '' Jump up ^ Wood , Anthony R. `` Snow total at airport gets a boost A new measuring station and technique likely contributed to two 8 - inch - plus readings '' . Philly.com . The Inquirer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Air 2017 -- Methodology and Acknowledgements '' . American Lung Association . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia County -- State of the Air 2017 '' . American Lung Association . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Polluted Cities '' . American Lung Association . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census '' ( PDF ) . United States Census . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2010 . page 36 Jump up ^ Campbell Gibson . `` Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Bureau of the Census . Jump up ^ `` Historical , demographic , economic , and social data : the United States , 1790 -- 1970 '' . Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research , Ann Arbor , Michigan . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Pennsylvania 's 2010 Census Population Totals , Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census : Phila . keeps on growing '' . philly.com . Interstate General Media , LLC . March 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File '' . U.S. Census Bureau , 2010 Census . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` How Does the Census 2000 Question on Race Differ from the 1990 Question ? '' . census.gov . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2001 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` People Reporting Ancestry : 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 2015 : The State of the City '' ( PDF ) . The Pew Charitable Trusts . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Katz ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trulia ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` America 's Most Irish Towns '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Gay Philadelphia '' . Visit Philadelphia . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Philadelphia 's Gayborhood '' . CBS Local Media . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia immigration '' . Philadelphia immigration . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Sanchez Ubanell ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's population continues to decline as the economic plague persists '' . Voxxi . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latino Philadelphia at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . Latino Philadelphia . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables - Chinese alone , Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Overcoming the World Missions Crisis : Thinking Strategically to Reach the World , Russell Penney , page 110 , 2001 Jump up ^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles , Pew Research Center Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Levitt , Ross ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Group : Remains of more than 500 animals found at Philadelphia home '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Joseph A. Slobodzian ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` Man gets life sentence in killing over Santeria '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer -- via NorthIowaToday.com . Jump up ^ `` The Italian Market ; A South Philadelphia mainstay since the 19th Century '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times Sunday Review , Loose Ends `` The Sound of Philadelphia Fades Out '' Daniel Nester March 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gordon , Matthew J. ( 2006 ) . `` Interview with William Labov '' . Journal of English Linguistics. 34 ( 4 ) : 332 -- 51 . doi : 10.1177 / 0075424206294308 . Jump up ^ Tom Avril ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Penn linguist Labov wins Franklin Institute award '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rocca , Mo ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` An earful and accent that 's distinctly Philly '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philly Slang '' . PhillyTalk.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2017 '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World According to GaWC 2016 '' . Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linda Loyd ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Philly airport gets $16.5 million federal grant for runway improvements '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Linda Loyd ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Airlines at PHL agree to $900 million in improvements '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hugh R. Morley ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` After strongest US growth , Philadelphia port to double capacity '' . JOC . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Citywide Vision Philadelphia2035 '' ( PDF ) . City of Philadelphia Planning Committee . June 2011 . p. 34 ( 38 in the PDF file ) . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Park Statistics '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- The School District of Philadelphia '' . Philadelphia School District . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Schools -- The School District of Philadelphia '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurdle , Jon ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Philadelphia Officials Vote to Close 23 Schools '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Peter ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Average SAT Score Last Year Was Just Under 1500 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` America 's Leading College Towns '' . The Atlantic : City Lab . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , David B. ; Thomas , George E. ( 2000 ) . Building America 's First University : An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0812235150 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Sharon ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Phila . area 's biggest colleges '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIH Awards by Location & Organization '' . April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State -- Pennsylvania ( 169 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . January 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Zoo : About '' . Philadelphia Zoo . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Penn Medicine : History '' . Penn Medicine . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Park System History '' . City of Philadelphia . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Library Company of Philadelphia : Overview '' . librarycompany.org . The Library Company of Philadelphia . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Athenaeum of Philadelphia : Mission and History '' . philaathenaeum.org . The Athenaeum of Philadelphia . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Presbyterian Historical Society : About '' . history.pcusa.org . The Presbyterian Historical Society . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weeks , Jerome ( August 2006 ) . `` Philly goes the distance '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Art : Windfall '' . Time . January 15 , 1940 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Hook , Bailey ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Early Career of Violet Oakley , Illustrator '' . Woman 's Art Journal . 30 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 38 . JSTOR 40605220 . Jump up ^ Jillian Wilson ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` What To Do For First Friday In Philly This January '' . uwishunu.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wilma Theater history '' . wilmatheater.org . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Theatre Company at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre '' . philadelphiatheatrecompany.org . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Walnut Street Theatre Historical Marker '' . ExplorePAhistory.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lantern Theater Company '' . lanterntheater.org . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Public Art '' . Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aitken , Joanne ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Forget Paris '' . City paper . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wetenhall , John . `` About A Brief History of Percent - For - Art in America '' ( PDF ) . Public Art Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Art and Culture '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mural Arts Program About page '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rodney Buxton `` American Bandstand : U.S. Music Program '' . museum.tv . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R&B '' Soul '' Philly Soul `` . allmusic.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid 1985 : A day of magic '' . CNN . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodney Kim ( July 2 , 2005 ) . `` Live 8 Philadelphia Review '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Kimmel Center : Home of The Philadelphia Orchestra '' . philorch.org . The Philadelphia Orchestra Association . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Home of The Philadelphia Orchestra : Mann Center for the Performing Arts '' . philorch.org . The Philadelphia Orchestra Association . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Philadelphia Boys Choir . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About The Philly POPS '' . phillypops.org . Encore Series , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stuhldreher , Katie ( 30 July 2007 ) . `` Rick 's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court '' . philly.com . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Spots for Authentic Philly Cheesesteaks '' . visitphilly.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Cheesesteaks in Philadelphia '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Find Philadelphia cheesesteak shops near you and order online for free '' . grubhub.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About us : Geno 's Steaks '' . genosteaks.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pat 's King Of Steaks '' . philly.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` McGillin 's History '' . McGillin 's Olde Ale House . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` City Tavern Timeline '' . citytavern.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` City Tavern : Private Affairs '' . citytavern.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reading Terminal Market : About the market '' . Reading Terminal Market . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan , David M ( 1999 ) . The Athletics of Philadelphia : Connie Mack 's White Elephants , 1901 -- 1954 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0620 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Athletics ( Philadelphia ) ( 1871 - 1876 ) '' . retrosheet.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purdy , Dennis ( 2006 ) . The Team - by - Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball . New York City : Workman . ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3943 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` History : Phillies Timeline ( 1800s ) '' . Philadelphia Phillies . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLS awards Philadelphia 2010 expansion team '' . February 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 NBA Finals : Lakers vs. 76ers '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series : Philadelphia Phillies over Tampa Bay Rays ( 4 - 1 ) '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chairusmi , Jim ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Does the Curse of Billy Penn Continue to Haunt Philadelphia ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matza , Michael ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Lifting the curse of William Penn '' . philly.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sal Paolantonio . `` The 15 Most Tortured Sports Cities '' . espn.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baichwal , Ravi ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Philly reels from loss to Blackhawks '' . WLS . abclocal.go.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adam Winer ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` The Worst Sports Fans in America '' . gq.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles , Phillies top GQ list of ' Worst Fans in America ' '' . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . National Basketball Association . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burgoyne , Tom ( 2004 ) . Movin ' on Up : Baseball and Phialdephia Then , Now , and Always . B B& A Publishers . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 9754419 - 3 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Philadelphia International Cycling Classic Cancels 2017 Race '' ( archive ) . philadelphiainternationalcyclingclassic.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penn Mutual Collegiate Rugby Championship '' . usasevenscrc.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Westcott , Rich . `` The Early Years of Philadelphia Baseball '' . SABR . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boathouse Row '' . A View on Cities . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Dad Vail Regatta '' . Dad Vail Regatta Organizing Committee . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May . 13 , 2007 ) . `` Stotesbury expecting record field '' ( archive ) . philly.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About The Stotesbury Cup Regatta '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Schuylkill Regatta History and Growth '' . Head of the Schuylkill Regatta ® . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boathouse Row Clubs '' . Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Charlie Eisenhood ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` A Philly Talent Skirmish Highlights Waning Battle Between AUDL , MLU '' . ultiworld.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Charlie Eisenhood ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Major League Ultimate Suspends Operations : The league 's investors pulled funding '' . ultiworld.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phoenix history '' . theaudl.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : A Family of Philadelphia Rivals '' . philadelphiabig5.org . Philadelphia Big 5 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike DeCourcy ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Villanova beating UNC was the greatest NCAA championship game ever , period '' . sportingnews.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schonbrun , Zach ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Juggernaut Villanova Crushes Michigan for N.C.A.A. Championship '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The City of Philadelphia , Emerald Ash Borer Management Plan '' ( PDF ) . dcnr.state.pa.us . The City of Philadelphia . 2012 . p. 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . The City contains approximately 6,781 acres of watershed parks including East / West Fairmount Parks ( 2052 ac . ) , Wissahickon Valley Park ( 2042 ac . ) Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places -- Fairmount Park -- # 72001151 '' . focus.nps.gov . National Park Service . February 7 , 1972 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Locations : Philadelphia ; Both banks of Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek , from Spring Garden St. to Northwestern Ave . ^ Jump up to : `` City Charter Commission '' . Agency History . City of Philadelphia , Department of Records . November 8 , 2000 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Charter Commission ( 1967 ) ( 1951 ) . `` Philadelphia Home Rule Charter , Annotated '' ( PDF ) . City of Philadelphia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Judicial Circuit '' . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court , Eastern District of Pennsylvania '' . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trial Division '' . courts.phila.gov . First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Family Division '' . courts.phila.gov . First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orphans ' Court '' . courts.phila.gov . First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Brennan & Aubrey Whelan ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Larry Krasner wins race for Philly DA '' . philly.com . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter Hall ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Retiring Chief Justice Castille says he kept faith in fellow jurists '' . mcall.com . The Morning Call . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MunicipalCourt '' . The Philadelphia Courts , First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Court '' . The Philadelphia Courts , First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Traffic Court '' . Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Membership requirements for the Minor Judiciary Education Board '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Courts > Supreme Court > Calendar '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Courts > Superior Court > Calendar '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Courts > Commonwealth Court > Calendar '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Judges Are Elected '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Prothonotary 's Addresses '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Court Prothonotary 's Addresses '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Court Info '' Court Locations - Philadelphia `` . uscourts.gov . United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About the Court '' Court Location - Philadelphia `` . uscourts.gov . United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cuellar , Dann ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Kenney elected mayor of Philadelphia '' . 6abc.com . ABC Inc. , WPVI - TV . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Nutter easily wins a second term in City Hall '' . The Economist . November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Philadelphia Code Philadelphia Home Rule Charter Article II Legislative Branch The Council - Its Election , Organization , Powers and Duties Chapter 1 The Council § 2 - 100 . Number , Terms and Salaries of Councilmen '' . library.amlegal.com . American Legal Publishing Corp . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Council Members '' . phlcouncil.com . The Council of the City of Philadelphia . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Administration of Voter Registration in Pennsylvania - 2016 Report to the General Assembly '' ( PDF ) . PA Department of State . June 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Jump up ^ Keels , Thomas H. ( 2016 ) . `` Contractor Bosses ( 1880s to 1930s ) '' . philadelphiaencyclopedia.org . The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Long before 2016 craziness , there was Philadelphia 1935 '' . philly.com . The Philadelphia Inquirer . September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth Of The Republican Party '' . republicanviews.org . Republican Views . August 29 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kristin D. Burnett ( November 2011 ) . `` Congressional Apportionment 2010 Census Briefs '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania is currently represented by 18 individuals in the 435 - member United States House of Representatives . Three districts cover parts of Philadelphia . '' Archived March 1 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... seventy.org . Committee of Seventy . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Congress / Members of Congress / Pennsylvania '' . govtrack.us . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Councilman Brian J. O'Neill District 10 Minority Leader '' . phlcouncil.com . The Council of the City of Philadelphia . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clines , Francis X . ( November 4 , 1999 ) . `` Democrat Wins in a Squeaker Election for Mayor of Philadelphia '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clemetson , Lynette ( November 5 , 2003 ) . `` Philadelphia Easily Gives Second Term to Its Mayor '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Arlen Specter to Teach At Penn Law '' . News and Stories . The University of Pennsylvania School of Law . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Specter , Arlen , ( 1930 - 2012 ) '' . bioguide.congress.gov . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Toeplitz , Shira ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` The admiral sinks Arlen Specter '' . politico.com . Politico . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madonna , G. Terry ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Politically Uncorrected : Presidential nominees and Philadelphia conventions '' . Daily Local News . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) -- Vice President '' . millercenter.org . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Election Results : Electoral College Box Scores 1789 - 1996 '' . archives.gov . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bewley , Joel ; Jan Hefler ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` Four killings put 2006 total over ' 05 top '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Murder : 2013 Marks a Historic Low for Many Cities '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crime Maps & Stats -- Philadelphia Police Department '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Homicides in 2007 '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia PA Crime Statistics ( 2005 Crime Data ) '' . AreaConnect LLC . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rankings by Population Group ( Top 10 / Bottom 10 ) '' . Morgan Quitno Awards . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` NeighborhoodScout 's Most Dangerous Cities - 2018 : Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S. '' neighborhoodscout.com . Location Inc . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 : Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S. '' ( archive ) . neighborhoodscout.com Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 : Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S. '' ( archive ) . neighborhoodscout.com Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 : Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S. '' ( archive ) . neighborhoodscout.com Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia becomes largest US city to decriminalize marijuana '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Gerry . `` The History of the Philadelphia Inquirer '' . Philadelphia Press Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Davies , Dave ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Daily News to be labeled edition of Inquirer ; no change to content , staff '' . Philly.com . ^ Jump up to : Launder , William ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Philadelphia Newspapers Sold Yet Again '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ philly.com . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top Media Outlets : Newspapers , Blogs , Consumer Magazines , Social Networks , Websites , and Broadcast Media '' ( PDF ) . BurrellesLuce . June 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Tribune . phillytrib.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia magazine . phillymag.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Weekly . philadelphiaweekly.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Gay News . epgn.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Exponent . jewishexponent.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Al Día . aldianews.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Metro . metro.us . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Daily Pennsylvanian . thedp.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Temple News . temple-news.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Triangle . thetriangle.org . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Todd ( January 7 , 2000 ) . `` The Media : One revolution after another '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` FM Query Results '' ( archive ) . fcc.gov . FCC . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AM Query Results '' ( archive ) . fcc.gov . FCC . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # 9 Philadelphia PA '' ( archive ) . radio-online.com . Radio Online . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Venta , Lance ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` WRNB Drops Old School 100.3 Branding `` . radioinsight.com . RadioBB Networks . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . `` ... the station 's playlist had shifted back towards Urban AC . '' Jump up ^ `` WHYY Radio & Podcasts '' whyy.org . WHYY Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WRTI 90.1 Your Classical and Jazz Source '' wrti.org . WRTI - FM / Temple University . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WXPN 88.5 FM : : Public Radio from the University of Pennsylvania '' . xpn.org . WXPN - FM / The Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Christopher ( 1999 ) . Legacy : A Biography of Moses and Walter Annenberg . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 63379 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Market Name : Philadelphia , PA '' . tvb.org . Television Bureau of Advertising , Inc . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen 2017 - 18 TV Household DMA Ranks : Local Television Market Universe Estimates '' ( PDF ) . tvb.org . Television Bureau of Advertising , Inc . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clickable Regional Rail & Rail Transit Map '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cox ( 1967 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Renovations to City Hall and 15th Street Stations History '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Matthew ( April 1992 ) . `` SEPTA Budget for Fiscal 1993 : Continued Rail Retrenchment '' . The Delaware Valley Association of Railroad Passengers . Jump up ^ `` The Delaware Valley Rail Passenger '' . dvarp.org . Delaware Valley Association of Railroad Passengers . June 8 , 1992 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Abandoned Rails : The Newtown Branch '' . www.abandonedrails.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth of Pennsylvania FY2017 Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . amtrak.com . Amtrak / National Railroad Passenger Corporation . November 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak : Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 30th Street Station '' . amtrak.com . Amtrak / National Railroad Passenger Corporation . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting Transit Services '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NJ Transit : Philadelphia 30th Street '' . njtransit.com . NJ Transit . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PATCO Maps & Stations '' . ridepatco.org . Port Authority Transit Corporation . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia International Airport : About Us '' . phl.org . Philadelphia International Airport . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northeast Philadelphia Airport '' . phl.org . Philadelphia International Airport . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Movements : Landing and take - off of an aircraft '' . aci.aero . Airports Council International . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SEPTA Airport Line Regional Rail Schedule '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` William Penn Plans the City '' . virginia.edu . The University of Virginia . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` OpenStreetMap '' . openstreetmap.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Blue Route '' . I - 476 Improvement Project . Pennsylvania Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware River Port Authority : Our Bridges '' . drpa.org . Delaware River Port Authority . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Burlington County Bridge Commission : About Our Bridges '' . bcbridges.org . Burlington County Bridge Commission . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Bus Station '' . greyhound.com . Greyhound . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber Transportation Group '' . biebergroup.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trailways : Visit Philadelphia , PA '' . trailways.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Martz Group : Locations ( enter Philadelphia , PA ) '' . martztrailways.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan : Philadelphia , PA Station '' . peterpanbus.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NJ Transit : South Jersey to Philly ( Market Street , Greyhound Bus Terminal and on weekdays at 30th Street Station ) '' . njtransit.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Megabus Stops : Philadelphia , PA '' . megabus.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BoltBus Buy Tickets '' . boltbus.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City with service to ... '' ( PDF ) . ( 218 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Trolley Lines '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 's PCCs Return to Service . '' Railway Age . Vol. 205 , No. 10 , p. 30 . October 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Trolley Schedules '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most Walkable Cities in the United States : 2017 '' . Walk Score . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schuylkill River Trail Named Best Urban Trail in the Nation '' . Metro Corp . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fairmount Water Works : Our Story '' . Fairmount Water Works . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Philadelphia Water '' . City of Philadelphia . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PECO : Company Information '' . PECO Energy Company . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PECO_Investing_in_our_Community_Booklet '' . page 2 . peco.com . PECO Energy Company . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PGW : About Us '' . Philadelphia Gas Works . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maykuth , Andrew ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` $1.86 B sale of Philadelphia Gas Works is dead '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hepp , Chris ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` PGW deal latest casualty in Philly 's Nutter - and - Clarke soap opera '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PA 445 Implementation for 215 / 267 NPA Rescinded -- 445 NPA Code Reclaimed '' ( PDF ) . ( 64.5 KB ) Jump up ^ `` 445 : Philadelphia , suburbs getting new area code ( Pennsylvania ) '' . ( 1.1 MiB ) Jump up ^ `` Wireless Philadelphia '' . Technically . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia Sister Cities Program '' . cdiphila.org . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florence , Italy '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tel Aviv , Israel '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Torun , Poland '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tianjin , China '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Incheon , Korea '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Douala , Cameroon '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod , Russia '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frankfurt am Main , Germany '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe , Japan '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abruzzo , Italy '' . International Visitors Council of Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aix - en - Provence , France '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities Park '' . ivc.org . International Visitors Council of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities Park History '' . centercityphila.org . Center City District Central Philadelphia Development Corporation Center City District Foundation . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IVC of Philadelphia Partners with Mosul , Iraq in Groundbreaking Program Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Inbound delegations visiting Philadelphia Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Further Reading Main article : Bibliography of Philadelphia Cox , Harold E. ( 1967 ) . May , Jack , ed . The Road from Upper Darby . The Story of the Market Street Subway - Elevated . New York , NY : Electric Railroaders ' Association . OCLC 54770701 . 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Moore El Centro de Oro / Fairhill Fairmount Francisville Hartranft Ivy Hill Ludlow N3RD Street North Central Northern Liberties North Philadelphia / East North Philadelphia / West Poplar Reading Viaduct Sharswood South Lehigh Spring Garden Stanton Strawberry Mansion Yorktown Upper North Allegheny West Badlands Franklinville Glenwood Hunting Park Nicetown -- Tioga Olde Kensington Swampoodle West Kensington Olney - Oak Lane East Oak Lane Feltonville Fern Rock Koreatown Logan Ogontz Olney West Oak Lane Northwest Lower Northwest Andorra East Falls Manayunk Parkland Roxborough Wissahickon Upper Northwest Beggarstown Chestnut Hill Germantown Morton Mount Airy Wister Cedarbrook Northeast Near Northeast Burholme Castor Gardens Crescentville Fox Chase Frankford Holme Circle Holmesburg Juniata Lawndale Lexington Park Mayfair Oxford Circle Rhawnhurst Ryers Tacony Wissinoming Far Northeast Academy Gardens Ashton - Woodenbridge Bustleton Byberry Crestmont Farms Millbrook Modena Park Morrell Park Normandy Parkwood Pennypack Somerton Torresdale Upper Holmesburg Winchester Park River Wards Bridesburg Fishtown Harrowgate Kensington Olde Richmond Port Richmond Former Municipalities Cities Philadelphia ( Center City ) Boroughs Aramingo Bridesburg Frankford Germantown Manayunk West Philadelphia Whitehall Districts Belmont Kensington Moyamensing Northern Liberties Penn Richmond Southwark Spring Garden Townships Blockley Bristol Byberry Delaware Germantown Kingsessing Lower Dublin Moreland Northern Liberties Oxford Passyunk Penn Roxborough Footnotes As a consolidated city - county Philadelphia is its own county seat . Delaware Valley Counties Atlantic Berks Bucks Burlington Camden Cape May Cecil Chester Cumberland Delaware Gloucester Kent Mercer Montgomery New Castle Ocean Philadelphia Salem Major cities Philadelphia Cities and towns 50k - 99k Abington Bensalem Brandywine Hundred Bristol Camden Cherry Hill Gloucester Township Hamilton Lower Merion New Castle Hundred Pennsauken Reading Toms River Trenton Upper Darby Vineland Wilmington Cities and towns 30k - 50k Atlantic City Cheltenham Chester Deptford Dover Egg Harbor Evesham Ewing Falls Galloway Haverford Lawrence Lower Makefield Middletown Millville Monroe Mount Laurel Newark Norristown Northampton Radnor Ridley Warminster Washington Willingboro Winslow Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg ( capital ) Topics Index Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Agriculture Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Baltimore - Washington Erie Harrisburg -- Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton ‐ Wilkes - Barre State College Williamsport York - Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Largest municipalities Abington Bensalem Bethel Park Bristol Cheltenham Cranberry Darby Falls Hampden Haverford Hempfield Lower Macungie Lower Makefield Lower Merion Lower Paxton Manheim McCandless Middletown Millcreek Township Monroeville Mount Lebanon Norristown Northampton North Huntingdon Penn Hills Radnor Ridley Ross Shaler Spring State College Tredyffrin Upper Darby Upper Merion Warminster West Chester Whitehall York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Atlantic Coastal Plain Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Eastern Endless Mountains Great Valley Mahoning Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Moshannon Valley Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier Northwestern North Central North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Penns Valley Philicon Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley Saucon Valley South Central Southeastern Southern Southwestern Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 All - America City Award : Hall of Fame Akron , Ohio Anchorage , Alaska Asheville , North Carolina Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus , Ohio Dayton , Ohio Des Moines , Iowa Edinburg , Texas Fayetteville , North Carolina Fort Wayne , Indiana Fort Worth , Texas Gastonia , North Carolina Grand Island , Nebraska Grand Rapids , Michigan Hickory , North Carolina Independence , Missouri Kansas City , Missouri Laurinburg , North Carolina New Haven , Connecticut Peoria , Illinois Philadelphia Phoenix , Arizona Roanoke , Virginia Rockville , Maryland Saint Paul , Minnesota San Antonio Seward , Alaska Shreveport , Louisiana Tacoma , Washington Toledo , Ohio Tupelo , Mississippi Wichita , Kansas Worcester , Massachusetts County seats of Pennsylvania Cities Allentown Butler Chester ( 1682 - 1851 ) Easton Erie Franklin Greensburg Harrisburg Lancaster Lebanon Lock Haven Meadville New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Uniontown Warren Washington Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Boroughs Beaver Bedford Bellefonte Brookville Carlisle Chambersburg Clarion Clearfield Coudersport Danville Doylestown Ebensburg Emporium Gettysburg Hollidaysburg Honesdale Huntingdon Indiana Jim Thorpe Kittanning Laporte Lewisburg Lewistown McConnellsburg Media Mercer Middleburg Mifflintown Milford Montrose New Bloomfield Norristown Ridgway Smethport Somerset Stroudsburg Tionesta Towanda Tunkhannock Waynesburg Wellsboro West Chester Town Bloomsburg Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Pennsylvania State capital : Eric Papenfuse ( Harrisburg ) Jim Kenney ( Philadelphia ) Bill Peduto ( Pittsburgh ) Ray O'Connell ( Allentown ) Joe Schember ( Erie ) Home Rule Municipalities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania First Class Township of Cheltenham Township of Haverford Township of McCandless Township of Mt . Lebanon Township of O'Hara Township of Penn Hills City of Philadelphia Township of Plymouth Township of Radnor Township of Upper Darby Township of Upper St. Clair Township of Whitehall Township of Wilkes - Barre Second Class Township of Chester Township of Elk Township of Ferguson Township of Hampton Township of Hanover Township of Horsham Borough of Kingston Township of Middletown Township of Peters Township of Pine City of Pittsburgh Township of Richland Township of Tredyffrin Township of Upper Providence Township of West Deer Township of Whitemarsh Third Class City of Allentown City of Carbondale City of Chester City of Clairton City of Coatesville City of Farrell City of Franklin City of Greensburg City of Hermitage City of Johnstown Borough of Latrobe City of Lebanon City of McKeesport City of Reading City of St. Marys City of Warren City of Wilkes - Barre N / A Borough of Bellevue Borough of Bethel Park Borough of Bradford Woods Borough of Bryn Athyn Borough of Cambridge Springs Borough of Chalfont City of DuBois Borough of Edinboro Borough of Greentree City of Hazleton Township of Kingston Borough of Monroeville Borough of Murrysville Borough of Norristown Borough of Portage Township of Salisbury City of Scranton Borough of State College Borough of Tyrone Borough of West Chester Borough of Whitehall Borough of Youngsville Northeast megalopolis Major metropolitan areas ( over 1,000,000 ) New York city Philadelphia city Washington city Boston city Baltimore city Providence city Hartford city Other cities ( over 100,000 ) Newark Jersey City Yonkers Worcester Springfield Alexandria Paterson Bridgeport Elizabeth New Haven Stamford Allentown Manchester Waterbury Cambridge Lowell Majority - minority counties in the Northeastern United States Mid-Atlantic D.C. Washington Maryland Baltimore City Charles Montgomery Prince George 's New Jersey Cumberland Essex Hudson Middlesex Passaic Union New York Bronx Kings New York Queens Pennsylvania Philadelphia New England Massachusetts Suffolk Cheesesteak Toppings Cheese Cheez Whiz American Provolone Fried onions Contributors Pat Olivieri Harry Olivieri Tony Luke Jr . Joey Vento Restaurants in Philadelphia Pat 's King of Steaks Geno 's Steaks Jim 's Steaks Tony Luke 's Steve 's Prince of Steaks John 's Roast Pork Dalessandro 's Steaks Joe 's Steaks Miscellaneous Steak sandwich Preceded by none Capital of Pennsylvania 1682 -- 1799 Succeeded by Lancaster WorldCat Identities BNE : XX450981 BNF : cb11940713z ( data ) GND : 4103331 - 0 LCCN : n78095520 NARA : 10045829 NLA : 35420589 NSK : 000637744 SUDOC : 027345076 VIAF : 180363010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&oldid=865873144 '' Categories : Philadelphia 1682 establishments in Pennsylvania Cities in Pennsylvania Consolidated city - counties in the United States County seats in Pennsylvania Former capitals of the United States Former state capitals in the United States Planned cities in the United States Populated places established in 1682 Populated places on the Schuylkill River Port cities and towns of the Pennsylvania Atlantic coast Ukrainian communities in the United States Populated places on the Delaware River Early American industrial centers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Pages with maps Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 142 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 18 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the greek translation of philadelphia located in pennsylvania | [
"In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, Charles II of England granted Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony. Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony.[34] Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon, in what is now the city's Fishtown neighborhood.[35] \nPenn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for \"brotherly love,\" derived from the Ancient Greek terms φίλος phílos (beloved, dear) and ἀδελφός adelphós (brother, brotherly). As a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, far more than afforded by most other colonies, led to better relations with the local native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city.[36]\n"
] | [
"\"brotherly love,\" derived from the Ancient Greek terms φίλος phílos (beloved, dear) and ἀδελφός adelphós (brother, brotherly)"
] |
569353238704081226 | History of genetics | History of genetics - wikipedia History of genetics Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Genetics Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Heredity Mutation Nucleotide Variation Outline Index History and topics Introduction History Evolution ( molecular ) Population genetics Mendelian inheritance Quantitative genetics Molecular genetics Research DNA sequencing Genetic engineering Genomics ( template ) Medical genetics Branches of genetics Personalized medicine Personalized medicine Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Hippocrates , Aristotle and Epicurus . Modern genetics began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel . His work on pea plants , published in 1866 , described what came to be known as Mendelian inheritance . Many theories of heredity proliferated in the centuries before and for several decades after Mendel 's work . The year 1900 marked the `` rediscovery of Mendel '' by Hugo de Vries , Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak , and by 1915 the basic principles of Mendelian genetics had been applied to a wide variety of organisms -- most notably the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Led by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his fellow `` drosophilists '' , geneticists developed the Mendelian model , which was widely accepted by 1925 . Alongside experimental work , mathematicians developed the statistical framework of population genetics , bringing genetic explanations into the study of evolution . With the basic patterns of genetic inheritance established , many biologists turned to investigations of the physical nature of the gene . In the 1940s and early 1950s , experiments pointed to DNA as the portion of chromosomes ( and perhaps other nucleoproteins ) that held genes . A focus on new model organisms such as viruses and bacteria , along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953 , marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics . In the following years , chemists developed techniques for sequencing both nucleic acids and proteins , while others worked out the relationship between the two forms of biological molecules : the genetic code . The regulation of gene expression became a central issue in the 1960s ; by the 1970s gene expression could be controlled and manipulated through genetic engineering . In the last decades of the 20th century , many biologists focused on large - scale genetics projects , sequencing entire genomes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Mendelian ideas on heredity 1.1 Ancient theories 1.2 Plant systematics and hybridization 2 Mendel 3 Post-Mendel , pre-rediscovery 3.1 Pangenesis 3.2 Germ plasm 4 Rediscovery of Mendel 5 Emergence of molecular genetics 6 Early timeline 7 The DNA era 8 The genomics era 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Pre-mendelian ideas on heredity ( edit ) See also : Heredity Ancient theories ( edit ) Aristotle 's model of transmission of movements from parents to child , and of form from the father . The model is not fully symmetric . The most influential early theories of heredity were that of Hippocrates and Aristotle . Hippocrates ' theory ( possibly based on the teachings of Anaxagoras ) was similar to Darwin 's later ideas on pangenesis , involving heredity material that collects from throughout the body . Aristotle suggested instead that the ( nonphysical ) form - giving principle of an organism was transmitted through semen ( which he considered to be a purified form of blood ) and the mother 's menstrual blood , which interacted in the womb to direct an organism 's early development . For both Hippocrates and Aristotle -- and nearly all Western scholars through to the late 19th century -- the inheritance of acquired characters was a supposedly well - established fact that any adequate theory of heredity had to explain . At the same time , individual species were taken to have a fixed essence ; such inherited changes were merely superficial . The Athenian philosopher Epicurus observed families and proposed the contribution of both males and females of hereditary characters ( `` sperm atoms '' ) , noticed dominant and recessive types of inheritance and described segregation and independent assortment of `` sperm atoms '' In the Charaka Samhita of 300CE , ancient Indian medical writers saw the characteristics of the child as determined by four factors : 1 ) those from the mother 's reproductive material , ( 2 ) those from the father 's sperm , ( 3 ) those from the diet of the pregnant mother and ( 4 ) those accompanying the soul which enters into the foetus . Each of these four factors had four parts creating sixteen factors of which the karma of the parents and the soul determined which attributes predominated and thereby gave the child its characteristics . In the 9th century CE , the Afro - Arab writer Al - Jahiz considered the effects of the environment on the likelihood of an animal to survive . In 1000 CE , the Arab physician , Abu al - Qasim al - Zahrawi ( known as Albucasis in the West ) was the first physician to describe clearly the hereditary nature of haemophilia in his Al - Tasrif . In 1140 CE , Judah HaLevi described dominant and recessive genetic traits in The Kuzari . Plant systematics and hybridization ( edit ) See also : History of plant systematics In the 18th century , with increased knowledge of plant and animal diversity and the accompanying increased focus on taxonomy , new ideas about heredity began to appear . Linnaeus and others ( among them Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter , Carl Friedrich von Gärtner , and Charles Naudin ) conducted extensive experiments with hybridization , especially species hybrids . Species hybridizers described a wide variety of inheritance phenomena , include hybrid sterility and the high variability of back - crosses . Plant breeders were also developing an array of stable varieties in many important plant species . In the early 19th century , Augustin Sageret established the concept of dominance , recognizing that when some plant varieties are crossed , certain characteristics ( present in one parent ) usually appear in the offspring ; he also found that some ancestral characteristics found in neither parent may appear in offspring . However , plant breeders made little attempt to establish a theoretical foundation for their work or to share their knowledge with current work of physiology , although Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders in England explained their system . Mendel ( edit ) Blending inheritance leads to the averaging out of every characteristic , which would make evolution by natural selection impossible . In breeding experiments between 1856 and 1865 , Gregor Mendel first traced inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they obeyed simple statistical rules with some traits being dominant and others being recessive . These patterns of Mendelian inheritance demonstrated that application of statistics to inheritance could be highly useful ; they also contradicted 19th century theories of blending inheritance as the traits remained discrete through multiple generation of hybridization . From his statistical analysis Mendel defined a concept that he described as a character ( which in his mind holds also for `` determinant of that character '' ) . In only one sentence of his historical paper he used the term `` factors '' to designate the `` material creating '' the character : `` So far as experience goes , we find it in every case confirmed that constant progeny can only be formed when the egg cells and the fertilizing pollen are of like character , so that both are provided with the material for creating quite similar individuals , as is the case with the normal fertilization of pure species . We must therefore regard it as certain that exactly similar factors must be at work also in the production of the constant forms in the hybrid plants . '' ( Mendel , 1866 ) . Mendel 's work was published in 1866 as `` Versuche über Pflanzen - Hybriden '' ( Experiments on Plant Hybridization ) in the Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins zu Brünn ( Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn ) , following two lectures he gave on the work in early 1866 . Post-mendel , pre-rediscovery ( edit ) Pangenesis ( edit ) Diagram of Charles Darwin 's pangenesis theory . Every part of the body emits tiny particles , gemmules , which migrate to the gonads and contribute to the fertilised egg and so to the next generation . The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism 's life would be inherited , as proposed in Lamarckism . Mendel 's work was published in a relatively obscure scientific journal , and it was not given any attention in the scientific community . Instead , discussions about modes of heredity were galvanized by Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection , in which mechanisms of non-Lamarckian heredity seemed to be required . Darwin 's own theory of heredity , pangenesis , did not meet with any large degree of acceptance . A more mathematical version of pangenesis , one which dropped much of Darwin 's Lamarckian holdovers , was developed as the `` biometrical '' school of heredity by Darwin 's cousin , Francis Galton . Germ plasm ( edit ) August Weismann 's germ plasm theory . The hereditary material , the germ plasm , is confined to the gonads . Somatic cells ( of the body ) develop afresh in each generation from the germ plasm . In 1883 August Weismann conducted experiments involving breeding mice whose tails had been surgically removed . His results -- that surgically removing a mouse 's tail had no effect on the tail of its offspring -- challenged the theories of pangenesis and Lamarckism , which held that changes to an organism during its lifetime could be inherited by its descendants . Weismann proposed the germ plasm theory of inheritance , which held that hereditary information was carried only in sperm and egg cells . Rediscovery of Mendel ( edit ) Hugo de Vries wondered what the nature of germ plasm might be , and in particular he wondered whether or not germ plasm was mixed like paint or whether the information was carried in discrete packets that remained unbroken . In the 1890s he was conducting breeding experiments with a variety of plant species and in 1897 he published a paper on his results that stated that each inherited trait was governed by two discrete particles of information , one from each parent , and that these particles were passed along intact to the next generation . In 1900 he was preparing another paper on his further results when he was shown a copy of Mendel 's 1866 paper by a friend who thought it might be relevant to de Vries 's work . He went ahead and published his 1900 paper without mentioning Mendel 's priority . Later that same year another botanist , Carl Correns , who had been conducting hybridization experiments with maize and peas , was searching the literature for related experiments prior to publishing his own results when he came across Mendel 's paper , which had results similar to his own . Correns accused de Vries of appropriating terminology from Mendel 's paper without crediting him or recognizing his priority . At the same time another botanist , Erich von Tschermak was experimenting with pea breeding and producing results like Mendel 's . He too discovered Mendel 's paper while searching the literature for relevant work . In a subsequent paper de Vries praised Mendel and acknowledged that he had only extended his earlier work . Emergence of molecular genetics ( edit ) After the rediscovery of Mendel 's work there was a feud between William Bateson and Pearson over the hereditary mechanism , solved by Ronald Fisher in his work `` The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance '' . Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered sex linked inheritance of the white eyed mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila in 1910 , implying the gene was on the sex chromosome . In 1910 , Thomas Hunt Morgan showed that genes reside on specific chromosomes . He later showed that genes occupy specific locations on the chromosome . With this knowledge , Morgan and his students began the first chromosomal map of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In 1928 , Frederick Griffith showed that genes could be transferred . In what is now known as Griffith 's experiment , injections into a mouse of a deadly strain of bacteria that had been heat - killed transferred genetic information to a safe strain of the same bacteria , killing the mouse . A series of subsequent discoveries led to the realization decades later that the genetic material is made of DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) . In 1941 , George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum showed that mutations in genes caused errors in specific steps in metabolic pathways . This showed that specific genes code for specific proteins , leading to the `` one gene , one enzyme '' hypothesis . Oswald Avery , Colin Munro MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty showed in 1944 that DNA holds the gene 's information . In 1952 , Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling produced a strikingly clear x-ray diffraction pattern indicating a helical form , and in 1953 , James D. Watson and Francis Crick demonstrated the molecular structure of DNA . Together , these discoveries established the central dogma of molecular biology , which states that proteins are translated from RNA which is transcribed by DNA . This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions , such as reverse transcription in retroviruses . In 1972 , Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene : the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein . Richard J. Roberts and Phillip Sharp discovered in 1977 that genes can be split into segments . This led to the idea that one gene can make several proteins . The successful sequencing of many organisms ' genomes has complicated the molecular definition of the gene . In particular , genes do not always sit side by side on DNA like discrete beads . Instead , regions of the DNA producing distinct proteins may overlap , so that the idea emerges that `` genes are one long continuum '' . It was first hypothesized in 1986 by Walter Gilbert that neither DNA nor protein would be required in such a primitive system as that of a very early stage of the earth if RNA could serve both as a catalyst and as genetic information storage processor . The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics and the synthesis of molecular genetics with traditional Darwinian evolution is known as the modern evolutionary synthesis . Early timeline ( edit ) 1856 - 1863 : Mendel studied the inheritance of traits between generations based on experiments involving garden pea plants . He deduced that there is a certain tangible essence that is passed on between generations from both parents . Mendel established the basic principles of inheritance , namely , the principles of dominance , independent assortment , and segregation . 1866 : Austrian Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel 's paper , Experiments on Plant Hybridization , published . 1869 : Friedrich Miescher discovers a weak acid in the nuclei of white blood cells that today we call DNA . In 1871 he isolated cell nuclei , separated the nucleic cells from bandages and then treated them with pepsin ( an enzyme which breaks down proteins ) . From this , he recovered an acidic substance which he called `` nuclein . '' 1880 - 1890 : Walther Flemming , Eduard Strasburger , and Edouard Van Beneden elucidate chromosome distribution during cell division 1889 : Richard Altmann purified protein free DNA . However , the nucleic acid was not as pure as he had assumed . It was determined later to contain a large amount of protein . 1889 : Hugo de Vries postulates that `` inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles '' , naming such particles `` ( pan ) genes '' 1902 : Archibald Garrod discovered inborn errors of metabolism . An explanation for epistasis is an important manifestation of Garrod 's research , albeit indirectly . When Garrod studied alkaptonuria , a disorder that makes urine quickly turn black due to the presence of gentesate , he noticed that it was prevalent among populations whose parents were closely related . 1903 : Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently hypothesizes that chromosomes , which segregate in a Mendelian fashion , are hereditary units ; see the chromosome theory . Boveri was studying sea urchins when he found that all the chromosomes in the sea urchins had to be present for proper embryonic development to take place . Sutton 's work with grasshoppers showed that chromosomes occur in matched pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes which separate during meiosis . He concluded that this could be `` the physical basis of the Mendelian law of heredity . '' 1905 : William Bateson coins the term `` genetics '' in a letter to Adam Sedgwick ( Zoologist ) and at a meeting in 1906 1908 : G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg proposed the Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium model which describes the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population , which are under certain specific conditions , as constant and at a state of equilibrium from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced . 1910 : Thomas Hunt Morgan shows that genes reside on chromosomes while determining the nature of sex - linked traits by studying Drosophila melanogaster . He determined that the white - eyed mutant was sex - linked based on Mendelian 's principles of segregation and independent assortment . 1911 : Alfred Sturtevant , one of Morgan 's students , invented the procedure of linkage mapping which is based on the frequency of recombination . A few years later , he constructed the world 's first chromosome map . 1913 : Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome 1913 : Gene maps show chromosomes containing linear arranged genes 1918 : Ronald Fisher publishes `` The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance '' the modern synthesis of genetics and evolutionary biology starts . See population genetics . 1920 : Lysenkoism Started , during Lysenkoism they stated that the hereditary factor are not only in the nucleus , but also in the cytoplasm , though they called it living protoplasm . 1923 : Frederick Griffith studied bacterial transformation and observed that DNA carries genes responsible for pathogenicity . 1928 : Frederick Griffith discovers that hereditary material from dead bacteria can be incorporated into live bacteria ( see Griffith 's experiment ) 1931 : Crossing over is identified as the cause of recombination ; the first cytological demonstration of this crossing over was performed by Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton 1933 : Jean Brachet is able to show that DNA is found in chromosomes and that RNA is present in the cytoplasm of all cells . 1933 : Thomas Morgan received the Nobel prize for linkage mapping . His work elucidated the role played by the chromosome in heredity . 1941 : Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle show that genes code for proteins ; see the original central dogma of genetics 1943 : Luria -- Delbrück experiment : this experiment showed that genetic mutations conferring resistance to bacteriophage arise in the absence of selection , rather than being a response to selection . The DNA era ( edit ) 1944 : The Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment isolates DNA as the genetic material ( at that time called transforming principle ) 1947 : Salvador Luria discovers reactivation of irradiated phage , stimulating numerous further studies of DNA repair processes in bacteriophage , and other organisms , including humans 1948 : Barbara McClintock discovers transposons in maize 1950 : Erwin Chargaff determined the pairing method of nitrogenous bases . Chargaff and his team studied the DNA from multiple organisms and found three things ( also known as Chargaff 's rules ) . First , the concentration of the pyrimidines ( guanine and adenine ) are always found in the same amount as one another . Second , the concentration of purines ( cytosine and thymidine ) are also always the same . Lastly , Chargaff and his team found the proportion of pyrimidines and purines correspond each other . 1952 : The Hershey -- Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages ( and , by implication , all other organisms ) to be DNA . 1952 : an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952 , a student supervised by Rosalind Franklin 1953 : DNA structure is resolved to be a double helix by James Watson and Francis Crick 1955 : Alexander R. Todd determined the chemical makeup of nitrogenous bases . Todd also successfully synthesized adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) . He was awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1957 for his contributions in the scientific knowledge of nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes . 1955 : Joe Hin Tjio , while working in Albert Levan 's lab , determined the number of chromosomes in humans to be of 46 . Tjio was attempting to refine an established technique to separate chromosomes onto glass slides by conducting a study of human embryonic lung tissue , when he saw that there were 46 chromosomes rather than 48 . This revolutionized the world of cytogenetics . 1957 : Arthur Kornberg with Severo Ochoa synthesized DNA in a test tube after discovering the means by which DNA is duplicated . DNA polymerase 1 established requirements for in vitro synthesis of DNA . Kornberg and Ochoa were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1959 for this work . 1957 / 1958 : Robert W. Holley , Marshall Nirenberg , Har Gobind Khorana proposed the nucleotide sequence of the tRNA molecule . Francis Crick had proposed the requirement of some kind of adapter molecule and it was soon identified by Holey , Nirenberg and Khorana . These scientists help explain the link between a messenger RNA nucleotide sequence and a polypeptide sequence . In the experiment , they purified tRNAs from yeast cells and were awarded the Nobel prize in 1968 . 1958 : The Meselson -- Stahl experiment demonstrates that DNA is semiconservatively replicated . 1960 : Jacob and collaborators discover the operon , a group of genes whose expression is coordinated by an operator . 1961 : Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner discovered frame shift mutations . In the experiment , proflavin - induced mutations of the T4 bacteriophage gene ( rIIB ) were isolated . Proflavin causes mutations by inserting itself between DNA bases , typically resulting in insertion or deletion of a single base pair . The mutants could not produce functional rIIB protein . These mutations were used to demonstrate that three sequential bases of the rIIB gene 's DNA specify each successive amino acid of the encoded protein . Thus the genetic code is a triplet code , where each triplet ( called a codon ) specifies a particular amino acid . 1961 : Sydney Brenner , Francois Jacob and Matthew Meselson identified the function of messenger RNA . 1961 - 1967 : Combined efforts of scientists `` crack '' the genetic code , including Marshall Nirenberg , Har Gobind Khorana , Sydney Brenner & Francis Crick . 1964 : Howard Temin showed using RNA viruses that the direction of DNA to RNA transcription can be reversed 1964 : Lysenkoism Ended 1966 : Marshall W. Nirenberg , Philip Leder , Har Gobind Khorana cracked the genetic code by using RNA homopolymer and heteropolymer experiments , through which they figured out which triplets of RNA were translated into what amino acids in yeast cells . 1969 : Molecular hybridization of radioactive DNA to the DNA of cytological preparation . by Pardue , M.L. and Gall , J.G. 1970 : Restriction enzymes were discovered in studies of a bacterium , Haemophilus influenzae , by Hamilton O. Smith and Daniel Nathans , enabling scientists to cut and paste DNA . 1972 : Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer at UCSF and Stanford University constructed Recombinant DNA which can be formed by using restriction Endonuclease to cleave the DNA and DNA ligase to reattach the `` sticky ends '' into a bacterial plasmid . The Genomics era ( edit ) Further information : genomics 1972 : Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent ( Ghent , Belgium ) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene : the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein . 1976 : Walter Fiers and his team determine the complete nucleotide - sequence of bacteriophage MS2 - RNA 1976 : Yeast genes expressed in E. coli for the first time . 1977 : DNA is sequenced for the first time by Fred Sanger , Walter Gilbert , and Allan Maxam working independently . Sanger 's lab sequence the entire genome of bacteriophage Φ - X174 . In the late 1970s : nonisotopic methods of nucleic acid labeling were developed . The subsequent improvements in the detection of reporter molecules using immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence , in conjunction with advances in fluorescence microscopy and image analysis , have made the technique safer , faster and reliable 1980 : Paul Berg , Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger developed methods of mapping the structure of DNA . In 1972 , recombinant DNA molecules were produced in Paul Berg 's Stanford University laboratory . Berg was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for constructing recombinant DNA molecules that contained phage lambda genes inserted into the small circular DNA mol . 1980 : Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer received first U.S. patent for gene cloning , by proving the successful outcome of cloning a plasmid and expressing a foreign gene in bacteria to produce a `` protein foreign to a unicellular organism . '' These two scientist were able to replicate proteins such as HGH , Erythropoietin and Insulin . The patent earned about $300 million in licensing royalties for Stanford . 1982 : The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved the release of the first genetically engineered human insulin , originally biosynthesized using recombination DNA methods by Genentech in 1978 . Once approved , the cloning process lead to mass production of humulin ( under license by Eli Lilly & Co . ) . 1983 : Kary Banks Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction enabling the easy amplification of DNA 1983 : Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of mobile genetic elements . McClintock studied transposon - mediated mutation and chromosome breakage in maize and published her first report in 1948 on transposable elements or transposons . She found that transposons were widely observed in corn , although her ideas were n't widely granted attention until the 1960s and 1970s when the same phenomenon was discovered in bacteria and Drosophila melanogaster . 1985 : Alec Jeffreys announced DNA fingerprinting method . Jeffreys was studying DNA variation and the evolution of gene families in order to understand disease causing genes . In an attempt to develop a process to isolate many mini-satellites at once using chemical probes , Jeffreys took x-ray films of the DNA for examination and noticed that mini-satellite regions differ greatly from one person to another . In a DNA fingerprinting technique , a DNA sample is digested by treatment with specific nucleases or Restriction endonuclease and then the fragments are separated by electrophoresis producing a template distinct to each individual banding pattern of the gel . 1986 : Jeremy Nathans found genes for color vision and color blindness , working with David Hogness , Douglas Vollrath and Ron Davis as they were studying the complexity of the retina . 1987 : Yoshizumi Ishino accidentally discovers and describes part of a DNA sequence which later will be called CRISPR 1989 : Thomas Cech discovered that RNA can catalyze chemical reactions , making for one of the most important breakthroughs in molecular genetics , because it elucidates the true function of poorly understood segments of DNA . 1989 : The human gene that encodes the CFTR protein was sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap - Chee Tsui . Defects in this gene cause cystic fibrosis . 1992 : American and British scientists unveiled a technique for testing embryos in - vitro ( Amniocentesis ) for genetic abnormalities such as Cystic fibrosis and Hemophilia . 1993 : Phillip Allen Sharp and Richard Roberts awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery that genes in DNA are made up of introns and exons . According to their findings not all the nucleotides on the RNA strand ( product of DNA transcription ) are used in the translation process . The intervening sequences in the RNA strand are first spliced out so that only the RNA segment left behind after splicing would be translated to polypeptides . 1994 : The first breast cancer gene is discovered . BRCA I , was discovered by researchers at the King laboratory at UC Berkeley in 1990 but was first cloned in 1994 . BRCA II , the second key gene in the manifestation of breast cancer was discovered later in 1994 by Professor Michael Stratton and Dr. Richard Wooster . 1995 : The genome of bacterium Haemophilus influenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced 1996 : Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a yeast species , is the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released 1996 : Alexander Rich discovered the Z - DNA , a type of DNA which is in a transient state , that is in some cases associated with DNA transcription . The Z - DNA form is more likely to occur in regions of DNA rich in cytosine and guanine with high salt concentrations . 1997 : Dolly the sheep was cloned by Ian Wilmut and colleagues from the Roslin Institute in Scotland . 1998 : The first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote , Caenorhabditis elegans , is released 2000 : The full genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster is completed . 2001 : First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics . 2001 : Francisco Mojica and Rudd Jansen propose the acronym CRISPR to describe a family of bacterial DNA sequences that can be used to specifically change genes within organisms . 2003 ( 14 April ) : Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99 % of the genome sequenced to a 99.99 % accuracy 2004 : Merck introduced a vaccine for Human Papillomavirus which promised to protect women against infection with HPV 16 and 18 , which inactivates tumor suppressor genes and together cause 70 % of cervical cancers . 2007 : Michael Worobey traced the evolutionary origins of HIV by analyzing its genetic mutations , which revealed that HIV infections had occurred in the United States as early as the 1960s . 2007 : Timothy Ray Brown is the first person cured from HIV / AIDS trhough a Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation . 2008 : Houston - based Introgen developed Advexin ( FDA Approval pending ) , the first gene therapy for cancer and Li - Fraumeni syndrome , utilizing a form of Adenovirus to carry a replacement gene coding for the p53 protein . 2010 : transcription activator - like effector nucleases ( or TALENs ) are first used to cut specific sequences of DNA . 2016 : A genome is sequenced in outer space for the first time , with NASA astronaut Kate Rubins using a MinION device aboard the International Space Station . 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Jump up ^ Principles of Biochemistry / Nelson and Cox -- 2005 . pp. 296 - 298 Jump up ^ Cell and Molecular Biology , Concepts and experiments / Gerald Karp -- 5th Ed ( 2008 ) . pp. 976 - 977 Jump up ^ Patents 4 Life : Bertram Rowland 1930 -- 2010 . Biotech Patent Pioneer Dies ( 2010 ) ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Funding Universe : Genentech , Inc Jump up ^ Cell and Molecular Biology , Concepts and experiments / Gerald Karp -- 5th Ed ( 2008 ) . Pp. 763 Jump up ^ The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge / Barbara McClintock -- Science New Series , Vol. 226 , No. 4676 ( 1984 ) , pp. 792 - 801 Jump up ^ Lemelson MIT Program -- Inventor of the week : Alec Jeffreys -- DNA FINGERPRINTING ( 2005 ) ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Jeffreys , AJ ; Wilson , V ; Thein , SL ( 1985 ) . `` Individual - specific ' fingerprints ' of human DNA '' . Nature . 316 : 76 -- 79 . Bibcode : 1985Natur. 316 ... 76J . doi : 10.1038 / 316076a0 . PMID 2989708 . Jump up ^ Wikidoc : Color Blindness -- Inheritance pattern of Color Blindness ( 2010 ) ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Cell and Molecular Biology , Concepts and experiments / Gerald Karp -- 5th Ed ( 2008 ) pp. 478 Jump up ^ Kerem B ; Rommens JM ; Buchanan JA ; Markiewicz ; Cox ; Chakravarti ; Buchwald ; Tsui ( September 1989 ) . `` Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene : genetic analysis '' . Science . 245 ( 4922 ) : 1073 -- 80 . Bibcode : 1989Sci ... 245.1073 K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2570460 . PMID 2570460 . Jump up ^ A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients / Francis Leroy - 2003 . pp 345 Jump up ^ Fleischmann RD ; Adams MD ; White O ; Clayton ; Kirkness ; Kerlavage ; Bult ; Tomb ; Dougherty ; Merrick ; McKenney ; Sutton ; Fitzhugh ; Fields ; Gocyne ; Scott ; Shirley ; Liu ; Glodek ; Kelley ; Weidman ; Phillips ; Spriggs ; Hedblom ; Cotton ; Utterback ; Hanna ; Nguyen ; Saudek ; et al. ( July 1995 ) . `` Whole - genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd '' . Science . 269 ( 5223 ) : 496 -- 512 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 269 ... 496F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7542800 . PMID 7542800 . Jump up ^ Rich , A ; Zhang , S ( July 2003 ) . `` Timeline : Z - DNA : the long road to biological function '' ( PDF ) . Nature Reviews Genetics . 4 : 566 -- 572 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg1115 . PMID 12838348 . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Z - DNA : the Work of Alexander Rich '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 284 ( 51 ) : e23 -- e25 . PMC 2791029 . Jump up ^ CNN Interactive : A sheep cloning how - to , more or less ( 1997 ) http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9702/24/cloning.explainer/index.html Jump up ^ National Human Genome Research Institute / The Human Genome Project Completion : FAQs ( 2010 ) ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` DNA sequenced in space for first time '' . BBC News . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of genetics Elof Axel Carlson , Mendel 's Legacy : The Origin of Classical Genetics ( Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press , 2004 . ) ISBN 0 - 87969 - 675 - 3 External links ( edit ) Olby 's `` Mendel , Mendelism , and Genetics , '' at MendelWeb `` '' Experiments in Plant Hybridization '' ( 1866 ) , by Johann Gregor Mendel , '' by A. Andrei at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/geneticstln.html http://www.sysbioeng.com/index/cta94-11s.jpg http://www.esp.org/books/sturt/history/ http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/DNA_history.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/human_genome/749026.stm http://www.hchs.hunter.cuny.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Modern_Science&printable=yes http://jem.rupress.org/content/79/2/137.full.pdf http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/crick/Crick_Watson.pdf Todd , AR ( 1954 ) . `` CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 40 : 748 -- 55 . Bibcode : 1954PNAS ... 40 ... 748T . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 40.8. 748 . PMC 534157 . PMID 16589553 . http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1960_mRNA.php http://www.molecularstation.com/molecular-biology-images/data/503/MRNA-structure.png http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1973_Boyer.php http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/180/2/709 Sanger , F ; Nicklen , S ; Coulson , AR ( December 1977 ) . `` DNA sequencing with chain - terminating inhibitors '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74 : 5463 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1977PNAS ... 74.5463 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 74.12. 5463 . PMC 431765 . PMID 271968 . Jeffreys , AJ ; Wilson , V ; Thein , SL ( 1985 ) . `` Individual - specific ' fingerprints ' of human DNA '' . Nature . 316 : 76 -- 79 . Bibcode : 1985Natur. 316 ... 76J . doi : 10.1038 / 316076a0 . PMID 2989708 . `` Biological Catalysis by RNA '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 55 : 599 -- 629 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 55.070186. 003123 . http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9702/24/cloning.explainer/index.html http://www.genome.gov/11006943 History of biology Fields , disciplines Agricultural science Anatomy Biochemistry Biotechnology Botany Ecology Evolutionary thought Genetics Geology Immunology Medicine Model organisms Molecular biology Molecular evolution Paleontology Phycology Plant systematics RNA biology Zoology ( since 1859 ) Zoology ( through 1859 ) Institutions Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Laboratory of Molecular Biology Marine Biological Laboratory Max Planck Society Pasteur Institute Rockefeller University Rothamsted Experimental Station Stazione Zoologica Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Theories , concepts Germ theory of disease Central dogma of molecular biology Darwinism Great chain of being Hierarchy of life Lamarckism One gene -- one enzyme hypothesis Protocell RNA world hypothesis Sequence hypothesis Spontaneous generation History Classical antiquity Aristotle Aristotle 's biology On Generation and Corruption History of Animals Theophrastus Historia Plantarum Dioscorides De Materia Medica Galen Renaissance , Early Modern Conrad Gessner Historia animalium Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica William Harvey De Motu Cordis Frederik Ruysch Jan Swammerdam Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Micrographia Francesco Redi Evolution 19th century Linnaeus Systema Naturae Buffon Histoire Naturelle Lamarck Philosophie Zoologique Humboldt Charles Lyell Principles of Geology Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species The Descent of Man Gregor Mendel Alfred Russel Wallace Martinus Beijerinck Henry Walter Bates Modern synthesis William Bateson Theodosius Dobzhansky Genetics and the Origin of Species R.A. Fisher E.B. Ford J.B.S. Haldane Ernst Mayr Thomas Hunt Morgan George Gaylord Simpson Hugo de Vries Sewall Wright Recent Stephen Jay Gould W.D. Hamilton Lynn Margulis Aleksandr Oparin George C. Williams Carl Woese Microbiology Ferdinand Cohn Alexander Fleming Felix d'Herelle Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Lazzaro Spallanzani Sergei Winogradsky Develop . biol. , Evo - devo Karl Ernst von Baer Gavin de Beer Sean B. Carroll Scott F. Gilbert Walter Gehring Ernst Haeckel François Jacob Edward B. Lewis Jacques Monod Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard Eric Wieschaus E.B. Wilson Genetics , Molecular biology Experiments Griffith 's ( 1928 ) Luria -- Delbrück ( 1943 ) Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty ( 1944 ) Miller -- Urey ( 1952 ) Hershey -- Chase ( 1952 ) Meselson -- Stahl ( 1958 ) Crick , Brenner et al. ( 1961 ) Nirenberg -- Matthaei ( 1961 ) Nirenberg -- Leder ( 1964 ) People Barbara McClintock George Beadle Seymour Benzer Rosalind Franklin Photo 51 James D. Watson and Francis Crick `` Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids '' Linus Pauling `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' Fred Sanger Max Perutz John Kendrew Sydney Brenner Joshua Lederberg Walter Gilbert Kary Mullis Emmanuelle Charpentier Jennifer Doudna Ecology Rachel Carson Frederic Clements Charles Elton Henry Gleason Arthur Tansley Eugenius Warming Ethology Niko Tinbergen Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Frans de Waal Jane Goodall Ivan Pavlov Related History of science Philosophy of biology Teleology Ethnobotany Eugenics History of the creation - evolution controversy Human Genome Project Humboldtian science Natural history Natural philosophy Natural theology Relationship between religion and science Timeline of biology and organic chemistry Category Commons Portal History of medicine Timeline of medicine and medical technology Histories of basic sciences Anatomy Biochemistry Biology Biotechnology Chemistry Embryology Genetics Immunology Timeline Medical diagnosis Microbiology Molecular biology Neuroscience Nutrition Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Virology Viruses Histories of medical specialties Alternative medicine Anesthesia General Neuraxial Cancer Cardiology ( invasive and interventional ) Dermatology Emergency medicine CPR Endocrinology Neurology Psychiatry Timeline Psychiatric institutions Psychosurgery Surgery Trauma and orthopaedics Medicine in ancient societies Prehistory Babylon Byzantinia Ancient Egypt Egyptian medical papyri Ancient Greece Ancient Iran Ancient Rome Medieval Islam Medieval Western Europe History of methods in medicine Antibiotics Timeline Blood transfusion Humorism Neuroimaging Radiation therapy Tracheal intubation Vaccines Timeline Wound care Disasters and plagues Black Death List of epidemics Malaria Pandemics Plague Poliomyelitis Smallpox Syphilis Tuberculosis Category Commons Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_genetics&oldid=824143027 '' Categories : Genetics History of biology by subdiscipline History of genetics Gregor Mendel Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Magyar Македонски Português Русский Slovenčina Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who carried out the first genetic study in history | [
"In breeding experiments between 1856 and 1865, Gregor Mendel first traced inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they obeyed simple statistical rules with some traits being dominant and others being recessive. These patterns of Mendelian inheritance demonstrated that application of statistics to inheritance could be highly useful; they also contradicted 19th century theories of blending inheritance as the traits remained discrete through multiple generation of hybridization.[11]"
] | [
"Gregor Mendel"
] |
239373395269066361 | Virginia gubernatorial election, 2017 | Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 - wikipedia Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 ← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 → Nominee Ralph Northam Ed Gillespie Cliff Hyra Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Incumbent Governor Terry McAuliffe Democratic Elections in Virginia Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 U.S. Senate elections 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 U.S. House elections 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections U.S. Senate , 1920 U.S. Senate , 1933 U.S. Senate , 1946 U.S. Senate , 1966 1st congressional district , 2007 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1851 1855 1859 1863 ( Confederate ) 1863 ( Union ) 1869 1873 1877 1881 1885 1889 1893 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 2005 2009 2013 2017 Lieutenant Governor elections 2013 2017 Attorney General elections 2005 2013 2017 House of Delegates elections 2009 2017 Other elections 1989 1999 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Ballot measures ( show ) 1970 1972 1976 1977 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2012 2014 2016 2016 Fairfax County Meals Tax Referendum Richmond ( show ) Mayoral elections 2016 City Council elections 2016 The Virginia gubernatorial election of 2017 will take place on November 7 , 2017 . The incumbent governor , Democrat Terry McAuliffe , is not eligible to run for re-election due to term limits established by the Virginia Constitution . Virginia is the only state that prohibits its governor from serving consecutive terms . Primary elections took place on June 13 , 2017 . Virginia utilizes an open primary , in which registered voters are allowed to vote in either party 's primary election . The Democratic Party nominated Ralph Northam and the Republican Party nominated Ed Gillespie . The Libertarian Party nominated Cliff Hyra by convention on May 6 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Democratic primary 1.1 Declared 1.2 Declined 1.3 Endorsements 1.4 Polling 1.5 Results 2 Republican primary 2.1 Declared 2.2 Failed to qualify 2.3 Withdrawn 2.4 Declined 2.5 Endorsements 2.6 Polling 2.7 Results 3 Libertarian convention 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominee 4 General election 4.1 Endorsements 4.2 Polling 4.2. 1 Averages 4.2. 2 Polls 4.3 Fundraising 4.4 Results 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Democratic primary ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ralph Northam , Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Tom Perriello , former U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Gerry Connolly , U.S. Representative Mark Herring , Attorney General of Virginia ( running for re-election ) Brian Moran , Virginia Secretary of Public Safety , former State Delegate and candidate for governor in 2009 Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Tom Perriello Federal elected officials Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts Rosa DeLauro , U.S. Representative from Connecticut Local elected officials Ryan Sawyers , Chairman of the Prince William County School Board , Candidate for Virginia 's 1st congressional district in 2018 Individuals Khizr and Ghazala Khan , gold star family John Podesta , Columnist and former chairman of 2016 Hillary Clinton presidential campaign Neera Tanden , American domestic policy adviser and the president of the Center for American Progress Daniel Pfeiffer , former Senior Advisor to U.S. President Barack Obama for Strategy and Communications and co-host of progressive political podcast Pod Save America . David Plouffe , President Barack Obama 's 2008 campaign manager . Nancy - Ann DeParle , former White House Deputy Chief of Staff to U.S. President Barack Obama Jennifer Palmieri , former White House Director of Communications to U.S. President Barack Obama . Julianna Smoot , former White House Social Secretary to U.S. President Barack Obama . Cecilia Muñoz , former White House Director of the Domestic Policy Council to U.S. President Barack Obama . Patrick Gaspard , former United States Ambassador to South Africa and former White House Director of Political Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Tina Tchen , former Chief of Staff to First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama . Amy Rosenbaum , former White House Director of Legislative Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Jon Carson , former White House Director of the Office of Public Engagement to U.S. President Barack Obama . Christina Reynolds , former White House Director of Media Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Teddy Goff , former Obama campaign Digital Director . Larry Grisolano , former Obama campaign Director of Paid Media . Valerie Jarrett , former Senior Advisor to the President and former Director of White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . LuAnn Bennett , Democratic candidate for Virginia 's 10th congressional district in the 2016 election . Jon Lovett , Former speechwriter for Hillary Clinton and President Barack Obama and co-host of progressive political podcast Pod Save America Bill McKibben , environmental activist and founder of 350.org Mark Ruffalo , actor Dave Matthews , Musician John W. Boyd Jr. , President of the National Black Farmers Association Hannah Hart , internet personality Organizations Our Revolution , a progressive political action group spun off of the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign , 2016 People 's Action , a progressive group that advocates for the representation of everybody Progressive Change Campaign Committee , a PAC which focuses on building progressive power through advocacy campaigns for ' big ideas ' and campaigning for ' bold progressive ' candidates for office Climate Hawks Vote , a super-PAC that supports candidates who set climate change as a top priority on their agenda Friends of the Earth , an international network of environmental organizations in 74 countries . Newspapers Bristol Herald Courier The Roanoke Times Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam Tom Perriello Other Undecided CSP Polling June 8 -- 11 , 2017 1642 ± 2.1 % 41 % 46 % -- 13 % Change Research June 8 -- 10 , 2017 919 ± 3.1 % 46 % 54 % -- -- Hampton University June 1 -- 6 , 2017 750 ± 4.2 % 21 % 29 % -- 50 % HaystaqDNA ( Internal Perriello Poll ) June 1 -- 6 , 2017 455 -- 36 % 37 % -- 29 % Garin - Hart - Yang ( Internal Northam Poll ) May 15 -- 17 , 2017 601 ± 4.0 % 50 % 33 % -- 17 % Washington Post / GMU Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 351 ± 6.0 % 38 % 40 % -- 18 % Virginia Education Association / Public Policy Polling May 9 -- 10 , 2017 745 ± 3.6 % 45 % 35 % -- 21 % Virginia Education Association / Public Policy Polling April 13 -- 14 , 2017 586 ± 4.1 % 42 % 28 % -- 30 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 483 ± 4.5 % 20 % 25 % 1 % 51 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 391 ± 5.4 % 26 % 26 % 3 % 45 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 462 ± 4.6 % 19 % 19 % 3 % 61 % Christopher Newport University January 15 -- 28 , 2017 464 ± 4.8 % 15 % 26 % 1 % 58 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring Ralph Northam Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 409 ± 4.9 % 33 % 9 % -- 58 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Ralph Northam Tom Perriello Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ralph Northam 303,846 55.92 % Democratic Tom Perriello 239,505 44.08 % Total votes 543,351 100.0 % Republican primary ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ed Gillespie , former chairman of the Republican National Committee and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Corey Stewart , chairman of the Prince William Board of County Supervisors and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Frank Wagner , State Senator Failed to qualify ( edit ) Emmanuel Peter , bishop Withdrawn ( edit ) Denver Riggleman , businessman Rob Wittman , U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Bill Bolling , former Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Eric Cantor , former Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Ken Cuccinelli , former Attorney General of Virginia and nominee for governor in 2013 Randy Forbes , former U.S. Representative Thomas Garrett , Jr. , U.S. Representative Shak Hill , financial consultant and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Jeff McWaters , former State Senator Mark Obenshain , State Senator and nominee for attorney general in 2013 Pete Snyder , technology executive and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Corey Stewart National Figures Bay Buchanan , former United States Treasurer Military Figures LTC Louis E Dorfman , III , Purple Heart Recipient State Figures Cynthia Dunbar , Committeewoman of the Republican National Committee for Virginia Organization Virginia Citizens Defense League , pro-gun organization Tea Party Nation , conservative group ( show ) Frank Wagner Newspapers Washington Post Notable People John Watkins , former State Senator Elwood Sanders , attorney , contributor to Virginia Right ! Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ed Gillespie Corey Stewart Frank Wagner Rob Wittman Other Undecided Change Research June 8 -- 10 , 2017 919 ± 3.1 % 41 % 42 % 16 % -- -- -- Washington Post / GMU Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 264 ± 7.0 % 38 % 18 % 15 % -- -- 24 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 435 ± 4.7 % 28 % 12 % 7 % -- 2 % 51 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 349 ± 5.7 % 38 % 11 % 10 % -- 3 % 38 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 419 ± 4.8 % 24 % 7 % 2 % -- 6 % 59 % Christopher Newport University January 15 -- 28 , 2017 418 ± 5.0 % 33 % 7 % 9 % -- 3 % 48 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 451 ± 4.6 % 24 % 4 % 4 % 10 % -- 57 % Public Opinion Strategies September 18 -- 21 , 2016 800 ± 3.5 % 38 % 5 % 4 % 12 % -- 40 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 29 % 13 % -- 16 % -- 41 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill Bolling Eric Cantor Ken Cuccinelli Ed Gillespie Mark Obenshain Pete Snyder Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 502 4.4 % 8 % 16 % 37 % 8 % 7 % 1 % 23 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Ed Gillespie Corey Stewart Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ed Gillespie 160,100 43.7 % Republican Corey Stewart 155,780 42.5 % Republican Frank Wagner 50,394 13.7 % Total votes 366,274 100.0 % Libertarian convention ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Cliff Hyra , attorney General election ( edit ) Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Ed Gillespie Presidents of the United States George W Bush , 43rd President of The United States Donald Trump , 45th President of The United States Vice Presidents of the United States Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States U.S. Cabinet and U.S. Cabinet - level Officials Nikki Haley , 29th U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and former Governor of South Carolina Condoleezza Rice , 66th United States Secretary of State and former National Security Advisor U.S. Senators George Allen , former Governor of Virginia and former U.S. Senator ( R - VA ) Tom Cotton , U.S. Senator ( R - AR ) Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator ( R - TX ) Marco Rubio , U.S. Senator ( R - FL ) John Warner , former U.S. Senator ( R - VA ) U.S. Representatives Barbara Comstock , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Bob Goodlatte , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Morgan Griffith , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Randy Forbes , former U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Robert Hurt , former U.S. Representative Frank Wolf , former U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Newt Gingrich ( R - GA ) , former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives U.S. Governors Matt Bevin , Governor of Kentucky Doug Ducey , Governor of Arizona Eric Greitens , Governor of Missouri Bob McDonnell , former Governor of Virginia Mitt Romney , former Governor of Massachusetts and Republican nominee for President of the United States in 2012 Scott Walker , Governor of Wisconsin Jim Gilmore , former Governor of Virginia Statewide politicians Jerry Kilgore , former Attorney General and nominee for governor in 2005 Virginia State Senators Dick Black , State Senator Bill Carrico , State Senator Ben Chafin , State Senator Amanda Chase , State Senator John Cosgrove , State Senator Siobhan Dunnavant , State Senator Jill Vogel , State Senator , and 2017 Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor Ryan McDougle , State Senator Stephen Newman , State Senator Tommy Norment , Majority Leader of the Virginia Senate Mark Obenshain , State Senator and nominee for Attorney General in 2013 Frank Ruff , State Senator Ralph Smith , former State Senator Glen Sturtevant , State Senator Dave Suetterlein , State Senator Virginia State Delegates Les Adams , State Delegate Dave Albo , State Delegate Rich Anderson , State Delegate Terry Austin , State Delegate Richard Bell , State Delegate Kathy Byron , State Delegate Jeff Campbell , State Delegate Mark Cole , State Delegate Chris Collins , State Delegate Kirk Cox , Majority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Glenn Davis , State Delegate Mark Dudenhefer , State Delegate James Edmunds , State Delegate Peter Farrell , State Delegate Scott Garrett , State Delegate Todd Gilbert , State Delegate Tag Greason , State Delegate Chris Head , State Delegate Keith Hodges , State Delegate William Howell , Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates Tim Hugo , State Delegate Riley Ingram , State Delegate Chris Jones , State Delegate Terry Kilgore , State Delegate Barry Knight , State Delegate Steve Landes , State Delegate Dave LaRock , State Delegate James LeMunyon , State Delegate Jay Leftwich , State Delegate Scott Lingamfelter , State Delegate and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Manoli Loupassi , State Delegate Danny Marshall , State Delegate Jackson Miller , State Delegate Randy Minchew , State Delegate Jason Miyares , State Delegate Will Morefield , State Delegate John O'Bannon , State Delegate Israel O'Quinn , State Delegate Bobby Orrock , State Delegate Todd Pillion , State Delegate Charles Poindexter , State Delegate David Ramadan , former State Delegate Margaret Ransone , State Delegate Roxann Robinson , State Delegate Chris Stolle , State Delegate Ron Villanueva , State Delegate Lee Ware , State Delegate Michael Webert , State Delegate Tony Wilt , State Delegate Joseph Yost , State Delegate Local officeholders Mike Chapman , Loudoun County Sheriff John Cook , Fairfax County Supervisor David Decatur , Stafford County Sheriff Michael Frey , former Fairfax County Supervisor Chip Harding , Albemarle County Sheriff Roger Harris , Spotsylvania County Sheriff Pat Herrity , Fairfax County Supervisor Glendell Hill , Prince William County Sheriff David Hines , Hanover County Sheriff Alan Krasnoff , Mayor of Chesapeake Karl Leonard , Chesterfield County Sheriff Jim O'Sullivan , Chesapeake City Sheriff Hal Parrish , Mayor of Manassas Ken Stolle , Virginia Beach City Sheriff Mike Wade , Henrico County Sheriff Trevor Craddock , Craig County Sheriff David Bushey , Middlesex County Sheriff Individuals Carly Fiorina , former CEO of Hewlett - Packard Pete Snyder Jo Thoburn , Chair of the Virginia 10th Congressional District Republican Committee Susan Allen , former First Lady of Virginia Avery Pereira , Entrepreneur Organizations National Right to Life Committee Virginia Police Benovolent Association Virginia Farm Bureau Federation Associated Builders and Contractors Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce Virginia Fraternal Order of Police Virginia Retailers and Merchants Association Newspapers National Review ( show ) Cliff Hyra Organizations Constitution Party of Virginia Notable People Wes Benedict , Libertarian Party activist and official , author of Introduction to the Libertarian Party Robert Sarvis , attorney , Libertarian nominee for governor in 2013 , Libertarian nominee for United States Senate in 2014 Bob Shannon , founder of the King William Tea Party ( show ) Ralph Northam Presidents of The United States Bill Clinton , 42nd President of The United States Barack Obama , 44th President of The United States Vice Presidents of the United States Joe Biden , 47th Vice President of the United States U.S. Cabinet and U.S. Cabinet - 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Corn , State Delegate Cliff Hayes Jr , State Delegate Steve Heretick , State Delegate Charniele Herring , State Delegate Daun Hester , State Delegate Patrick Hope , State Delegate Matthew James , State Delegate Mark Keam , State Delegate Kaye Kory , State Delegate Paul Krizek , State Delegate Rob Krupicka , former State Delegate Mark Levine , State Delegate Joseph Lindsey , State Delegate Alfonso Lopez , State Delegate Delores McQuinn , State Delegate Mike Mullin , State Delegate Kathleen Murphy , State Delegate Ken Plum , State Delegate Marcia Price , State Delegate Sam Rasoul , State Delegate Dick Saslaw , Minority Leader of the Virginia Senate Mark Sickles , State Delegate Marcus Simon , State Delegate David Speck , former State Delegate and former Alexandria City Councilman Rip Sullivan , State Delegate Luke Torian , State Delegate David Toscano , Minority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Roslyn Tyler , State Delegate Jeion Ward , State Delegate Vivian Watts , State Delegate Local officeholders Wendy Davis , former Texas state senator Tim Allen , Roanoke Sheriff Willie Bailey , Sr. , Alexandria City Councilman Wes Bellamy , Vice-Mayor of Charlottesville James Brown , Charlottesville Sheriff John Chapman , Alexandria City Councilman Jane Dittmar , former chair of the Albemarle County Board of Supervisors and nominee for VA - 05 in 2016 Todd Divers , Charlottesville Commissioner of Revenue Kerry Donley , former Mayor of Alexandria and former Chair of the Democratic Party of Virginia Bill Euille , former Mayor of Alexandria Karen Graf , Alexandria School Board member Nancy Horn , Roanoke County Commissioner of Revenue Dana Lawhorne , Alexandria Sheriff Sherman Lea , Mayor of Roanoke Tim Lovain , Alexandria City Councilman Andria McClellan , Norfolk City Councilwoman Steve McGraw , Roanoke County Clerk of Court Del Pepper , Alexandria City Councilwoman Bryan Porter , Alexandria Commonwealth Attorney Anita Price , Vice Mayor of Roanoke Lonnie Rich , former Alexandria City Councilman and former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Ed Semonian , Alexandria Clerk of the Court Allison Silberberg , Mayor of Alexandria Mike Signer , Mayor of Charlottesville Paul Smedberg , Alexandria City Councilman and former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Levar Stoney , Mayor of Richmond Kristin Szakos , Charlottesville City Councilwoman David Trinkle , Roanoke City Councilman Justin Wilson , Vice Mayor of Alexandria Party officials and activists Susan Cloeter , chair of the Roanoke County Democratic Committee John W. Douglass , retired Air Force Brigadier General , former Assistant Secretary of the Navy and nominee for VA - 05 in 2012 Joe Fitzgerald , former chair of the Virginia 6th Congressional District Democratic Committee Lori Haas , Virginia State Director of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence Mike Hamlar , political activist and 2015 State Senate candidate Dak Hardwick , former chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Lisa Hystad , chairwoman of the Virginia 5th Congressional District Democratic Committee Susan Kellom , former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Derek Kitts , nominee for VA - 09 in 2016 Clark Mercer , former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Pat Mulloy , Democratic Party of Virginia Central Committee member Bill Ney , Chair of the Virginia 6th Congressional District Democratic Committee Charles Price , Executive Director of the Harrison Museum of African American History Isaac Sarver , Chair of the Virginia 9th Congressional District Democratic Committee Organizations The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence NARAL Pro-Choice America NARAL Pro-Choice Virginia VoteVets.org Planned Parenthood 's Virginia affiliate Newspapers Washington Post Polling ( edit ) Averages ( edit ) Model Northam Gillespie Spread RealClearPolitics 49.4 % 42.6 % Northam + 6.8 % Predictions State CPVI Incumbent Last race Cook Jul 20 Roth . Aug 4 Sabato Sep 21 Virginia D + 1 ( Terry McAuliffe ) ( D ) 47.8 % D Lean D Lean D Lean D Polls ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Cliff Hyra ( L ) Other Undecided Emerson College October 5 -- 7 , 2017 318 ± 5.5 % 49 % 44 % 2 % -- 5 % Christopher Newport University October 2 -- 6 , 2017 928 ± 4.3 % 49 % 42 % 3 % -- 6 % Washington Post / Schar School Poll September 28 -- October 2 , 2017 720 LV ± 4.5 % 53 % 40 % 4 % -- 2 % 1,000 RV ± 3.5 % 48 % 38 % 5 % -- 5 % Monmouth University September 21 -- 25 , 2017 499 ± 4.4 % 49 % 44 % 2 % < 1 % 4 % Public Policy Polling September 21 -- 23 , 2017 849 ± 3.8 % 43 % 40 % 4 % -- 13 % Roanoke College September 16 -- 23 , 2017 596 ± 4.0 % 47 % 43 % 5 % -- 5 % Christopher Newport University September 12 -- 22 , 2017 776 ± 3.7 % 47 % 41 % 4 % -- 8 % FOX News September 17 -- 18 , 2017 500 LV ± 4.5 % 42 % 41 % 2 % 2 % 12 % 507 RV ± 4.0 % 42 % 38 % 2 % 2 % 13 % Quinnipiac University September 14 -- 18 , 2017 850 ± 4.2 % 51 % 41 % 3 % -- 5 % IMGE Insights September 12 -- 18 , 2017 1,000 ± 3.8 % 45 % 41 % 4 % -- 10 % Suffolk University September 13 -- 17 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 42 % 42 % 3 % -- 12 % Mason - Dixon September 10 -- 15 , 2017 625 ± 4 % 44 % 43 % 2 % -- 11 % University of Mary Washington September 5 -- 12 , 2017 562 LV ± 5.2 % 44 % 39 % 3 % 1 % 11 % 867 RV ± 4.1 % 40 % 35 % 5 % -- 16 % Roanoke College August 12 -- 19 , 2017 599 ± 4.0 % 43 % 36 % 4 % -- 17 % Quinnipiac University August 3 -- 8 , 2017 1,082 ± 3.8 % 44 % 38 % 4 % 1 % 11 % Virginia Commonwealth University July 17 -- 25 , 2017 538 LV ± 5.1 % 42 % 37 % 6 % -- 13 % 707 RV ± 4.5 % 39 % 33 % 8 % -- 16 % Monmouth University July 20 -- 23 , 2017 502 ± 4.4 % 44 % 44 % 3 % < 1 % 9 % Quinnipiac University June 15 -- 20 , 2017 1,145 ± 3.8 % 47 % 39 % -- 2 % 9 % Harper Polling June 14 -- 16 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 46 % 46 % -- -- 8 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) June 6 -- 8 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 45 % 46 % -- -- 9 % Washington Post / GMU Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 1,602 ± 3.0 % 49 % 38 % -- -- 9 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 44 % 33 % -- 1 % 19 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 39 % 40 % -- 2 % 19 % Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 40 % 42 % -- -- 18 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 41 % 35 % -- 3 % 22 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 41 % 44 % -- -- 15 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 43 % 38 % -- -- 17 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 38 % 34 % -- 1 % 26 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 36 % 43 % -- 1 % 16 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 36 % 41 % -- 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 37 % 37 % -- -- 26 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 36 % 37 % -- -- 28 % Gravis Marketing May 24 , 2016 1,728 ± 2.0 % 38 % 40 % -- -- 22 % University of Mary Washington November 4 -- 9 , 2015 656 LV ± 4.3 % 32 % 44 % -- 1 % 16 % 814 RV ± 3.9 % 33 % 40 % -- 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 30 % 40 % -- -- 32 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Other Undecided Washington Post / GMU Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 1,602 ± 3.0 % 50 % 37 % -- 9 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 46 % 33 % 1 % 18 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 39 % 39 % 2 % 20 % Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 42 % 41 % -- 18 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 36 % 1 % 20 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 36 % 45 % -- 19 % with Corey Stewart Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Corey Stewart ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 30 % 1 % 23 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 41 % 33 % 2 % 24 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 42 % 31 % 2 % 24 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 45 % 37 % -- 18 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 42 % 35 % -- 22 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 38 % 29 % 1 % 30 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 39 % 39 % 1 % 18 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 37 % 1 % 19 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 39 % 31 % -- 30 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 34 % 32 % -- 34 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Corey Stewart ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 45 % 31 % 1 % 20 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 40 % 34 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 44 % 31 % 3 % 22 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 40 % 38 % -- 22 % with Frank Wagner Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Frank Wagner ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 30 % 1 % 24 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 40 % 34 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 41 % 33 % 3 % 24 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 43 % 37 % -- 19 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 39 % 30 % 1 % 28 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 39 % 40 % 1 % 17 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 39 % 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 37 % 32 % -- 32 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Frank Wagner ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 32 % 1 % 21 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 38 % 35 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 32 % 2 % 23 % with Denver Riggleman Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Denver Riggleman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 42 % 31 % 2 % 25 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Denver Riggleman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 30 % 2 % 24 % with Rob Wittman Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Rob Wittman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 39 % 30 % 1 % 29 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 38 % 38 % 1 % 18 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 37 % 1 % 19 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 38 % 33 % -- 29 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 34 % 34 % -- 32 % with Ken Cuccinelli Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 35 % 37 % -- 28 % with Eric Cantor Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Eric Cantor ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 33 % 35 % -- 32 % with Mark Herring Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Eric Cantor ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 36 % 33 % -- 31 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 38 % 38 % -- 24 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 34 % 38 % -- 28 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Mark Obenshain ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 34 % 34 % -- 31 % with Ralph Northam Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Mark Obenshain ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 32 % 36 % -- 32 % Fundraising ( edit ) Campaign finance reports as of August 31 , 2017 Candidate Amount raised Ralph Northam $15,640,210 Ed Gillespie $10,432,441 Cliff Hyra $53,579 Source : Virginia Public Access Project From 2015 to 2017 Ralph Northam 's funds includes cash contributions which are one donation over $1,000,000 which is $1,050,000 from DGA ( Democratic Governors Association ) Action , two donations over $200,000 which are $250,000 from Micheal D. Bills , $223,000 from the Stronger Together PAC , four donations over 100,000 which are $122,000 from Thomas A. DePasquale , $110,000 from Common Good VA , $100,000 from Baltimore Washington Construction & Public Employees Laborers PAC and $100,000 from Firefighters - International Assn , eight thousand fifty two donations over $100 and twenty thousand two fifty five donations of $100 or less . From 2014 to 2017 Ed Gillespie 's funds includes cash contributions which are two donations over $1,000,000 which are $1,147,355 from Let 's Grow Virginia and $1,000,000 from A Stronger Virginia , one donation over $100,000 which is $100,000 from Dwight Schar , two thousand forty nine cash contributions less than $100,000 and five thousand three hundred twelve cash contributions of $100 or Less . From 2014 to 2017 Clif Hyra 's funds includes cash contributions more than $100 which are $10,000 from Michael E. Chastain , $1,000 from Bill Redpath , $500 from Toger Anderson , $500 from Xavian Draper , $200 from Justin Malkin and ninety one cash contributions of $100 or less . Results ( edit ) Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Ralph Northam Republican Ed Gillespie Libertarian Cliff Hyra Total votes See also ( edit ) Virginia gubernatorial election , 2013 Governors of Virginia Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2017 Virginia Attorney General election , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 '' . Ballotpedia.org . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LP nominates Cliff Hyra for Virginia governor - Libertarian Party '' . LP.org . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ralph Northam confirms he 's running to become next Va. governor '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Gillespie and Ralph Northam Beat Upstarts in Virginia Governor Primaries '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Jessie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Former Democratic rep to run for Virginia governor : report '' . Thehill.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Virginia 's lieutenant governor makes it official : He 's seeking state 's top job '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ; Vozzella , Laura ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Va. attorney general to seek reelection , wo n't run for governor in 2017 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Markus ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` AG Mark Herring to run for re-election instead of governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoeft , J.R. ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Moran Back at Wakefield '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Bernie . `` Now more than ever we need people in elected office who will fight for working families . That 's why I 'm pleased to endorse @ tomperriello . '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Warren endorses populist underdog in Virginia governor 's race '' . Boston.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro Endorses Tom Perriello - Tom For Virginia '' . Tomforvirginia.com . May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feld , Lowell ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Perriello 's First Endorsement From a Virginia Elected Official ? '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Gold Star Khan family endorses Tom Perriello to be Virginia 's governor '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Podesta , John ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` The governor 's race that could define the Democratic Party 's future ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gregory ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Virginia 's June primary poses the first major test for Democrats in Trump era '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debenedetti , Gabriel ; Robillard , Kevin ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Obama team lines up behind Perriello '' . Politico . Arlington County , Virginia . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Ryan ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Back in Loudoun , Bennett Looks to Help Next Wave of Democrats '' . Loudoun Tribune . Loudoun County , Virginia . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jon . `` Great time at canvass launch with @ tomperriello ( seen here jumping into frame ) and I hope people come out to support him on June 13 . '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 350.org Founder and Environmentalist Bill McKibben Endorses Tom Perriello for Virginia Governor - Tom For Virginia '' . Tomforvirginia.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruffalo , Mark . `` I 'm backing Tom Perriello in the Virginia gubernatorial race '' . Twitter . ( TheHill link : 337331 ) . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave 's Wheelhouse -- I support Tom 's progressive stance on workers ... '' . Dave 's Wheelhouse . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monday News : Macron 's Party Wins Landslide ; Trump Gives Priebus Until July 4 ; Tom Perriello 's Last Facebook Live Town Hall of Primary - Blue Virginia '' . bluevirginia.us . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hannah . ``. @ tomperriello will stand against Trump & fight for progress . @ susanplattva is still in race even after death threats , show them some love ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Action Endorses Tom Perriello in Virginia Governor 's Race '' . Peoplesaction.org . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Progressive group endorses Sanders - backed candidate in Va. governors race '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAMPAIGN 2017 : Climate Hawks Vote endorses Perriello for Va. governor '' . www.eenews.net . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friends of the Earth Action Endorses Tom Perriello for Virginia Governor '' . Friends of the Earth Action . June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A quick - and - dirty cheat sheet for the Va . primaries '' . Heraldcourier.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donley : Perriello is bolder than Northam '' . Roanoke.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Primary Results : Northam Will Face Gillespie in Governor 's Race '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Gillespie confirms he is running for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Michelle ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stewart Launches Bid '' . Prince William Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Frank Wagner from Virginia Beach announces run for GOP nomination for governor of Virginia '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuel Peter joins GOP 'S race for Virginia 's Governor '' . International Guardian News . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Portnoy ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` A fourth Republican enters the race for Virginia governor '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Denver Riggleman suspends campaign for Virginia governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` GOP Congressman Rob Wittman readies to jump into Va. governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fain , Travis ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Wittman leaves governor 's race '' . Daily Press . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Andrew ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Gillespie says he 's not interested in running for governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Cantor 's next act : GOP power broker ? '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , David ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Was Strange Cantor Event Prelude to ' Cantor for Virginia Governor 2017 ′ ? '' . PJ Media . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Peter ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Cantor heads to Harvard '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Portnoy , Jenna ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ken Cuccinelli will not run for Virginia governor in 2017 , he says '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fredericks , John ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Forbes Eyes 2017 Gov. Bid '' . The John Fredericks Show . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` What Is Ed Gillespie 's Backup Plan ? '' . National Journal . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Ryan ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Gillespie Touts Comstock Endorsement , New Polling '' . The Loudoun Tribune . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohr , Alex ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Despite owning website name , Garrett rules out run for governor '' . The News & Advance . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vozzella , Laura ; Portnoy , Jenna ( October 3 , 2015 ) . `` In a year of outsider politics , Gillespie faces GOP skeptics '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Virginia Beach Sen. Jeff McWaters wo n't seek re-election '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jeff McWaters considers political future after Virginia Senate '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Obenshain will not run for Virginia governor ; Gillespie will enter race '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jeanine ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Morning Line Odds on Virginia State Wide Races -- 2017 by Guest Poster John Fredericks '' . The Bull Elephant . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vozzella , Laura ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Republican Pete Snyder will not run in 2017 , endorses Gillespie for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Buchanan Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor in Virginia '' . Corey Stewart for Governor . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purple Heart Recipient Endorses Corey Stewart For Governor '' . Stewart for Governor . Jump up ^ `` Dunbar Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor '' . Fairfax Free Citizen . January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VCDL - PAC Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor in the Republican Primary '' . AmmoLand.com . March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Stewart for Virginia '' . Tea Party Nation. April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Post 's endorsements in Virginia 's gubernatorial primaries '' . The Washington Post . June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Just tuning in to Virginia governor 's race ? We 'll help you do your homework '' . The Washington Post . June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy 's Endorsement for Governor : Senator Frank Wagner '' . Virginia Right ! . June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Libertarian Party Nominates Cliff Hyra for Virginia Governor `` '' . Jump up ^ Delk , Josh ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Bush to fundraise for Virginia GOP gubernatorial canddidate '' . TheHill.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` George W. Bush coming to Virginia to raise money for Ed Gillespie '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Burlij , Terence . `` George W. Bush to raise money for Ed Gillespie in Virginia '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. `` Ralph Northam , who is running for Governor of Virginia , is fighting for the violent MS - 13 killer gangs & sanctuary cities . Vote Ed Gillespie ! '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump says Virginia Democrat is ' fighting for ' violent gangs '' . Politico.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Trump backs Republican for Va. governor , accuses the Democrat of enabling ' violent MS - 13 killer gangs ' '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/08/pence-virginia-gillespie-campaign-243582 Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/354475-pence-to-stump-for-gillespie-in-virginia Jump up ^ http://www.wcyb.com/news/mike-pence-to-visit-abingdon-for-gillespie-campaign/634085543 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldcourier.com/news/local/mike-pence-to-appear-with-ed-gillespie-in-abingdon/article_b00504a4-ac57-11e7-8781-2b9ef0f43e64.html Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Condoleezza Rice headlines fundraiser for Va . gov candidate Gillespie '' . TheHill.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ . October 6 , 2017 https://edforvirginia.com/endorsements/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Former U.S. Sen. John Warner endorses Gillespie after backing Democrats in recent contests '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Jump up ^ Forman , Carmen ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Blue Ridge Caucus : Morgan Griffith endorses Gillespie for governor '' . Martinsville Bulletin . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baratko , Trevor ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Black , Frank Wolf endorse Gillespie 's gubernatorial bid '' . Loudoun Times - Mirror . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gingrich urges GOP to thwart newly engaged Democrats by backing Gillespie in Va . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bevin to Campaign With Gillespie '' . Fairfax Free Citizen . February 01 , 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Missouri 's Greitens campaigns for fellow Republicans '' . The Seattle Times . October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romney , Mitt . `` Congratulations to my friend @ EdWGillespie on his # VAgov primary win . Here 's to electing strong , conservative leaders in November . '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://edforvirginia.com/endorsements/ ^ Jump up to : Kenney , Shaun ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Gillespie Rolls Out Massive Endorsement List '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAJORITY OF VIRGINIA SHERIFFS ENDORSE ED GILLESPIE '' . Ed Gillespie for Virginia Governor 2017 . September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GILLESPIE ENDORSED BY OVER 60 NORTHERN VIRGINIA REPUBLICAN LEADERS '' . Ed Gillespie for Virginia Governor 2017 . April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IN THE NEWS : Sheriff Craddock endorses Gillespie -- Ed Gillespie '' . EdForVirginia.com . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesex County Sheriff Bushey Pulls Support From Northam , Endorses Gillespie for Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . EdForVirginia.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP buzzing about Fiorina as RNC head '' . Politico . August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` averypereira '' . averypereira . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://edforvirginia.com/2017/06/07/national-right-life-endorses-ed-gillespie-governor/ Jump up ^ `` Virginia Police Benevolent Association Endorses Ed Gillespie for Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Farm Bureau Federation AgPAC Endorses Ed Gillespie For Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gillespie picks up new endorsement during Chesapeake visit '' . 13newsnow.com . August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Gillespie Wins Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce Endorsement '' . The Republican Standard . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA FRATERNAL ORDER OF POLICE ENDORSES GILLESPIE FOR GOVERNOR '' . edforvirginia.com . October 06 , 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA RETAILERS AND MERCHANTS ASSOCIATION ENDORSES GILLESPIE FOR GOVERNOR '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gillespie for Governor '' . National Review . October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Party of Virginia Endorses Hyra & Adams '' . Virginiaconservative.net . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Say thanks to Cliff Hyra for governor ! - Libertarian Party '' . September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pope , Michael . `` Meet Your Libertarian Candidate for Governor , Cliff Hyra '' . WVTF.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . www.KWTeaParty.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Obama returning to campaign trail to stump for Northam in Virginia governor 's race '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Obama plans to campaign for Va . Dem gov nominee '' . TheHill.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/11/obama-virginia-governor-northam-243683 Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/joe-biden-to-campaign-for-northam-in-northern-virginia/2017/10/10/b2dea12a-adf2-11e7-9b93-b97043e57a22_story.html?utm_term=.0c476e0b55df Jump up ^ http://www.richmond.com/news/virginia/government-politics/former-vp-joe-biden-to-campaign-with-ralph-northam-in/article_ded92a39-3c72-536f-b507-74f60de81e6e.html Jump up ^ http://www.nbcwashington.com/blogs/first-read-dmv/Joe-Biden-to-Campaign-for-Ralph-Northam-in-Virginia-450300173.html Jump up ^ `` Clinton returns to campaign trail , for Virginia gov candidate '' . FoxNews.com . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gregory S. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hillary Clinton to raise money for Northam in Va. governor 's race '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ `` Clinton to raise money for Northam in Va. governor race '' . Politico.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` McAuliffe and statewide Democrats endorse Northam for governor '' . Washington Post . June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Portnoy , Jenna ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Northern Virginia Rep. Gerald E. Connolly withholds endorsement for governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gabrielle Giffords to campaign for Ralph Northam in Virginia governor 's race '' -- via www.washingtonpost.com . ^ Jump up to : Feld , Lowell ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Video : Tom Perriello Releases Kickoff Video , Goes Up with 2017 Website for Gov. of Virginia '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northam rolls out endorsements from Charlottesville - area figures '' . The Daily Progress . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McAffrey , Scott ; Trompeter , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : Arlington legislative delegation likely to stick with Northam '' . Inside NoVA . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trompeter , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Local legislators remain lined up in Northam camp '' . Inside NoVA . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roanoke Leaders Endorse Ralph Northam for Governor '' . Ralph Northam for Governor . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alexandria Leaders Endorse Ralph Northam for Governor '' . Ralph Northam for Governor . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/PamNorthamVA/status/917838071806201856 Jump up ^ McClellan , Andria ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` One of the good guys '' . Medium . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Northam , Ralph . `` Thanks , @ LevarStoney , for joining us on the trail in # RVA ! Polls are open for 5 more hours -- go vote ! http://IWillVote.com # VAPrimarypic.twitter.com/6WRBDu24Es '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haas , Lori ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Northam stands for safety '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Northam is Right Choice for Governor '' . CSGV . May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nirappil , Fenit ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Abortion rights group NARAL endorses Northam in Virginia Democratic primary '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VoteVets Endorses Northam for Governor '' . VoteVets.org . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Va. arm of Planned Parenthood to spend $3 million backing Northam for governor '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics -- Election 2017 -- Virginia Governor - Gillespie vs. Northam '' . realclearpolitics.com . Jump up ^ `` Governor '' . VPAP . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Northam for Governor - Democrat finance summary '' . VPAP . Jump up ^ `` Ed Gillespie for Governor - Republican finance summary '' . VPAP . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Hyra Cliff Hyra is a Libertarian Party candidate for Governor . Party : Libertarian Finance Summary '' . VPAP . External links ( edit ) Ralph Northam ( D ) for Governor Ed Gillespie ( R ) for Governor Cliff Hyra ( L ) for Governor ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Pennsylvania 's 18th Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Paul , MN San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA St. Louis , MO St. Petersburg , FL City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State California New Jersey Virginia Washington Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_2017&oldid=804937920 '' Categories : United States gubernatorial elections , 2017 Virginia elections , 2017 Virginia gubernatorial elections November 2017 events in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 01 : 24 . 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"Primary elections took place on June 13, 2017. Virginia utilizes an open primary, in which registered voters are allowed to vote in either party's primary election.[1] The Democratic Party nominated Ralph Northam and the Republican Party nominated Ed Gillespie. The Libertarian Party nominated Cliff Hyra by convention on May 6, 2017.[2]",
"Primary elections took place on June 13, 2017. Virginia utilizes an open primary, in which registered voters are allowed to vote in either party's primary election.[1] The Democratic Party nominated Ralph Northam and the Republican Party nominated Ed Gillespie. The Libertarian Party nominated Cliff Hyra by convention on May 6, 2017.[2]"
] | [
"Ed Gillespie",
"Cliff Hyra"
] |
-5900130321209879594 | Corona | Corona - wikipedia Corona Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the astronomical term . For the floral part ( perianth ) , see Corona ( perianth ) . For other uses , see Corona ( disambiguation ) . During a total solar eclipse , the Sun 's corona and prominences are visible the naked eye . A corona ( Latin , ' crown ' ) is an aura of plasma that surrounds the Sun and other stars . The Sun 's corona extends millions of kilometres into space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse , but it is also observable with a coronagraph . The word corona is a Latin word meaning `` crown '' , from the Ancient Greek κορώνη ( korōnè , `` garland , wreath '' ) . The high temperature of the Sun 's corona gives it unusual spectral features , which led some in the 19th century to suggest that it contained a previously unknown element , `` coronium '' . Instead , these spectral features have since been explained by highly ionized iron ( Fe - XIV ) . Bengt Edlén , following the work of Grotrian ( 1939 ) , first identified the coronal spectral lines in 1940 ( observed since 1869 ) as transitions from low - lying metastable levels of the ground configuration of highly ionised metals ( the green Fe - XIV line at 5303 Å , but also the red line Fe - X at 6374 Å ) . These high stages of ionisation indicate a plasma temperature in excess of 1,000,000 kelvin , much hotter than the surface of the sun . Light from the corona comes from three primary sources , from the same volume of space . The K - corona ( K for kontinuierlich , `` continuous '' in German ) is created by sunlight scattering off free electrons ; Doppler broadening of the reflected photospheric absorption lines spreads them so greatly as to completely obscure them , giving the spectral appearance of a continuum with no absorption lines . The F - corona ( F for Fraunhofer ) is created by sunlight bouncing off dust particles , and is observable because its light contains the Fraunhofer absorption lines that are seen in raw sunlight ; the F - corona extends to very high elongation angles from the Sun , where it is called the zodiacal light . The E-corona ( E for emission ) is due to spectral emission lines produced by ions that are present in the coronal plasma ; it may be observed in broad or forbidden or hot spectral emission lines and is the main source of information about the corona 's composition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical features 1.1 Active regions 1.1. 1 Coronal loops 1.1. 2 Large - scale structures 1.1. 3 Interconnections of active regions 1.1. 4 Filament cavities 1.1. 5 Bright points 1.2 Coronal holes 1.3 The quiet Sun 2 Variability of the corona 2.1 Flares 2.2 Transients 3 Stellar coronae 4 Physics of the corona 4.1 Radiation 4.2 Thermal conduction 4.3 Coronal seismology 5 Coronal heating problem 5.1 Wave heating theory 5.2 Magnetic reconnection theory 5.3 Spicules ( type II ) 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Physical features ( edit ) A drawing demonstrating the configuration of solar magnetic flux during the solar cycle The sun 's corona is much hotter ( by a factor from 150 to 450 ) than the visible surface of the Sun : the photosphere 's average temperature is 5800 kelvin compared to the corona 's one to three million kelvins . The corona is 10 times as dense as the photosphere , and so produces about one - millionth as much visible light . The corona is separated from the photosphere by the relatively shallow chromosphere . The exact mechanism by which the corona is heated is still the subject of some debate , but likely possibilities include induction by the Sun 's magnetic field and magnetohydrodynamic waves from below . The outer edges of the Sun 's corona are constantly being transported away due to open magnetic flux and hence generating the solar wind . The corona is not always evenly distributed across the surface of the sun . During periods of quiet , the corona is more or less confined to the equatorial regions , with coronal holes covering the polar regions . However , during the Sun 's active periods , the corona is evenly distributed over the equatorial and polar regions , though it is most prominent in areas with sunspot activity . The solar cycle spans approximately 11 years , from solar minimum to the following minimum . Since the solar magnetic field is continually wound up due to the faster rotation of mass at the sun 's equator ( differential rotation ) , sunspot activity will be more pronounced at solar maximum where the magnetic field is more twisted . Associated with sunspots are coronal loops , loops of magnetic flux , upwelling from the solar interior . The magnetic flux pushes the hotter photosphere aside , exposing the cooler plasma below , thus creating the relatively dark sun spots . Since the corona has been photographed at high resolution in the X-ray range of the spectrum by the satellite Skylab in 1973 , and then later by Yohkoh and the other following space instruments , it has been seen that the structure of the corona is quite varied and complex : different zones have been immediately classified on the coronal disc . The astronomers usually distinguish several regions , as described below . Active regions ( edit ) Active regions are ensembles of loop structures connecting points of opposite magnetic polarity in the photosphere , the so - called coronal loops . They generally distribute in two zones of activity , which are parallel to the solar equator . The average temperature is between two and four million kelvins , while the density goes from 10 to 10 particle per cm . Illustration depicting solar prominences and sunspots Active regions involve all the phenomena directly linked to the magnetic field , which occur at different heights above the Sun 's surface : sunspots and faculae , occur in the photosphere , spicules , Hα filaments and plages in the chromosphere , prominences in the chromosphere and transition region , and flares and coronal mass ejections happen in the corona and chromosphere . If flares are very violent , they can also perturb the photosphere and generate a Moreton wave . On the contrary , quiescent prominences are large , cool dense structures which are observed as dark , `` snake - like '' Hα ribbons ( appearing like filaments ) on the solar disc . Their temperature is about 5000 -- 8000 K , and so they are usually considered as chromospheric features . In 2013 , images from the High Resolution Coronal Imager revealed never - before - seen `` magnetic braids '' of plasma within the outer layers of these active regions . Coronal loops ( edit ) Main article : Coronal loop TRACE 171Å coronal loops Coronal loops are the basic structures of the magnetic solar corona . These loops are the closed - magnetic flux cousins of the open - magnetic flux that can be found in coronal hole ( polar ) regions and the solar wind . Loops of magnetic flux well - up from the solar body and fill with hot solar plasma . Due to the heightened magnetic activity in these coronal loop regions , coronal loops can often be the precursor to solar flares and coronal mass ejections ( CMEs ) . The Solar plasma that feed these structures is heated from under 6000 K to well over 10 K from the photosphere , through the transition region , and into the corona . Often , the solar plasma will fill these loops from one point and drain to another , called foot points ( siphon flow due to a pressure difference , or asymmetric flow due to some other driver ) . When the plasma rises from the foot points towards the loop top , as always occurs during the initial phase of a compact flare , it is defined as chromospheric evaporation . When the plasma rapidly cools and falls toward the photosphere , it is called chromospheric condensation . There may also be symmetric flow from both loop foot points , causing a build - up of mass in the loop structure . The plasma may cool rapidly in this region ( for a thermal instability ) , its dark filaments obvious against the solar disk or prominences off the Sun 's limb . Coronal loops may have lifetimes in the order of seconds ( in the case of flare events ) , minutes , hours or days . Where there is a balance in loop energy sources and sinks , coronal loops can last for long periods of time and are known as steady state or quiescent coronal loops . ( example ) . Coronal loops are very important to our understanding of the current coronal heating problem . Coronal loops are highly radiating sources of plasma and are therefore easy to observe by instruments such as TRACE . An explanation of the coronal heating problem remains as these structures are being observed remotely , where many ambiguities are present ( i.e. radiation contributions along the LOS ) . In - situ measurements are required before a definitive answer can be had , but due to the high plasma temperatures in the corona , in - situ measurements are , at present , impossible . The next mission of the NASA Solar Probe Plus will approach the Sun very closely allowing more direct observations . Coronal arches connecting regions of opposite magnetic polarity ( A ) and the unipolar magnetic field in the coronal hole ( B ) Large - scale structures ( edit ) Large - scale structures are very long arcs which can cover over a quarter of the solar disk but contain plasma less dense than in the coronal loops of the active regions . They were first detected in the June 8 , 1968 flare observation during a rocket flight . The large - scale structure of the corona changes over the 11 - year solar cycle and becomes particularly simple during the minimum period , when the magnetic field of the Sun is almost similar to a dipolar configuration ( plus a quadrupolar component ) . Interconnections of active regions ( edit ) The interconnections of active regions are arcs connecting zones of opposite magnetic field , of different active regions . Significant variations of these structures are often seen after a flare . Some other features of this kind are helmet streamers -- large cap - like coronal structures with long pointed peaks that usually overlie sunspots and active regions . Coronal streamers are considered as sources of the slow solar wind . Filament cavities ( edit ) Image taken by the Solar Dynamics Observatory on Oct 16 2010 . A very long filament cavity is visible across the Sun 's southern hemisphere . Filament cavities are zones which look dark in the X-rays and are above the regions where Hα filaments are observed in the chromosphere . They were first observed in the two 1970 rocket flights which also detected coronal holes . Filament cavities are cooler clouds of gases ( plasma ) suspended above the Sun 's surface by magnetic forces . The regions of intense magnetic field look dark in images because they are empty of hot plasma . In fact , the sum of the magnetic pressure and plasma pressure must be constant everywhere on the heliosphere in order to have an equilibrium configuration : where the magnetic field is higher , the plasma must be cooler or less dense . The plasma pressure p ( \ displaystyle p ) can be calculated by the state equation of a perfect gas p = n K B T ( \ displaystyle p = nK_ ( B ) T ) , where n ( \ displaystyle n ) is the particle number density , K B ( \ displaystyle K_ ( B ) ) the Boltzmann constant and T ( \ displaystyle T ) the plasma temperature . It is evident from the equation that the plasma pressure lowers when the plasma temperature decreases with respect to the surrounding regions or when the zone of intense magnetic field empties . The same physical effect renders sunspots apparently dark in the photosphere . Bright points ( edit ) Bright points are small active regions found on the solar disk . X-ray bright points were first detected on April 8 , 1969 during a rocket flight . The fraction of the solar surface covered by bright points varies with the solar cycle . They are associated with small bipolar regions of the magnetic field . Their average temperature ranges from 1.1 x10 K to 3.4 x10 K . The variations in temperature are often correlated with changes in the X-ray emission . Coronal holes ( edit ) Main article : Coronal hole Coronal holes are the Polar Regions which look dark in the X-rays since they do not emit much radiation . These are wide zones of the Sun where the magnetic field is unipolar and opens towards the interplanetary space . The high speed solar wind arises mainly from these regions . In the UV images of the coronal holes , some small structures , similar to elongated bubbles , are often seen as they were suspended in the solar wind . These are the coronal plumes . More exactly , they are long thin streamers that project outward from the Sun 's north and south poles . The quiet Sun ( edit ) The solar regions which are not part of active regions and coronal holes are commonly identified as the quiet Sun . The equatorial region has a faster rotation speed than the polar zones . The result of the Sun 's differential rotation is that the active regions always arise in two bands parallel to the equator and their extension increases during the periods of maximum of the solar cycle , while they almost disappear during each minimum . Therefore , the quiet Sun always coincides with the equatorial zone and its surface is less active during the maximum of the solar cycle . Approaching the minimum of the solar cycle ( also named butterfly cycle ) , the extension of the quiet Sun increases until it covers the whole disk surface excluding some bright points on the hemisphere and the poles , where there are the coronal holes . Variability of the corona ( edit ) A portrait as diversified as the one already pointed out for the coronal features is emphasized by the analysis of the dynamics of the main structures of the corona , which evolve in times very different among them . Studying the coronal variability in its complexity is not easy because the times of evolution of the different structures can vary considerably : from seconds to several months . The typical sizes of the regions where coronal events take place vary in the same way , as it is shown in the following table . Coronal event Typical time - scale Typical length - scale ( Mm ) Active region flare 10 to 10,000 seconds 10 -- 100 X-ray bright point minutes 1 -- 10 Transient in large - scale structures from minutes to hours ~ 100 Transient in interconnecting arcs from minutes to hours ~ 100 Quiet Sun from hours to months 100 -- 1,000 Coronal hole several rotations 100 -- 1,000 Flares ( edit ) Main article : Solar flares On August 31 , 2012 a long filament of solar material that had been hovering in the Sun 's outer atmosphere , the corona , erupted at 4 : 36 p.m. EDT Flares take place in active regions and are characterized by a sudden increase of the radiative flux emitted from small regions of the corona . They are very complex phenomena , visible at different wavelengths ; they involve several zones of the solar atmosphere and many physical effects , thermal and not thermal , and sometimes wide reconnections of the magnetic field lines with material expulsion . Flares are impulsive phenomena , of average duration of 15 minutes , and the most energetic events can last several hours . Flares produce a high and rapid increase of the density and temperature . An emission in white light is only seldom observed : usually , flares are only seen at extreme UV wavelengths and into the X-rays , typical of the chromospheric and coronal emission . In the corona , the morphology of flares , is described by observations in the UV , soft and hard X-rays , and in Hα wavelengths , and is very complex . However , two kinds of basic structures can be distinguished : Compact flares , when each of the two arches where the event is happening maintains its morphology : only an increase of the emission is observed without significant structural variations . The emitted energy is of the order of 10 -- 10 J . Flares of long duration , associated with eruptions of prominences , transients in white light and two - ribbon flares : in this case the magnetic loops change their configuration during the event . The energies emitted during these flares are of such great proportion they can reach 10 J . Filament erupting during a solar flare , seen at EUV wavelengths ( TRACE ) As for temporal dynamics , three different phases are generally distinguished , whose duration are not comparable . The durations of those periods depend on the range of wavelengths used to observe the event : An initial impulsive phase , whose duration is on the order of minutes , strong emissions of energy are often observed even in the microwaves , EUV wavelengths and in the hard X-ray frequencies . A maximum phase A decay phase , which can last several hours . Sometimes also a phase preceding the flare can be observed , usually called as `` pre-flare '' phase . Transients ( edit ) Main article : Coronal mass ejection Accompanying solar flares or large solar prominences , `` coronal transients '' ( also called coronal mass ejections ) are sometimes released . These are enormous loops of coronal material that travel outward from the Sun at over a million kilometers per hour , containing roughly 10 times the energy of the solar flare or prominence that accompanies them . Some larger ejections can propel hundreds of millions of tons of material into space at roughly 1.5 million kilometers an hour . Stellar coronae ( edit ) Coronal stars are ubiquitous among the stars in the cool half of the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram . These coronae can be detected using X-ray telescopes . Some stellar coronae , particularly in young stars , are much more luminous than the Sun 's . For example , FK Comae Berenices is the prototype for the FK Com class of variable star . These are giants of spectral types G and K with an unusually rapid rotation and signs of extreme activity . Their X-ray coronae are among the most luminous ( L ≥ 10 erg s or 10 W ) and the hottest known with dominant temperatures up to 40 MK . The astronomical observations planned with the Einstein Observatory by Giuseppe Vaiana and his group showed that F - , G - , K - and M - stars have chromospheres and often coronae much like our Sun . The O-B stars , which do not have surface convection zones , have a strong X-ray emission . However these stars do not have coronas , but the outer stellar envelopes emit this radiation during shocks due to thermal instabilities in rapidly moving gas blobs . Also A-stars do not have convection zones but they do not emit at the UV and X-ray wavelengths . Thus they appear to have neither chromospheres nor coronae . Physics of the corona ( edit ) This image , taken by Hinode on 12 January 2007 , this image reveals the filamentary nature of the corona . The matter in the external part of the solar atmosphere is in the state of plasma , at very high temperature ( a few million kelvins ) and at very low density ( of the order of 10 particles / m ) . According to the definition of plasma , it is a quasi-neutral ensemble of particles which exhibits a collective behaviour . The composition is the same as the one in the Sun 's interior , mainly hydrogen , but completely ionized , thence protons and electrons , and a small fraction of the other atoms in the same percentages as they are present in the photosphere . Heavier metals , such as iron , are partially ionized and have lost most of the external electrons . The ionization state of a chemical element depends strictly on the temperature and is regulated by the Saha equation . Historically , the presence of the spectral lines emitted from highly ionized states of iron allowed determination of the high temperature of the coronal plasma , revealing that the corona is much hotter than the internal layers of the chromosphere . The corona behaves like a gas which is very hot but very light at the same time : the pressure in the corona is usually only 0.1 to 0.6 Pa in active regions , while on the Earth the atmospheric pressure is about 100 kPa , approximately a million times higher than on the solar surface . However it is not properly a gas , because it is made of charged particles , basically protons and electrons , moving at different velocities . Supposing that they have the same kinetic energy on average ( for the equipartition theorem ) , electrons have a mass roughly 1800 times smaller than protons , therefore they acquire more velocity . Metal ions are always slower . This fact has relevant physical consequences either on radiative processes ( that are very different from the photospheric radiative processes ) , or on thermal conduction . Furthermore , the presence of electric charges induces the generation of electric currents and high magnetic fields . Magnetohydrodynamic waves ( MHD waves ) can also propagate in this plasma , even if it is not still clear how they can be transmitted or generated in the corona . Radiation ( edit ) Main article : Coronal radiative losses The corona emits radiation mainly in the X-rays , observable only from space . The plasma is transparent to its own radiation and to that one coming from below , therefore we say that it is optically - thin . The gas , in fact , is very rarefied and the photon mean free - path overcomes by far all the other length - scales , including the typical sizes of the coronal features . Different processes of radiation take place in the emission , due to binary collisions between plasma particles , while the interactions with the photons , coming from below ; are very rare . Because the emission is due to collisions between ions and electrons , the energy emitted from a unit volume in the time unit is proportional to the squared number of particles in a unit volume , or more exactly , to the product of the electron density and proton density . Thermal conduction ( edit ) A mosaic of the extreme ultraviolet images taken from STEREO on December 4 , 2006 . These false color images show the Sun 's atmospheres at a range of different temperatures . Clockwise from top left : 1 million degrees C ( 171 Å -- blue ) , 1.5 million ° C ( 195 Å -- green ) , 60,000 -- 80,000 ° C ( 304 Å -- red ) , and 2.5 million ° C ( 286 Å -- yellow ) . STEREO -- First images as a slow animation In the corona thermal conduction occurs from the external hotter atmosphere towards the inner cooler layers . Responsible for the diffusion process of the heat are the electrons , which are much lighter than ions and move faster , as explained above . When there is a magnetic field the thermal conductivity of the plasma becomes higher in the direction which is parallel to the field lines rather than in the perpendicular direction . A charged particle moving in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field line is subject to the Lorentz force which is normal to the plane individuated by the velocity and the magnetic field . This force bends the path of the particle . In general , since particles also have a velocity component along the magnetic field line , the Lorentz force constrains them to bend and move along spirals around the field lines at the cyclotron frequency . If collisions between the particles are very frequent , they are scattered in every direction . This happens in the photosphere , where the plasma carries the magnetic field in its motion . In the corona , on the contrary , the mean free - path of the electrons is of the order of kilometres and even more , so each electron can do a helicoidal motion long before being scattered after a collision . Therefore , the heat transfer is enhanced along the magnetic field lines and inhibited in the perpendicular direction . In the direction longitudinal to the magnetic field , the thermal conductivity of the corona is k = 20 ( 2 π ) 3 / 2 ( k B T ) 5 / 2 k B m e 1 / 2 e 4 ln Λ ≈ 1.8 10 − 10 T 5 / 2 ln Λ W m − 1 K − 1 ( \ displaystyle k = 20 \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ pi ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ( \ frac ( \ left ( k_ ( B ) T \ right ) ^ ( 5 / 2 ) k_ ( B ) ) ( m_ ( e ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) e ^ ( 4 ) \ ln \ Lambda ) ) \ approx 1.8 ~ 10 ^ ( - 10 ) ~ ( \ frac ( T ^ ( 5 / 2 ) ) ( \ ln \ Lambda ) ) ~ Wm ^ ( - 1 ) K ^ ( - 1 ) ) where k B ( \ displaystyle k_ ( B ) ) is the Boltzmann constant , T ( \ displaystyle T ) is the temperature in kelvins , m e ( \ displaystyle m_ ( e ) ) the electron mass , e ( \ displaystyle e ) the electric charge of the electron , ln Λ = ln ( 12 π n λ D 3 ) ( \ displaystyle \ ln \ Lambda = \ ln \ left ( 12 \ pi n \ lambda _ ( D ) ^ ( 3 ) \ right ) ) the Coulomb logarithm , and λ D = k B T 4 π n e 2 ( \ displaystyle \ lambda _ ( D ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( k_ ( B ) T ) ( 4 \ pi ne ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) the Debye length of the plasma with particle density n ( \ displaystyle n ) . The Coulomb logarithm ln Λ ( \ displaystyle \ ln \ Lambda ) is roughly 20 in the corona , with a mean temperature of 1 MK and a density of 10 particles / m , and about 10 in the chromosphere , where the temperature is approximately 10kK and the particle density is of the order of 10 particles / m , and in practice it can be assumed constant . Thence , if we indicate with q ( \ displaystyle q ) the heat for a volume unit , expressed in J m , the Fourier equation of heat transfer , to be computed only along the direction x ( \ displaystyle x ) of the field line , becomes ∂ q ∂ t = 0.9 10 − 11 ∂ 2 T 7 / 2 ∂ x 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial q ) ( \ partial t ) ) = 0.9 ~ 10 ^ ( - 11 ) ~ ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ^ ( 7 / 2 ) ) ( \ partial x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . Numerical calculations have shown that the thermal conductivity of the corona is comparable to that of copper . Coronal seismology ( edit ) Main article : Coronal seismology Coronal seismology is a new way of studying the plasma of the solar corona with the use of magnetohydrodynamic ( MHD ) waves . Magnetohydrodynamics studies the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids -- in this case the fluid is the coronal plasma . Philosophically , coronal seismology is similar to the Earth 's seismology , the Sun 's helioseismology , and MHD spectroscopy of laboratory plasma devices . In all these approaches , waves of various kinds are used to probe a medium . The potential of coronal seismology in the estimation of the coronal magnetic field , density scale height , fine structure and heating has been demonstrated by different research groups . Coronal heating problem ( edit ) Unsolved problem in physics : Why is the Sun 's corona so much hotter than the Sun 's surface ? ( more unsolved problems in physics ) Play media A new visualisation technique can provide clues to the coronal heating problem . The coronal heating problem in solar physics relates to the question of why the temperature of the Sun 's corona is millions of kelvins higher than that of the surface . The high temperatures require energy to be carried from the solar interior to the corona by non-thermal processes , because the second law of thermodynamics prevents heat from flowing directly from the solar photosphere ( surface ) , which is at about 5800 K , to the much hotter corona at about 1 to 3 MK ( parts of the corona can even reach 10 MK ) . Between the photosphere and the corona , is the thin region through which the temperature increases known as the transition region . It ranges from only tens to hundreds of kilometers thick . Energy can not be transferred from the cooler photosphere to the corona by conventional heat transfer as this would violate the second law of thermodynamics . An analogy of this would be a light bulb raising the temperature of the air surrounding it to something greater than its glass surface . Hence , some other manner of energy transfer must be involved in the heating of the corona . The amount of power required to heat the solar corona can easily be calculated as the difference between coronal radiative losses and heating by thermal conduction toward the chromosphere through the transition region . It is about 1 kilowatt for every square meter of surface area on the Sun 's chromosphere , or 1 / 40000 of the amount of light energy that escapes the Sun . Many coronal heating theories have been proposed , but two theories have remained as the most likely candidates : wave heating and magnetic reconnection ( or nanoflares ) . Through most of the past 50 years , neither theory has been able to account for the extreme coronal temperatures . In 2012 , high resolution ( < 0.2 '' ) soft X-ray imaging with the High Resolution Coronal Imager aboard a sounding rocket revealed tightly wound braids in the corona . It is hypothesized that the reconnection and unravelling of braids can act as primary sources of heating of the active solar corona to temperatures of up to 4 million kelvins . The main heat source in the quiescent corona ( about 1.5 million kelvins ) is assumed to originate from MHD waves . The NASA mission Parker Solar Probe is intended to approach the Sun to a distance of approximately 9.5 solar radii to investigate coronal heating and the origin of the solar wind . It is scheduled to launch on July 31 , 2018 . Competing heating mechanisms Heating Models Hydrodynamic Magnetic No magnetic field Slow rotating stars DC ( reconnection ) AC ( waves ) B - field stresses Reconnection events Flares - nanoflares Uniform heating rates Photospheric foot point shuffling MHD wave propagation High Alfvén wave flux Non-uniform heating rates Competing theories Wave heating theory ( edit ) The wave heating theory , proposed in 1949 by Evry Schatzman , proposes that waves carry energy from the solar interior to the solar chromosphere and corona . The Sun is made of plasma rather than ordinary gas , so it supports several types of waves analogous to sound waves in air . The most important types of wave are magneto - acoustic waves and Alfvén waves . Magneto - acoustic waves are sound waves that have been modified by the presence of a magnetic field , and Alfvén waves are similar to ultra low frequency radio waves that have been modified by interaction with matter in the plasma . Both types of waves can be launched by the turbulence of granulation and super granulation at the solar photosphere , and both types of waves can carry energy for some distance through the solar atmosphere before turning into shock waves that dissipate their energy as heat . One problem with wave heating is delivery of the heat to the appropriate place . Magneto - acoustic waves can not carry sufficient energy upward through the chromosphere to the corona , both because of the low pressure present in the chromosphere and because they tend to be reflected back to the photosphere . Alfvén waves can carry enough energy , but do not dissipate that energy rapidly enough once they enter the corona . Waves in plasmas are notoriously difficult to understand and describe analytically , but computer simulations , carried out by Thomas Bogdan and colleagues in 2003 , seem to show that Alfvén waves can transmute into other wave modes at the base of the corona , providing a pathway that can carry large amounts of energy from the photosphere through the chromosphere and transition region and finally into the corona where it dissipates it as heat . Another problem with wave heating has been the complete absence , until the late 1990s , of any direct evidence of waves propagating through the solar corona . The first direct observation of waves propagating into and through the solar corona was made in 1997 with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory space - borne solar observatory , the first platform capable of observing the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet ( EUV ) for long periods of time with stable photometry . Those were magneto - acoustic waves with a frequency of about 1 millihertz ( mHz , corresponding to a 1,000 second wave period ) , that carry only about 10 % of the energy required to heat the corona . Many observations exist of localized wave phenomena , such as Alfvén waves launched by solar flares , but those events are transient and can not explain the uniform coronal heat . It is not yet known exactly how much wave energy is available to heat the corona . Results published in 2004 using data from the TRACE spacecraft seem to indicate that there are waves in the solar atmosphere at frequencies as high as 100 mHz ( 10 second period ) . Measurements of the temperature of different ions in the solar wind with the UVCS instrument aboard SOHO give strong indirect evidence that there are waves at frequencies as high as 200 Hz , well into the range of human hearing . These waves are very difficult to detect under normal circumstances , but evidence collected during solar eclipses by teams from Williams College suggest the presences of such waves in the 1 -- 10 Hz range . Recently , Alfvénic motions have been found in the lower solar atmosphere and also in the quiet Sun , in coronal holes and in active regions using observations with AIA on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory . These Alfvénic oscillations have significant power , and seem to be connected to the chromospheric Alfvénic oscillations previously reported with the Hinode spacecraft . Solar wind observations with the WIND ( spacecraft ) have recently shown evidence to support theories of Alfvén - cyclotron dissipation , leading to local ion heating . Magnetic reconnection theory ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic reconnection Arcing active region by Solar Dynamics Observatory The magnetic reconnection theory relies on the solar magnetic field to induce electric currents in the solar corona . The currents then collapse suddenly , releasing energy as heat and wave energy in the corona . This process is called `` reconnection '' because of the peculiar way that magnetic fields behave in plasma ( or any electrically conductive fluid such as mercury or seawater ) . In a plasma , magnetic field lines are normally tied to individual pieces of matter , so that the topology of the magnetic field remains the same : if a particular north and south magnetic pole are connected by a single field line , then even if the plasma is stirred or if the magnets are moved around , that field line will continue to connect those particular poles . The connection is maintained by electric currents that are induced in the plasma . Under certain conditions , the electric currents can collapse , allowing the magnetic field to `` reconnect '' to other magnetic poles and release heat and wave energy in the process . Magnetic reconnection is hypothesized to be the mechanism behind solar flares , the largest explosions in our solar system . Furthermore , the surface of the Sun is covered with millions of small magnetized regions 50 -- 1,000 km across . These small magnetic poles are buffeted and churned by the constant granulation . The magnetic field in the solar corona must undergo nearly constant reconnection to match the motion of this `` magnetic carpet '' , so the energy released by the reconnection is a natural candidate for the coronal heat , perhaps as a series of `` microflares '' that individually provide very little energy but together account for the required energy . The idea that nanoflares might heat the corona was proposed by Eugene Parker in the 1980s but is still controversial . In particular , ultraviolet telescopes such as TRACE and SOHO / EIT can observe individual micro-flares as small brightenings in extreme ultraviolet light , but there seem to be too few of these small events to account for the energy released into the corona . The additional energy not accounted for could be made up by wave energy , or by gradual magnetic reconnection that releases energy more smoothly than micro-flares and therefore does n't appear well in the TRACE data . Variations on the micro-flare hypothesis use other mechanisms to stress the magnetic field or to release the energy , and are a subject of active research in 2005 . Spicules ( TYPE II ) ( edit ) For decades , researchers believed spicules could send heat into the corona . However , following observational research in the 1980s , it was found that spicule plasma did not reach coronal temperatures , and so the theory was discounted . As per studies performed in 2010 at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado , in collaboration with the Lockheed Martin 's Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory ( LMSAL ) and the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics of the University of Oslo , a new class of spicules ( TYPE II ) discovered in 2007 , which travel faster ( up to 100 km / s ) and have shorter lifespans , can account for the problem . These jets insert heated plasma into the Sun 's outer atmosphere . Thus , a much greater understanding of the Corona and improvement in the knowledge of the Sun 's subtle influence on the Earth 's upper atmosphere can be expected henceforth . The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on NASA 's recently launched Solar Dynamics Observatory and NASA 's Focal Plane Package for the Solar Optical Telescope on the Japanese Hinode satellite which was used to test this hypothesis . The high spatial and temporal resolutions of the newer instruments reveal this coronal mass supply . These observations reveal a one - to - one connection between plasma that is heated to millions of degrees and the spicules that insert this plasma into the corona . See also ( edit ) Solar System portal Astronomy portal Space portal Star portal Advanced Composition Explorer Alfvén waves Chromosphere Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Coronal radiative losses Coronal seismology Geocorona Heliosphere Helmet streamer Magnetic reconnection Magnetohydrodynamic waves Magnetohydrodynamics Nanoflares Photosphere Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO ) Solar cycle Solar flares Solar prominence Solar transition region Solar wind STEREO Sun Supra - arcade downflows WIND ( spacecraft ) X-ray astronomy Types of volcanic eruptions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aschwanden , M.J. ( 2004 ) . Physics of the Solar Corona . An Introduction . Praxis Publishing . ISBN 3 - 540 - 22321 - 5 . Jump up ^ Corfield , Richard ( 2007 ) . Lives of the Planets . Basic Books . 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Jump up ^ Vaiana , G.S. ; et al. ( 1981 ) . `` Results from an extensive Einstein stellar survey '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 245 : 163 . Bibcode : 1981ApJ ... 245 ... 163V . doi : 10.1086 / 158797 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Alan ( 1969 ) . Magneto - hydrodynamics . UNIVERSITY MATHEMATICAL TEXTS . Jump up ^ Mewe , R. ( 1991 ) . `` X-ray spectroscopy of stellar coronae '' . The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review . 3 ( 2 ) : 127 . Bibcode : 1991A&ARv ... 3 ... 127M . doi : 10.1007 / BF00873539 . ^ Jump up to : Spitzer , L. ( 1962 ) . Physics of fully ionized gas . Interscience tracts of physics and astronomy . Jump up ^ Ulmshneider , Peter ( 1997 ) . Heating of Chromospheres and Coronae in Space Solar Physics , Proceedings , Orsay , France , edited by J.C. Vial , K. Bocchialini and P. Boumier . Springer . pp. 77 -- 106 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 64307 - 9 . Jump up ^ Malara , F. ; Velli , M. ( 2001 ) . Observations and Models of Coronal Heating in Recent Insights into the Physics of the Sun and Heliosphere : Highlights from SOHO and Other Space Missions , Proceedings of IAU Symposium 203 , edited by Pål Brekke , Bernhard Fleck , and Joseph B. Gurman . Astronomical Society of the Pacific . pp. 456 -- 466 . ISBN 1 - 58381 - 069 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cirtain , J.W. ; Golub , L. ; Winebarger , A.R. ; De Pontieu , B. ; Kobayashi , K. ; Moore , R.L. ; Walsh , R.W. ; Korreck , K.E. ; Weber , M. ; McCauley , P. ; Title , A. ; Kuzin , S. ; Deforest , C.E. ( 2013 ) . `` Energy release in the solar corona from spatially resolved magnetic braids '' . Nature . 493 ( 7433 ) : 501 -- 503 . Bibcode : 2013Natur. 493 ... 501C . PMID 23344359 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11772 . Jump up ^ http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/The-Mission/index.php#Journey-to-the-Sun Jump up ^ Alfvén , Hannes ( 1947 ) . `` Magneto hydrodynamic waves , and the heating of the solar corona '' . MNRAS. 107 : 211 -- 219 . Bibcode : 1947MNRAS. 107 ... 211A . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 107.2. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Alfven Waves -- Our Sun Is Doing The Magnetic Twist '' . read on Jan 6 2011 . Jump up ^ Jess , DB ; Mathioudakis , M ; Erdélyi , R ; Crockett , PJ ; Keenan , FP ; Christian , DJ ( 2009 ) . `` Alfvén Waves in the Lower Solar Atmosphere '' . Science . 323 ( 5921 ) : 1582 -- 1585 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 323.1582 J. PMID 19299614 . arXiv : 0903.3546 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1168680 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , S.W. ; de Pontieu , B. ; Carlsson , M. ; Hansteen , V.H. ; The Sdo / Aia Mission Team ( 2010 ) . `` Ubiquitous Alfvenic Motions in Quiet Sun , Coronal Hole and Active Region Corona '' . American Geophysical Union , Fall Meeting 2010 . abstract # SH14A - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sun 's Magnetic Secret Revealed '' . read on Jan 6 2011 . Jump up ^ Kasper , J.C. ; et al. ( December 2008 ) . `` Hot Solar - Wind Helium : Direct Evidence for Local Heating by Alfven - Cyclotron Dissipation '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 ( 26 ) : 261103 . Bibcode : 2008PhRvL. 101z1103K . PMID 19113766 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 101.261103 . Jump up ^ Priest , Eric ( 1982 ) . Solar Magneto - hydrodynamics . D. Reidel Publishing Company , Dordrecht , Holland . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1833 - 4 . Jump up ^ Patsourakos , S. ; Vial , J. - C. ( 2002 ) . `` Intermittent behavior in the transition region and the low corona of the quiet Sun '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 385 ( 3 ) : 1073 -- 1077 . Bibcode : 2002A&A ... 385.1073 P . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20020151 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery of Sun 's hot outer atmosphere ' solved ' -- Rediff.com News '' . Rediff.com. 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ De Pontieu , B ; McIntosh , SW ; Carlsson , M ; Hansteen , VH ; Tarbell , TD ; Boerner , P ; Martinez - Sykora , J ; Schrijver , CJ ; Title , AM ( 2011 ) . `` The Origins of Hot Plasma in the Solar Corona '' . Science . 331 ( 6013 ) : 55 -- 58 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 331 ... 55D . PMID 21212351 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1197738 . Further reading ( edit ) Thorsten Dambeck : Seething Cauldron in the Suns 's Furnace , MaxPlanckResearch , 2 / 2008 , p. 28 -- 33 B.N. Dwivedi and A.K. Srivastava Coronal heating by Alfvén waves CURRENT 296 SCIENCE , VOL. 98 , NO . 3 , 10 FEBRUARY 2010 , pp. 295 -- 296 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar corona . NASA description of the solar corona Coronal heating problem at Innovation Reports NASA / GSFC description of the coronal heating problem FAQ about coronal heating Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , including near - real - time images of the solar corona Coronal x-ray images from the Hinode XRT nasa.gov Astronomy Picture of the Day July 26 , 2009 -- a combination of thirty - three photographs of the sun 's corona that were digitally processed to highlight faint features of a total eclipse that occurred in March 2006 Animated explanation of the core of the Sun ( University of South Wales ) Animated explanation of the temperature of the Corona ( University of South Wales ) Space , time , matter and vacuum : The Solar Corona . A sign of Quantum Gravity ? ( Spanish ) Alfvén waves may heat the Sun 's corona New Clue May Solve Solar Mystery The Origins of Hot Plasma in the Solar Corona Solar Interface Region -- Bart de Pontieu ( SETI Talks ) Video The Sun Internal structure Core Radiation zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Chromosphere Plage Spicule Moreton wave Corona Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Prominence Helmet streamer Supra - arcade downflows Variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar wind Flare Helioseismology Heliosphere Current sheet Termination shock Heliosheath Heliopause Bow shock Related topics Solar activity Solar astronomy Solar dynamo Eclipse Solar energy Solar observation Solar physics Solar System Solar telescope Solar time Standard solar model Radiation Solar neutrino Spectral class : G2V Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal NDL : 00566641 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corona&oldid=803253755 '' Categories : Light sources Plasma physics Solar phenomena Space plasmas Sun Unsolved problems in astronomy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 12 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when can the sun's corona best be seen | [
"A corona (Latin, 'crown') is an aura of plasma that surrounds the Sun and other stars. The Sun's corona extends millions of kilometres into space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but it is also observable with a coronagraph. The word corona is a Latin word meaning \"crown\", from the Ancient Greek κορώνη (korōnè, “garland, wreath”)."
] | [
"during a total solar eclipse"
] |
979631680833522855 | War for the Planet of the Apes | War for the Planet of the Apes - Wikipedia War for the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Mark Bomback Matt Reeves Based on Characters created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle ( uncredited ) Starring Andy Serkis Woody Harrelson Steve Zahn Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by William Hoy Stan Salfas Production company Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) ( SVA Theatre ) July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $490.7 million War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves . A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) , it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . The film stars Andy Serkis , Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn , and follows a confrontation between the apes , led by Caesar , and the humans for control of Earth . Like its predecessor , its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , but it is not a direct remake . Principal photography began on October 14 , 2015 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . War for the Planet of the Apes premiered in New York City on July 10 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on July 14 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film has grossed over $490 million and received critical praise , with many reviewers highlighting the performances ( particularly Serkis ) , visual effects , story , direction , and musical score . The film received a nomination for Best Special Visual Effects at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 90th Academy Awards . It was also nominated for four Saturn Awards , including Best Director for Reeves and Best Actor for Serkis . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Apes 2.2 Humans 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 4 Influences 5 Soundtrack 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Possible fourth film 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the misanthropic bonobo Koba attacked the human survivors in San Francisco , Caesar and his tribe of intelligent apes have been forced against a rogue U.S. military faction known as Alpha - Omega . Led by a ruthless colonel , Alpha - Omega employs many apes formerly loyal to Koba , derogatorily called `` donkeys '' . An Alpha - Omega platoon launches an attack on an ape outpost , but it fails and four soldiers , including one named Preacher and a `` donkey '' gorilla named Red , are captured . Caesar releases the soldiers , hoping the display of mercy will show the Colonel that the apes are not savages ; Red escapes by injuring the albino gorilla Winter . Later , Caesar 's eldest son Blue Eyes and lieutenant Rocket return from a long journey . Blue Eyes reports that they found a place across the desert that is ideal for the apes . Despite an uneasy Winter asserting that the apes should leave immediately , Caesar decides they need to prepare first . That night , the Colonel leads a team of soldiers in infiltrating the apes ' home , killing Blue Eyes and Caesar 's wife Cornelia ; Caesar unsuccessfully attempts to prevent the Colonel 's escape . Afterward , the apes are unable to find Winter , who they believe betrayed them out of fear . In the morning , the tribe gathers to journey to safety . Leaving his youngest son , Cornelius , in the care of Blue Eyes ' wife Lake , Caesar departs to exact revenge while serving as the decoy for the other apes . Accompanied by Rocket , his orangutan adviser Maurice , and his gorilla lieutenant Luca , the apes enter a seemingly abandoned village , where they come upon a soldier who deserted the Colonel 's army . Caesar kills him in self - defense . They then discover a mute girl , who Maurice befriends and adopts , giving her a small rag doll . They then find Winter at a beachside military camp , having become a `` donkey '' . They confront Winter , who tells Caesar that the Colonel departed for the border , to meet more soldiers . Winter then attempts to call out for help , but the other apes restrain him , and Caesar accidentally suffocates him . While following the military , the apes discover soldiers who have been shot and left for dead . Their examination of a surviving soldier reveals that he is mute like the girl . Caesar then kills him in an act of mercy . Later , the apes give chase after a hooded figure who stole one of their horses and are surprised to discover he is an intelligent ape from another zoo , named Bad Ape . While camping with Bad Ape , they discover that he knows where the border is and he hesitantly agrees to lead them there . The group reaches the border , where they see a quarantine facility . While attempting to get a closer look , Luca is killed protecting Caesar from some soldiers . Enraged , Caesar decides to proceed alone rather than continue to endanger his allies . While there , however , Caesar learns that Alpha - Omega captured his tribe and are forcing them to build a wall without food or water . Caesar is then captured by Red , who brings him to the Colonel . He is forced to work with the other apes , and when he inspires them to stop working , the Colonel threatens to kill Caesar to get the apes to continue . Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading the facility to fend off other military forces who are against him for killing his own soldiers . The Colonel informs Caesar that the Simian Flu virus had mutated , and the human carriers subsequently became mute and devolved into a primitive state . He then has Caesar tortured with starvation to force the other apes to work . The mute girl , named Nova by Maurice , sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food , water , and her rag doll . To prevent her from being discovered , Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion . The next day , the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive , and confiscates the doll upon discovering it . Together , Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel leading out of the facility . Though the plan is successful , Caesar remains behind to confront the Colonel as the facility is attacked by remnants of the military . Finding the Colonel infected by the virus from contact with Nova 's doll , Caesar chooses not to kill him , instead watching him commit suicide . The escaping apes are caught in the crossfire between the two armies while Red watches uncertainly . Caesar attempts to blow up a large fuel tank to take out the Alpha - Omega forces from behind , but he is shot with a crossbow by Preacher . Red then uses a grenade launcher to kill Preacher , saving Caesar 's life , before he is killed by a soldier . Caesar succeeds in blowing up the tank and escapes the facility as it is destroyed in a chain reaction , resulting in an avalanche that wipes out the military . The apes , carrying Nova , all survive by climbing nearby trees . They then cross the desert to find an oasis . While the other apes celebrate their new home , Maurice discovers Caesar 's fatal wound . He promises to tell Cornelius who his father was and what he did for the apes . Caesar then dies peacefully while Maurice mourns his death and the other apes look on . Cast ( edit ) Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes . Steve Zahn as `` Bad Ape '' , a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak , and was a hermit before joining Caesar 's group . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar 's adviser . Terry Notary as Rocket , a common chimpanzee who is Caesar 's brother - figure . Ty Olsson as Red , a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba , now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar . Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise . Michael Adamthwaite as Luca , a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe . Luca was previously played by Scott Lang in Dawn . Toby Kebbell as Koba , a bonobo who had previously waged war against the humans in Dawn ; he now appears in Caesar 's hallucinations . Judy Greer as Cornelia , Caesar 's wife . Sara Canning as Lake , a common chimpanzee in Caesar 's tribe , who is also Blue Eyes ' mate and later Cornelius 's caretaker . Max Lloyd - Jones as Blue Eyes , Caesar and Cornelia 's oldest son . Devyn Dalton as Cornelius , Caesar and Cornelia 's youngest son , and Blue Eyes ' younger brother . Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise . Aleks Paunovic as Winter , an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear . Humans ( edit ) Woody Harrelson as The Colonel , the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha - Omega , who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species . Amiah Miller as Nova , a mute orphan whom Maurice befriends and cares for . Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher , a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha - Omega . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Matt Reeves , Andy Serkis and Dylan Clark at New York Comic - Con 2016 for the War for the Planet of the Apes panel After seeing his cut of Dawn , 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series . In January 2014 , the studio announced the third film , with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , and Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers . During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV , Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film 's setting . `` ... It could be five years after the event . It could be the night after the events of where we left ' Dawn . ' '' In May 2015 , the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes . By October 2015 , it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes . When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn , the film already had a release date , which led to an accelerated production schedule . However , with the third installment , Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film . Taking advantage of this , the two bonded with each other more than before . In interviews for Dawn , Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans : `` As this story continues , we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn . That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with . Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never , ever wanted to deal with , and was hoping he could avoid . And now he is right in the middle of it . The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways , in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply . It 's going to be an epic story . I think you 've probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary . The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times . This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history , and sort of leads to an almost biblical status . He is going to become like a mythic ape figure , like Moses . '' Toby Kebbell , who portrayed Koba in Dawn , had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters . Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early , with Bomback saying , `` If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , you hear Koba 's breathing . We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to . Very early on in spitballing , we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba -- certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story . But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea . In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film , Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother . That would have resonance , and we wanted to make sure that did not get lost . So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar 's mind at this point and revisit Koba that way . '' Casting ( edit ) In August 2015 , Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film . In September 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film 's antagonist , and that Chavarria 's role was supporting . In October 2015 , TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film . It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film 's humans , with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice , while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 14 , 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver , under the working title Hidden Fortress . Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016 . Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February . In March , Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions . Visual effects ( edit ) As with Rise and Dawn , the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital ; the apes were created with a mixture of motion - capture and CGI key - frame animation , as they were performed in motion - capture technology and animated in CGI . Influences ( edit ) At New York Comic - Con 2016 , Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing . He said , `` One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies . We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does . We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie . We watched every Planet of the Apes movie , war movies , westerns , Empire Strikes Back ... We just thought , ' We have to pretend we have all the time in the world , ' even though we had limited time . We got really inspired . '' Additionally , during production , Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like The Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape . Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements , they also watched Biblical epics like Ben - Hur and The Ten Commandments . The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson 's Colonel , a military leader with pretensions toward godhood . Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness 's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa 's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai . Another comparison is in Caesar 's journey to find the Colonel , flanked by a posse of close friends -- a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood 's war - weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales . Influences from the film Apocalypse Now , notably Harrelson 's character and his Alpha - Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz 's renegade army , were also noted by several journalists . Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration . Soundtrack ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released July 7 , 2017 ( Digital ) July 21 , 2017 ( Physical ) Recorded 2017 Genre Film score Label Sony Masterworks Michael Giacchino film scores chronology Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Coco 2017 On October 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino , the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn , would return to compose War 's score . The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7 , 2017 , and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for a July 29 , 2016 , release . However , in January 2015 , Fox postponed the film 's release date to about a year later on July 14 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Special behind - the - scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22 , 2015 , as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis . The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC . The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance - capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape . The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox 's official YouTube page later the same day . At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6 , Reeves , Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film . Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game was released for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes was released on Digital HD on October 10 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24 , 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes grossed $146.9 million in the United States and Canada and $343.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $490.7 million , against a production budget of $150 million . In North America , the film was projected to gross $50 -- 60 million in its opening weekend , however , given its acclaimed status and strong word - of - mouth , rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70 -- 80 million . War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales , a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots ( such as Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , Transformers : The Last Knight and The Mummy ) . However , box office analysts noted that well - reviewed films have tended to perform in - line with estimates ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman and Spider - Man : Homecoming ) . The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters , up 22 % from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor , and $22.1 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $56.3 million , topping the box office , albeit with a 22 % drop from Dawn 's $72.6 million debut . In its second weekend , the film grossed $20.9 million ( a drop of 62.9 % , more than the 50.4 % fall Dawn saw ) , finishing 4th at the box office . In its third weekend , the film made $10.5 million ( dropping another 49.9 % ) , finishing 6th at the box office . It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ( $16.1 million ) and Dawn ( $16.8 million ) . Outside North America , War for the Planet of the Apes received a scattered release in a span of three months ( July -- September ) . The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14 , albeit only in two major markets , and was projected to have an opening of $50 -- 60 million , with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform , as they have for recent tent poles . The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million , including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes received praise for the cast 's performances ( particularly Serkis ) , Reeves 's direction , visual effects , musical score , cinematography and its morally complex storyline . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93 % based on 308 reviews , with a rating average of 8.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful , poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful -- and truly blockbuster -- note . '' On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors . Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10 , saying : `` War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy , but also one that does enough world - building that the series can potentially continue from here -- and it 's a rare case where , after three movies , we 're left wanting more . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` `` War for the Planet of the Apes , '' directed by Matt Reeves , is the grimmest episode so far , and also the strongest , a superb example -- rare in this era of sloppily constructed , commercially hedged cinematic universes -- of clear thinking wedded to inventive technique in popular filmmaking , '' and lauded Andy Serkis 's performance in the film , stating that `` Andy Serkis 's performance as Caesar is one of the marvels of modern screen acting . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , and said that Serkis performed `` with a resonant power and depth of feeling that 's nearly Shakespearean . Oscar , get busy : Serkis deserves the gold , '' and went on to say that `` War for the Planet of the Apes -- No. 9 in the simian cinema canon -- is the best of the Apes films since the 1968 original . '' Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating , and praised Matt Reeves 's directing , saying `` It 's a given that an expensive 21st century sci - fi movie with talking animals , exploding tanks , and jarring machine guns would look and sound great , but Reeves applies these effects with such a measured strategy that they 're always working in service of a greater narrative agenda . '' Kohn went on to applaud the visuals and musical score , stating that `` The breathlessly paced montage of flying bullets and angry monkeys raining down on terrified men , aided by Michael Giacchino 's vibrant score , is a strong indicator of the next - level craftsmanship that distinguishes these movies from so many cacophonous Hollywood spectacles ; not only is the action easy to follow , but you care for the motion - captured characters at the center of it , while the humans cower in fear . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Motion / Title Graphics War for the Planet of the Apes : 20th Century Fox , Wild Card Nominated Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Hollywood Visual Effects Award Dan Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Erik Winquist Won Hollywood Post Alliance November 16 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects - Feature Film Dan Barrett , Anders Langlands , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Luke Millar , Erik Winquist , and Weta Digital Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Summer 20th Century Fox Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Motion Capture Performance Steve Zahn Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 10 , 2017 Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , Dan Barrett , and Joel Whist Won Utah Film Critics Association Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Animated / Visual Effect Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Action / War War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Blockbuster Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won North Carolina Film Critics Association December 29 , 2017 Best Special Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won Columbus Film Critics Association January 4 , 2018 Actor of the Year ( for an exemplary body of work ) Woody Harrelson Runner - up Golden Tomato Awards January 3 , 2018 Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes 2nd Place Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Art Directors Guild January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film James Chinlund Nominated Annie Awards February 3 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production Daniel Barrett , Sidney Kombo - Kintombo , Emile Ghorayeb , Luisma Lavin Peredo , and Alessandro Bonora Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Film Editing William Hoy Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Sound War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Joe Letteri , Ryan Stafford , Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joel Whist Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Photoreal Feature Eteuati Tema , Aidan Martin , Florian Fernandez , Mathias Larserud for `` Bad Ape '' Nominated Dennis Yoo , Ludovic Chailloleau , Douglas McHale , Tim Forbes for `` Caesar '' Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature Chris McLaughlin , Ryan Salcombe , Seungjin Woo , Francesco Dell'Anna for `` Hidden Fortress '' Nominated Phillip Leonhardt , Paul Harris , Jeremy Fort , Thomas Lo for `` Prison Camp '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature David Caeiro Cebrian , Johnathan Nixon , Chet Leavai , Gary Boyle Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature Christoph Salzmann , Robin Hollander , Ben Morgan , Ben Warner Won British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Special Visual Effects Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Joel Whist Nominated Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Dialogue / ADR Supervising Sound Editors : Douglas Murray , Will Files ; Supervising Dialogue Editor : R.J. Kizer ; Vocal Editors : Kim Foscato , P.K. Hooker , Doug Jackson , Lindsay Alvarez ; ADR Editors : Laura Graham , and Jim Brookshire Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Effects / Foley Supervising Sound Editors : Douglas Murray , Will Files ; Sound Effects Editors : David Grimaldi , Jack Whittaker , Ken McGill , P.K. Hooker , Doug Jackson , Lindsay Alvarez ; Foley Editors : John Morris , Matthew Harrison , Thom Brennan , Willard Overstreet ; Foley Artists : Dan O'Connell , and John T. Cucci Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Awards February 22 , 2018 Score of the Year Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror Film Michael Giacchino Won Film Music Composition of the Year `` End Credits '' from War for the Planet of the Apes by Michael Giacchino Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Visual Effects Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Joel Whist Nominated Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Science Fiction Film Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Nominated Best Director Matt Reeves Best Actor Andy Serkis Best Special Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , Daniel Barrett and Joel Whist Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was reported that a fourth Planet of the Apes film was being discussed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Margaret Sutherlin ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Cast on Trump Parallels : ' It 's Unbelievable ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` WAR OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 12A ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Conquer The Summertime Franchise Blues ? -- Advance B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film - BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Analysis - Oscar nominations 2018 : ' The Shape of Water ' leads with 13 ; ' Get Out ' nominated for best picture '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : What Year Does the Original Take Place ? '' . Heavy . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Judy Greer Returning to ' Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Steve Zahn Interview '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Reveals Motion - Capture Mayhem '' . Collider . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : Meet the Actors Behind the Ape Characters '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Luca Speaks ! '' . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Sara Canning To Monkey Around In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Subhro ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Commences Filming in Vancouver ; Sara Canning , Judy Greer and Aleks Paunovic Join the Cast '' . Movie News Guide . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Aleks Paunovic To Make ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' ; Newcomer Zachary Haven Joins ' Bastards ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Davis ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Was Once In Talks For A Marvel Or DC Movie '' . ComicBook . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Direct ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 '' . Twitter.com . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Current ' Planet Of The Apes ' Series Might Not Be Just A Trilogy '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Goldberg . `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Darren Franich ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes director reveals films that influenced the sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Talks About New ' Apes ' Films Eventually Reaching the 1968 ' Planet of the Apes ' Story '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Serkis on Next ' Planet of the Apes ' : `` There 's Potential War '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher McKittrick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : a `` Biblical Epic Western War Movie '' `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Lee biopic begins filming in Vancouver next month '' . calgaryherald.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Filming Starts '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susan Gittins ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Big Budget : War for the Planet of the Apes With Motion - Captured Andy Serkis & Steve Zahn And Woody Harrelson Starts Filming Mid-Week in Metro Vancouver '' . yvrshoots.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Parts of Planet of the Apes sequel to be shot in Alberta in January '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis unsure about Tin Tin sequel '' . TV 3 . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Matt Reeves & Dylan Clark '' . ThoughtCo.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Offers A Masterful Vision Of Humanity 's Many Forms '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' review : The trilogy 's epic conclusion holds nothing back '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Is n't the Apocalypse Now Remake It Wants to Be '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Says He 's Not Doing Brando in ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Official War For The Planet Of The Apes Set Photo Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Masterworks to Release ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Soundtrack '' . Filmmusicreporter.com . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Pushes ' Apes ' Sequel By A Year ; ' X-Men ' Spinoff , ' Assassin 's Creed ' Set For 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` First War For The Planet Of The Apes Footage ; Contest To Be An Ape In The Film Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Logo Revealed ; Trailer Coming Sunday ? '' . Collider . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay . `` War For The Planet Of The Apes Announcement Coming During The Walking Dead '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # WarForTheApesContest '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Contest TV Commercial ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Footage Coming to NYCC '' . Comingsoon.net. 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes DVD Release Date October 24 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Will ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Top ' Spider - Man ' for # 1 at the Weekend Box Office ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelly . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Eyes $65 Million Domestic Opening in Early Box Office Tracking '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Do Battle With ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' at Box Office '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood 's summer box - office lesson : ' The disconnect between critics and audiences is largely gone ' '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang , Seth Kelley ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Too Many Aging Franchises Wrecked the Summer Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Battle ' Spider - Man ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Loots $56.5 M In Box Office Spoils '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : The Apes unseat Spider - Man '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Seizes $50.5 M ; ' Girls Trip ' Is Malcolm D. Lee 's Highest Opening ; The Reasons Why ' Valerian ' Crashed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' For Top Spot With $28 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Marshals $44.2 M In Bow ; ' Spider - Man ' Rises To $260 M Overseas '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2017 , 26 Jun . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Review '' . IGN . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Review : New ' Planet of the Apes ' Makes You Root Against Your Species '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : Series Ends With Best ' Apes ' Movie Yet '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Review : Matt Reeves Concludes the Best Sci - Fi Trilogy Since the First ' Star Wars ' '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GTA18 Nominees ( 2017 ) '' . Golden Trailer Awards . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honorees - Hollywood Film Awards '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ lidplussdesign . `` HPA Online , Hollywood Professional Association '' . www.hollywoodprofessionalassociation.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film - HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WAFCA Award Winners - The Washington DC Area Film Critics Association ( WAFCA ) '' . www.wafca.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Francisco Film Critics Nominate Andy Serkis for Best Actor , go deep in for Shape of Water '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco Film Critics Announce Nominations - Awards Daily '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clayton ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations - ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the Fray '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 By Seattle Film Critics Society - Seattle Film Critics Society `` . December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Surreal ' A Ghost Story ' is best movie of 2017 , says Utah Film Critics Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations -- LA Online Film Critics Society '' . laofcs.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Nominations '' . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Name ' The Shape Of Water ' Best Picture '' . Jump up ^ `` PFCS 2017 Award Winners '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 North Carolina Film Critics Association Awards - North Carolina Film Critics Association '' . ncfilmcritics.org . Jump up ^ `` Awards 2017 - COFCA '' . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And the HFCS winner is : Lady Bird '' . www.movingpictureblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Film Critics Association Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . GeorgiaEntertainmentNews.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sandra Gonzalez , . `` SAG Award nominations 2018 : The list '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Film - Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Among Nominees '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 30 , 2017 . thewrap.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Achievemet in Sound Editing - Feature Motion Picture - Dialogue / ADR '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Achievemet in Sound Editing - Feature Motion Picture - Effects / Foley '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2017 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2017 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Analysis - Oscar nominations 2018 : ' The Shape of Water ' leads with 13 ; ' Get Out ' nominated for best picture '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website War for the Planet of the Apes on IMDb War for the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Plague Inc . Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Mulan ( 2020 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=857132191 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American prison films American science fiction films American sequel films American Sign Language films Apocalyptic films Dystopian films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films about revenge Films directed by Matt Reeves Films produced by Peter Chernin Films set in California Films set in forests Films set in the future Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Vancouver Motion capture in film Planet of the Apes films Science fiction adventure films Science fiction drama films Science fiction war films Films set in 2028 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who directed war for the planet of the apes | [
"War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves. A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series. The film stars Andy Serkis, Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn, and follows a confrontation between the apes, led by Caesar, and the humans for control of Earth. Like its predecessor, its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series, Battle for the Planet of the Apes, but it is not a direct remake.\n"
] | [
"Matt Reeves"
] |
6856869732557073812 | Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series) | Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the celebrity edition . For the regular edition , see Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) . For other uses , see Celebrity Big Brother . Celebrity Big Brother Winter 2018 ( show ) HouseGuests Name Entered Exited Marissa Day 1 Day 26 Ross Day 1 Day 26 Mark Day 1 Day 26 Ariadna Day 1 Day 26 Omarosa Day 1 Day 26 James Day 1 Day 24 Brandi Day 1 Day 24 Metta Day 1 Day 20 Shannon Day 1 Day 17 Keshia Day 1 Day 13 Chuck Day 1 Day 10 Winner $250,000 Runner - up ( $50,000 ) + America 's Favorite HouseGuest ( $25,000 ) Evicted Celebrity Big Brother , also known as Big Brother : Celebrity Edition , is a spin - off series of the American reality television series Big Brother . This season aired during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season , the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008 . Julie Chen returned as host , with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . The season premiered on February 7 , 2018 . The promotional logo was released on December 20 , 2017 . The logo is similar to that used for Big Brother season 19 , with the word `` celebrity '' added . The first teaser was also released the same day . In January 2018 official photos of the house and backyard were released through a press release and an Instagram livestream with Julie Chen . On January 28 , 2018 , the official cast was announced during The 60th Annual Grammy Awards . The season officially concluded on February 25 , 2018 when Marissa Jaret Winokur beat Ross Mathews by a final jury vote of 6 to 3 . Ross was also later named America 's Favorite HouseGuest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 2.1 Series changes 2.2 Broadcasts 2.2. 1 International broadcasts 2.3 Prize 3 HouseGuests 4 Episodes 4.1 Notes 5 Voting history 5.1 Notes 6 Reception 6.1 Viewing figures 7 References 8 External links Background After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4 , the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief . The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season . Due to the success of the first celebrity edition , a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002 . The celebrity version took a two year break before returning for its third season in 2005 , and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version . Starting with the third season , the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities . Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother . American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom . An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002 , along with a celebrity version of Survivor . In an interview , Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2 . It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest . Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part , but then backed out . Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin - off of Big Brother called Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008 , where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day , set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room . Julie Chen announced on September 7 , 2017 , during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during the winter , before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018 . CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season , and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers . The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . On September 13 , 2017 , it was revealed by Chen that her husband , CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves , forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen . Moonves stated , `` You should n't be expected to be paid as if it 's a full series . It 's a condensed version . '' Production The format of the show remained similar to the American version of Big Brother . Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto had been confirmed to returned for this edition along with live evictions . On December 1 , 2017 , CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7 , 2018 and wrap on February 25 , 2018 . Series changes Celebrity Big Brother was a condensed version of the game and would not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother , with episodes only shown over two weeks instead of three months . Unlike the parent series Jury members were not sequestered separately and were allowed to return to the outside world as well as watch the show . Beginning with an incident that led to a lawsuit in Big Brother 2 when HouseGuest Justin Sebik got drunk and threatened fellow HouseGuest Krista Stegall by holding a knife to her throat and stating `` Wait , hang on , I 'm going to slash your throat . Would you get mad if I killed you now ? '' there has been an alcohol restriction in the house . The alcohol restriction was lifted for the Celebrity HouseGuests . For the celebrity version of America 's Favorite HouseGuest the term Favorite Celebrity HouseGuest was also being used interchangeably . For the first time since the beginning of the U.S. series , five players were featured in the season 's finale night versus the usual three . Broadcasts The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother was screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season . CBS decided to schedule the spin - off during the February 2018 sweeps period to counterprogram NBC 's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Episodes aired on Sundays , Mondays , Wednesdays , and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday , February 8 and Saturday , February 24 . All episodes aired for one hour and aired from 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 p.m. EST ; the Friday episodes and the season finale , however , ran for two hours each ( from 8 : 00 - 10 : 00 p.m. EST ) . The live Internet feeds returned for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS , the companion series Big Brother : After Dark returned on Pop under the title Celebrity Big Brother : After Dark . The show provided live coverage nightly from inside the House . International broadcasts The series was screened in Canada on Global in simulcast with CBS . The celebrity series is also the first American Big Brother season to be screened in Australia. . The program aired on the Nine Network 's secondary channel ; 9Go ! from the 11th of February and air 5 times a week ( Sundays to Thursdays ) with Sunday and Thursday episodes set to air at 8 : 30pm and with other episodes set to air at 9 : 30pm . Additionally , episodes were made available to Australian viewers on Nine 's streaming service 9Now the shortly after the American airing of the show . However , low ratings saw the series bumped to a later timeslot on 9Go ! Prize The HouseGuests competed for the main grand prize of $250,000 . HouseGuests Main article : List of Celebrity Big Brother houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of Celebrity Big Brother L -- R : Metta World Peace , Brandi Glanville , Keshia Knight Pulliam , Ross Mathews , Shannon Elizabeth , Mark McGrath , Omarosa Manigault , James Maslow , Marissa Jaret Winokur , Ariadna Gutiérrez , and Chuck Liddell The HouseGuests were revealed during a live pre-show of the 2018 Grammy Awards on January 28 , 2018 . Name Age Notoriety Residence Ariadna Gutiérrez 24 Miss Colombia 2014 , runner - up in Miss Universe 2015 Miami , Florida Brandi Glanville 45 Former The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star Los Angeles , California Chuck Liddell 48 Mixed martial artist , UFC Hall of Famer Calabasas , California James Maslow 27 Big Time Rush singer and actor Venice , California Keshia Knight Pulliam 38 Former The Cosby Show actress Atlanta , Georgia Marissa Jaret Winokur 45 Broadway actress Toluca Lake , California Mark McGrath 49 Singer and television host Studio City , California Metta World Peace 38 Former NBA player Los Angeles , California Omarosa Manigault 44 Reality television star and former White House political aide Jacksonville , Florida Ross Mathews 38 Television host Palm Springs , California Shannon Elizabeth 44 Actress Cape Town , South Africa Jump up ^ Brandi Glanville previously participated on the twentieth season of Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom , where she finished in 11th place . Episodes No . overall No. in season Title Timeline Original air date US viewers ( millions ) Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Week 1 `` Episode 1 '' Day 1 February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 7.27 1.8 / 7 The eleven celebrities enter the new Celebrity Big Brother House after being sequestered from the public for a week . Prior to the first Head of Household competition Julie Chen informed the HouseGuests she was holding an envelope with a random number inside , all HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number between 1 through 11 and the HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity for the week . Omarosa was standing on the number five which was the winning number and was safe from being nominated for eviction this week . Head of Household competition : ( Award Squeezin ' ) The HouseGuests are tasked with holding onto a life size spinning trophy elevated in the air without letting go or falling off for as long as possible . The last HouseGuest holding onto their trophy after everyone else was eliminated would win the challenge and become the first Celebrity Head of Household . During the competition several past Big Brother HouseGuests perform a Broadway - style musical number where Marissa is the first to fall off her trophy . James and Shannon become the last two in the competition after everyone else drops . Shannon wins the Head of Household competition after James falls off his trophy . Julie instructs the HouseGuests to grab a `` celebrity gift bag '' before going back inside the House and not to open them . She also informs them that one bag contains a special power allowing the holder to `` recast '' the role of Head of Household with someone else . `` Episode 2 '' Days 2 - 5 February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 5.49 1.4 / 5 When the producers inform the HouseGuests that it 's time to choose who wants to open their bags , a small standoff occurs . However when Chuck is the first one to enter the Diary Room to say he wants to open his bag most of the women do too . Because more than one person wished to open their bag the Head of Household performed a random draw to decide who would open their bag . At them nomination ceremony Keshia was the winner and immediately opened her bag . She became the new HoH and immediately assumed HoH duties . She nominated Chuck and James for eviction . `` Episode 3 '' Days 6 - 10 February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 4.34 1.0 / 4 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests competed in the Power of Veto ceremony . The competitors were the HoH , the two nominees , Ariadna , Shannon and Mark . Power of Veto : ( `` The Four Sneezons Spiritual Spa '' ) In this competition HouseGuests had to search for letters and take them back to their spelling station . Once the HouseGuest is satisfied with their word they must lock in their time . The HouseGuest that spelled the longest word correctly in the shortest amount of time will win the Power of Veto . Shannon was the winner . Shannon chose not to use the Power of Veto On Day 10 by a vote of 7 - 1 with Omarosa voting to evict James , Chuck was the first one evicted from the house . Week 2 `` Episode 4 '' Day 11 February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) 4.79 1.2 / 5 Following the eviction the HouseGuests compete in the next Head of Household competition . Head of Household : ( `` Celebrity Bowlerina '' ) The HouseGuests compete head to head in a bowling competition . The competing players must spin around twelve times to lower the barricade located on their bowling lane . Once lowered the HouseGuests has twelve seconds to bowl down the four pins in their lane before the barricade raises again . The first HouseGuest to bowl down all pins in their lane wins the round . Ross was the winner and became the new Head of Household . During the competition Omarosa had a asthma attack and was hospitalized . The next day HouseGuests were informed of her hospitalization and it was announced that she would be returning to the house prior to the nomination ceremony . Following her return to the house on Day 11 , Ross nominated Keshia and Omarosa for eviction . 5 5 `` Episode 5 '' Days 11 - 13 February 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) 5.16 1.3 / 5 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a live veto competition , live veto ceremony and live eviction . Power of Veto : ( `` Now You See It '' ) The HouseGuests will see a billboard containing an advertisement for a new cruise line . The answer will either be either `` More '' , `` Exactly '' , or `` Less '' . The first HouseGuest to buzz in with the correct answer will win the round and choose the next two competitors to face off . The one to guess wrong or not answer at all will be eliminated . The last remaining HouseGuest will win the competition . Marissa was the winner and chose not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 13 by a unanimous vote of 7 - 0 Keshia was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second jury member . 6 6 `` Episode 6 '' Days 13 - 14 February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 5.21 1.3 / 5 Following the eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition Head of Household : ( `` Get Your Putt Into Gear '' ) The HouseGuests take turns playing rounds of golf . The HouseGuest who scores three holes - in - ones in the shortest amount of time wins Head of Household . Ariadna was the winner with a time of two minutes and eighteen seconds . On Day 14 Ariadna nominated James and Shannon for eviction . 7 7 `` Episode 7 '' Days 14 - 17 February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) 4.38 1.0 / 4 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in the Power of Veto ceremony the competitors were the HoH , the two nominees , Ross , Omarosa , and Brandi Power of Veto : ( `` Dining in the Dark '' ) The competing HouseGuests must enter a dark room and find their seat . Once they find their seat eat the first course of their meal . Following that they must move on to the next room and find the next seat for that course . Once all four courses have been found they must turn on the lights . The HouseGuest that moves through all four rooms and turns on their lights the fastest will win the Power of Veto . James was the winner with a time of six minutes and twenty - four seconds . James received the Power of Veto and used it to remove himself from the block . On Day 16 , Ariadna named Mark as a replacement nominee . On Day 17 , by a vote of 5 - 1 , Shannon was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury . Head of Household : ( `` Courtside Seats '' ) The celebrities must hold on and sit in their seat as long as possible . The last HouseGuest sitting in their seat will become the next Head of Household . The first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats will be on a slop only diet for two days . Week 3 8 8 `` Episode 8 '' Days 17 - 18 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) 4.91 1.2 / 5 Head of Household : ( `` Courtside Seats '' ) For being the first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats , Metta , Ross , and Mark were put on a slop - only diet for 48 hours , which began after the competition . Omarosa won after more than an hour and a half . On Day 18 Omarosa nominated Ross and Brandi for eviction . 9 9 `` Episode 9 '' Days 18 - 20 February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) 5.11 1.2 / 5 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a special Power of Veto competition . For this Power of Veto America was allowed to vote between the Diamond Veto , Spotlight Veto , and the VIP Veto . America voted for the VIP Veto which allows the winner to use the veto once , twice , or not at all . If the winning HouseGuest chooses to use the Power of Veto to save one of the nominees they are also able to save the replacement nominee or the other nominee if they choose . The competitors in the competition were Brandi , Mark , Marissa , Metta , Omarosa , and Ross . VIP Power of Veto : ( `` Invitation Only '' ) When the competition starts the HouseGuests must race to grab their puzzle pieces . Once they have pieces they must race to the other end and begin to put the puzzle together . The first HouseGuest to successfully build their puzzle and press their button will win the VIP Power of Veto . The winner was Ross . On Day 20 Ross used the VIP Veto to remove himself from the block . Omarosa then named Metta as the replacement nominee and Ross chose not to use the veto a second time . On Day 20 by a unanimous vote of 5 - 0 , Metta was evicted from the house and became the fourth member of the jury . 10 10 `` Episode 10 '' Days 20 - 21 February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 5.54 1.4 / 5 Following Metta 's eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition Head of Household : ( `` Red Carpet Ride '' ) In this competition when the horn begins the HouseGuests must try to get across their red carpet without touching the ground . If they touch the ground they must go back to the beginning and start over . When they reach the other side they must lock in their time . Throughout the round the carpets tighten and loosen to make the carpets easier and harder to cross . The HouseGuests competed in two rounds of three . The three HouseGuests with the three fastest times competed against each other in the final round . Brandi , James , and Mark competed in the final round . Mark was the winner and became the next Head of Household . Mark nominated Brandi and Ariadna for eviction . 11 11 `` Episode 11 '' Days 21 - 24 February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) 4.60 1.1 / 4 Following the HoH competition the HouseGuests competed in the next Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto : ( `` BB Celebrity Toy Factory '' ) When the competition starts the celebrity competing must hit their buzzer to reveal an action figure . Once the action figure appears they must figure out who 's mouth , eyes , and nose are on the action figure . When they think they have correctly matched the three they must hit their buzzer . If it is incorrect they must correct themselves or if it is correct they move onto the next action figure . Once the HouseGuest has four action figures figured out they must lock in their time . The HouseGuest who figures out all four action figures in the fastest amount of time wins the next Power of Veto . Ariadna was the winner with a time of 9 minutes and 10 seconds . Ariadna used the veto to remove herself from the block . Mark named Marissa as the replacement nominee . Following the Power of Veto ceremony Julie informed the HouseGuests of the double eviction . On Day 24 by a vote of 3 - 1 Brandi was evicted from the house and became the fifth member of the jury . Following Brandi eviction the HouseGuests participated in the next Head of Household competition . Head of Household : ( `` BB Auction '' ) Julie will ask the competitors a question based on the BB Works of Arts viewed earlier that day . The answer is either true or false . If the correct answer is chosen they will receive a point . The HouseGuest with the most point at the end of 7 questions will be the next Head of Household . A tiebreaker was held between James and Omarosa . The answer this time was a number . The HouseGuest who got closest to the number without going over will win . If both HouseGuests went over the one closest will win . Omarosa was the winner and became the next HoH . Omarosa nominated Marissa and Ross for eviction . Due to there only being six HouseGuests all HouseGuests were able to compete in the Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto : ( `` Art - Rageous '' ) The HouseGuests must enter the Big Brother house and look at the four paintings in the kitchen . They must then compare them to the other paintings in the house and figure out which paintings is an exact replica of one in the kitchen . When the HouseGuest thinks they have figured it out the must race back to the yard and lock in their guess . If incorrect they are out of the competition . Ross was the winner and received the Power of Veto . Ross used the veto to remove himself from the block . Omarosa named James as the replacement nominee . On Day 24 by a vote of 2 - 1 James was evicted from the house and became the sixth member of the jury . Week 4 12 12 `` Episode 12 '' Days 24 - 25 ; Various February 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) 3.54 0.9 / 4 Following James ' eviction from the house the final five HouseGuests had time to think back on their time in the Big Brother house . Head of Household : ( `` Rocky Mountain Fly '' ) HouseGuests must step onto their ski 's and hold on . The ski 's will `` fly '' into the air and the HouseGuests must hold on as long as possible . If a HouseGuest falls off of their ski 's they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will become the next to last Head of Household of the season . 13 13 `` Episode 13 '' Days 25 - 26 February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 5.21 1.4 / 5 Head of Household : ( `` Rocky Mountain Fly '' ) Marissa was the first to fall followed by Ariadna , and then Mark . Ross was the last one standing and became the next Head of Household . Following the HoH competition Ross nominated Ariadna and Omarosa for eviction . Power of Veto : ( `` Get Your Story Straight '' ) When the timer starts the competing HouseGuest must look at the supersized laptop . There are eight stories on the laptop however they are missing days . The HouseGuest must climb on the laptop and transport the day tiles from the search bar to match the correct event on the website . When they finish they must lock in their time by hitting the enter button on the laptop . The HouseGuest with the fastest time and most days correct will win the Power of Veto . Marissa and Ross tied with a total of 8 correct however because Ross finished faster with a time of five minutes and twenty - one seconds he was awarded the final Power of Veto of the season . Ross chose not to use the veto effectively keeping his nominations the same . On Day 26 by a unanimous vote of 2 - 0 Omarosa was evicted from the house becoming the seventh member of the jury . Head of Household : ( `` Hash It Out '' ) In this competition Julie will read tweets from evicted HouseGuests over their time in the house , one of the tweets will be an incorrect statement . The competing HouseGuests must figure out who tweeted the incorrect statement . Each time the HouseGuests guess correctly the will get a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight rounds will win the final Head of Household of the season . Mark , Marissa , and Ross tied . In the tiebraker the Julie asked the HouseGuests a question . The answer was a number . The HouseGuest who got closest without going over became the next Head of Household . If everyone went over the one closest HouseGuest will become the next Head of Household . Marissa was the winner and became the final Head of Household of the season . On Day 26 Marissa chose to take Ross to the final two evicting Ariadna and Mark who became the eighth , ninth , and final two members of the jury . Following this , the jurors had a chance to ask questions to the final two . The Jury then voted one by one on who they think should win the game . Marissa became the first winner of Celebrity Big Brother receiving $250,000 making Ross the runner - up who received $50,000 . Ross was later named America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received an additional $25,000 . Notes ^ Note 1 This Head of Household competition began in Episode 7 on Day 17 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 8 . ^ Note 2 In episode 12 the HouseGuests looked back over their time in the game . The current day in the house was 24 however flashbacks featured content from Days 1 - 25 . ^ Note 3 This Head of Household competition began in episode 12 on Day 25 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 13 . Voting history Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Day 11 Day 14 Day 18 Day 21 Day 24 Day 25 Day 26 Finale Head of Household Shannon Keshia Ross Ariadna Omarosa Mark Omarosa Ross Marissa ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Chuck James Keshia Omarosa James Shannon Brandi Ross Ariadna Brandi Marissa Ross Ariadna Omarosa Ariadna Mark Ross Veto Winner Shannon Marissa James Ross Ariadna Ross Ross ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Chuck James Keshia Omarosa Mark Shannon Brandi Metta Brandi Marissa James Marissa Ariadna Omarosa Marissa Chuck Keshia Shannon Metta Nominated Nominated Omarosa Ariadna Mark Winner ( Day 26 ) Ross Chuck Head of Household Shannon Metta Brandi James Head of Household Nominated Runner - up ( Day 26 ) Mark Chuck Keshia Nominated Metta Head of Household Marissa Omarosa Evicted ( Day 26 ) Ross Ariadna Chuck Keshia Head of Household Metta Marissa James Nominated Evicted ( Day 26 ) Marissa Omarosa James Nominated Shannon Head of Household Brandi Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 26 ) Marissa James Nominated Keshia Shannon Metta Brandi Nominated Evicted ( Day 24 ) Marissa Brandi Chuck Keshia Mark Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 24 ) Ross Metta Chuck Keshia Shannon Nominated Evicted ( Day 20 ) Ross Shannon Chuck Keshia Nominated Evicted ( Day 17 ) Marissa Keshia Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 13 ) Marissa Chuck Nominated Evicted ( Day 10 ) Marissa Notes 1 , 2 none 3 , 4 none 5 none 6 7 Evicted Chuck 7 of 8 votes to evict Keshia 7 of 7 votes to evict Shannon 5 of 6 votes to evict Metta 5 of 5 votes to evict Brandi 3 of 4 votes to evict James 2 of 3 votes to evict Omarosa 2 of 2 votes to evict Ariadna Marissa 's choice to evict Ross 3 votes to win Mark Marissa 's choice to evict Marissa 6 votes to win Notes ^ Note 1 : Before the first HoH competition , the HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number . The HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity that week . Omarosa was the winner and was immune from nominations for the week . Since she was immune , she became ineligible to compete in the HoH competition . ^ Note 2 : Due to the Gift Bag twist , Keshia opened her bag to reveal she had the `` Recast '' Power , dethroning Shannon , who then became immune from nominations for the round . ^ Note 3 : Mark , Metta , and Ross were the first three HouseGuests to fall in the HoH competition and were therefore put on slop for 48 hours . ^ Note 4 : Viewers were able to choose which veto would be played for this eviction . The Diamond Veto allows the winner to save a nominee and choose their replacement . The VIP Veto gives the winner the option to use the veto once , twice , or not at all ; if the winner chooses to use it they are able to save one of the nominees and then save the replacement nominee if the veto winner wishes to . The Spotlight Veto forces the winner to use the veto to save one of the nominees . America chose the VIP Veto . ^ Note 5 : There was a double eviction on Day 24 . Following the first eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a round worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the night . ^ Note 6 : All four remaining houseguests competed in the final Head of Household competition . Marissa won the final HoH competition and chose to evict Mark and then Ariadna , who were officially announced as 9th and 8th jurors , respectively . ^ Note 7 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Celebrity Big Brother . Reception Viewing figures # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , February 7 , 2018 1.8 / 7 7.27 Thursday , February 8 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.49 Friday , February 9 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.34 Sunday , February 11 , 2018 1.2 / 5 4.79 5 Monday , February 12 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.16 6 Wednesday , February 14 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.21 7 Friday , February 16 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.38 8 Sunday , February 18 , 2018 1.2 / 5 4.91 9 Monday , February 19 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.11 10 Wednesday , February 21 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.54 11 Friday , February 23 , 2018 1.1 / 5 4.64 12 Saturday , February 24 , 2018 0.9 / 4 3.54 13 Sunday , February 25 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.21 References Jump up ^ Chen , Julie ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` JULIE LIVE FROM THE HOUSE # BBCelebrity # CBBUS Clues throughout the day ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Pits Celeb Big Brother vs. Olympics , Sets Date for 30th Amazing Race '' . TV Line . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matthew ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Gets Its First CBS Teaser ( Video ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother - Celebrity Big Brother ( Preview ) '' . Youtube . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother House Photos & Julie Chen Tour '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Sneak Peek : First Look At New Backyard ( PICS ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother launched '' . BBC News . February 15 , 2001 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother USA Announced by CBS For Winter 2018 '' . Global Television Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Adrienne ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Is Coming To CBS '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gary Busey becomes first American winner of Celebrity Big Brother '' . Mail Online . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big - Name Hunting for Celeb ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . February 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2003 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Team Reveals Celebrity Winter Edition ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mainelli , John ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` Stern 's a Go for ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2002 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack quietly leaves the room '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News -- CBS to Broadcast Its First Celebrity Edition of Reality Hit `` Big Brother '' '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Chen Took a Pay Cut to Make Celebrity Big Brother Happen '' . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Will Air a Lot of ' Big Brother ' During the Olympics '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Celebrity Edition Premiere Date Announced : Find Out How Many Weeks It 'll Run ! '' . US Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Evicts First Houseguest in Dramatic Fashion '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Denton ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Chuck Liddell ( ' Celebrity Big Brother ' ) exit interview : I really want to be on ' The Amazing Race ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Controversy on ' Big Brother 2 ' '' . ABC News . July 12 , 2002 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( July 8 , 2002 ) . `` '' Big Brother '' knife incident results in lawsuit `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother No Alcohol Restrictions Houseguests / '' . TMZ . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Contestants Get Unlimited Alcohol '' . IMDb . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Houseguest Vote '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 10 '' . Celebrity Big Brother U.S . Season 1 . Episode 10 . February 21 , 2018 . CBS . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother producer on Omarosa 's asthma , quitters , and Sunday 's finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother to air opposite the Winter Olympics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Cody ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother coming to CBS this winter for first time ever '' . Hidden Remote . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Announces BIG 2018 Winter Lineup '' ( Press release ) . Corus Entertainment . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Courtney Act wins Celebrity Big Brother UK '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://tvtonight.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Program-Guide-TCN-GO-Sun-Feb-11-2018.pdf Jump up ^ https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/02/airdate-celebrity-big-brother-us.html Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Bumped : Celebrity Big Brother ( US ) '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Grand Prize : Houseguests Competing For $250 K '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Omarosa Goes from White House to Cast of ' Celebrity Big Brother ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother cast ( including Omarosa ) revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Cast '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/celebrity-big-brother/photos/1008130/meet-the-famous-cast-of-celebrity-big-brother/ Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Brandi Glanville and Omarosa Are Teaming Up for Celebrity Big Brother '' . Bravo TV Official Site . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Joanne ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` CELEBRITY BIG BROTHER : OMAROSA 'S PLANS TO RULE '' . Wendy Show . Jump up ^ Crane , Emily ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' You have to know how to watch your own back ' : Ex-Trump staffer Omarosa enters the Celebrity Big Brother house and repeatedly mentions White House ' backstabbing ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The First - Ever Head Of Household Is Crowned On Celebrity Big Brother '' . CBS . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Longretta , Emily ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Becomes Battle of the Sexes : 6 Key Moments from the Premiere '' . US Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Big Brother : Celebrity Edition Premiere Was a Surprising Amount of Fun '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother recap : Gift bag it up '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Spoilers : Eviction Target Set In Round 1 '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' and Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother : Celeb Edition , ' Olympics and everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics , ' Celebrity Big Brother , ' others steady : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust down , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' rerun up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' American Housewife ' reruns adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metclaf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2 / 24 / 2018 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio , ' Olympics closing adjust up , ' Olympic Gold ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother America 's Vote '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' and Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother : Celeb Edition , ' Olympics and everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics , ' Celebrity Big Brother , ' others steady : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust down , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' rerun up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' American Housewife ' reruns adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metclaf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2 / 24 / 2018 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio , ' Olympics closing adjust up , ' Olympic Gold ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . External links Official website Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Morgan Willett Josh Martinez Marissa Jaret Winokur Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Paul Abrahamian Cody Nickson Jessica Graf Related shows House Calls After Dark Gran Hermano USA Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . 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( TBA ) Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebrity_Big_Brother_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=831862550 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) Celebrity Big Brother Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 15 : 09 . About Wikipedia | when does big brother celebrity edition come out | [
"Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition,[1] is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.[2]"
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"February 7, 2018"
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-5574684084218062321 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n"
] | [
"2006"
] |
-1622237446753491341 | Fort Clatsop | Fort Clatsop - wikipedia Fort Clatsop Fort Clatsop National Memorial U.S. National Register of Historic Places The 2006 replica of Fort Clatsop Near mouth of Columbia River , Oregon Fort Clatsop ( the US ) Show map of Oregon Show map of the US Show all Location Clatsop County , Oregon , USA Nearest city Astoria , Oregon Coordinates 46 ° 8 ′ 1 '' N 123 ° 52 ′ 49 '' W / 46.13361 ° N 123.88028 ° W / 46.13361 ; - 123.88028 Coordinates : 46 ° 8 ′ 1 '' N 123 ° 52 ′ 49 '' W / 46.13361 ° N 123.88028 ° W / 46.13361 ; - 123.88028 Area 125.2 acres ( 50.7 ha ) Built 1805 NRHP reference # 66000640 Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 ⚈ The Fort Clatsop National Memorial located southwest of Astoria . Fort Clatsop was the encampment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the Oregon Country near the mouth of the Columbia River during the winter of 1805 - 1806 . Located along the Lewis and Clark River at the north end of the Clatsop Plains approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) southwest of Astoria , the fort was the last encampment of the Corps of Discovery , before embarking on their return trip east to St. Louis . The Lewis and Clark Expedition wintered at Fort Clatsop before returning east to St. Louis in the spring of 1806 . It took just over 3 weeks for the Expedition to build the fort , and it served as their camp from December 8 , 1805 until their departure on March 23 , 1806 . The site is now protected as part of the Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks , and is formerly known as Fort Clatsop National Memorial . A replica of the fort was constructed for the sesquicentennial in 1955 and lasted for fifty years ; it was severely damaged by fire in early October 2005 , weeks before Fort Clatsop 's bicentennial . A new replica , more rustic and rough - hewn , was built by about 700 volunteers in 2006 ; it opened with a dedication ceremony that took place on December 9 . The original Fort Clatsop decayed in the wet climate of the region but was reconstructed in 1955 from sketches in the journals of William Clark . The site is currently operated by the National Park Service . Contents 1 Background 2 Locating and building the fort 3 Winter activities 4 Departure 5 Later use 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) In 1803 , Thomas Jefferson completed the Louisiana Purchase from France . As much of the area had not been explored by whites , Jefferson commissioned an expedition to be led by his secretary , Meriwether Lewis , along with William Clark . Jefferson set a number of goals for the expedition , most notably to determine what the land contained , including plants , animals , and natural resources . Jefferson also wanted to establish good relations with the Native Americans of the area . Additionally , Jefferson was very interested in finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean , which would have cut the travel time from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean considerably . Locating and building the Fort ( edit ) In late November 1805 , after spending a number of days in what is today the state of Washington , Lewis and Clark proposed that the Corps of Discovery move to a location along the Columbia River , based on a recommendation of the local Clatsop Indians . The group decided to vote on the matter , with everyone , including the young Native American female Sacagawea and African American slave York , participating . The group was given three choices : stay on the Washington side of the Columbia River , and be subjected to diets of fish and rainy weather , move upriver , or take the advice of the Clatsop Indians and explore the area to the south of the River . The expedition overwhelmingly decided to take the advice of the local Indians to explore the idea of spending the winter on the southern shore of the River . Lewis decided to explore the area before moving the entire group . He and five men left to scout the area , leaving Clark and the rest of the group behind . Lewis became frustrated when he could not find the abundant elk that the Clatsop had talked about . In the meantime , Clark had not heard from his companion in a number of days and became increasingly worried . During Lewis ' absence , the group performed a number of housekeeping tasks , including fixing their clothes from the wear they had suffered during the long and arduous journey . The canoe landing area along the Lewis and Clark River at the Fort Clatsop National Memorial southwest of Astoria Finally , Lewis returned with the news that he had found an adequate location in which to winter . On December 7 , 1805 , the Corps of Discovery began the short journey to the location chosen by Lewis . Upon arrival , the men split into different groups : Clark led a party to the Pacific Ocean in search of salt , while Lewis split the remaining men into two groups . One group was in charge of hunting , while the other was in charge of cutting down trees to be used in the construction of the fort . Construction of the fort was slow , due to the incessant precipitation and unyielding wind that made working conditions less than ideal . On December 23 , people started to move into the dwelling , even though it did n't yet have a roof . The next day , Christmas Eve , everyone moved in . On Christmas Day it was named `` Fort Clatsop '' in reference to the local Indian tribe . The structures of Fort Clatsop were relatively simple , consisting of two buildings surrounded by large walls . All of the men lived in one structure , while Lewis , Clark , Sacagawea , her husband Toussaint Charbonneau , and their son , Jean Baptiste , stayed in the other . Winter activities ( edit ) The winter of 1805 -- 1806 was very long and rainy , leading to boredom and restlessness for the Corps of Discovery . They passed the time with various activities , including hunting the abundant deer and elk in the region . The deer and elk meat spoiled quickly , but the skins were used to make clothing and moccasins . Realizing the importance of their trip , Lewis spent most of his time at Fort Clatsop documenting the journey , taking notes on the wildlife , terrain , and other features . Lewis also made maps of the area , which would be especially helpful to future settlers of the Pacific Northwest . Finally , Lewis and Clark occasionally traded with the Clatsop Indians , a tribe they had come to dislike , viewing them as untrustworthy and prone to theft . Ultimately , the group 's time along the Columbia River merely served as a place to spend the winter and recoup . The men were suffering from a number of different illnesses and conditions , including venereal diseases and respiratory problems , and felt that departing would make them all feel better . Departure ( edit ) Toward the end of the monotonous winter they spent at Fort Clatsop , the men were desperate to return east . Everyone was sick and quite restless , and the steady diet of elk was becoming unbearable . Moreover , even the elk were becoming more difficult to find . Originally , Meriwether Lewis determined the departure date would be April 1 , but it was later moved up to March 20 . Ultimately , they did n't leave until two days after that due to poor weather . In order to travel back up the Columbia and reach the mountains , the group was desperately in need of canoes . The Clatsops had a number of them , but refused to trade with Lewis and Clark . Eventually , an agreement was reached for one canoe , but Lewis decided they had no choice but to steal a second one , since they could n't all travel without at least two boats . On March 22 , the Corps of Discovery began the long journey back to St. Louis . Lewis decided not to send any of the men back with a copy of his notes by sea , as was usually customary , because of the small number of people in the group . Instead , Lewis decided that the group would travel two different routes , in order to see as much of the territory as possible on the way back to St. Louis . Later use ( edit ) Fort Clatsop facsimile as depicted in 1919 As a parting gift , Lewis gave Fort Clatsop to Coboway , the chief of the Clatsops . Lewis and Clark had no use for the fort , as they were returning east with no plans to revisit the fort in the near future . Because of the heavy rainfall of the region , the original Fort Clatsop had rotted away by the middle of the 19th century . Fort Clatsop replica nearing completion , c. 1955 The Clatsops used the fort as a useful base for security and other purposes , though they did strip away part of the wood for other uses . The area soon became a very important site for the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest . The location of the fort near the Pacific Ocean and the Columbia River made it a natural site for the fur trade , which expanded rapidly in the years after Lewis and Clark left . Numerous fur trading companies , including the American Fur Company and the Hudson 's Bay Company , constructed headquarters in the region . Since then , there have been two reconstruction efforts . The first , in 1955 , lasted for 50 years until a fire destroyed the entire structure in the late evening of October 3 , 2005 . Federal , state , and community officials immediately pledged to rebuild it . A 9 - 1 - 1 operator 's insistence that the fire was no more than fog over the nearby Lewis and Clark River delayed firefighters ' arrival by about 15 minutes , possibly impacting their ability to save part of the structure . Investigators found no evidence of arson . The fire started in one of the enlisted men 's quarters , where earlier in the day there had been an open hearth fire burning . It took 18 months to build the 1955 reconstruction , much longer than the 3.5 weeks it took to build the original . Shortly after the fire , a second replica was built and finished in 2006 . In spite of the loss , the fire renewed archaeological interest in the site , as excavations had not been possible while the replica was standing . Additionally , the new replica was built utilizing information on the original fort that was not available for the 1955 replica . The 2006 replica also features a fire detection system . The replica of the fort is n't in the exact location of the original , as no remains of the original fort have been found . However , it is thought to be quite close to the exact location . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1997 ) . Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1st Touchstone ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 326 . ISBN 0684826976 . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Harry William ( 2004 ) . The Lewis and Clark Expedition . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 0313316619 . Jump up ^ Nicandri , David L. ( 2010 ) . River of Promise. ; Lewis and Clark on the Columbia . Lewis . p. 232 . ISBN 0982559712 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose ( 1997 ) , pp. 318 . Jump up ^ Nicandri ( 2010 ) , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose ( 1997 ) , pp. 333 - 334 . Jump up ^ Nicandri ( 2010 ) , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Ambrose ( 1997 ) , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Fort Clatsop National Park Service Accessed 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Clatsop Site , 1900 '' . Jump up ^ `` Euro - American Adaptation and Importation : 1800 -- 1850 : Early Exploration and Fur - Trading Outposts '' . Jump up ^ Komo News Dispatcher Tells 911 Caller Fort Clatsop Fire Was Just Fog Accessed 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ The Seattle Times No signs of arson in Fort Clatsop fire . Accessed 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Clatsop '' . Further reading ( edit ) Frederick L. Brown ( Winter 2006 ) . `` Imagining Fort Clatsop '' . Oregon Historical Quarterly . 107 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Clatsop . Lewis and Clark National Historical Park - National Park Service History of Fort Clatsop - National Park Service Fort Clatsop & N. Oregon coast - The Seattle Times - Travel - 05 - April - 2007 The Lewis & Clark Expedition : Documenting the Uncharted Northwest Name , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan `` Fort Clatsop National Memorial '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . 28 November 1980 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 29 . Cannon - Miller , Kelly . `` Fort Clatsop '' . The Oregon Encyclopedia . Protected areas of Oregon Federal NPS National Parks Crater Lake National Historic Parks and Sites Fort Vancouver NHS Lewis and Clark NHP Nez Perce NHP National Monuments John Day Fossil Beds Newberry National Volcanic Monument ( USFS ) Oregon Caves USFS National Forests Deschutes Fremont -- Winema Malheur Mount Hood Ochoco Rogue River -- Siskiyou Siuslaw Umatilla Umpqua Wallowa -- Whitman Willamette National Grasslands Crooked River National Recreation Areas Hells Canyon Mount Hood Oregon Dunes Row River National Recreation Trail Scenic Areas Cape Perpetua Scenic Area Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area National Wildlife Refuge System Ankeny Bandon Marsh Baskett Slough Bear Valley Cape Meares Cold Springs Deer Flat Hart Mountain Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White - Tailed Deer Klamath Marsh Lewis and Clark Lower Klamath Malheur McKay Creek Nestucca Bay Oregon Islands Siletz Bay Three Arch Rocks Tualatin River Umatilla Upper Klamath Wapato Lake William L. 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Schneider Prineville Riverside Sauvie Island Snake River Islands Summer Lake Wenaha White River Willow Creek Local Metro Blue Lake Cooper Mountain Glendoveer Graham Oaks Howell Oregon Zoo Oxbow Smith and Bybee Mount Talbert Portland Audubon Society of Portland Butterfly Park Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden Forest Park Hoyt Arboretum Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge Powell Butte Nature Park Tideman Johnson Natural Area Washington Park Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District Tualatin Hills Nature Park Heritage registers National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks World Network of Biosphere Reserves Native peoples of Oregon history Topics Central Kalapuya language Chinookan Longhouse Northern Kalapuya language Oregon Penutian languages Salishan languages Shastan languages Thunderbird Wapato Western Oregon Indian Termination Act Yoncalla language Events Bridge of the Gods Kalapuya Treaty Cayuse War Potlatch Missoula Floods Rogue River Wars Places Fort Clatsop Celilo Falls Mount Mazama People Alsea Atfalati Bannock Cayuse Chetco Chinook Clackamas Clatsop Coquille Coos Kalapuya Klamath Klickitat Latgawa Modoc Molala Multnomah Nez Perce Northern Paiute Santiam Shasta Siletz Siuslaw Takelma Tillamook Tolowa Tututni Umatilla Umpquat Wasco / Wishram Oregon history Native American peoples of Oregon history History to 1806 Pioneer history Modern history Early history of Oregon ( 1500 -- 1806 ) Topics Fur trade Lady Washington Columbia Rediviva Northwest Passage Discovery Age of Discovery Chatham Events Bridge of the Gods 1700 Cascadia earthquake Nootka Convention Vancouver Expedition Entering the Columbia by Gray Lewis and Clark Expedition Places Celilo Falls Clatsop Plains Clatsop Spit Columbia Bar Columbia River Fort Clatsop Mount Mazama Nootka Sound Sauvie Island Willamette Falls Willamette Valley People William Robert Broughton Toussaint Charbonneau William Clark Chief Comcomly Captain James Cook Sir Francis Drake Robert Gray Robert Haswell Bruno de Heceta Joseph Ingraham John Kendrick Meriwether Lewis John Meares Quadra Sacagawea George Vancouver Oregon history Native peoples history History to 1806 Pioneer history Modern history hide Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition May , 1804 -- September , 1806 1804 May 14 : The Corps of Discovery departs from Camp Dubois at 4 p.m. , marking the beginning of the voyage to the Pacific coast . May 16 : The Corps of Discovery arrives at St. Charles , Missouri . May 21 : Departure from St. Charles at 3 : 30 p.m. May 24 : Pass Boones Settlement . Home of famous woodsman L. Willenborg . May 25 : The expedition passes the small village of La Charrette on the Missouri River . Charles Floyd writes in his journal that this is `` the last settlement of whites on this river '' . June 1 : The expedition reaches the Osage River . June 12 : Lewis and Clark meet three trappers in two pirogues . One of the men was Pierre Dorion , Jr. -- who knew George Rogers Clark . Lewis and Clark persuade Dorion to return to Sioux camp to act as interpreter . June 26 : The expedition arrives at Kaw Point where the Kansas River drains into the Missouri River basin . June 28 -- 29 : First trial in new territory . Pvt . John Collins is on guard duty and breaks into the supplies and gets drunk . Collins invites Pvt . Hugh Hall to drink also . Collins receives 100 lashes , Hall receives 50 lashes . July 4 : Marking Independence Day , the expedition names Independence Creek located near Atchison , Kansas . July 11 -- 12 : Second trial in new territory . Pvt . Alexander Hamilton Willard is on guard duty . Is charged with lying down and sleeping at his post whilst a sentinel . Punishable by death . He receives 100 lashes for four straight days . July 21 : Reaches the Platte River , 640 miles from St. Louis . Entering Sioux Territory . August 1 : Captain William Clark 's 34th birthday . August 3 : The Corps of Discovery holds the first official council between representatives of the United States and the Oto and Missouri tribes at Council Bluffs , Iowa . They hand out peace medals , 15 - star flags and other gifts , parade men and show off technology . August 4 : Moses Reed said he was returning to a previous camp to retrieve a knife but deserted to St. Louis . August 18 : George Drouillard returns to camp with Reed and Otos ' Chief Little Thief . Reed is sentenced to run the gauntlet ( 500 lashes ) and is discharged from the permanent party . August 18 : Captain Meriwether Lewis 's 30th birthday . August 20 : Sergeant Charles Floyd dies . He dies from bilious chorlick ( ruptured appendix ) . He is the only member lost during the expedition . August 23 : Pvt . Joseph Field kills first bison . August 26 : Pvt . Patrick Gass is elected to sergeant . First election in new territory west of Mississippi River . George Shannon is selected to get the horses back from native Americans . August 30 : A friendly council with the Yankton Sioux held . According to a legend , Lewis wraps a newborn baby in a United States flag and declares him `` an American '' . September 4 : Reach the mouth of the Niobrara River . September 7 : The expedition drives a prairie dog out of its den ( by pouring water into it ) to send back to Jefferson . September 14 : Hunters kill and describe prairie goat ( antelope ) . September 25 -- 29 : A band of Lakota Sioux demand one of the boats as a toll for moving further upriver . Meet with Teton Sioux . Close order drill , air gun demo , gifts of medals , military coat , hats , tobacco . Hard to communicate language problems . Invite chiefs on board keelboat , give each ⁄ glass whiskey , acted drunk wanted more . Two armed confrontations with Sioux . Some of the chiefs sleep on boat , move up river to another village , meet in lodge , hold scalp dance . October 8 -- 11 : Pass Grand River home of the Arikara people , 2,000 + . Joseph Gravelins trader , lived with Arikara for 13 yrs . Pierre Antoine Tabeau lived in another village was from Quebec . October 13 : Pvt . John Newman tried for insubordination ( who was prompted by Reed ) and received 75 lashes . Newman was discarded from the permanent party . October 24 : Met their first Mandan Chief , Big White . Joseph Gravelins acted as interpreter . October 24 : Expedition reaches the earth - log villages of the Mandans and the Hidatsas . The captains decide to build Fort Mandan across the river from the main village . October 26 : Rene Jessaume lived with Mandan for more than a decade , hired as Mandan interpreter . Hugh McCracken a trader with the North West Company . Francois - Antoine Larocque , Charles MacKenzie also visited L&C . November -- December : Constructed Fort Mandan . November 2 : Hired Baptiste La Page to replace Newman . November 4 : The captains meet Toussaint Charbonneau , a French - Canadian fur trapper living among the Hidatsas with his two Shoshone wives , Sacagawea and Little Otter . December 24 : Fort Mandan is considered complete . Expedition moves in for the winter season . 1805 January 1 : The Corps of Discovery celebrates the New Year by `` Two discharges of cannon and Musick -- a fiddle , tambereen and a sounden horn . '' February 9 : Thomas Howard scaled the fort wall and a native American followed his example . `` Setting a pernicious example to the savages '' 50 lashes -- only trial at Fort Mandan and last on expedition . Lashes remitted by Lewis . February 11 : Sacagawea gives birth to Jean Baptiste Charbonneau , the youngest member of the expedition . Jean Baptiste is nicknamed `` Pompy '' by Clark . Lewis aided in the delivery of Sacagawea 's baby , used rattle of rattlesnake to aid delivery ( Jessaume 's idea ) . April 7 -- 25 : Fort Mandan to Yellowstone River . April 7 : The permanent party of the Corps of Discovery leaves Fort Mandan . The keelboat is sent down river . Left Fort Mandan in six canoes and two pirogues . Thomas Howard received a letter from his wife Natalia . April 25 : Reached Yellowstone River Roche Jaune -- sent Joseph Field up river to find Yellowstone . He saw Big Horn Sheep and brought back horns . Lewis searched area thought it would be a good area for fort . Future forts were built , Fort Union and Fort Buford . May 14 : A sudden storm tips a pirogue ( boat ) and many items , such as supplies and the Corps ' journals , spill over into the river . Sacagawea calmly recovers most of the items ; Clark later credits her with quick thinking . April 25 -- June 3 : Yellowstone River to Marias River . April 27 : Entered present day state of Montana . May 5 : Lewis and a hunter killed first grizzly bear . May 8 : Milk river . Called because of its milky white appearance . Natives called it `` a river which scolds all others '' . June 3 -- 20 : Marias River to the Great Falls . June 3 : The mouth of the Marias River is reached . Camp Deposit is established . Cached blacksmith bellows and tools , bear skins , axes , auger , files , two kegs of parched corn , two kegs of pork , a keg of salt , chisels , tin cups , two rifles , beaver traps . Twenty - four lb of powder in lead kegs in separate caches . Hid red pirogue . Natives did not tell them of this river . Unable to immediately determine which river is the Missouri , a scouting party is sent to explore each branch , North fork ( Marias ) , South fork ( Missouri ) . Sgt . Gass and two others go up south fork . Sgt . Pryor and two others go up north fork . Ca n't decide which river is Missouri . Clark , Gass , Shannon , York and Fields brothers go up south fork . Lewis , Drouillard , Shields , Windsor Pryor , Cruzatte , Lepage go up north fork . Most men in expedition believe north fork is the Missouri . Lewis and Clark believe south fork is Missouri and followed that fork . June 13 : Scouting ahead of the expedition , Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River , confirming that they were heading in the right direction . Lewis writes when he discovers the Great Falls of the Missouri . `` When my ears were saluted with the agreeable sound of a fall of water and advancing a little further I saw the spray arrise above the plain like a column of smoke ... began to make a roaring too tremendous to be mistaken for any cause short of the great falls of the Missouri . '' June 14 : Lewis takes off on an exploratory walk of the north side of the river . Lewis shoots a bison . While he is watching the bison die , a grizzly bear sneaks up on him and chases him into river . June 21 -- July 2 : A portage of boats and equipment is made around the falls . June 27 : Cached : desk , books , specimens of plants and minerals , two kegs of pork , ⁄ keg of flour , two blunderbusses , ⁄ keg of fixed ammo , and other small articles . June : 18.4 miles Clark surveyed route . Clark was the first white man to see falls from south side of river . As Clark was surveying route he discovered a giant fountain ( Giant Springs ) . June 22 -- July 9 : Construction of iron framed boat used to replace pirogues . It was floated on July 9 but leaked after a rain storm . The boat failed and was dismantled and cached July 10 . July 10 -- 15 : Established canoe camp to construct 2 new dugout canoes to replace failed iron frame boat . July 15 -- August 8 : Great Falls to the Shoshone . Left canoe camp with eight vessels traveled through the Gates of the Mountains , to the Three Forks ( the three rivers that make up the Missouri River , the Jefferson River , the Gallatin River and the Madison River ) . The expedition is 2464.4 miles from mouth of the Missouri River . They pass Beaverhead Rock . August 1 : Captain Clark 's 35th birthday . August 11 : Captain Lewis sights first native American since Ft . Mandan . August 12 : Scouting separately from the main party , Lewis crosses the Continental Divide at Lemhi Pass . August 13 : Lewis meets Cameahwait , leader of a band of Shoshone August 15 -- 17 : Lewis returns across Lemhi Pass with Cameahwait and sets up Camp Fortunate . August 17 : A council meets with the Shoshone , during which Sacagawea learns the fate of her family and reveals that Cameahwait is her brother . Lewis and Clark successfully negotiate for horses for passage over the Rocky Mountains . They buy 29 horses for packing or eating with uniforms , rifles , powder , balls , and a pistol . They also hire Shoshone guide Old Toby . August 18 : Captain Lewis 's 31st birthday . In his journal , he scolds himself for being `` indolent '' , or lazy , and vows to spend the rest of his life helping people . August 26 : Lewis and the main party cross the Continental Divide at Lemhi Pass . They thereby leave the newly purchased United States territory into disputed Oregon Country . September 1 -- October 6 : Crossing the Bitterroot Mountains . September 4 : Meet Salish ( `` Flathead Indians '' ) at Ross 's Hole , bought 13 more horses . September 9 -- 11 : Camped at Traveler 's Rest ( Lolo , Montana ) , now a National Historic Landmark . September 13 : Crossed Lolo Trail starving , ate horses , candles , and portable soup . October 6 -- 9 : Met Nez Perce tribe on Clearwater . Left horses , cached goods , built five dugout canoes for trip to ocean . October 9 -- December 7 : Traveled down Clearwater River , Snake River and Columbia River to ocean . October 18 : Clark sees Mount Hood , which means they are now back in previously explored territory . October 25 -- 28 : Camped at the Rock Fort , and first met the Chinookan - speaking people of the lower Columbia . November 7 : Clark wrote in his journal , `` Ocian ( ocean ) in view ! O ! the joy . '' November 20 : Encounter of the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River . November 24 : The Corps takes the matter of where to spend the winter to a vote . York , a slave , and Sacagawea , a woman , were allowed to vote . It was decided to camp on the south side of the Columbia River . December 7 -- March 23 , 1806 : Fort Clatsop sewed 338 pairs of moccasins . December 25 : Fort Clatsop , the Corps ' winter residence , is completed . 1806 January 1 : Discharged a volley of small arms to usher in the new year . Several Corps members build a salt - making cairn near present - day Seaside , Oregon . Return Trip March 22 : Corps of Discovery leave Fort Clatsop for the return voyage east . March 23 -- May 14 : Traveled to Camp Chopunnish . April 11 : Lewis ' dog was stolen by natives and retrieved shortly . Lewis warned the chief that any other wrongdoing or mischievous acts would result in instant death . May 14 -- June 10 : Camp Chopunnish collected 65 horses . Prepared for crossing mountains . Bitterroot Mountains still covered in snow ; can not cross . June 10 -- 30 : Traveled to Traveler 's Rest ( Lolo , Montana ) via Lolo Creek . Three hundred miles shorter than westward journey . Seventeen horses and five Nez Perce guides . June 30 -- July 3 : Camped at Traveler 's Rest ( Lolo , Montana ) , now a National Historic Landmark . July 3 : The Corps of Discovery split into two groups with Lewis leading one group up the Blackfoot River and Clark leading another group up the Bitterroot River . July 3 -- 28 : Lewis 's party heads back to the Great Falls of the Missouri . Sgt . Gass , J. Thompson , H. McNeal , R. Field , R. Frazier , J. Fields , W. Werner , G. Drouillard , S. Goodrich . July 7 : Lewis ' group crosses the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass . July 13 : Reached White Bear Island . Opened cache and many items were ruined . The iron frame of the boat had not suffered materially . July 15 : Lewis explores Marias river , separates from Gass to meet at Mouth of Marias between Aug. 5 and no later than Sept 1 . Marias River expedition includes M. Lewis , R. Fields , J. Fields , G. Drouillard . July 15 -- 26 : Camp Disappointment . Marias River does not go far enough north . Natives finally discovered . July 20 : Sgt . Ordway 's party ( from Clark 's party ) meets Sgt . Gass 's party at the Great Falls of the Missouri . July 27 : Piikani Nation tribe members ( `` Blackfeet '' ) try to steal Lewis 's group 's rifles . A fight broke out and two natives Americans were killed in the only hostile and violent encounter with a tribe . July 28 : Lewis meets Ordway and Gass . July 3 : Clark explores Yellowstone -- leaves for Three Forks and Yellowstone . Sgt . Pryor , G. Gibson , H. Hall , R. Windsor . Sgt . Ordway , J. Colter , J. Colter , P. Cruzatte , F. LaBiche , T. Howard , J. Shields , B. LaPage , G. Shannon , J. Potts , W. Brattan , P. Wiser , P. Willard , J. Whitehouse , T. Charboneau , Sacagawea & Pomp , York . July 6 : Clark 's group crosses the Continental Divide at Gibbons Pass . July 8 : Reached Camp Fortunate dug up cache from year before -- tobacco most prized . July 13 : Sgt . Ordway splits from Clark to travel up Missouri River to meet Lewis and Gass . July 25 : Clark discovers and writes on Pompey 's Pillar . August 1 : Capt . Clark 's 36th birthday . August 3 : Clark arrives at confluence of Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers -- moves down river because of mosquitoes . August 8 : Pryor and party reached Clark . Pryor and party ( Sgt . Pryor , G. Gibson , H. Hall , R. Windsor ) left Clark with horses and a letter to Hugh Henry to get Sioux to go to Washington and make peace with other natives . Horses stolen , had to make bull boats to get across and down river . August 11 : Lewis is accidentally shot by a member of his own party . August 12 : The two groups rejoin on the Missouri River in present - day North Dakota . August 18 : Capt . Lewis 's 32nd birthday . August 14 : Reached Mandan Village . Charbonneau and Sacagawea stayed . John Colter went back up river with trappers Hancock and Dickson provided rest of company stay with expedition all the way to St. Louis . September 23 : The Corps arrives in St. Louis , ending their journey after two years , four months , and ten days . Jump up ^ Ambrose , 1996 , Chap . VI Jump up ^ Lavender , 2001 pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ DeVoto , 1997 p. xxix Jump up ^ Lavender , 2001 Jump up ^ See : Lewis and Clark Expedition for detailed citations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Clatsop&oldid=864878318 '' Categories : Forts in Oregon Oregon Country Lewis and Clark Expedition Museums in Astoria , Oregon Military and war museums in Oregon History museums in Oregon Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon Parks in Clatsop County , Oregon 1805 establishments in Oregon Fur trade Talk Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 03 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did lewis and clark spend the winter | [
"Fort Clatsop was the encampment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the Oregon Country near the mouth of the Columbia River during the winter of 1805-1806. Located along the Lewis and Clark River at the north end of the Clatsop Plains approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of Astoria, the fort was the last encampment of the Corps of Discovery, before embarking on their return trip east to St. Louis.\n",
"Fort Clatsop was the encampment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the Oregon Country near the mouth of the Columbia River during the winter of 1805-1806. Located along the Lewis and Clark River at the north end of the Clatsop Plains approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of Astoria, the fort was the last encampment of the Corps of Discovery, before embarking on their return trip east to St. Louis.\n"
] | [
"Fort Clatsop",
"in the Oregon Country near the mouth of the Columbia River"
] |
7267272188070147655 | Human–computer chess matches | Human -- computer Chess matches - wikipedia Human -- computer Chess matches Jump to : navigation , search This article documents the progress of significant human -- computer chess matches . Chess computers were first able to beat strong chess players in the late 1980s . Their most famous success was the victory of Deep Blue over then World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 , but there was some controversy over whether the match conditions favored the computer . In 2002 -- 2003 three human - computer matches were drawn . But whereas Deep Blue was a specialized machine , these were chess programs running on commercially available computers . Chess programs running on commercially - available desktop computers had convincing victories against human players in matches in 2005 and 2006 . Since that time , chess programs running on commercial hardware - more recently including mobile phones - have been able to defeat even the strongest human players . Contents ( hide ) 1 MANIAC ( 1956 ) 2 Mac Hack VI ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 3 Chess x.x ( 1968 -- 1978 ) 4 David Levy 's bet ( 1978 ) 5 Cray Blitz ( 1981 ) 6 HiTech ( 1988 ) 7 The Aegon Man - Machine Tournaments ( 1986 -- 1997 ) 8 Deep Thought ( 1989 ) 9 Chess Genius ( 1994 ) 10 Kasparov -- Deep Blue ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 10.1 1996 10.2 1997 11 Anand -- REBEL ( 1998 ) 12 Deep Junior at Dortmund ( 2000 ) 13 Kramnik -- Deep Fritz ( 2002 ) 14 Kasparov -- Deep Junior ( 2003 ) 15 Kasparov -- X3D Fritz ( 2003 ) 16 Man vs Machine World Team Championship ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 16.1 2004 16.2 2005 17 Hydra -- Adams ( 2005 ) 18 Kramnik -- Deep Fritz ( 2006 ) 19 Rybka odds matches ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 20 Pocket Fritz 4 ( 2009 ) 21 Komodo handicap matches ( 2015 ) 22 References MANIAC ( 1956 ) ( edit ) In 1956 MANIAC , developed at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory , became the first computer to defeat a human in a chess - like game . Playing with the simplified Los Alamos rules , it defeated a novice in 23 moves . Mac Hack VI ( 1966 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) In 1966 MIT student Richard Greenblatt wrote the chess program Mac Hack VI using MIDAS macro assembly language on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP - 6 computer with 16K of memory . Mac Hack VI evaluated 10 positions per second . In 1967 , several MIT students and professors ( organized by Seymour Papert ) challenged Dr. Hubert Dreyfus to play a game of chess against Mac Hack VI . Dreyfus , a professor of philosophy at MIT , wrote the book What Computers Ca n't Do , questioning the computer 's ability to serve as a model for the human brain . He also asserted that no computer program could defeat even a 10 - year - old child at chess . Dreyfus accepted the challenge . Herbert A. Simon , an artificial intelligence pioneer , watched the game . He said `` It was a wonderful game -- a real cliffhanger between two woodpushers with bursts of insights and fiendish plans ... great moments of drama and disaster that go in such games . '' The computer was beating Dreyfus when he found a move , which could have captured the enemy queen . The only way the computer could get out of this was to keep Dreyfus in checks with its own queen until it could fork the queen and king , and then exchange them . That is what the computer did . Soon , Dreyfus was losing . Finally , the computer checkmated Dreyfus in the middle of the board . In the spring of 1967 , Mac Hack VI played in the Boston Amateur championship winning 2 games and drawing 2 games . Mac Hack VI beat a 1510 United States Chess Federation player . This is the first time a computer won a game in a human tournament . At the end of 1968 , Mac Hack VI achieved a rating of 1529 . The average rating in the USCF was near 1500 . Chess x.x ( 1968 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) In 1968 , Northwestern University students Larry Atkin , David Slate and Keith Gorlen began work on Chess ( Northwestern University ) . On July 25 , 1976 , Chess 4.5 scored 5 -- 0 in the Class B ( 1600 -- 1799 ) section of the 4th Paul Masson chess tournament in Saratoga , California . This was the first time a computer won a human tournament . Chess 4.5 was rated 1722 . Chess 4.5 running on a Control Data Corporation CDC Cyber 175 supercomputer ( 2.1 megaflops ) looked at less than 1500 positions per second . On February 20 , 1977 , Chess 4.5 won the 84th Minnesota Open Championship with 5 wins and 1 loss . It defeated expert Charles Fenner rated 2016 . On April 30 , 1978 , Chess 4.6 scored 5 -- 0 at the Twin Cities Open in Minneapolis . Chess 4.6 was rated 2040 . International Master Edward Lasker stated that year , `` My contention that computers can not play like a master , I retract . They play absolutely alarmingly . I know , because I have lost games to 4.7 . '' David Levy 's bet ( 1978 ) ( edit ) Main article : David Levy ( chess player ) § Computer chess bet For a long time in the 1970s and 1980s it remained an open question whether any Chess program would ever be able to defeat the expertise of top humans . In 1968 , International Master David Levy made a famous bet that no chess computer would be able to beat him within ten years . He won his bet in 1978 by beating Chess 4.7 ( the strongest computer at the time ) , but acknowledged then that it would not be long before he would be surpassed . Cray blitz ( 1981 ) ( edit ) In 1981 , Cray Blitz scored 5 -- 0 in the Mississippi State Championship . In round 4 it defeated Joe Sentef ( 2262 ) to become the first computer to beat a master in tournament play and the first computer to gain a master rating ( 2258 ) . HiTech ( 1988 ) ( edit ) In 1988 , HiTech won the Pennsylvania State Chess Championship with a score of 4.5 -- 0.5 . HiTech defeated International Master Ed Formanek ( 2485 ) . The Harvard Cup Man versus Computer Chess Challenge was organized by Harvard University . There were six challenges from 1989 until 1995 . They played in Boston and New York City . In each challenge the humans scored higher and the highest scorer was a human . Year Men - Compu . Human points Compu . points Winner Points Best Program Points Rank 1989 4 -- 4 131⁄2 21⁄2 Boris Gulko , Michael Rohde Deep Thought 5 1991 4 -- 4 12 Maxim Dlugy 31⁄2 Heuristic Alpha 5 1992 5 -- 5 18 7 Michael Rohde 5 Socrates 1993 6 -- 6 27 9 Joel Benjamin 5 Socrates 6 1994 6 -- 8 291⁄2 181⁄2 Joel Benjamin 61⁄2 WChess 5 1995 6 -- 6 231⁄2 121⁄2 Joel Benjamin 41⁄2 Virtual Chess 31⁄2 The Aegon Man - Machine tournaments ( 1986 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) The 12 Aegon Man - Machine Tournaments were held annually from 1986 to 1997 . The Dutch Computer Chess Federation ( CSVN ) organized the Aegon Man - Machine Tournaments in The Hague , Netherlands . The Aegon insurance company hosted the tournaments . An equal number of humans and computers played a 6 round swiss tournament with all games between humans and computers . The early tournaments were mostly local players and anti-computer tactics specialists . Later tournaments included masters and grandmasters . In the early tournaments , humans won more games . In the later tournaments , computers won more games . 100 players played in the 1997 tournament . Computers won 151 1⁄2 points . Humans won 148 1⁄2 points . Yona Kosashvili scored highest for the humans at 6 points out of 6 games . Kallisto scored highest for the computers at 4 1⁄2 points . Year Players Rounds Human points Comp Points Winner Points Best Program Points Rank 1986 2 * 11 7 Fred van der Vliet 6 Rebel 41⁄2 5 2 * 13 6 Martin Voorn 6 Mephisto Dallas 16 bit 41⁄2 2 * 16 6 Lex Jongsma 6 Mephisto Mega 4 7 1989 2 * 16 6 571⁄2 23 Ad van den Berg 5 Chess Challenger 31⁄2 8 2 * 14 6 47 37 HiTech 5 HiTech 5 1991 2 * 20 6 John van der Wiel 6 MChess 8 1992 2 * 24 6 84 60 David Bronstein 6 Mephisto 68030 8 1993 2 * 32 6 David Bronstein 51⁄2 The King 5 1994 2 * 38 6 114 114 Larry Christiansen 51⁄2 Gideon 41⁄2 5 1995 2 * 48 6 132 155 John van der Wiel 51⁄2 Hiarcs 5 2 * 50 6 1371⁄2 1621⁄2 Yasser Seirawan 6 Quest 41⁄2 5 1997 2 * 50 6 1481⁄2 1511⁄2 Yona Kosashvili 6 Kallisto 41⁄2 Deep Thought ( 1989 ) ( edit ) In 1988 , Deep Thought shared first place with Tony Miles in the Software Toolworks Championship , ahead of a former world champion Mikhail Tal and several grandmasters including Samuel Reshevsky , Walter Browne , and Mikhail Gurevich . It also defeated grandmaster Bent Larsen , making it the first computer to beat a grandmaster in a tournament . Its rating for performance in this tournament of 2745 ( USCF scale ) . In 1989 , Levy was defeated by the computer Deep Thought in an exhibition match . Deep Thought , however , was still considerably below World Championship Level , as the then reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov demonstrated in two convincing wins in 1989 . Chess Genius ( 1994 ) ( edit ) The `` Chess Genius '' program was entered into a Professional Chess Association rapid chess tournament in 1994 . It defeated and eliminated world champion Kasparov , but lost to Viswanathan Anand in the next round . This was the first time a computer had defeated the world champion in an official game , albeit at rapid time controls . Kasparov -- Deep Blue ( 1996 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov Deep Blue vs. Kasparov 1996 , game 1 d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h Final position Kasparov played a six - game match against IBM 's Deep Blue in 1996 . Kasparov lost the first game ( Deep Blue -- Kasparov , 1996 , Game 1 ) , the first time a reigning world champion had lost to a computer using regular time controls . However , Kasparov regrouped to win three and draw two of the remaining five games of the match , for a convincing 4 -- 2 match victory . 1997 ( edit ) In May 1997 , an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 31⁄2 -- 21⁄2 in a highly publicized six - game match . Kasparov won the first , lost the second , and drew the next three . The match was even after five games but Kasparov was crushed in Game 6 . This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in match play . A documentary film was made about this famous match - up entitled Game Over : Kasparov and the Machine . In that film Kasparov casually says , `` I have to tell you that , you know , game two was not just a single loss of a game . It was a loss of the match , because I could n't recover . '' It should be noted however , that in game 6 , Kasparov blundered very early into the game . Kasparov cites tiredness and unhappiness with the IBM team 's conduct at the time as the main reason . Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match . In particular , he was denied access to Deep Blue 's recent games , in contrast to the computer 's team that could study hundreds of Kasparov 's . After the loss Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine 's moves , suggesting that during the second game , human chess players , in contravention of the rules , intervened . IBM denied that it cheated , saying the only human intervention occurred between games . The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games , an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer 's play revealed during the course of the match . Kasparov requested printouts of the machine 's log files but IBM refused , although the company later published the logs on the Internet . Kasparov demanded a rematch , but IBM refused and dismantled Deep Blue . Kasparov maintains that he was told the match was to be a scientific project but that it soon became apparent that IBM wanted to beat him and nothing more . Anand -- Rebel ( 1998 ) ( edit ) With increasing processing power , Chess programs running on regular workstations began to rival top flight players . In 1998 , Rebel 10 defeated Viswanathan Anand who at the time was ranked second in the world , by a score of 5 -- 3 . However most of those games were not played at normal time controls . Out of the eight games , four were blitz games ( five minutes plus five seconds Fischer delay ( see time control ) for each move ) these Rebel won 3 -- 1 . Then two were semi-blitz games ( fifteen minutes for each side ) which Rebel won as well ( 11⁄2 -- 1⁄2 ) . Finally two games were played as regular tournament games ( forty moves in two hours , one hour sudden death ) here it was Anand who won 1⁄2 -- 11⁄2 . At least in fast games computers played better than humans but at classical time controls -- at which a player 's rating is determined -- the advantage was not so clear . Deep Junior at Dortmund ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Deep Junior played 9 grandmasters at the Sparkassen Chess Meeting in Dortmund , Germany from July 6 to July 17 , 2000 . The 2000 Sparkassen Chess Meeting was a category 19 chess tournament . Computer program Deep Junior competed in a round robin format . Deep Junior scored 4.5 in 9 rounds . Deep Junior performed at a rating of 2703 . Round White Elo Black Elo Result Moves ECO Bareev , E 2702 Deep Junior 1⁄2 -- 1⁄2 146 D46 Deep Junior Huebner , R 2615 1 - 0 39 C04 Adams , M 2755 Deep Junior 1⁄2 -- 1⁄2 84 C68 Deep Junior Khalifman , A 2667 1⁄2 -- 1⁄2 129 B08 5 Kramnik , V 2770 Deep Junior 1 - 0 65 D00 6 Deep Junior Akopian , V 2660 1⁄2 -- 1⁄2 89 B00 7 Anand , V 2762 Deep Junior 1⁄2 -- 1⁄2 35 D05 8 Deep Junior Piket , J 2649 0 - 1 68 B15 9 Leko , P 2740 Deep Junior 0 - 1 120 C48 Kramnik -- Deep Fritz ( 2002 ) ( edit ) In October 2002 , Vladimir Kramnik ( who had succeeded Kasparov as Classical World Chess Champion ) and Deep Fritz competed in the eight - game Brains in Bahrain match , which ended in a 4 -- 4 draw . Kramnik was given several advantages in his match against Fritz when compared to most other Man vs. Machine matches , such as the one Kasparov lost against Deep Blue in 1997 . The code of Fritz was frozen some time before the first match and Kramnik was given a copy of Fritz to practice with for several months . Another difference was that in games lasting more than 56 moves , Kramnik was allowed to adjourn until the following day , during which time he could use his copy of Fritz to aid him in his overnight analysis of the position . Kramnik won games 2 and 3 by `` conventional '' anti-computer tactics -- play conservatively for a long - term advantage the computer is not able to see in its game tree search . Fritz , however , won game 5 after a severe blunder by Kramnik . Game 6 was described by the tournament commentators as `` spectacular . '' Kramnik , in a better position in the early middlegame , tried a piece sacrifice to achieve a strong tactical attack , a strategy known to be highly risky against computers who are at their strongest defending against such attacks . True to form , Fritz found a watertight defense and Kramnik 's attack petered out leaving him in a bad position . Kramnik resigned the game , believing the position lost . However , post-game human and computer analysis has shown that the Fritz program was unlikely to have been able to force a win and Kramnik effectively sacrificed a drawn position . The final two games were draws . Given the circumstances , most commentators still rate Kramnik the stronger player in the match . Kasparov -- Deep Junior ( 2003 ) ( edit ) In January 2003 , Kasparov engaged in a six - game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE `` Man vs. Machine '' World Championship , against Deep Junior . The engine evaluated three million positions per second . After one win each and three draws , it was all up to the final game . The final game of the match was televised on ESPN2 and was watched by an estimated 200 -- 300 million people . After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw , which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team . Asked why he offered the draw , Kasparov said he feared making a blunder . Originally planned as an annual event , the match was not repeated . Kasparov -- X3D Fritz ( 2003 ) ( edit ) In November 2003 , Kasparov engaged in a four - game match against the computer program X3D Fritz ( which was said to have an estimated rating of 2807 ) , using a virtual board , 3D glasses and a speech recognition system . After two draws and one win apiece , the X3D Man - Machine match ended in a draw . Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy . Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point . He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well . `` I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game . '' Man vs. Machine world team Championship ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) The Man vs Machine World Team Championships were two chess tournaments in Bilbao , Spain , between leading chess grandmasters and chess computers . Both were convincingly won by the computers . A second name for the tournaments is Human vs. Computers World Team Matches . In October 2004 , Ruslan Ponomariov ( then having Elo 2710 ) , Veselin Topalov ( Elo 2757 ) and Sergey Karjakin ( Elo 2576 ) played against computers Hydra , Fritz 8 , and Deep Junior . Ponomariov and Topalov were FIDE world chess champions . Sergey Karjakin at 12 was the youngest Grandmaster . Hydra was running on a special machine with 16 processors located in Abu Dhabi , UAE ; Deep Junior , the then reigning computer chess world champion , used a remote 4 x 2.8 GHz Xeon machine located at Intel UK ( Swindon ) ; and Fritz 8 was running on a Centrino 1.7 GHz notebook . The computers won 8.5 to 3.5 . The humans won one game : Karjakin , the youngest and lowest rated player , defeated Deep Junior . Ponomariov -- Hydra 0 -- 1 Fritz -- Karjakin 1 -- 0 Deep Junior -- Topalov 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Karjakin -- Deep Junior 1 -- 0 Ponomariov -- Fritz 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Topalov -- Hydra 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Deep Junior -- Ponomariov 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Hydra -- Karjakin 1 -- 0 Fritz -- Topalov 1 -- 0 Hydra -- Ponomariov 1 -- 0 Karjakin -- Fritz 0 -- 1 Topalov -- Deep Junior 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 2005 ( edit ) In November 2005 , 3 former FIDE world chess champions , Alexander Khalifman , Ruslan Ponomariov and Rustam Kasimdzhanov played against computers Hydra , Junior and Fritz . The computers won 8 to 4 . The Ponomariov vs Fritz game on November 21 , 2005 is the last known win by a human against a top performing computer under normal chess tournament conditions . Ponomariov -- Junior 0 -- 1 Hydra -- Kasimdzhanov 1 -- 0 Fritz -- Khalifman 1 -- 0 Ponomariov -- Fritz 1 -- 0 Kasimdzhanov -- Junior 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Khalifman -- Hydra 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Hydra -- Ponomariov 1 -- 0 Fritz -- Kasimdzhanov 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Junior -- Khalifman 1 -- 0 Ponomariov -- Junior 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Kasimdzhanov -- Hydra 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Khalifman -- Fritz 1 / 2 -- 1 / 2 Hydra -- Adams ( 2005 ) ( edit ) In 2005 , Hydra , a dedicated chess computer with custom hardware and sixty - four processors and also winner of the 14th IPCCC in 2005 , crushed seventh - ranked Michael Adams 51⁄2 -- 1⁄2 in a six - game match . While Adams was criticized for not preparing as well as Kasparov and Kramnik had , some commentators saw this as heralding the end of human - computer matches . Kramnik -- Deep Fritz ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Kramnik , then still the World Champion , played a six - game match against the computer program Deep Fritz in Bonn , Germany from November 25 to December 5 , 2006 , losing 4 -- 2 to the machine , with two losses and four draws . He received 500,000 Euros for playing and would have received another 500,000 Euros had he won the match . Deep Fritz version 10 ran on a computer containing two Intel Xeon CPUs ( a Xeon DC 5160 3 GHz processor with a 1333 MHz FSB and a 4 MB L2 cache ) and was able to evaluate eight million positions per second . Kramnik received a copy of the program in mid-October for testing , but the final version included an updated opening book . Except for limited updates to the opening book , the program was not allowed to be changed during the course of the match . The endgame tablebases used by the program were restricted to five pieces even though a complete six - piece tablebase is widely available . While Deep Fritz was in its opening book Kramnik is allowed to see Fritz 's display . The Fritz display contains opening book moves , number of games , Elo performance , score from grandmaster games and the move weighting . In the first five games Kramnik steered the game into a typical `` anti-computer '' positional contest . On November 25 , the first game ended in a draw at the 47th move . A number of commentators believe Kramnik missed a win . Two days later , the second game resulted in a victory for Deep Fritz , when Kramnik made what might be called the `` blunder of the century '' according to Susan Polgar , when he failed to defend against a threatened mate - in - one in an even position . ( see also Deep Fritz v. Vladimir Kramnik blunder ) . The third , fourth and fifth games in the match ended in draws . In the final game , in an attempt to draw the match , Kramnik played the more aggressive Sicilian Defence and was crushed , losing the match 4 -- 2 . There was speculation that interest in human - computer chess competition would plummet as a result of the 2006 Kramnik -- Deep Fritz match . According to McGill University computer science professor Monty Newborn , for example , `` the science is done '' . The prediction appears to have come true , with no major human - computer matches in the next 10 years . Rybka odds matches ( 2007 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Since 2007 Rybka has played some odds matches against grandmasters . Jaan Ehlvest first lost a pawn - odds match , then later lost a match when given time , color , opening , and endgame advantages . Roman Dzindzichashvili then lost a match when given pawn and move odds . In September 2008 , Rybka played an odds match against Vadim Milov , its strongest opponent yet in an odds match . ( Milov at the time had an Elo rating of 2705 , 28th in the world ) . The result was a narrow victory to Milov : He had won 11⁄2 -- 1⁄2 when given pawn - and - move , and 21⁄2 -- 11⁄2 ( 1 win , 3 draws ) when given exchange odds but playing black . In two standard games ( Milov had white , no odds ) , Rybka won 11⁄2 -- 1⁄2 . Pocket Fritz 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) In 2009 a chess engine running on slower hardware , a 528 MHz HTC Touch HD mobile phone , reached the grandmaster level . The mobile phone won a category 6 tournament with a performance rating 2898 . The chess engine Hiarcs 13 runs inside Pocket Fritz 4 on the mobile phone HTC Touch HD . Pocket Fritz 4 won the Copa Mercosur tournament in Buenos Aires , Argentina with 9 wins and 1 draw on August 4 -- 14 , 2009 . Pocket Fritz 4 searches fewer than 20,000 positions per second . This is in contrast to supercomputers such as Deep Blue that searched 200 million positions per second . Pocket Fritz 4 achieves a higher performance level than Deep Blue . Pocket Fritz 3 using version 12.1 of Hiarcs won the same event the previous year with six wins and four draws , running on a 624 MHz HP iPAQ hx2790 . The 2008 Mercosur Cup was a category 7 tournament . Pocket Fritz 3 achieved a performance rating of 2690 . Komodo handicap matches ( 2015 ) ( edit ) In 2015 , chess engine Komodo played a series of handicap matches with GM Sergej Movsesian , GM Martin Petr , GM Petr Neuman , FM Victor Bolzoni , FM John Meyer , Mark Gray and FM Larry Gilden . These games included one pawn , two pawn , exchange ( rook for knight ) , and knight odds . Komodo fared well in all of these drawing a majority but winning at least one in all configurations . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Douglas , JR ( December 1978 ) . `` Chess 4.7 versus David Levy '' . BYTE . p. 84 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wall , Bill . `` Early Computer Chess Programs '' . Bill Wall 's Wonderful World of Chess . Chessville . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Wall , Bill . `` The Slate / Atkin program CHESS x.x '' . Chess.com . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiny Computer Sends Chess Foe Down Tube '' . Milwaukee Journal . Washington Post Service . 1978 - 12 - 10 . pp. Discover 1 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Hyatt ( 1981 ) . `` Checkmate : The Cray - 1 Plays Chess '' ( PDF ) . Cray Channels . Cray Research . 3 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hans Berliner ( 1988 ) . `` HITECH Becomes First Computer Senior Master '' . AI Magazine . 9 ( 3 ) : 85 -- 87 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Cup '' . Wiki Space Chess Programming . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Cup Human vs. Computer Chess Challenge '' . the Dutch Computer Chess Federation . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aegon Tournaments '' . Chess Programming Wiki . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Intel Speed Chess Grand Prix , London , Mark Crowther ( The Week in Chess ) , USENET , September 4 , 1994 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Deep Blue the Match Replay the games IBM Jump up ^ Rebel vs Anand Jump up ^ `` Computer Deep Junior Games '' . 365 Chess . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Do Not Pass Go by Devid Levy , Guardian Unlimited , 2002 - 10 - 24 , Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kasparov vs Deep Junior in January 2003 '' . ChessBase . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kasparov : `` Intuition versus the brute force of calculation '' `` . CNN . 2003 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Shabazz , Damian . `` Kasparov & Deep Junior fight 3 -- 3 to draw ! '' . The Chess Drum . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bilbao Man vs Machine -- a resume '' . Chess Base . Jump up ^ `` 8 : 4 final score for the machines -- what next ? '' . ChessBase. 24 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Bilbao man vs machine '' . ChessBase . November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Bilbao -- the humans strike back '' . ChessBase. 22 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Game AIs '' . XKCD . Jump up ^ ChessBase.com -- Chess News -- Adams vs Hydra : Man 0.5 -- Machine 5.5 Jump up ^ The last man vs machine match ? , translated from Spiegel Online , 23 November 2006 Jump up ^ Official rules of the match Kramnik vs. Fritz , from Susan Polgar 's blog . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Echo.MSK.ru Jump up ^ Seirawan on Kramnik vs Deep Fritz game one Jump up ^ Blunder of the century Jump up ^ Kramnik vs Deep Fritz : Computer wins match by 4 : 2 , Chessbase News , 6 December 2006 Jump up ^ `` Once Again , Machine Beats Human Champion at Chess '' . The New York Times . December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ The Dzindzi -- Rybka 3 Handicap Match , Chessbase , August 09 , 2008 Jump up ^ The Milov vs. Rybka Handicap Match , Chessbase , September 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ Pocket Fritz 4 wins Copa Mercosur Jump up ^ Tsukrov , Stanislav ( author of the Pocket Fritz GUI ) ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` The New Pocket Fritz 4 ( Hiarcs ) Wins in Mercosur 2009 9.5 / 10 '' . HIARCS Chess Forums . HIARCS . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Not so many . < 20kNps in the early positions , like any other device . Jump up ^ Crowther , Mark ( 11 August 2008 ) . `` THE WEEK IN CHESS 718 '' . TWIC . London Chess Centre . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . The Copa Mercosur took place 29th July -- 7th August 2008 . Pocket Fritz 3 won the event with 8 / 10 . Jump up ^ Komodo handicap matches Jump up ^ Return Match for Komodo ( hide ) Chess Outline Chess theory Chess titles Grandmaster list of Grandmasters Computer chess matches engines software Correspondence chess FIDE Glossary History timeline Problems / Compositions Rating system world rankings norms Variants Courier World records Equipment Chessboard Chess box Chess set King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn Chess clock Chess table Rules Castling Check Checkmate Draw by agreement Fifty - move rule Perpetual check Stalemate Threefold repetition En passant Pawn promotion Time control Fast chess Touch - move rule Terms Blunder Chess notation algebraic descriptive PGN annotation symbols symbols in Unicode Fianchetto Gambit Key square King walk Pawns backward connected doubled isolated Maróczy Bind passed Open file Half - open file Outpost School hypermodern romantic Swindle Tempo Transposition Trap Tactics Battery Alekhine 's gun Block Checkmate patterns Combination Decoy Deflection Desperado Discovered attack Double check Fork Interference Overloading Pin Sacrifice Skewer Undermining Windmill X-ray Zwischenzug Strategy Artificial castling Compensation Exchange the exchange Initiative first - move advantage Middlegame Pawn storm Pawn structure Piece values Prophylaxis Openings Flank opening English Opening Zukertort Opening Réti Opening King 's Indian Attack Larsen 's Opening Bird 's Opening Grob 's Attack Dunst Opening Benko Opening King 's Pawn Game Alekhine 's Defence Caro -- Kann Defence French Defence Modern Defence Nimzowitsch Defence Open Game Italian Game Semi-Italian Opening Giuoco Piano King 's Gambit Petrov 's Defence Philidor Defence Ruy Lopez Scotch Game Owen 's Defence Pirc Defence Scandinavian Defense Tennison Gambit Sicilian Defence Alapin Dragon / Accelerated Dragon Najdorf Scheveningen Queen 's Pawn Game Dutch Defence Indian Defence Benoni Defence Modern Benoni Bogo - Indian Defence Grünfeld Defence King 's Indian Defence Nimzo - Indian Defence Queen 's Indian Defence Trompowsky Attack London System Queen 's Gambit Accepted Declined Slav Defence Catalan Opening Other List of openings theory table List of chess gambits Irregular Quick checkmates Fool 's mate Scholar 's mate Endgames King and pawn vs king Opposite - coloured bishops Pawnless endgame Queen and pawn vs queen Queen vs pawn Rook and bishop vs rook Rook and pawn vs rook Lucena position Philidor position Strategy fortress opposition Tarrasch rule triangulation Zugzwang Study Tablebase Two knights endgame Wrong bishop Wrong rook pawn Tournaments List of strong chess tournaments Chess Olympiad Women 's World Chess Championship List Candidates Tournament Chess World Cup FIDE Grand Prix World championships Women 's Team Rapid Blitz Junior Youth Senior Amateur Chess composition Solving Computer chess Computer speed chess Related Cheating in chess Chess aesthetics Chess in the arts in early literature Chess books opening books endgame literature Chess club Chess composer Chess in Europe Göttingen manuscript Chess libraries Chess newspaper columns Chess periodicals Chess prodigy Gökyay Association Chess Museum Hall of Fame Deep Blue Mutilated chessboard problem Notable games PRO Chess League Simultaneous exhibition Staunton chess set Top player comparison Joke chess problem Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human -- computer_chess_matches&oldid = 804193352 '' Categories : Computer chess Chess competitions Human versus computer matches Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did a computer first beat a human at chess | [
"Chess computers were first able to beat strong chess players in the late 1980s. Their most famous success was the victory of Deep Blue over then World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, but there was some controversy over whether the match conditions favored the computer."
] | [
"late 1980s"
] |
2423361546800588025 | Bering Strait | Bering Strait - wikipedia Bering Strait This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 18 : 12 , 24 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 18 : 12 , 24 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bering Strait ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 66 ° 0 ′ N 169 ° 0 ′ W / 66.000 ° N 169.000 ° W / 66.000 ; - 169.000 Satellite photo of the Bering Strait Nautical chart of the Bering Strait The Peters map is parted in the Bering Strait . On other maps a part of Russia is shown left of Alaska . The Bering Strait ( Russian : Берингов пролив , Beringov proliv , Yupik : Imakpik ) is a strait of the Pacific , which borders with the Arctic to north . It is located between Russia and the United States . Named after Vitus Bering , a Danish - born explorer in the service of the Russian Empire , it lies slightly south of the Arctic Circle being at about 65 ° 40 ' N latitude . The present Russia - US east - west boundary is at 168 ° 58 ' 37 '' W . The Strait has been the subject of the scientific hypothesis that humans migrated from Asia to North America across a land bridge known as Beringia when lower ocean levels -- perhaps a result of glaciers locking up vast amounts of water -- exposed a wide stretch of the sea floor , both at the present strait and in the shallow sea north and south of it . This view of how Paleo - Indians entered America has been the dominant one for several decades and continues to be the most accepted one . Numerous successful crossings without the use of a boat have also been recorded since at least the early 20th century . Since 2012 , the Russian coast of the Bering Strait has been a closed military zone . Through organized trips and the use of special permits , it is possible for foreigners to visit . All arrivals must be through an airport or a cruise port , near the Bering Strait only at Anadyr or Provideniya . Unauthorized travelers who arrive on shore after crossing the strait , even those with visas , may be arrested , imprisoned briefly , fined , deported and banned from future visas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and science 2 Population 3 Expeditions 4 Proposed tunnel 5 Proposed dam 6 The `` Ice Curtain '' border 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Geography and science ( edit ) The Bering Strait is about 82 kilometres ( 51 mi ) wide at its narrowest point , between Cape Dezhnev , Chukchi Peninsula , Russia , the easternmost point ( 169 ° 43 ' W ) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales , Alaska , United States , the westernmost point ( 168 ° 05 ' W ) of the North American continent . Its depth varies between 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . It borders with the Chukchi Sea ( part of the Arctic Ocean ) to north and with the Bering Sea to south . The International Date Line runs equidistant between the Strait 's Diomede Islands at a distance of 1.5 km ( 1 mi ) , leaving the Russian and American sides usually on different calendar days , with Cape Dezhnev 21 hours ahead of the American side ( 20 hours during daylight saving time ) . Population ( edit ) The area is sparsely populated . The eastern coast belongs to the U.S. state of Alaska . Notable towns that straddle the Strait include Nome ( 3,788 people ) and the small settlement of Teller ( 229 people ) . The western coast belongs to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , a Federal subject of Russia . Major towns that lie along the Strait include Lorino ( 1,267 people ) and Lavrentiya ( 1,459 people ) . The Diomede Islands lie midway in the Strait . The village in Little Diomede has a school which belongs to Alaska 's Bering Strait School District . Expeditions ( edit ) Defense Mapping Agency topographical map of the Bering Strait , 1973 The earliest reference of the strait were from maps from the Polo family ; based on the adventures of Marco Polo . From at least 1562 , European geographers thought that there was a Strait of Anián between Asia and North America . In 1648 , Semyon Dezhnyov probably passed through the strait , but his report did not reach Europe . Danish - born Russian navigator Vitus Bering entered it in 1728 . In 1732 , Mikhail Gvozdev crossed it for the first time , from Asia to America . Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in 1878 -- 79 sailed along the northern coast of Siberia , thereby proving that there was no northern land bridge from Asia to North America . In March 1913 , Captain Max Gottschalk ( German ) crossed from the east cape of Siberia to Shishmaref , Alaska , on dogsled via Little and Big Diomede islands . He was the first documented modern voyager to cross from Russia to North America without the use of a boat . In 1987 , swimmer Lynne Cox swam a 4.3 - kilometre ( 2.7 mi ) course between the Diomede Islands from Alaska to the Soviet Union in 3.3 ° C ( 37.9 ° F ) water during the last years of the Cold War . In June and July 1989 , three teams of sea kayakers combined to attempt the first modern sea kayak crossing of the Bering Strait . The groups were seven Alaskans referring to their effort as ' Paddling Into Tomorrow ' ( get it , crossing the international dateline ) , a four man British expedition , Kayaks Across the Bering Strait and an unnamed group of three Californians . In 1998 , Russian adventurer Dmitry Shparo and his son Matvey made the modern crossing of the frozen Bering Strait on skis . In March 2006 , Briton Karl Bushby and French - American adventurer Dimitri Kieffer crossed the strait on foot , walking across a frozen 90 km ( 56 mi ) section in 15 days . They were soon arrested for not entering Russia through a border control . August 2008 marked the first crossing of the Bering Strait using an amphibious road - going vehicle . The specially modified Land Rover Defender 110 was driven by Steve Burgess and Dan Evans across the straits on its second attempt following the interruption of the first by bad weather . In February 2012 , Korean team led by Hong Sung - Taek crossed the straits on foot in six days . They started from Chukotka Peninsula , the east coast of Russia on February 23 and arrived in Wales , the western coastal town in Alaska on February 29 . In July , 2012 , six adventurers associated with `` Dangerous Waters , '' a reality adventure show under production , made the crossing on Sea - Doos but were arrested and permitted to return to Alaska on their Sea - Doos after being briefly detained in Lavrentiya , administrative center of the Chukotsky District . They were treated well and given a tour of the village 's museum , but not permitted to continue south along the Pacific coast . The men had visas but the western coast of the Bering Strait is a closed military zone . Between August 4 and 10 ( US dates ) , 2013 , a team of 65 swimmers from 17 countries performed a relay swim across the Bering Strait , the first such swim in history . They swam from Cape Dezhnev , Russia , to Cape Prince of Wales , United States ( roughly 110 km , due to the current ) . They had direct support from the Russian Navy , using one of its ships , and assistance with permission . Proposed tunnel ( edit ) Main article : Bering Strait crossing A physical link between Asia and North America via the Bering Strait nearly became a reality in 1864 when a Russian - American telegraph company began preparations for an overland telegraph line connecting Europe and America via the east . It was abandoned when the undersea Atlantic Cable proved successful . A further proposal for a bridge - and - tunnel link from Siberia to Alaska was made by French engineer Baron Loicq de Lobel in 1906 . Czar Nicholas II of Russia issued an order authorising a Franco - American syndicate represented by de Lobel to begin work on the Trans - Siberian Alaska railroad project , but no physical work ever commenced . Suggestions have been made to construct a Bering Strait bridge between Alaska and Siberia . However , despite the unprecedented engineering , political , and financial challenges , Russia green - lighted the US $65 - billion TKM - World Link tunnel project in August 2011 . If completed , the 103 km ( 64 mile ) project would be the world 's longest . China is considering construction of a `` China - Russia - Canada - America '' railroad line that would include construction of a 200 km ( 120 mi ) long underwater tunnel that would cross the Bering Strait . Proposed dam ( edit ) In 1956 , the Soviet Union proposed to the US a joint bi-national project to warm the Arctic Ocean and melt some of the ice cap . The Soviet project called for a 90 km ( 56 mi ) wide dam across the Bering Straits . It would block the cold Pacific current from entering the Arctic . By pumping low - salinity cold surface water across the dam to the Pacific , warmer and higher salinity sea water from the Atlantic Ocean would be introduced into the Arctic Ocean . However , citing national security concerns , the CIA and FBI experts opposed the Soviet plan by arguing that while the plan was feasible , it would compromise NORAD and thus the dam could be built at only an immense cost . In the 21st century , a similar dam have also been proposed , however the aim of the proposal is to preserve the Arctic ice cap against global warming . The `` ice curtain '' border ( edit ) Little Diomede Island ( US , left ) and Big Diomede Island ( Russia , right ) . During the Cold War , the Bering Strait marked the border between the Soviet Union and the United States . The Diomede Islands -- Big Diomede ( Russia ) and Little Diomede ( US ) -- are only 3.8 km ( 2.4 mi ) apart . Traditionally , the indigenous peoples in the area had frequently crossed the border back and forth for `` routine visits , seasonal festivals and subsistence trade '' , but were prevented from doing so during the Cold War . The border became known as the `` Ice Curtain '' . It was completely closed , and there was no regular passenger air or boat traffic . In 1987 , American swimmer Lynne Cox symbolically helped ease tensions between the two countries by swimming across the border and was congratulated jointly by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . Since 1990 , tourist air and boat traffic has resumed , but is hampered by the need for visas and special military visit permits asked by US authorities and also by their Russian counterparts . See also ( edit ) Geography portal List of Russian explorers Old Bering Sea I can see Russia from my house . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.wall-maps.com/World/PetersProjection-over.gif Jump up ^ Карта Ледовитого моря и Восточного океана ( 1844 ) Jump up ^ Forbes , Jack D. 2007 . The American Discovery of Europe . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , pp. 84 ff. , 198 , Jump up ^ Stuckey , M. , & J. Murphy . 2001 . By Any Other Name : Rhetorical Colonialism in North America . American Indian Culture , Research Journal 25 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 98 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Roth ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Journey by Sea Takes Awkward Turn in Russia '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ It is only 53 miles ( 85 km ) wide , and at its deepest point is only 90 metres ( 300 ft ) in depth . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Klein , Christopher ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Did Marco Polo Visit Alaska ? '' . History . Jump up ^ The Victoria Advocate February 1 1938 , additional text . Jump up ^ Watts , Simon . ( 2012 - 08 - 08 ) BBC News - Swim that broke Cold War ice curtain . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Epic explorer crosses frozen sea '' . BBC News . 3 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Epic explorer detained in Russia '' . BBC News . 4 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape to Cape Expedition '' . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ The Korea Herald . `` Korean team crosses Bering Strait '' . koreaherald.com . Jump up ^ `` ТАСС : Спорт - На Аляске завершилась международная эстафета `` моржей '' , переплывших Берингов пролив `` . ТАСС . Jump up ^ `` Bering Strait Swim - Russia to America '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco to St Petersburg by Rail ! If the Tunnel is driven under Bering Strait will Orient meet Occident with Smile - or with Sword ? '' . San Francisco Call . September 2 , 1906 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thinking Big : Roads and Railroads to Siberia . '' . InterBering LLC . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loicq de Lobel ( August 2 , 1906 ) . `` Le Klondyke , l'Alaska , le Yukon et les Iles Aléoutienne '' . Société Française d'Editions d'Art . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOR BERING STRAIT BRIDGE '' . New York Times . August 2 , 1906 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James A. Oliver ( 2006 ) . The Bering Strait Crossing : A 21st Century Frontier Between East and West . Jump up ^ Halpin , Tony ( 2011 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Russia plans $65 bn tunnel to America '' . The Sunday Times . Jump up ^ Tharoor , Ishaan ( 2014 - 05 - 09 ) . `` China may build an undersea train to America '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://gizmodo.com/5680669/thawing-the-arctic---soviet-russias-cold-war-war-on-cold Jump up ^ https://www.vice.com/read/the-soviet-scientist-who-dreamed-of-melting-the-arctic-with-a-55-mile-dam Jump up ^ `` Ocean Dams Would Thaw North '' Popular Mechanics , June 1956 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/could-a-300-km-dam-save-the-arctic.html Jump up ^ State of Alaska website Archived 2009 - 08 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lifting the Ice Curtain '' , Peter A. Iseman , The New York Times , October 23 , 1988 Jump up ^ `` Swimming to Antarctica '' , CBS News , September 17 , 2003 Further reading ( edit ) Oliver , James A. ( 2007 ) . The Bering Strait Crossing . Information Architects . ISBN 0 - 9546995 - 6 - 4 . `` Russia Plans World 's Longest Undersea Tunnel '' . Daily Tech. 2007 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bering Island , Sea and Strait '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 775 -- 776 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bering Strait . PBS Video of St. Lawrence Island in Bering Strait ( show ) Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 244515953 GND : 4005712 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bering_Strait&oldid=797057934 '' Categories : Bodies of water of the Bering Sea Geography of Northeast Asia International straits Bodies of water of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Bodies of water of the Chukchi Sea Russia -- United States border Straits of Alaska Straits of Russia Straits of the Arctic Ocean Straits of the Pacific Ocean Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sámegiella Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 18 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who walked across the bering strait to the americas | [
"The Strait has been the subject of the scientific hypothesis that humans migrated from Asia to North America across a land bridge known as Beringia when lower ocean levels – perhaps a result of glaciers locking up vast amounts of water – exposed a wide stretch of the sea floor,[5] both at the present strait and in the shallow sea north and south of it. This view of how Paleo-Indians entered America has been the dominant one for several decades and continues to be the most accepted one. Numerous successful crossings without the use of a boat have also been recorded since at least the early 20th century."
] | [
"Paleo-Indians"
] |
-4079365745767904564 | Aram (region) | Aram ( region ) - wikipedia Aram ( region ) The Levant c. 830 BCE Arameans Aramaic language Aramaic alphabet Syro - Hittite states Biblical region Aram - Damascus Paddan Aram Aram Rehob Aram Soba Aramean kings Irhuleni Hezion Tabrimmon Ben - Hadad I Hadadezer Hazael Ben - Hadad III Rezin Aramean cities Amrit Arpad Bit Bahiani Coba Höyük Gidara Hama Qarqar Ruhizzi Sam'al Tell Aran Tell Halaf Til Barsip Upu Zobah Aram is a region mentioned in the Bible located in present - day central Syria , including where the city of Aleppo now stands . At its height , Aram stretched from the Lebanon mountains eastward across the Euphrates , including parts of the Khabur River valley in northwestern Mesopotamia on the border of Assyria . The region was known as The Land of the Amurru during the Akkadian Empire ( 2335 - 2154 BC ) , Neo-Sumerian Empire ( 2112 - 2004 BC ) and Old Assyrian Empire ( 2025 - 1750 BC ) in reference to its largely Amorite inhabitants . During the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 911 - 605 BC ) , Neo-Babylonian Empire ( 612 - 539 BC ) and Achaemenid Empire ( 539 - 332 BC ) Aram was known as Eber - Nari . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Early references 3 History 4 See also 5 References Etymology ( edit ) The etymology might be connected with the harami , arami , aramija or ahlamu , meaning bandits . One standard explanation is an original meaning of `` highlands '' . This has been interpreted to be in contrast with Canaan , or `` lowlands '' . Early references ( edit ) Judeo - Christian tradition claims the name is derived from the biblical Aram , son of Shem , a grandson of Noah in the Bible . The name Aram can be found from many ancient sources . The toponym A-ra - mu appears in an inscription at the East Semitic speaking kingdom Ebla listing geographical names , and the term Armi , which is the Eblaite term for nearby Aleppo , occurs frequently in the Ebla tablets ( c. 2300 BC ) . One of the annals of Naram - Sin of Akkad ( c. 2250 BC ) mentions that he captured `` Dubul , the ensi of A-ra - me '' ( Arame is seemingly a genitive form ) , in the course of a campaign against Simurrum in the northern mountains . Other early references to a place or people of `` Aram '' have appeared at the archives of Mari ( c. 1900 BC ) and at Ugarit ( c. 1300 BC ) . There is little agreement concerning what , if any , relationship there was between the places or proof that the Aramu were actually Aramaeans . The earliest undisputed mention of Aramaeans as a people is in the inscriptions of the Assyrian king Tiglath Pileser I ( 1114 -- 1076 BC ) during the latter part of the Middle Assyrian Empire . Several of the Aramaean territories located within Aram are also referenced in the Hebrew Bible . They include Aram - Naharaim , Paddan - Aram , Aram - Damascus , Aram - Rehob , and Aram - Zobah . History ( edit ) The Arameans appear to have displaced the earlier Semitic Amorite populations of ancient Syria during the period from 1100 BC to 900 BC , which was a dark age for the entire Near East , North Africa , Caucasus , Mediterranean regions , with great upheavals and mass movements of people . The Arameans emerged in a region which was largely under the domination of the Middle Assyrian Empire ( 1365 - 1050 BC ) , and soon after appearing they were conquered by Tiglath - Pileser I ( 1115 - 1077 BC ) of Assyria , and were incorporated into the Middle Assyrian Empire which encompassed much of the Near East and Asia Minor . However , Assyria fell into a temporary decline from the second half of the 11th century BC until the latter part of the 10th century BC , allowing the Arameans to establish a string of states across the Levant . During the period 1050 -- 900 BC Arameans came to dominate most of what is now Syria but was then called Eber - Nari and Aramea . Two medium - sized Aramaean kingdoms , Aram - Damascus and Hamath , along with several smaller kingdoms and independent city - states , developed in the region during the early first millennium BCE . The most notable of these were Bit Adini , Bit Bahiani , Bit Hadipe , Aram - Rehob , Aram - Zobah , Bit - Zamani , Bit - Halupe and Aram - Ma'akah , as well as the Aramean tribal polities of the Gambulu , Litau and Puqudu . There was some synthesis with neo Hittite populations in northern Syria and south central Anatolia , and a number of small so called Syro - Hittite states arose in the region , such as Tabal . The east Mediterranean coast was largely dominated by Phoenician city states such as Tyre , Sidon , Berytus and Arvad . With the advent of the Neo Assyrian Empire ( 911 - 605 BC ) however , the region once more fell fully under the control of Assyria . Large numbers of people living there were deported into Assyria , Babylonia and elsewhere . A few steles that name kings of this period have been found , such as the 8th - century Zakkur stele . The Assyrians and Babylonians themselves adopted a Mesopotamian form of Aramaic , known as Imperial Aramaic in the 8th century BC , when Tiglath - pileser III made it the lingua franca of his vast empire . The Neo Aramaic dialects still spoken by the indigenous Assyrians and Mandeans of northern Iraq , south east Turkey , north east Syria and north west Iran descend from this language . The Neo Assyrian Empire was riven by unremitting civil war from 626 BC onwards , weakening it severely , and allowing it to be attacked and destroyed by a coalition of its former vassals between 616 and 605 BC , although remnants of the Assyrian military and administration may have clung on in some northern regions until 599 BC . The region was subsequently fought over by the Babylonians and Egyptians , the latter of whom had belatedly come to the aid of their former Assyrian overlords . The Babylonians prevailed and Aram became a part of the short lived Neo-Babylonian Empire ( 612 - 539 BC ) where it remained named Eber - Nari . The Persian Achaemenid Empire ( 539 - 332 BC ) overthrew the Babylonians and conquered the region . They retained the Imperial Aramaic introduced by the Assyrians , and the name of Eber - Nari . In 332 BC the region was conquered by the Greek ruler , Alexander the Great . Upon his death in 323 BC this area became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire , at which point Greek replaced the Assyrian introduced Imperial Aramaic as the official language of Empire , as were the names Eber - Nari and Aramea . This area and other parts of the former Assyrian Empire to the east ( including Assyria itself ) were renamed Syria ( Seleucid Syria ) , a 9th - century BC Hurrian , Luwian and Greek corruption of Assyria ( see Etymology of Syria and Name of Syria ) , which had for centuries until this point referred specifically to the land of Assyria and the Assyrians , which in modern terms actually covered the northern half of Iraq , north east Syria , south east Turkey and the north western fringes of Iran , and not the bulk of modern Syria and Lebanon and its largely Aramean and Phoenician inhabitants . It is from this period that the later Syria vs Assyria naming controversy arises , the Seleucids confusingly applied the name not only to the Mesopotamian land of Assyria itself , but also to the lands west of Euphrates which had never been part of Assyria itself , but merely Aramean , Phoenician , Neo-Hittite and Sutean inhabited colonies . When they lost control of Assyria itself to the Parthians , the name Syria survived but was dislocated from its original source , and was applied only to the land west of Euphrates that had once been part of the Assyrian empire , while Assyria - proper went back to being called Assyria ( and also Athura / Assuristan ) . However , this situation led to both Assyrians and Arameans being dubbed Syrians and later Syriacs in Greco - Roman culture . This area , by now called Syria , was fought over by Seleucids and Parthians during the 2nd century BC , and later still by the Romans and Sassanid Persians . Palmyra , a powerful Aramean kingdom arose during this period , and for a time it dominated the area and successfully resisted Roman and Persian attempts at conquest . The region eventually came under the control of the Byzantine Empire . Christianity began to take hold from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD , and the Aramaic language gradually supplanted Canaanite in Phoenecia and Hebrew in Israel ( the Roman Palestine ) . In the mid-7th century AD the region fell to the Arab Islamic conquest . The Aramaic language survived among a sizable portion of the population of Syria , who resisted Arabization . However , the native Western Aramaic of the Aramean Christian population of Syria is spoken today by only a few thousand people , the majority having now adopted the Arabic language . Mesopotamian Eastern Aramaic , which still contains a number of loan words from the Akkadian language , as well as structural similarities , still survives among the majority of ethnically distinct Assyrians , who are mainly based in northern Iraq , north east Syria , south east Turkey and north west Iran . See also ( edit ) Zakkur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tristram , H.B. ( 1884 ) . `` Bible Places : Or , the Topography of the Holy Land , a Succinct Account of All the Places , Rivers , and Mountains of the Land of Israel , Mentioned in the Bible , So Far as They Have Been Identified : Together with Their Modern Names and Historical References '' . Gorgias Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ See Genesis 10 : 22 Jump up ^ `` T2K3. htm '' . ucla.edu . Jump up ^ Lipinski , 2000 , p. 25 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Georges Roux -- Ancient Iraq Jump up ^ Palacios , Isaac Asimov ; maps by Rafael ( 1981 ) . Asimov 's guide to the Bible : the Old and New Testaments ( Reprint ( der Ausg . ) in 2 vol. 1968 -- 1969 . ed . ) . New York : Wings Books . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 34582 - X . Jump up ^ ^ Assyria 1995 : Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project / Helsinki , September 7 -- 11 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` The Terms `` Assyria '' and `` Syria '' Again '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Tartary Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Ural Ural Mountains Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Tartary Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Sikhote - Alin Beringia Chukchi Peninsula East Orient Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Paropamisadae Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aram_(region)&oldid=859200414 '' Categories : Aramea History of Aramea Ancient Syria History of Aleppo Upper Mesopotamia Hebrew Bible nations Torah places Hebrew Bible regions Historical regions Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Suomi Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018 , at 12 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the name of syria in biblical times | [
"Aram is a region mentioned in the Bible located in present-day central Syria, including where the city of Aleppo now stands. At its height, Aram stretched from the Lebanon mountains eastward across the Euphrates, including parts of the Khabur River valley in northwestern Mesopotamia on the border of Assyria. The region was known as The Land of the Amurru during the Akkadian Empire (2335-2154 BC), Neo-Sumerian Empire (2112-2004 BC) and Old Assyrian Empire (2025-1750 BC) in reference to its largely Amorite inhabitants. During the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-605 BC), Neo-Babylonian Empire (612-539 BC) and Achaemenid Empire (539-332 BC) Aram was known as Eber-Nari.\n"
] | [
"Aram"
] |
-7010704777470406831 | History of iPhone | History of iPhone - Wikipedia History of iPhone Jump to : navigation , search For a timeline of iPhone devices , see List of iOS devices § iPhone . The history of iPhone began with a request from Apple Inc . CEO Steve Jobs to the company 's engineers , asking them to investigate the use of touchscreen devices and tablet computers ( which later came to fruition with the iPad ) . Many have noted the device 's similarities to Apple 's previous touch - screen portable device , the Newton MessagePad . Like the Newton , the iPhone is nearly all screen . Its form factor is credited to Apple 's Chief Design Officer , Jonathan Ive . In April 2003 , at the `` All Things Digital '' executive conference , Jobs expressed his belief that tablet PCs and traditional PDAs were not good choices as high - demand markets for Apple to enter , despite receiving many requests for Apple to create another PDA . He believed that cell phones were going to become important devices for portable information access , and that mobile phones needed to have excellent synchronization software . At that time , instead of focusing on a follow - up to their Newton PDA , Jobs had Apple focus on the iPod . Jobs also had Apple develop the iTunes software , which can be used to synchronize content with iPod devices . iTunes was released in January 2001 . On September 7 , 2005 , Apple and Motorola released the ROKR E1 , the first mobile phone to use iTunes . Jobs was unhappy with the ROKR , feeling that having to compromise with a non-Apple designer ( Motorola ) prevented Apple from designing the phone they wanted to make . In September 2006 , Apple discontinued support for the ROKR , and released a version of iTunes that included references to an as - yet unknown mobile phone that could display pictures and video . On January 2 , 2007 , Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention , receiving substantial media attention . Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year . On June 29 , 2007 , the first iPhone was released . On June 11 , 2007 , Apple announced at the Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference that the iPhone would support third - party applications using the Safari engine . Third parties would be able to create Web 2.0 applications , which users could access via the internet . Such applications appeared even before the release of the iPhone ; the first of these , called OneTrip , was a program meant to keep track of users ' shopping lists . On June 29 , 2007 , Apple released version 7.3 of iTunes to coincide with the release of iPhone . This release contains support for iPhone service activation and syncing . According to The Wall Street Journal , the iPhone is manufactured in the Shenzhen factory of the Taiwanese company Hon Hai ( also known as Foxconn ) . Also , according to recent news , Apple will shortly begin outsourcing the manufacturing of iPhones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Connection to AT&T 1.1 Court cases 2 Advertising 3 Domain name 4 United States release 4.1 Outsized bills 4.2 Price drop outcry 4.3 iPhone 3G pricing model changes 4.4 iPhone 4 CDMA release 4.5 iPhone 5 release 5 European release 6 Southeast Asian releases 7 Australian release 8 New Zealand release 9 Canadian release 10 Non-exclusive deals 10.1 Verizon Wireless 11 World timeline 12 Activation and SIM lock bypassing 13 See also 14 References Connection to AT&T ( edit ) When Apple released the iPhone on January 9 , 2007 , it was sold only with AT&T ( formerly Cingular ) contracts in the United States . After 18 months of negotiations , Steve Jobs reached an agreement with the wireless division of AT&T to be the iPhone 's exclusive carrier . Consumers were unable to use any other carrier without unlocking their device . Apple retained control of the design , manufacturing and marketing of the iPhone . Since some customers were jailbreaking their iPhones to leave their network , AT&T began charging them a $175 early - termination fee for leaving before the end of their contract . Court cases ( edit ) An iPhone 6 Plus alongside two models of the iPhone 6s ( back ) Questions arose about the legality of Apple 's arrangement after the iPhone was released . Two class - action lawsuits were filed against the company in October 2007 : one in Federal court and the other in state court . According to the suits , Apple 's exclusive agreement with AT&T violated antitrust law . The state - court suit , filed by the law office of Damian R. Fernandez on behalf of California resident Timothy P. Smith , sought an injunction barring Apple from selling iPhones with a software lock and $200 million in damages . In Smith v. Apple Inc. , the plaintiffs said that Apple failed to disclose to purchasers its five - year agreement with AT&T when they bought iPhones with a two - year contract and cited the Sherman Act 's prohibition of monopolies . The second case was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . The plaintiff , Paul Holman , filed a complaint against Apple and AT&T Mobility that he could not switch carriers or change SIM cards without losing iPhone improvements to which he was entitled . Holman also cited a Sherman Act violation by the defendants . On July 8 , 2010 , the case was affirmed for class certification . On December 9 the court ordered a stay on the case , awaiting the Supreme Court 's decision in AT&T v. Concepcion ( disputed whether the state 's basic standards of fairness were met by a clause in AT&T 's contract limiting complaint resolution to arbitration ) . On April 27 , 2011 , the Supreme Court ruled that AT&T met the state 's fairness standards . Advertising ( edit ) See also : iPod advertising The first advertisement for iPhone , titled `` Hello '' , aired during the 79th Academy Awards on February 25 , 2007 , on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . On June 4 , 2007 , Apple released four advertisements announcing that iPhone would be released on June 29 , 2007 . Domain name ( edit ) On July 1 , 2007 , it was reported that Apple paid at least US $1 million to Michael Kovatch for the iPhone.com domain name , previously owned by Kovatch since 1995 . The URL now redirects to Apple 's iPhone page . United States release ( edit ) People waiting to buy the iPhone upon release in New York City , June 29 , 2007 On June 28 , 2007 , during an address to Apple employees , Steve Jobs announced that all full - time Apple employees and those part - time employees who had been with the company for at least one year would receive a free iPhone . Employees received their phones in July after the initial demand for iPhones subsided . Initially priced at US $499 and US $599 for the 4GB models and 8GB models respectively , the iPhone went on sale on June 29 , 2007 . Apple closed its stores at 2 : 00pm local time to prepare for the 6 : 00pm iPhone launch , while hundreds of customers lined up at stores nationwide . In the US and some other countries , iPhones could only be acquired with a credit card , preventing completely anonymous purchases of iPhones . At the time , there was no way to opt out of the bundled AT&T data plan . At first , iPhones could not be added to an AT&T Business account , and any existing business account discounts could not be applied to an iPhone AT&T account . AT&T changed these restrictions in late January 2008 . The Associated Press also reported in 2007 that some users were unable to activate their phones because , according to AT&T , `` ( a ) high volume of activation requests ( was ) taxing the company 's computer servers . '' On Oct 29 , 2007 , the Usenet newsgroup misc. phone. mobile. iphone was created . Early estimates by technology analysts estimated sales of between 250,000 and 700,000 iPhones in the first weekend alone , with strong sales continuing after the initial weekend . As part of their quarterly earnings announcement , AT&T reported that 146,000 iPhones were activated in the first weekend . Though this figure does not include units that were purchased for resale on eBay or otherwise not activated until after the opening weekend , it is still less than most initial estimates . It is also estimated that 95 % of the units sold are the 8GB model . Outsized bills ( edit ) Main article : 300 - page iPhone bill Stories of unexpected billing issues began to circulate in blogs and the technical press a little more than a month after iPhone 's heavily advertised and anticipated release . The 300 - page iPhone bill in a box received by iJustine on Saturday , August 11 , 2007 became the subject of a viral video , posted by the following Monday , which quickly became an Internet meme . This video clip brought the voluminous bills to the attention of the mass media . Ten days later , after the video had been viewed more than 3 million times on the Internet , and had received international news coverage , AT&T sent iPhone users a text message outlining changes in its billing practices . Price drop outcry ( edit ) On September 5 , 2007 , the 4GB model was discontinued , and the 8GB model price was cut by a third , from US $599 to US $399 . Those who had purchased an iPhone in the 14 - day period before the September 5 , 2007 announcement were eligible for a US $200 `` price protection '' rebate from Apple or AT&T . However , it was widely reported that some who bought between the June 29 , 2007 launch and the August 22 , 2007 price protection kick - in date complained that this was a larger - than - normal price drop for such a relatively short period and accused Apple of unfair pricing . In response to customer complaints , on September 6 , 2007 , Apple CEO Steve Jobs wrote in an open letter to iPhone customers that everyone who purchased an iPhone at the higher price `` and who is not receiving a rebate or other consideration '' , would receive a US $100 credit to be redeemed towards the purchase of any product sold in Apple 's retail or online stores . IPhone 3G pricing model changes ( edit ) With the July 11 , 2008 release of the iPhone 3G , Apple and AT&T changed the US pricing model from the previous generation . Following the de facto model for mobile phone service in the United States , AT&T would subsidize a sizable portion of the upfront cost for the iPhone 3G , followed by charging moderately higher monthly fees over a minimum two - year contract . IPhone 4 CDMA release ( edit ) On January 11 , 2011 , Verizon announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4 . The Verizon iPhone went on sale on February 10 , 2011 . During Apple 's official unveiling of iPhone 4S on October 4 , 2011 , it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in the US on October 14 . Cricket Wireless announced on May 31 , 2012 that it would become the first prepaid carrier in the US to offer iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S , beginning June 22 , 2012 . A week later , Virgin Mobile USA became the second American prepaid carrier to offer iPhone 4 and 4S , announcing plans to release the phones on June 29 , 2012 . Due to T - Mobile USA 's inability to provide iPhone to customers raised its subscription churn rate , put the unit in an `` unsustainable position '' , and contributed to parent Deutsche Telekom 's decision to sell it to AT&T in March 2011 ; T - Mobile began offering iPhone on April 12 , 2013 . IPhone 5 release ( edit ) Media reports emerged in early August 2013 that announced that Apple would be launching its next iPhone model on September 10 , 2013 , but further details were not available . Brian Barrett , Managing Editor of the Gizmodo publication , speculated that either an upgraded version of iPhone 5 or a budget version would be released . European release ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2012 ) On November 9 , 2007 , the iPhone was officially launched in Europe , in the United Kingdom and Germany . In the UK , sales go through the UK O2 unit of Telefónica , while in Germany , it is offered through Deutsche Telekom 's T - Mobile division . As in the case of the previous launch in the US , customers lined up as much as a day in advance to obtain the much - anticipated phone . Apple occasionally produced a limited number of 4GB iPhones for German and UK markets , but they never reached end customers and were used as in - store demo units . Later most of the units were disposed of . The initial operating model of locking iPhone owners to one selected carrier has been controversial in Europe . In Germany , Vodafone , an operator competing with the operator that Apple had locked German iPhone sales to ( Deutsche Telekom 's T - Mobile division ) , brought a legal case claiming that the arrangement was against German law . On November 20 , 2007 , an interim court order resulted in sales of locked iPhones in Germany being temporarily stopped . The iPhone launch in France a few weeks later through the operator Orange faced the same legal issues . Other countries that will pose the same problems for the business model revolving around the sale of locked iPhones include Belgium , Italy , Finland , and Brazil . On December 1 , 2007 , Tušmobil , the Slovenian mobile operator , started selling `` unlocked '' iPhones without an official contract with Apple . The offer caused confusion between Apple Europe , local media , and local Apple representatives . On May 6 , 2008 , Telecom Italia announced that it had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhones in Italy by the end of 2008 . It was estimated that it would probably be the second generation iPhone with 3G - UMTS capability . On May 27 , 2008 , TeliaSonera released a press release stating that it would start selling iPhones in Sweden , Norway , Denmark , Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia during 2008 . On June 4 , 2008 , Movistar announced that it had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhones in Spain beginning on July 11 , 2008 . On August 22 , 2008 , Estonian mobile operator EMT started selling iPhones . On August 22 , 2008 , Vodafone Greece released iPhones in the Greek market . On September 26 , 2008 , Omnitel released iPhones in Lithuania . On November 7 , 2008 , T - Mobile released iPhones in Croatia . On September 29 , 2010 , Elisa released the iPhone 4 in Finland . Southeast asian releases ( edit ) SingTel ( in Singapore ) and Globe Telecom ( in the Philippines ) were the first two carriers to launch the iPhone in Southeast Asia . Both carriers launched the iPhone 3G in August 2008 . On March 20 , 2009 , Telkomsel became the first telecommunications company in Indonesia to offer the iPhone 3G with customizable plans for all Telkomsel customers . In the same month , Maxis of Malaysia and DiGi both launched the iPhone 3G . On October 2011 , StarHub launched the iPhone in Singapore . Smart Communications followed suit in December 2011 by launching the iPhone 4S in the Philippines . Smart Communications was the last telecommunications company to carry Apple 's iPhone in Southeast Asia . Australian release ( edit ) The iPhone 3G was released in Australia on July 11 , 2008 . New Zealand release ( edit ) The very first iPhone 3G model released on July 11 , 2008 was sold in Auckland , New Zealand to 22 - year - old student Jonny Gladwell at 12 : 01 am NZST . The iPhone 3G was only available to customers on the Vodafone network . There was criticism from some New Zealand customers when Vodafone announced pricing for the iPhone 3G , as Vodafone was the only network to offer this generation of iPhone . The first - generation iPhone was only available for sale in New Zealand through parallel import stores soon after it went on sale in the US . The original models available for sale in New Zealand were unlocked for use on the Vodafone network and could be used with any plan , including pre-paid plans . Subsequent launches of iPhone models in New Zealand have typically been a few weeks after the worldwide release . On November 8 , 2011 , Telecom announced that they would offer the iPhone 4S on their network , along with earlier models ( the iPhone 3GS and the iPhone 4 ) . Canadian release ( edit ) After months of high anticipation , the first iPhone to be released in Canada was the iPhone 3G. Rogers Wireless began offering 8 GB and 16 GB models on July 11 , 2008 . Facing a public backlash , Rogers dropped the price of its service plan from CA $ 100 to CA $30 per month . The iPhone 3GS , with the new iOS 3.0 operating system , was released in Canada by Rogers Wireless on June 19 , 2009 . Users who signed up for a 3 - year agreement with a data option could choose between a 16 GB device for CA $199 and a 32 GB device for CA $299 . Bell and Telus Mobility announced that they would release iPhone on November 4 and 5 , 2009 , respectively . Non-exclusive deals ( edit ) On May 6 , 2008 , Vodafone announced that they had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhone in Australia , the Czech Republic , Egypt , Greece , Italy , India , Portugal , New Zealand , South Africa , and Turkey . Subsequent announcements confirmed that Apple is moving away from exclusive one - carrier deals . Soon after Vodafone 's announcement , TIM announced that it would also be selling iPhone in Italy , on May 12 , 2008 , Optus confirmed that it would sell iPhone in Australia and SingTel confirmed that it would be selling iPhone in India through its Indian Joint Venture , Airtel . On June 4 , 2008 , SoftBank Mobile released a press release stating that it would start selling iPhone in Japan during 2008 . Russia 's second largest mobile operator , Beeline , announced on August 28 , 2008 that they signed a contract with Apple to sell iPhone on the Russian market by late 2008 . The deal was rumoured to be non-exclusive , according to unofficial statements made by MTS and MegaFon . MTS and MegaFon belong to the `` Russian Big Three '' , and were expected to release the iPhone 3G at the same time as Beeline . As predicted , MegaFon issued a press release regarding the iPhone 3G release on September 2 , 2008 . On November 14 , 2008 , Vodafone Egypt and Mobinil started selling the iPhone 3G in Egypt . iPhone 3G is priced at EG £ 3,800 and EG £ 4,600 for the 8 GB and 16 GB models respectively . Customers must also sign up for one of 3 service plans to use the phone . On September 28 , 2009 , Orange announced that they were going to become the second operator of the iPhone in the UK , indicating that an exclusive deal that O2 had established with Apple in 2007 had ended . Orange later announced that the iPhone would be released on November 10 , with pricing plans starting from £ 29.36 on contract and £ 440 for the 3GS 16GB on pay as you go . On the following day , Vodafone UK announced that they would be selling the iPhone by early 2010 , becoming the third UK network and Vodafone 's 11th country to offer the iPhone . Verizon Wireless ( edit ) There had been ongoing speculation in the United States that Apple might offer a CDMA - compatible iPhone for Verizon Wireless . This speculation increased on October 6 , 2010 , when The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple would begin producing a CDMA - compatible iPhone , with such a model going on sale in early 2011 . On January 8 , 2011 , the Wall Street Journal confirmed that Verizon Wireless would , on January 11 , 2011 , officially announce the launch of a CDMA - based iPhone for use on their network . The date in which the Verizon iPhone would go on sale was unknown , though the two most recent iPhone releases were made available within weeks of their launch announcement . Verizon confirmed the announcement on January 11 , with an on - sale date of February 10 . On January 11 , 2011 , Verizon announced that they would start carrying a CDMA version of Apple 's iPhone 4 during February 2011 . Existing Verizon Wireless customers could pre-order iPhone on February 3 . Pricing for the iPhone 4 was $199 for 16GB and $299 for 32GB . The Verizon iPhone 5 released on Friday , September 19 , in the United States ; it was the first GSM unlocked iPhone , which worked on AT&T and other GSM networks . World timeline ( edit ) The international release of iPhone has been staggered over several months . Today , the iPhone is available in most countries . Date Country Carrier ( s ) ( released date ) June 2007 United States ( 1 ) AT&T ( 2007 ) , Verizon ( February 2011 ) , Sprint ( October 2011 ) , C Spire Wireless ( Late 2011 ) , Cricket ( June 2012 ) , Virgin Mobile ( June 2012 ) , T - Mobile ( April 2013 ) , Boost Mobile ( November 2013 ) , U.S. Cellular ( November 2013 ) November 2007 United Kingdom † Germany France ‡ ( 4 ) O , 3 , T - Mobile , Orange , Vodafone , EE , Tesco Mobile § , Virgin Mobile ( November 2013 ) March 2008 Austria † Ireland ( 6 ) T - Mobile , O , Orange July 2008 Australia † Austria † Belgium ‡ Canada † Denmark Finland Hong Kong † ‡ Italy † ‡ Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway † ‡ Portugal † Spain Sweden Switzerland † ( 23 ) 3 , movistar , SingTel Optus , Orange ( Mobistar , One , Optimus ) , Rogers Communications ( Fido Solutions , Rogers Wireless ) , SoftBank , Swisscom , América Móvil ( Telcel ) , TIM , TeliaSonera ( NetCom ) , Telstra , T - Mobile , Vodafone August 2008 Argentina † Chile † Colombia † Czech Republic † ‡ Ecuador † El Salvador † Estonia Greece † ‡ Guatemala † Honduras Hungary India † Liechtenstein † Macau Paraguay Peru † Philippines Poland † Romania Singapore Slovakia † Uruguay † ( 45 ) 3 , América Móvil ( Claro , Comcel , Porta ) , Era , movistar , O , Orange , SingTel Bharti Airtel , Aircel , Globe , Smart - December 2011 , SingTel , Swisscom , TeliaSonera ( EMT ) , T - Mobile , Vodafone , Telenor September 2008 Brazil † ‡ Latvia Lithuania South Africa Turkey † ( 50 ) TIM , América Móvil ( Claro ) , TeliaSonera ( LMT , Omnitel ) , Turkcell , Vivo , Vodafone ( Vodacom ) , Oi October 2008 Luxembourg † Russia ‡ ( 52 ) Beeline , MegaFon , MTS November 2008 Croatia Egypt † ( 54 ) T - Mobile , Vodafone , Mobinil Later 2008 Botswana Cameroon Central African Republic Dominican Republic † Guinea Ivory Coast Jamaica Jordan Kenya Madagascar Mali Malta Mauritius Republic of Moldova Nicaragua † Niger Panama Réunion Taiwan † Qatar Senegal United States Virgin Islands Venezuela ( 79 ) América Móvil ( Claro , MiPhone ) , Chunghwa Telecom , movistar , Orange , Vodafone January 2009 Thailand ( 80 ) True Move February 2009 Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates ( 82 ) Mobily , Etisalat , du March 2009 Bulgaria Republic of Macedonia Indonesia † Malaysia ( 86 ) GLOBUL , T - Mobile , Telkomsel , Maxis October 2009 People 's Republic of China † ( 87 ) China Unicom November 2009 South Korea ( 88 ) KT December 2009 Guam Qatar Uganda Israel ( 92 ) GTA Teleguam , Vodafone , Orange , Pelephone , Cellcom March Viet Nam Armenia ( 94 ) Viettel Mobile , MobiFone , VinaPhone , Orange September Tunisia ( 95 ) Orange June 2011 Slovenia Trinidad & Tobago ( 97 ) Simobil ( now A1 ) , Telekom Slovenije , bmobile December 2013 Sri Lanka Dialog Axiata May 2014 Kosovo ( 98 ) IPKO October 2014 Serbia MTS , Telenor Serbia , Vip Mobile † iPhone offered by multiple carriers under contract from Apple ( country not carrier - exclusive ) ‡ iPhone offered without contract and without carrier lock § MVNO with O Activation and SIM lock bypassing ( edit ) Main article : iPhone For recent information , see iPhone SIM unlocking . People outside an AT&T store offering to unlock iPhones for free . Each iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has been activated as a phone through AT&T or O2 . On July 3 , 2007 , Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked iPhone 's other features with jailbreaking . He published the software and offsets for others to use . On August 14 , 2007 , Gizmodo reported verification of a method to bypass iPhone 's SIM lock , allowing the phone to work freely with carriers other than AT&T . This method requires usage of a Turbo SIM card , costing approximately US $80 ; the method essentially tricks iPhone into believing that it is operating on the AT&T network , even when it is connected natively ( not in roaming mode ) to another carrier . Australian Personal Computer later published a ten - step guide to unlocking iPhone , using the Turbo SIM method . In mid-August , UniquePhones announced an unlocking service for iPhone , only to retract the service the following week after receiving a phone call from a lawyer representing AT&T . On August 24 , 2007 , George Hotz , a 17 - year - old hacker from Glen Rock , New Jersey , broke the lock that ties iPhone to AT&T 's wireless network . He confirmed that he unlocked the phone and was using it on T - Mobile 's network . The hack opened up a realm of possibilities for overseas customers because iPhone was only sold in the United States at the time . By unlocking it , Hotz opened up the phone to phone networks across the world . Hotz posted the hack on his blog . The process is complicated and requires both disassembling iPhone and executing software commands on a personal computer . Hotz , along with four others across the world , reportedly spent about 500 hours unlocking the phone . Also on August 24 , 2007 , Engadget reported , by way of photos and a video clip , that they were called by the `` iPhoneSimFree '' team , who offered to show Engadget a demonstration of unlocking iPhone using a software - only method . Unlike Hotz 's hardware hack , the code in this hack was not made available to the general public . Sales of the unlock started on September 10 . These sales occurred through several resellers who were able to order `` keys '' from iPhoneSimFree , then pass the `` keys '' to customers , allowing the customers to use the software . On September 11 , after one day of sales , the iPhone Dev Team announced that they had created a working `` software unlock '' , and released it to the public for free . Utilizing the existing unlock requires some technical knowledge , although a simpler , GUI - based version was under construction . AnySim and iUnlock Reloaded , two free , GUI - based unlocking programs , have since been made available . On September 24 , 2007 Apple issued a warning that future updates could render unlocked iPhones unusable . On September 27 , 2007 , owners of unlocked iPhones who took advantage of the version 1.1. 1 update through iTunes reported that the update rendered the device virtually inoperable . There were also reports that the update even affected some iPhones that were not unlocked , and Engadget found that the firmware update had `` bricked '' unhacked iPhones as well . The firmware update relocks iPhones , but on October 11 iPhoneSIMFree announced that they had hacked the 1.1. 1 iPhone update , not only unlocking them but also unbricking those iPhones which were bricked by the update . On October 16 , 2007 , the iPhone Dev Team released AnySIM 1.1 , the free utility that unlocks iPhones . The updated version works on firmware version 1.1. 1 , but does n't fix baseband problems caused by updating an unlocked 1.0. 2 phone up to 1.1. 1 . On October 23 , 2007 , the iPhone Elite Dev - Team released Revirginizing Tool to rebuild the lock table in the seczone area to repair the damage done by the original anySIM 1.0 x unlockers so unlocked 1.0. 2 iPhones can upgrade to 1.1. 1 without bricking iPhone . The tool is unbricking the previously bricked iPhones . On November 21 , 2007 , T - Mobile announced that due to litigation commenced against them by their competitor Vodafone , which resulted in a preliminary injunction preventing T - Mobile from locking the SIM card to T - Mobile in Germany , it will sell the phone `` unlocked '' and will offer iPhone without a T - Mobile contract for € 999 ( US $1,478 ) at its shops to customers in Germany until the court renders a decision . By the end of November , Apple released another version of iPhone firmware , 1.1. 2 . This version does not have many new features but breaks unlocks . During Macworld ' 08 , on January 15 , Apple released the fifth version of iPhone firmware , 1.1. 3 ; this version repairs loopholes used by `` iPhone Hackers . '' The firmware , however , had been compromised prior to release and new security measures were quickly bypassed . On February 8 , 2008 , Geohot released the first full software unlock for the 1.1. 2 & 1.1. 3 OTB iPhones . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Apple Inc. products References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter . Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update , Macworld , ( January 9 , 2007 ) Retrieved February 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ Block , Ryan . Live from Macworld 2007 : Steve Jobs keynote , Engadget , ( January 9 , 2007 ) Retrieved February 1 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev . The Apple Of Your Ear , Time , ( January 12 , 2007 ) Retrieved February 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Murtazin , Eldar ( June 20 , 2010 ) . `` Apple 's Phone : From 1980s ' Sketches to iPhone . Part 3 '' . Mobile review . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . 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San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krazit , Tom ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` Piper Jaffray : 500,000 iPhones sold over the weekend '' . CNET News . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ho , David ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` A 300 - page iPhone bill ? Too much information , users say '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Newspapers . p . C1 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Internet message boards and blogs are buzzing with talk of paper iPhone bills dozens and even hundreds of pages long . Jump up ^ Ragan , Steve ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Thirty thousand text messages equal a forest killing 300 - page phone bill '' . Monsters and Critics . WotR Ltd . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . The box arrived last Saturday and inside it contained her first bill after she purchased Apple 's iPhone . Jump up ^ Martin , James A. ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` Sexy Portable Storage : The 300 - Page iPhone Bill '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Justine Ezarik , a graphic designer from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , posted a 1 - minute video on her blog that shows her opening up a 300 - page iPhone bill from AT&T -- which was mailed in a box . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` A 300 - page iPhone Bill ? : iPhone owners rail at AT&T for paper waste with overly detailed bills '' . Computerworld . PC World Communications . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . One blogger , in fact , is in the middle of her 15 minutes of fame after posting a video that shows her unwrapping a 300 - page AT&T bill . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( August 15 , 2007 ) . `` How many trees did your iPhone bill kill ? '' . USA Today . Gannett . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Justine Ezarik , a Pittsburgh graphic designer and active Internet blogger , got her first bill on Saturday . She says it was so huge -- 300 pages -- it was delivered in a box . Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` AT&T 's Overstuffed iPhone Bills Annoy Customers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Ms. Ezarik , 23 , made a one - minute video that shows her flipping through the voluminous bill and posted it to YouTube and other video - sharing sites on Aug. 13 . The video has since been viewed more than three million times , Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( August 22 , 2007 ) . `` AT&T says `` No more 300 - page iPhone bills '' `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Surely due to the recent flurry over massively large iPhone bills , AT&T has begun sending text messages to its iPhone users assuring them that 50 , or 75 , or 300 + page iPhone bills will no longer be sent to their houses ( unless they want them ) . Jump up ^ Apple Inc . ( September 5 , 2007 ) . Apple Sets iPhone Price at 399 for this Holiday Season . 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( hide ) iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_iPhone&oldid=832936081 '' Categories : IPhone Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles with obsolete information from March 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the iphone first introduced to the market | [
"On January 2, 2007, Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving substantial media attention.[16] Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year. On June 29, 2007, the first iPhone[17] was released."
] | [
"June 29, 2007"
] |
-7142502295819679234 | The Girl Next Door (2004 film) | The Girl Next Door ( 2004 film ) - wikipedia The Girl Next Door ( 2004 film ) The Girl Next Door Directed by Luke Greenfield Produced by Harry Gittes Charles Gordon Marc Sternberg Screenplay by Stuart Blumberg David T. Wagner Brent Goldberg Luke Greenfield ( uncredited ) Chris McKenna ( uncredited ) Story by David T. Wagner Brent Goldberg Starring Emile Hirsch Elisha Cuthbert Timothy Olyphant James Remar Chris Marquette Paul Dano Olivia Wilde Music by Paul Haslinger Cinematography Jamie Anderson Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Regency Enterprises New Regency Pictures Daybreak Epsilon Motion Pictures Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date April 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 09 ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 - 21 million Box office $30.4 million The Girl Next Door is a 2004 American romantic comedy film about a high school senior who falls in love for the first time with the girl next door , but finds the situation becoming complicated after he learns that she is a former pornographic actress . It stars Emile Hirsch , Elisha Cuthbert , Timothy Olyphant , James Remar , Chris Marquette and Paul Dano and is directed by Luke Greenfield . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Box office 4 Awards and nominations 5 Soundtrack listing 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Ambitious high school senior Matthew Kidman ( Emile Hirsch ) has been accepted to Georgetown University , but can not afford the tuition . He has raised $25,000 in order to bring a brilliant Cambodian student , Samnang , to study in the United States , but finds little else truly memorable about his high school experience . His life suddenly changes when Danielle ( Elisha Cuthbert ) moves in next door . Matthew witnesses her undressing from his bedroom window , until she sees him and storms over , knocking on the door and introducing herself to his parents . They suggest to Matthew that he show Danielle around town . While driving around , Danielle stops the car and forces Matthew to get out and strip for her . The two get to know each other through weird adventures , which includes Matthew finding himself in his principal 's pool . He and Danielle sneak away and pick up his friends before going to a party . When a few of Matthew 's athlete classmates attempt to get him away from Danielle and kick him out of the party , he finds the courage to walk right up and kiss her . Matthew 's world is suddenly rocked the next day when his friend Eli informs him that Danielle is an adult film actress . On Eli 's advice , Matthew takes Danielle to a sleazy motel . Danielle , insulted , realizes that he has discovered her past and abruptly ends the relationship . Matthew later attempts to apologize and reconcile , but Danielle believes that she will never be able to escape her past and decides to return to the adult industry . Matthew tracks Danielle down at an adult film convention in Las Vegas where Kelly ( Timothy Olyphant ) , a porn producer and Danielle 's ex , menacingly warns Matthew not to interfere with his business . Matthew ignores him , convincing Danielle to leave the adult industry and begin their relationship anew . Next morning , Kelly furiously abducts Matthew from school and assaults him , saying that Danielle 's failure to film has cost him $30,000 . Kelly offers to let Matthew erase his debt by stealing an award statuette from porn mogul Hugo Posh ( James Remar ) , but once Matthew has entered the house Kelly calls in a burglary report and leaves the premises . Matthew narrowly avoids the police and rushes to a scholarship award dinner . High on ecstasy that Kelly gave him as aspirin , he gives a deeply sentimental speech but loses out on the scholarship . Kelly exacts further revenge by stealing all the money Matthew raised for Samnang . Matthew fears that he will be implicated in the crime and expelled from school . He turns to Danielle for help in recouping his losses . Danielle calls in two friends from her porn star days , and they agree to make a video for Hugo Posh on prom night using Matthew 's classmates as actors . After the successful shoot , Danielle and Matthew have sex in their limousine . Despite Danielle 's past , it is the first time she has truly made love . The next morning Eli calls Matthew , panicked because the prom night tape has been stolen , jeopardizing their hopes of financial recovery . Matthew enters his home to find Kelly ( and the stolen tape ) in his home , along with his parents and Principal Salinger . Kelly , in private , tells Matthew that unless he is given half of all profits , he will play the tape immediately for Matthew 's family . Matthew dares him to show the tape , asserting that he no longer cares about his `` now - ruined future , '' and Kelly obliges . Surprising everyone , Matthew and his friends have made a progressive , comprehensive sex ed tape rather than a porn film . With no more cards left to play , Kelly admits defeat as well as a grudging respect for Matthew . Hugo Posh and Matthew make millions from the video . Hugo Posh pays for Samnang to come to the USA , while Matthew has enough money to attend Georgetown and take Danielle to DC with him . Matthew 's story ends with him getting the girl of his dreams and a chance at the future he has always wanted . Cast ( edit ) Emile Hirsch as Matthew Kidman Elisha Cuthbert as Danielle Timothy Olyphant as Kelly James Remar as Hugo Posh Chris Marquette as Eli Paul Dano as Klitz Olivia Wilde as Kellie Sunny Leone as cameo appearance Amanda Swisten as April Sung Hi Lee as Ferrari Timothy Bottoms as Mr. Kidman Donna Bullock as Mrs. Kidman Jacob Young as Hunter Matt Wiese as Mule Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Girl Next Door received mixed reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a score of 55 % based on reviews from 157 critics , with the consensus : `` The movie borrows heavily from Risky Business , though Hirsch and Cuthbert are appealing leads . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 47 based on 32 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert described it as a `` nasty piece of business '' , and faulted movie studios for marketing the film as a teen comedy . Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $14,589,444 in the USA , plus $15,821,739 outside the USA , for a combined gross of $30,411,183 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Subject Result Ref Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Your Parents Did n't Want You to See The Girl Next Door Nominated 2005 MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss Elisha Cuthbert and Emile Hirsch Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Elisha Cuthbert Nominated Soundtrack listing ( edit ) `` I Believe In A Thing Called Love '' by The Darkness `` Under Pressure '' by Queen and David Bowie -- Opening scene `` Angeles '' by Elliott Smith `` The Killing Moon '' by Echo & the Bunnymen -- Matthew first sees Danielle `` Jump into the Fire '' by Harry Nilsson `` Something in the Air '' by Thunderclap Newman -- Matthew and Danielle in cafe `` The Field '' by Christopher Tyng `` Take a Picture '' by Filter -- Matthew with Danielle after skipping class `` Slayed '' by Overseer -- Matthew and Danielle entering the party `` No Retreat '' by Dilated Peoples `` This Year 's Love '' by David Gray -- Matthew and Danielle kiss at party `` If It Feels Good Do It '' by Sloan `` Electric Lady Land '' by Fantastic Plastic Machine `` Bendy karate '' by Phreak E.D. `` Dick Dagger 's Theme '' by PornoSonic `` Suffering '' by Satchel `` Break Down the Walls '' by Youth of Today -- Matthew sees Kelly in Danielle 's house `` Dopes to Infinity '' by Monster Magnet -- Inside the strip club `` Spin Spin Sugar ( Radio Edit ) '' by Sneaker Pimps `` Big Muff '' by Pepe Deluxé `` Song for a Blue Guitar '' by Red House Painters `` Twilight Zone '' by 2 Unlimited -- Heading to Vegas `` Get Naked '' by Methods of Mayhem -- Inside AVN convention `` Mondo ' 77 '' by Looper -- Matthew sees Athena ( Danielle ) `` Think Twice '' by Ralph Myerz and the Jack Herren Band `` This Beat is Hot '' by B.G. The Prince of Rap `` Turn of the Century '' by Pete Yorn `` Stay in School '' by Richard Patrick `` Funk # 49 '' by James Gang `` Lady Marmalade '' by Patti LaBelle -- Matthew dancing at scholarship dinner `` Christmas Song '' by Mogwai `` Sweet Home Alabama '' by Lynyrd Skynyrd -- Kelly driving away with the $25,000 `` Arrival '' by Mark Kozelek `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye `` Counterfeit '' by Limp Bizkit ( not credited ) `` Mannish Boy '' by Muddy Waters -- Danielle open the door before the cameras `` Purple Haze '' by Groove Armada `` Lapdance '' by N.E.R.D. -- Entering the cafeteria on prom night `` Everytime I Think of You ( I Get High ) '' by Phreak E.D. `` Lucky Man '' by The Verve -- Matthew and Danielle dancing in prom night `` Sparrows Over Birmingham '' by Josh Rouse -- Matthew seeing lipstick mark and thinking about Danielle `` Atlantis '' by Donovan -- completing the shooting and leaving cafeteria on prom night `` This Year 's Love '' by David Gray -- Matthew and Danielle making love in limo `` Baba O ' Riley '' by The Who -- Ending scenes `` Maybe You 're Gone '' by Binocular -- Credits `` One Fine Day '' by Alastair Binks -- Credits References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Juice Was Worth The Squeeze : Looking Back On ' The Girl Next Door ' '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ http://powergrid.thewrap.com/project/girl-next-door Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficeflops.com/yearly-breakdowns/2004-2/the-girl-next-door/ ^ Jump up to : `` The Girl Next Door ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Girl Next Door '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Girl Next Door '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Girl Next Door '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cosgrove , Ben ( 2005 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Vicious Teens And Happy Drunk Lead 2005 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Girl Next Door The Girl Next Door on IMDb Films directed by Luke Greenfield The Animal ( 2001 ) The Girl Next Door ( 2004 ) Something Borrowed ( 2011 ) Let 's Be Cops ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_Next_Door_(2004_film)&oldid=841492269 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films 2000s high school films 2000s LGBT - related films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s sex comedy films 2000s teen comedy films 2000s teen romance films American films American high school films American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films American teen comedy films American teen LGBT - related films American teen romance films Films about pornography Films set in California Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in Los Angeles Regency Enterprises films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 05 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the girl in the girl next door | [
"Ambitious high school senior Matthew Kidman (Emile Hirsch) has been accepted to Georgetown University, but cannot afford the tuition. He has raised $25,000 in order to bring a brilliant Cambodian student, Samnang, to study in the United States, but finds little else truly memorable about his high school experience. His life suddenly changes when Danielle (Elisha Cuthbert) moves in next door. Matthew witnesses her undressing from his bedroom window, until she sees him and storms over, knocking on the door and introducing herself to his parents. They suggest to Matthew that he show Danielle around town.\n"
] | [
"Elisha Cuthbert"
] |
-6048732860275876434 | Secretary of State of California | Secretary of State of California - wikipedia Secretary of State of California Jump to : navigation , search Secretary of State of California California State Seal Incumbent Alex Padilla since January 5 , 2015 Style The Honorable Term length Four years , two term limit Inaugural holder William Van Voorhies 1849 Formation California Constitution Salary $130,490 Website California Secretary of State Secretary of State 's offices The Secretary of State of California is the chief clerk of the U.S. State of California , overseeing a department of 500 people . The Secretary of State is elected for four year terms , like the state 's other constitutional officers , and is restricted by term limits to only two terms . The current Secretary of State , Alex Padilla , took office on January 5 , 2015 . The Secretary of State is the California 's Chief Elections Officer , overseeing all federal and state elections in the state and maintaining a database of registered voters . They are also responsible for disclosure of campaign and lobbyist financial information , under the California Political Reform Act of 1974 . The Secretary of State 's office also has a number of responsibilities related to corporations ; the largest portion office is the Business Programs Division , which handles corporate filings . The Business Entities Section processes , files and maintains records related to corporations , limited liability companies , partnerships and other business entities conducting or planning to conduct business in California . The Secretary 's office also maintains a number of registries , including the Safe at Home confidential address program , and the Domestic Partners and Advance Health Care Directive . Other roles include safeguarding the California State Archives , and they are a trustee of the California Museum , though they have not been responsible for the California State Library since 1862 . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of California Secretaries of State 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of California Secretaries of State ( edit ) # Name Term of office Party William Van Voorhies 1849 -- 1853 Democratic James W. Denver 1853 -- 1855 Democratic Charles H. Hempstead 1855 -- 1856 Democratic David F. Douglass 1856 -- 1858 American Ferris Foreman 1858 -- 1860 Democratic 6 Johnson Price 1860 -- 1862 Democratic 7 William H. Weeks 1862 -- 1863 Republican 8 A.A.H. Tuttle 1863 Republican 9 Benjamin B. Redding 1863 -- 1867 Unionist Republican 10 Henry L. Nichols 1867 -- 1871 Democratic 11 Drury Melone 1871 -- 1875 Republican 12 Thomas Beck 1875 -- 1880 Democratic 13 Daniel M. Burns 1880 -- 1883 Republican 14 Thomas Larkin Thompson 1883 -- 1887 Democratic 15 William C. Hendricks 1887 -- 1891 Democratic 16 Edwin G. Waite 1891 -- 1894 Republican 17 Albert Hart 1894 -- 1895 Republican 18 Lewis H. Brown 1895 -- 1899 Republican 19 Charles F. Curry 1899 -- 1911 Republican 20 Frank C. Jordan 1911 -- 1940 Republican 21 Paul Peek 1940 -- 1943 Democratic 22 Frank M. Jordan 1943 -- 1970 Republican Acting H.P. Sullivan 1970 -- 1971 Republican 23 Jerry Brown 1971 -- 1975 Democratic 24 March Fong Eu 1975 -- 1994 Democratic Acting Tony Miller ( acting ) 1994 -- 1995 Democratic 25 Bill Jones 1995 -- 2003 Republican 26 Kevin Shelley 2003 -- 2005 Democratic Acting Cathy Mitchell 2005 Democratic 27 Bruce McPherson 2005 -- 2007 Republican 28 Debra Bowen 2007 -- 2015 Democratic 29 Alex Padilla 2015 -- present Democratic See also ( edit ) California government and California politics List of company registers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ca - Departments '' . www.allgov.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Safe at Home '' . Secretary of State of California . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Trustees - California Museum '' . www.californiamuseum.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Library , California State . `` California State Library - California State Librarians '' . www.library.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) California Secretary of State 's official website California statewide elected officials Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Secretary of State Treasurer Controller Insurance Commissioner Superintendent of Public Instruction Secretaries of State in the United States AL John Merrill ( R ) AK Byron Mallott ( D ) AZ Michele Reagan ( R ) AR Mark Martin ( R ) CA Alex Padilla ( D ) CO Wayne Williams ( R ) CT Denise Merrill ( D ) DE Jeffrey Bullock ( D ) FL Ken Detzner ( R ) GA Brian Kemp ( R ) HI Shan Tsutsui ( D ) ID Lawerence Denney ( R ) IL Jesse White ( D ) IN Connie Lawson ( R ) IA Paul Pate ( R ) KS Kris Kobach ( R ) KY Alison Grimes ( D ) LA Tom Schedler ( R ) ME Matthew Dunlap ( D ) MD John Wobensmith ( R ) MA Bill Galvin ( D ) MI Ruth Johnson ( R ) MN Steve Simon ( D ) MS Delbert Hosemann ( R ) MO Jay Ashcroft ( R ) MT Corey Stapleton ( R ) NE John Gale ( R ) NV Barbara Cegavske ( R ) NH Bill Gardner ( D ) NJ Kim Guadagno ( R ) NM Maggie Toulouse Oliver ( D ) NY Rossana Rosado ( D ) NC Elaine Marshall ( D ) ND Al Jaeger ( R ) OH Jon Husted ( R ) OK Dave Lopez ( R ) OR Dennis Richardson ( R ) PA Pedro Cortés ( D ) RI Nellie Gorbea ( D ) SC Mark Hammond ( R ) SD Shantel Krebs ( R ) TN Tre Hargett ( R ) TX Rolando Pablos ( R ) UT Spencer Cox ( R ) VT Jim Condos ( D ) VA Kelly Thomasson ( D ) WA Kim Wyman ( R ) WV Mac Warner ( R ) WI Doug La Follette ( D ) WY Ed Murray ( R ) DC Lauren Vaughan ( D ) Territories : AS Lemanu Mauga ( D ) GU Ray Tenorio ( R ) MP Victor Hocog ( R ) PR Luis Rivera Marín ( R ) VI Osbert Potter ( I ) Political party affiliations : 34 Republican 21 Democratic 1 Independent italics indicate no secretary of state in this state , closest equivalent listed Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_State_of_California&oldid=815262400 '' Categories : State constitutional officers of California Secretaries of State of California Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 19 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the secretary of the state of california | [
"The Secretary of State of California is the chief clerk of the U.S. State of California, overseeing a department of 500 people. The Secretary of State is elected for four year terms, like the state's other constitutional officers, and is restricted by term limits to only two terms. The current Secretary of State, Alex Padilla, took office on January 5, 2015."
] | [
"Alex Padilla"
] |
-4657205023023741729 | Impeachment in the United States | Impeachment in the United States - wikipedia Impeachment in the United States This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 3 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` House Manager '' redirects here . For theater operations , see House management . The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The House managers are seated beside the quarter - circular tables on the left and the president 's personal counsel on the right , much in the fashion of President Andrew Johnson 's trial . Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed . Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office , though there have been a few cases in which Congress has impeached and convicted officials partly for prior crimes . The actual trial on such charges , and subsequent removal of an official upon conviction , is separate from the act of impeachment itself . Impeachment proceedings have been initiated against several presidents of the United States . Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presidents to have been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives , and both were later acquitted by the Senate . The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was never completed , as Nixon resigned his office before the vote of the full House for impeachment , but such a vote was widely expected to pass , and the threat of it and a subsequent conviction in the Senate was the impetus for Nixon 's departure . To date , no president has been removed from office by impeachment and conviction . The impeached official continues in office until conviction . Impeachment is analogous to indictment in regular court proceedings ; trial by the other house is analogous to the trial before judge and jury in regular courts . Typically , the lower house of the legislature impeaches the official and the upper house conducts the trial . At the federal level , Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that `` The President , Vice President , and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching , while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments . The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate . In Nixon v. United States ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary can not review such proceedings . Impeachment can also occur at the state level : state legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors , in accordance with their respective state constitutions . At the Philadelphia Convention , Benjamin Franklin noted that , historically , the removal of `` obnoxious '' chief executives had been accomplished by assassination . Franklin suggested that a proceduralized mechanism for removal -- impeachment -- would be preferable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal impeachment 1.1 House of Representatives 1.2 Senate 1.3 History 1.4 Federal officials impeached 1.5 Demands for impeachment 2 Impeachment in the states 2.1 State and territorial officials impeached 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Federal impeachment ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Impeachment proceedings may be commenced by a member of the House of Representatives on her or his own initiative , either by presenting a list of the charges under oath , or by asking for referral to the appropriate committee . The impeachment process may be initiated by non-members . For example , when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached , a charge of actions constituting grounds for impeachment may come from a special prosecutor , the President , or state or territorial legislature , grand jury , or by petition . The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred . A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary . A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules , and then to the Judiciary Committee . The House Committee on the Judiciary , by majority vote , will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist . If the Committee finds grounds for impeachment , it will set forth specific allegations of misconduct in one or more articles of impeachment . The Impeachment Resolution , or Article ( s ) of Impeachment , are then reported to the full House with the committee 's recommendations . The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually . A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article or the resolution as a whole to pass . If the House votes to impeach , managers ( typically referred to as `` House managers '' , with a `` lead House manager '' ) are selected to present the case to the Senate . Recently , managers have been selected by resolution , while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution / district attorney in a standard criminal trial . Also , the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action . After receiving the notice , the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers . The House managers then appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment . After the reading of the charges , the managers return and make a verbal report to the House . Senate ( edit ) Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , in 1868 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding . The proceedings unfold in the form of a trial , with each side having the right to call witnesses and perform cross-examinations . The House members , who are given the collective title of managers during the course of the trial , present the prosecution case , and the impeached official has the right to mount a defense with his own attorneys as well . Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence . After hearing the charges , the Senate usually deliberates in private . The U.S. Constitution requires a two - thirds majority for conviction . The Senate enters judgment on its decision , whether that be to convict or acquit , and a copy of the judgment is filed with the Secretary of State . Upon conviction in the Senate , the official is automatically removed from office and may also be barred from holding future office . The removed official is also liable to criminal prosecution . The President may not grant a pardon in the impeachment case , but may in any resulting criminal case . Beginning in the 1980s with Harry E. Claiborne , the Senate began using `` Impeachment Trial Committees '' pursuant to Senate Rule XI . These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials , hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses . The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate ; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit . The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials , which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber 's time . Defendants challenged the use of these committees , claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as well as the Senate 's constitutional mandate , as a body , to have `` sole power to try all impeachments . '' Several impeached judges sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds , but the courts refused to become involved due to the Constitution 's granting of impeachment and removal power solely to the legislative branch , making it a political question . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , impeachment was a procedure whereby a member of the House of Commons could accuse someone of a crime . If the Commons voted for the impeachment , a trial would then be held in the House of Lords . Unlike a bill of attainder , a law declaring a person guilty of a crime , impeachments did not require royal assent , so they could be used to remove troublesome officers of the Crown even if the monarch was trying to protect them . The monarch , however , was above the law and could not be impeached , or indeed judged guilty of any crime . When King Charles I was tried before the Rump Parliament of the New Model Army in 1649 he denied that they had any right to legally indict him , their king , whose power was given by God and the laws of the country , saying : `` no earthly power can justly call me ( who is your King ) in question as a delinquent ... no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King . '' While the House of Commons pronounced him guilty and ordered his execution anyway , the jurisdictional issue tainted the proceedings . With this example in mind , the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention chose to include an impeachment procedure in Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution which could be applied to any government official ; they explicitly mentioned the President to ensure there would be no ambiguity . Opinions differed , however , as to the reasons Congress should be able to initiate an impeachment . Initial drafts listed only treason and bribery , but George Mason favored impeachment for `` maladministration '' ( incompetence ) . James Madison argued that impeachment should only be for criminal behavior , arguing that a maladministration standard would effectively mean that the President would serve at the pleasure of the Senate . Thus the delegates adopted a compromise version allowing impeachment for `` treason , bribery and other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' The precise meaning of the phrase `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' is somewhat ambiguous ; some scholars , such as Kevin Gutzman , argue that it can encompass even non-criminal abuses of power . Whatever its theoretical scope , however , Congress traditionally regards impeachment as a power to use only in extreme cases . The House of Representatives has actually initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 . Two cases did not come to trial because the individuals had left office . Actual impeachments of 19 federal officers have taken place . Of these , 15 were federal judges : thirteen district court judges , one court of appeals judge ( who also sat on the Commerce Court ) , and one Supreme Court Associate Justice . Of the other four , two were Presidents , one was a Cabinet secretary , and one was a U.S. Senator . Of the 19 impeached officials , eight were convicted . One , former judge Alcee Hastings , was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives after being removed from office . The 1797 impeachment of Senator William Blount of Tennessee stalled on the grounds that the Senate lacked jurisdiction over him . No other member of Congress has ever been impeached . The Constitution does give authority to the Senate and House , so that each body may expel its own members . ( see List of United States senators expelled or censured and List of United States Representatives expelled , censured , or reprimanded ) . Expulsion removes the individual from functioning as a representative or senator because of their misbehavior , but unlike impeachment , expulsion can not result in barring an individual from holding future office . Federal officials impeached ( edit ) # Date of Impeachment Accused Office Accusation ( s ) Result References July 7 , 1797 William Blount United States Senator ( Tennessee ) Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory Senate refused to accept impeachment of a Senator by the House of Representatives , instead expelling him from the Senate on their own authority March 2 , 1803 John Pickering Judge ( District of New Hampshire ) Drunkenness and unlawful rulings Removed on March 12 , 1804 March 12 , 1804 Samuel Chase Associate Justice ( Supreme Court of the United States ) Political bias and arbitrary rulings , promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench Acquitted on March 1 , 1805 April 24 , 1830 James H. Peck Judge ( District of Missouri ) Abuse of power Acquitted on January 31 , 1831 5 May 6 , 1862 West Hughes Humphreys Judge ( Eastern , Middle , and Western Districts of Tennessee ) Supporting the Confederacy Removed and disqualified on June 26 , 1862 6 February 24 , 1868 Andrew Johnson President of the United States Violating the Tenure of Office Act Acquitted on May 26 , 1868 7 February 28 , 1873 Mark W. Delahay Judge ( District of Kansas ) Drunkenness Resigned on December 12 , 1873 8 March 2 , 1876 William W. Belknap United States Secretary of War Graft / corruption Acquitted after his resignation on August 1 , 1876 . 9 December 13 , 1904 Charles Swayne Judge ( Northern District of Florida ) Failure to live in his district , abuse of power Acquitted on February 27 , 1905 10 July 11 , 1912 Robert Wodrow Archbald Associate Justice ( United States Commerce Court ) Judge ( Third Circuit Court of Appeals ) Improper acceptance of gifts from litigants and attorneys Removed and disqualified on January 13 , 1913 11 April 1 , 1926 George W. English Judge ( Eastern District of Illinois ) Abuse of power Resigned on November 4 , 1926 , proceedings dismissed on December 13 , 1926 12 February 24 , 1933 Harold Louderback Judge ( Northern District of California ) Corruption Acquitted on May 24 , 1933 13 March 2 , 1936 Halsted L. Ritter Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Champerty / corruption , tax evasion , practicing law while a judge Removed on April 17 , 1936 14 July 22 , 1986 Harry E. Claiborne Judge ( District of Nevada ) Tax evasion Removed on October 9 , 1986 15 August 3 , 1988 Alcee Hastings Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Accepting a bribe , and committing perjury during the resulting investigation Removed on October 20 , 1989 16 May 10 , 1989 Walter Nixon Chief Judge ( Southern District of Mississippi ) Perjury Removed on November 3 , 1989 17 December 19 , 1998 Bill Clinton President of the United States Perjury and obstruction of justice Acquitted on February 12 , 1999 18 June 19 , 2009 Samuel B. Kent Judge ( Southern District of Texas ) Sexual assault , and obstruction of justice during the resulting investigation Resigned on June 30 , 2009 , proceedings dismissed on July 22 , 2009 19 March 11 , 2010 Thomas Porteous Judge ( Eastern District of Louisiana ) Making false financial disclosures Removed and disqualified on December 8 , 2010 Demands for impeachment ( edit ) See also : Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials While the actual impeachment of a federal public official is a rare event , demands for impeachment , especially of presidents , are common , going back to the administration of George Washington in the mid-1790s . In fact , most of the 63 resolutions mentioned above were in response to presidential actions . While almost all of them were for the most part frivolous and were buried as soon as they were introduced , several did have their intended effect . Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas both resigned in response to the threat of impeachment hearings , and , most famously , President Richard Nixon resigned from office after the House Judiciary Committee had already reported articles of impeachment to the floor . Impeachment in the States ( edit ) State legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors . The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model -- in New York , for instance , the Assembly ( lower house ) impeaches , and the State Senate tries the case , but the members of the seven - judge New York State Court of Appeals ( the state 's highest , constitutional court ) sit with the senators as jurors as well . Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States , usually for corruption charges . A total of at least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial ; a twelfth , Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma , escaped impeachment conviction by a single vote in 1912 . Several others , most recently Connecticut 's John G. Rowland , have resigned rather than face impeachment , when events seemed to make it inevitable . The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14 , 2009 , when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117 - 1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges ; he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29 . He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office . The procedure for impeachment , or removal , of local officials varies widely . For instance , in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor `` upon being heard '' on charges -- the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor . State and territorial officials impeached ( edit ) Date Accused Office Result 1804 William W. Irvin Associate Judge , Fairfield County , Ohio Court of Common Pleas Removed 1832 Theophilus W. Smith Associate Justice , Illinois Supreme Court Acquitted February 26 , 1862 Charles L. Robinson Governor of Kansas Acquitted February 26 , 1862 John Winter Robinson Secretary of State of Kansas Removed on June 12 , 1862 February 26 , 1862 George S. Hillyer Kansas State auditor Removed on June 16 , 1862 1871 William Woods Holden Governor of North Carolina Removed 1871 David Butler Governor of Nebraska Removed February 1872 Harrison Reed Governor of Florida Acquitted 1872 Henry C. Warmoth Governor of Louisiana `` suspended from office , '' though trial was not held 1876 Adelbert Ames Governor of Mississippi Resigned 1888 James W. Tate Kentucky State Treasurer Removed 1901 David M. Furches Chief Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted 1901 Robert M. Douglas Associate Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted August 13 , 1913 William Sulzer Governor of New York Removed on October 17 , 1913 July 1917 James E. Ferguson Governor of Texas Removed October 23 , 1923 John C. Walton Governor of Oklahoma Removed January 21 , 1929 Henry S. Johnston Governor of Oklahoma Removed April 6 , 1929 Huey P. Long Governor of Louisiana Acquitted May 1958 Raulston Schoolfield Judge , Hamilton County , Tennessee Criminal Court Removed on July 11 , 1958 March 14 , 1984 Paul Douglas Nebraska Attorney General Acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4 , 1984 February 6 , 1988 Evan Mecham Governor of Arizona Removed on April 4 , 1988 March 30 , 1989 A. James Manchin West Virginia State treasurer Resigned on July 9 , 1989 before trial started January 25 , 1991 Ward `` Butch '' Burnette Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture Resigned on February 6 , 1991 before trial started May 24 , 1994 Rolf Larsen Associate Justice , Pennsylvania Supreme Court Removed on October 4 , 1994 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania October 6 , 1994 Judith Moriarty Secretary of State of Missouri Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12 , 1994 November 11 , 2004 Kathy Augustine Nevada State Controller Censured on December 4 , 2004 , not removed from office April 11 , 2006 David Hergert Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7 , 2006 January 8 , 2009 ( first vote ) Rod Blagojevich Governor of Illinois 95th General Assembly ended January 14 , 2009 ( second vote ) Removed on January 29 , 2009 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois February 11 , 2013 Benigno Fitial Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Resigned on February 20 , 2013 See also ( edit ) Censure in the United States Efforts to impeach George W. Bush Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials Impeachment investigations of United States federal judges Jefferson 's Manual List of federal political scandals in the United States Recall election Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Removed and disqualified '' indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I , Section 3 of the United States Constitution , which provides , in pertinent part , that `` ( j ) udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor , trust or profit under the United States . '' Jump up ^ During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount , it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress ; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument , the House has never again impeached a member of Congress . The Constitution allows either House to expel one of its members by a two - thirds vote , which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him ( but before the Senate heard the case ) . Jump up ^ Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds ; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole , J.P. ; Garvey , T. ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Impeachment and Removal '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Congressional Research Service . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Daniel H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton : Law As a Weapon for Political Reform '' . Washington University Global Studies Law Review . 7 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1546 - 6981 . Jump up ^ Josh Chafetz ( 2010 ) . `` Impeachment and Assassination '' . 95 . Minnesota Law Review . SSRN 1568950 Jump up ^ `` Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials '' ( PDF ) . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United States , Article 1 , Section 3 . `` Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . '' Jump up ^ http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/3_1986SenatesImpeachmentRules.pdf Jump up ^ Welcome to The American Presidency ^ Jump up to : Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Chapter 4 : Complete List of Senate Impeachment Trials '' . United States Senate . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Joint Committee on Printing ( September 2006 ) . `` Impeachment Proceedings '' . Congressional Directory . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . ( Archived by WebCite ) ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : Senate Tries Supreme Court Justice '' . 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Delahay , Mark W . '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hinds ' Precedents , Volume 3 - Chapter 78 - The Impeachment and Trial of Charles Swayne '' . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . `` White House accepts convicted judge 's resignation '' . AP . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Congress ends jailed judge 's impeachment '' . AP . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . `` U.S. House impeaches Kent '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . In action so rare it has been carried out only 14 times since 1803 , the House on Friday impeached a federal judge -- imprisoned U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ; Jonathan Tilove ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Senate votes to remove Judge Thomas Porteous from office '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Judge Thomas Porteous impeached by U.S. House of Representatives '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tentative description of a dinner given to promote the impeachment of President Dwight Eisenhower : ( poem ) by Lawrence Ferlinghetti ; City Lights Books : ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Clark , Richard C. ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` McFadden 's Attempts to Abortababy the Federal Reserve System '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Though a Republican , he moved to impeach President Herbert Hoover in 1932 and introduced a resolution to bring conspiracy charges against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Texan , Texan & Texan '' . Time . January 25 , 1932 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NYS Constitution , Article VI , § 24 Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Embattled Conn. governor resigns '' . AP . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` House votes to impeach Blagojevich again '' . Chicago Tribune . 2009 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bateman , Newton ; Paul Selby ; Frances M. Shonkwiler ; Henry L Fowkes ( 1908 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois . Chicago , IL : Munsell Publishing Company . p. 489 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impeachment of State Officials '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmar , Frank ( 1912 ) . Kansas : A Cyclopedia of State History . Standard Publishing Co. p. 598 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Relating to the Efforts to Impeach Governor Harrison Reed During the Reconstruction Era '' . floridamemory.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State Governors of Louisiana : Henry Clay Warmoth '' . Enlou.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : News & Observer : NC 's dark impeachment history by Rob Christensen Jump up ^ `` SULZER IMPEACHED BY ASSEMBLY BUT REFUSES TO SURRENDER OFFICE '' , Syracuse Herald , August 13 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ `` HIGH COURT REMOVES SULZER FROM OFFICE BY A VOTE OF 43 TO 12 '' , Syracuse Herald , October 17 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ Block , Lourenda ( 2000 ) . `` Permanent University Fund : Investing in the Future of Texas '' . TxTell ( University of Texas at Austin ) . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Official Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana , April 6 , 1929 pp. 292 - 94 Jump up ^ `` Raulston Schoolfield , Impeached Judge , Dies '' . UPI . October 8 , 1982 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Impeachment Trial Finds Judge Guilty '' . AP . July 11 , 1958 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Attorney General is Impeached '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Nebraskan Found Not Guilty '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 02 - 06 ) . `` House Impeaches Arizona Governor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Arizona 's Senate Ousts Governor , Voting Him Guilty of Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1989 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Impeachment in West Virginia '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anise C. ( 1989 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Treasurer of West Virginia Retires Over Fund 's Losses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky House Votes To Impeach Jailed Official '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . The House voted unanimously Friday to impeach the agriculture commissioner six days after he began serving a one - year sentence for a payroll violation . Jump up ^ `` Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Kentucky 's commissioner of agriculture , serving a one - year jail sentence for felony theft , resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate . Jump up ^ Hinds , Michael deCourcy ( 1994 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Pennsylvania House Votes To Impeach a State Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . A State Supreme Court justice convicted on drug charges was impeached today by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Moushey , Bill ; Tim Reeves ( 1994 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Larsen Removed Senate Convicts Judge On 1 Charge '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , PA USA . p . A1 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Rolf Larsen yesterday became the first justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to be removed from office through impeachment . The state Senate , after six hours of debate , found Larsen guilty of one of seven articles of impeachment at about 8 : 25 p.m , then unanimously voted to remove him permanently from office and bar him from ever seeking an elected position again . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Moriarty Is Impeached -- Secretary Of State Will Fight Removal '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO USA . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . The House voted overwhelmingly Thursday to impeach Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty for misconduct that `` breached the public trust . '' The move , the first impeachment in Missouri in 26 years , came at 4 : 25 p.m. in a hushed House chamber . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ; Kim Bell ( 1994 - 12 - 13 ) . `` High Court Ousts Moriarty '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . In a unanimous opinion Monday , the Missouri Supreme Court convicted Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty of misconduct and removed her from office . Jump up ^ Vogel , Ed ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Augustine impeached '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whaley , Sean ( 2004 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Senate lets controller keep job '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nate ( 2006 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Hergert impeached '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . With the last vote and by the slimmest of margins , the Legislature did to University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert Wednesday what it had n't done in 22 years -- move to unseat an elected official . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Hergert Convicted '' . WOWT - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert was convicted Friday of manipulating campaign - finance laws during his 2004 campaign and then lying to cover it up . The state Supreme Court ruling immediately removed Hergert , 66 , from office . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mckinney , Dave ; Jordan Wilson ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . Chicago Sun - Times ' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Long , Ray ; Rick Pearson ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Blagojevich is removed from office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haidee V. Eugenio ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` CNMI governor impeached on 13 charges '' . Saipan Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Lichtman , Allan J. ( 2017 ) , The Case for Impeachment , Dey Street Books , ISBN 978 - 0062696823 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impeachment in the United States . An Overview of the Impeachment Process ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_in_the_United_States&oldid=808571650 '' Categories : Impeachment in the United States Clauses of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Português Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the last governor in the united states to be impeached | [
"State legislatures can impeach state officials, including governors. The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model—in New York, for instance, the Assembly (lower house) impeaches, and the State Senate tries the case, but the members of the seven-judge New York State Court of Appeals (the state's highest, constitutional court) sit with the senators as jurors as well.[23] Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States, usually for corruption charges. A total of at least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial; a twelfth, Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma, escaped impeachment conviction by a single vote in 1912. Several others, most recently Connecticut's John G. Rowland, have resigned rather than face impeachment, when events seemed to make it inevitable.[24] The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14, 2009, when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117-1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges;[25] he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29. He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office."
] | [
"Rod Blagojevich"
] |
8338171151111871372 | Queen bee | Queen bee - wikipedia Queen bee Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Queen bee ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carniolan queen bee with attendants on a honeycomb . The term `` queen bee '' is typically used to refer to an adult , mated female that lives in a honey bee colony or hive ; she is usually the mother of most , if not all , of the bees in the beehive . The queens are developed from larvae selected by worker bees and specially fed in order to become sexually mature . There is normally only one adult , mated queen in a hive , in which case the bees will usually follow and fiercely protect her . The term `` queen bee '' can be more generally applied to any dominant reproductive female in a colony of a eusocial bee species other than honey bees . However , as in the Brazilian stingless bee Schwarziana quadripunctata , a single nest may have multiple queens or even dwarf queens , ready to replace a dominant queen in a case of sudden death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Virgin queen bee 2.1 Piping 3 Reproduction cycle 3.1 Supersedure 4 Daily life 5 Identification 6 Queen rearing 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) Older queen larvae in queen cell lying on top of wax comb A queen cup Queen larvae floating on royal jelly in opened queen cups laid on top of wax comb . When conditions are favorable for swarming , the queen will start laying eggs in queen cups . A virgin queen will develop from a fertilized egg . The young queen larva develops differently because it is more heavily fed royal jelly , a protein - rich secretion from glands on the heads of young workers . If not for being heavily fed royal jelly , the queen larva would have developed into a regular worker bee . All bee larvae are fed some royal jelly for the first few days after hatching but only queen larvae are fed on it exclusively . As a result of the difference in diet , the queen will develop into a sexually mature female , unlike the worker bees . Queens are raised in specially constructed queen cells . The fully constructed queen cells have a peanut - like shape and texture . Queen cells start out as queen cups . Queen cups are larger than the cells of normal brood comb and are oriented vertically instead of horizontally . Worker bees will only further build up the queen cup once the queen has laid an egg in a queen cup . In general , the old queen starts laying eggs into queen cups when conditions are right for swarming or supersedure . Swarm cells hang from the bottom of a frame while supersedure queens or emergency queens are generally raised in cells built out from the face of a frame . As the young queen larva pupates with her head down , the workers cap the queen cell with beeswax . When ready to emerge , the virgin queen will chew a circular cut around the cap of her cell . Often the cap swings open when most of the cut is made , so as to appear like a hinged lid . During swarming season , the old queen will likely leave with the prime swarm before the first virgin queen emerges from a queen cell . Virgin queen bee ( edit ) Metamorphosis of the queen bee Egg hatches on Day 3 Larva ( several moltings ) Day 3 to Day 8 ⁄ Queen cell capped ~ Day 7 ⁄ Pupa ~ Day 8 until emergence Emergence ~ Day 15 ⁄ - Day 17 Nuptial Flight ( s ) ~ Day 20 - 24 Egg Laying ~ Day 23 and up A virgin queen is a queen bee that has not mated with a drone . Virgins are intermediate in size between workers and mated , laying queens , and are much more active than the latter . They are hard to spot while inspecting a frame , because they run across the comb , climbing over worker bees if necessary , and may even take flight if sufficiently disturbed . Virgin queens can often be found clinging to the walls or corners of a hive during inspections . Virgin queens appear to have little queen pheromone and often do not appear to be recognized as queens by the workers . A virgin queen in her first few hours after emergence can be placed into the entrance of any queenless hive or nuc and acceptance is usually very good , whereas a mated queen is usually recognized as a stranger and runs a high risk of being killed by the older workers . When a young virgin queen emerges from a queen cell , she will generally seek out virgin queen rivals and attempt to kill them . Virgin queens will quickly find and kill ( by stinging ) any other emerged virgin queen ( or be dispatched themselves ) , as well as any unemerged queens . Queen cells that are opened on the side indicate that a virgin queen was likely killed by a rival virgin queen . When a colony remains in swarm mode after the prime swarm has left , the workers may prevent virgins from fighting and one or several virgins may go with after - swarms . Other virgins may stay behind with the remnant of the hive . Some virgins have been seen to escape the hive to avoid being killed and seek out another without a queen , such as in the eusocial bee Melipona scutellaris . As many as 21 virgin queens have been counted in a single large swarm . When the after - swarm settles into a new home , the virgins will then resume normal behavior and fight to the death until only one remains . If the prime swarm has a virgin queen and the old queen , the old queen will usually be allowed to live . The old queen continues laying . Within a couple of weeks she will die a natural death and the former virgin , now mated , will take her place . Unlike the worker bees , the queen 's stinger is not barbed and she is able to sting repeatedly without dying . Capped queen cell opened to show queen pupa ( with darkening eyes ) . Piping ( edit ) Piping describes a noise made by virgin and mated queen bees during certain times of the virgin queens ' development . Fully developed virgin queens communicate through vibratory signals : `` quacking '' from virgin queens in their queen cells and `` tooting '' from queens free in the colony , collectively known as piping . A virgin queen may frequently pipe before she emerges from her cell and for a brief time afterwards . Mated queens may briefly pipe after being released in a hive . Piping is most common when there is more than one queen in a hive . It is postulated that the piping is a form of battle cry announcing to competing queens and the workers their willingness to fight . It may also be a signal to the worker bees which queen is the most worthwhile to support . The piping sound is a G ♯ ( aka A ♭ ) . The adult queen pipes for a two - second pulse followed by a series of quarter - second toots . The queens of Africanized bees produce more vigorous and frequent bouts of piping . Reproduction cycle ( edit ) The surviving virgin queen will fly out on a sunny , warm day to a `` drone congregation area '' where she will mate with 12 - 15 drones . If the weather holds , she may return to the drone congregation area for several days until she is fully mated . Mating occurs in flight . The young queen stores up to 6 million sperm from multiple drones in her spermatheca . She will selectively release sperm for the remaining 2 -- 7 years of her life . The young virgin queen has a limited time to mate . If she is unable to fly for several days because of bad weather and remains unmated , she will become a `` drone layer . '' Drone - laying queens usually signal the death of the colony , because the workers have no fertilized ( female ) larvae from which to raise worker bees or a replacement queen . ( Pearcy et al. 2004 ) Though timing can vary , matings usually take place between the sixth and tenth day after the queen emerges . Egg laying usually begins 2 to 3 days after the queen returns to the beehive , but can start earlier than this . A special , rare case of reproduction is thelytoky : the reproduction of female workers or queens by laying worker bees . Thelytoky occurs in the Cape bee , Apis mellifera capensis , and has been found in other strains at very low frequency . Supersedure ( edit ) Capped supersedure queen cells As the queen ages her pheromone output diminishes . A queen bee that becomes old , or is diseased or failing , is replaced by the workers in a procedure known as `` supersedure '' . Supersedure may be forced by a beekeeper , for example by clipping off one of the queen 's middle or posterior legs . This makes her unable to properly place her eggs at the bottom of the brood cell ; the workers detect this and then rear replacement queens . When a new queen becomes available , the workers kill the reigning queen by `` balling '' her , clustering tightly around her . Death through balling is accomplished by surrounding the queen bee and raising her body temperature , causing her to overheat and die . Balling is often a problem for beekeepers attempting to introduce a replacement queen . If a queen suddenly dies , the workers will attempt to create an `` emergency queen '' by selecting several brood cells where a larva has just emerged which are then flooded with royal jelly . The worker bees then build larger queen cells over the normal - sized worker cells which protrude vertically from the face of the brood comb . Emergency queens are usually smaller and less prolific than normal queens . Daily life ( edit ) Unmarked queen with attendants . Although the name might imply it , a queen bee does not directly control the hive . Her sole function is to serve as the reproducer . A well - mated and well - fed queen of quality stock can lay about 1,500 eggs per day during the spring build - up -- more than her own body weight in eggs every day . She is continuously surrounded by worker bees who meet her every need , giving her food and disposing of her waste . The attendant workers also collect and then distribute queen mandibular pheromone , a pheromone that inhibits the workers from starting queen cells . The queen bee is able to control the sex of the eggs she lays . The queen lays a fertilized ( female ) or unfertilized ( male ) egg according to the width of the cell . Drones are raised in cells that are significantly larger than the cells used for workers . The queen fertilizes the egg by selectively releasing sperm from her spermatheca as the egg passes through her oviduct . Identification ( edit ) Color Year ends in white 1 or 6 yellow 2 or 7 red 3 or 8 green 4 or 9 blue 5 or 0 Marked queen The queen bee 's abdomen is noticeably longer than the worker bees surrounding her and is longer than a male bee 's . Even so , in a hive of 60,000 to 80,000 honey bees , it is often difficult for beekeepers to find the queen with any speed ; for this reason , many queens in non-feral colonies are marked with a light daub of paint on their thorax . The paint used does no harm to the queen and makes her much easier to find when necessary . Although the color is sometimes randomly chosen , professional queen breeders use a color that identifies the year a queen hatched , which helps them to decide whether their queens are too old to maintain a strong hive and need to be replaced . The mnemonic taught to assist beekeepers in remembering the colour order is Will You Raise Good Bees ( white , yellow , red , green , blue ) . Sometimes tiny convex disks marked with identification numbers ( Opalithplättchen ) are used when a beekeeper has many queens born in the same year . Queen rearing ( edit ) Beekeepers use several different methods to raise more queens and mate them . Examples are the Jenter kit , walk - away split , grafting , Cloake board , artificial insemination , and a mating yard . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Root , A.I. ; Root , E.R. ( 1980 ) . The ABC and Xyz of Bee Culture . Medina , Ohio : A.I. Root . OCLC 6586488 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Márcia De F. ; Alves , Denise De A. ( 2001 ) . `` Size Variation in Schwarziana quadripunctata Queens ( Hymenoptera , Apidae , Meliponini ) '' ( PDF ) . Revista de Etologia. 3 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Márcia de F. ; Wenseleers , Tom ; Filho , Pérsio de S. Santos ; Alves , Denise de A. `` Miniature queens in stingless bees : basic facts and evolutionary hypotheses '' . Apidologie. 37 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 206 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 2006023 . Jump up ^ Butler , Charles . `` The ' piping ' and ' quacking ' of queen bees '' ( Web Article ) . The Moir Rare Book Collection . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Waldbauer , Gilbert ( 1998 ) . The Birder 's Bug Book . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Gojmerac , Walter . ( 1980 ) . Bees , Beekeeping , Honey & Pollination . AVI Publishing Company , Inc . Jump up ^ Seeley , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Wisdom of the Hive . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 95376 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apis mellifera queen . Bees Gone Wild Apiaries , accessed May 2005 Schneider , Stanley Scott ; DeGrandi - Hoffman , Gloria ; Roan Smith , Deborah THE AFRICAN HONEY BEE : Factors Contributing to a Successful Biological Invasion Annual Review of Entomology 2004 . 49 : 351 -- 76 ; accessed 05 / 2005 The Feminin ' Monarchi ' , Or the History of Bees by Charles Butler , 1634 , London ; accessed 05 / 2005 Châline , Nicolas ( September 2004 ) . `` Reproductive conflict in the honey bee '' ( PDF ) . Sheffield , England : University of Sheffield , Department of Animal and Plant Sciences . OCLC 278134906 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . ( hide ) Honey bee types and characteristics Bee castes Queen bee Worker bee Laying worker bee Drone Lifecycle Beehive Honey bee life cycle Brood Bee learning and communication Swarming Western honey bee subspecies and breeds Buckfast bee Carniolan honey bee European dark bee Italian bee Maltese honey bee Africanized bee Apis mellifera scutellata Honey bee race Cultivation Beekeeping Apiology Apiary Beehive Langstroth hive Horizontal top - bar hive Beeswax Honey Honey extraction Honey extractor Propolis Royal jelly Lists Topics in beekeeping Diseases of the honey bee Beekeeping by countries Hungary India Ireland Nepal New Zealand Ukraine United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_bee&oldid=804097445 '' Categories : Beekeeping Insect reproduction Bees Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kinyarwanda Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 18 : 32 . About Wikipedia | when does the queen bee start laying eggs | [
"When conditions are favorable for swarming, the queen will start laying eggs in queen cups. A virgin queen will develop from a fertilized egg. The young queen larva develops differently because it is more heavily fed royal jelly, a protein-rich secretion from glands on the heads of young workers. If not for being heavily fed royal jelly, the queen larva would have developed into a regular worker bee. All bee larvae are fed some royal jelly for the first few days after hatching but only queen larvae are fed on it exclusively. As a result of the difference in diet, the queen will develop into a sexually mature female, unlike the worker bees."
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"When conditions are favorable for swarming"
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6633120853400783498 | 2011 National Invitation Tournament | 2011 National Invitation Tournament - wikipedia 2011 National Invitation Tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2011 National Invitation Tournament Season 2010 -- 11 Teams 32 Finals site Madison Square Garden New York City Champions Wichita State Shockers ( 1st title ) Runner - up Alabama Crimson Tide ( 2nd title game ) Semifinalists Colorado Buffaloes ( 4th semifinal ) Washington State Cougars ( 1st semifinal ) Winning coach Gregg Marshall ( 1st title ) MVP Graham Hatch ( Wichita State ) National Invitation Tournaments `` 2010 2012 '' The 2011 National Invitation Tournament was a single - elimination tournament of 32 NCAA Division I teams that were not selected to participate in the 2011 NCAA Tournament . The 74th annual tournament began March 15 on campus sites ended on March 31 at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Wichita State defeated Alabama , 66 -- 57 , to win its first NIT title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Participants 1.1 Automatic qualifiers 1.2 Seeds 2 Bracket 2.1 Alabama bracket 2.2 Colorado bracket 2.3 Boston College bracket 2.4 Virginia Tech bracket 2.5 NIT Final Four 3 See also 4 References Participants ( edit ) Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following teams are automatic qualifiers for the 2011 NIT field ; by virtue of winning their conferences ' regular season championship and not qualifying for the NCAA Tournament as an `` at - large '' bid . Conference School MEAC Bethune -- Cookman Big South Coastal Carolina Southern College of Charleston MAAC Fairfield Sun Belt Florida Atlantic Big West Long Beach State MAC Kent State Southland McNeese State Missouri Valley Missouri State Horizon Milwaukee Ohio Valley Murray State West Coast Saint Mary 's SWAC Texas Southern America East Vermont Seeds ( edit ) Alabama Bracket Seed School Conference Record Berth type Alabama SEC 21 -- 11 At - large Miami ( FL ) ACC 19 -- 14 At - large Missouri State MVC 25 -- 8 Automatic New Mexico MWC 21 -- 12 At - large 5 UTEP C - USA 25 -- 9 At - large 6 Murray State OVC 23 -- 8 Automatic 7 Florida Atlantic Sun Belt 21 -- 10 Automatic 8 Coastal Carolina Big South 28 -- 5 Automatic Colorado Bracket Seed School Conference Record Berth type Colorado Big 12 21 -- 13 At -- large Saint Mary 's WCC 25 -- 8 Automatic Colorado State MWC 19 -- 12 At - large California Pac - 10 17 -- 14 At -- large 5 Mississippi SEC 20 -- 13 At - large 6 Fairfield MAAC 24 -- 7 Automatic 7 Kent State MAC 23 -- 11 Automatic 8 Texas Southern SWAC 19 -- 12 Automatic Boston College Bracket Seed School Conference Record Berth type Boston College ACC 20 -- 12 At - large Washington State Pac - 10 19 -- 12 At - large Oklahoma State Big 12 19 -- 13 At - large Northwestern Big Ten 18 -- 13 At - large 5 Milwaukee Horizon 19 -- 13 Automatic 6 Harvard Ivy 23 -- 6 At - large 7 Long Beach State Big West 22 -- 11 Automatic 8 McNeese State Southland 21 -- 11 Automatic Virginia Tech Bracket Seed School Conference Record Berth type Virginia Tech ACC 21 -- 11 At - large Cleveland State Horizon 26 -- 8 At - large Dayton A-10 22 -- 13 At - large Wichita State MVC 24 -- 8 At - large 5 Nebraska Big 12 19 -- 12 At - large 6 College of Charleston SoCon 24 -- 10 Automatic 7 Vermont America East 23 -- 8 Automatic 8 Bethune -- Cookman MEAC 21 -- 12 Automatic Bracket ( edit ) Played on the home court of the higher - seeded team . ( except # 1 Boston College & # 3 Dayton in the first round ) * -- Denotes overtime Alabama bracket ( edit ) First round March 15 -- 16 Second round March 18 -- 21 Quarterfinals March 23 Alabama 68 8 Coastal Carolina 44 Alabama 74 New Mexico 67 New Mexico 69 5 UTEP 57 Alabama 79 Miami ( FL ) 64 Missouri State 89 6 Murray State 76 Missouri State 72 Miami ( FL ) 81 Miami ( FL ) 85 7 Florida Atlantic 62 Colorado bracket ( edit ) First round March 15 -- 16 Second round March 18 -- 21 Quarterfinals March 22 Colorado 88 8 Texas Southern 74 Colorado 89 California 72 California 77 5 Mississippi 74 Colorado 81 7 Kent State 74 Colorado State 60 6 Fairfield 62 6 Fairfield 68 7 Kent State 72 Saint Mary 's 70 7 Kent State 71 Boston College bracket ( edit ) First round March 15 -- 16 Second round March 18 -- 21 Quarterfinals March 23 Boston College 82 8 McNeese State 64 Boston College 67 Northwestern 85 Northwestern 70 5 Milwaukee 61 Northwestern 66 Washington State 69 * Oklahoma State 71 6 Harvard 54 Oklahoma State 64 Washington State 74 Washington State 85 7 Long Beach State 74 Virginia Tech bracket ( edit ) First round March 15 -- 16 Second round March 18 -- 21 Quarterfinals March 23 Virginia Tech 79 8 Bethune -- Cookman 54 Virginia Tech 76 Wichita State 79 * Wichita State 76 5 Nebraska 49 Wichita State 82 6 College of Charleston 75 Dayton 84 6 College of Charleston 94 6 College of Charleston 64 Cleveland State 56 Cleveland State 63 7 Vermont 60 NIT Final Four ( edit ) Played at Madison Square Garden in New York City Semifinals March 29 Championship March 31 Alabama 62 Colorado 61 Alabama 57 Wichita State 66 Washington State 44 Wichita State 75 See also ( edit ) 2011 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2011 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NAIA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NAIA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2011 NAIA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2011 College Basketball Invitational 2011 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament References ( edit ) National Invitation Tournament Bids schools and conference Semifinal appearances Records 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Championship broadcasters 2011 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Great West Horizon MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 10 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt The Summit League WAC West Coast National NCAA NIT CBI CIT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_National_Invitation_Tournament&oldid=836805786 '' Categories : 2010 -- 11 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season National Invitation Tournament 2011 in sports in New York City Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 23 : 35 . About Wikipedia | who was named mvp of the 2011 men’s basketball nit championship | [
"\n\n2011 National Invitation Tournament\n\n\nSeason\n2010–11\n\n\nTeams\n32\n\n\nFinals site\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City\n\n\nChampions\nWichita State Shockers (1st title)\n\n\nRunner-up\nAlabama Crimson Tide (2nd title game)\n\n\nSemifinalists\n\n\n\nColorado Buffaloes (4th semifinal)\nWashington State Cougars (1st semifinal)\n\n\n\n\n\nWinning coach\nGregg Marshall (1st title)\n\n\nMVP\nGraham Hatch (Wichita State)\n\n\n\n\n\nNational Invitation Tournaments\n\n\n«2010\n2012»\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Graham Hatch (Wichita State)"
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-819701232732117728 | Australian one-cent coin | Australian one - cent coin - Wikipedia Australian one - cent coin One cent Australia Value 0.01 AUD Mass 2.60 g Diameter 17.65 mm Edge Plain Composition 97 % copper 2.5 % zinc 0.5 % tin Years of minting 1966 -- 1991 , 2006 and 2010 Obverse Design Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia Designer Raphael Maklouf Design date 1985 Reverse Design Feathertail glider ( Acrobates pygmaeus ) Designer Stuart Devlin Design date 1966 The cent , formally the one - cent coin , is the lowest - denomination coin of the Australian dollar . It was introduced on 14 February 1966 in the decimalisation of Australian currency and was withdrawn from circulation in 1992 ( along with the two - cent coin ) . Description ( edit ) From 1966 until 1984 the obverse featured the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin . It was changed in 1985 to a version by Raphael Maklouf , which remained until its withdrawal from circulation in 1992 . The reverse side of the coin features the image of a feathertail glider ( Acrobates pygmaeus ) , a gliding possum unique to Australian states bordering the Pacific Ocean . The image was designed by Stuart Devlin , who designed the reverses of all of the original Australian decimal coins . Production ( edit ) The first issue ( 1966 ) was produced by three mints : 146.5 million were minted at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra , with 239 million at the Melbourne Mint and 26.6 million at the Perth Mint . With the exception of 1966 and 1981 , all other one - cent coins have been produced at the Canberra mint . In 1981 , 40.3 million were struck at the British Royal Mint in Llantrisant , Wales , as well as 183.6 million in Canberra . The only year when it was not minted during its years in general circulation was 1986 . It was last minted in 1990 . The decision to remove the one and two - cent coins was confirmed by the Treasurer in a Budget Speech on 21 August 1990 . The action was due to inflation reducing its value , and the high cost of bronze . Around the same time other countries removed their bronze coins -- New Zealand removed its one and two cent coins in 1990 , while the United Kingdom and Ireland changed their bronze one and two pence coins into copper - plated steel . The one cent coin was produced as proof and uncirculated coins in 1986 , 1991 , 2006 and 2010 as part of mint sets . Other compositions were also used for 1 cent coins such as the 1978 ( incorrectly listed as 1968 at Downies ) specimen struck in aluminium or fine silver proofs in 1991 , 2006 and 2011 . After removal from circulation , the coins were melted down to make bronze medals for the 2000 Sydney Olympics . In 2017 , a limited edition Possum Magic themed coin set was released . A one - cent coin is included that shows Hush the Possum reading a book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RBA Banknotes : Legal Tender '' . Banknotes.rba.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions '' . Ramint.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Coin Types from Australia '' . Worldcoingallery.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` One cent '' . Ramint.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Decimal Errors and Varieties '' . Downies . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` An official striking of Sydney 2000 Olympic Victory Medals by Minister Joe Hockey MP ( 07 / 06 / 2000 ) '' . Ramint.gov.au. 7 June 2000 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Ian W. Pitt , ed. ( 2000 ) . Renniks Australian Coin and Banknote Values ( 19th ed . ) . Chippendale , NSW : Renniks Publications . ISBN 0 - 9585574 - 4 - 6 . Preceded by Denomination Created One Cent ( Australian ) 1966 -- 1991 Succeeded by Withdrawn from circulation Australian currency Decimal coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c ( round ) $1 $2 Coins of the $ Commemorative coins Decimal notes $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Banknotes of the $ Pre-decimal coins ⁄ d 1d 3d 6d 1s 2s 5s Pre - £ coins Coins of the £ Pre-decimal notes 5s 10s £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 £ 1000 Mints Sydney Mint ( 1855 -- 1926 ) Melbourne Mint ( 1872 -- 1967 ) Perth Mint ( 1899 -- ) Royal Australian Mint ( 1965 -- ) Topics Australian dollar Australian pound ( obsolete ) Banknotes of the Australian pound ( obsolete ) Note Printing Australia Pound sterling ( obsolete ) Reserve Bank of Australia This coin - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_one-cent_coin&oldid=842741555 '' Categories : One - cent coins Decimal coins of Australia Coin stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use Australian English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 11 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did australia stop making 1 cent coins | [
"The first issue (1966) was produced by three mints: 146.5 million were minted at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra, with 239 million at the Melbourne Mint and 26.6 million at the Perth Mint. With the exception of 1966 and 1981, all other one-cent coins have been produced at the Canberra mint. In 1981, 40.3 million were struck at the British Royal Mint in Llantrisant, Wales, as well as 183.6 million in Canberra. The only year when it was not minted during its years in general circulation was 1986. It was last minted in 1990.[4]\n"
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"1990"
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3959737485015254575 | Throne of Glass | Throne of Glass - wikipedia Throne of Glass Jump to : navigation , search Throne of Glass The covers of the prequel novella collection and first five books The Assassin 's Blade Throne of Glass Crown of Midnight Heir of Fire Queen of Shadows Empire of Storms Tower of Dawn Author Sarah J. Maas Country United States Language English Genre Fantasy Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing Published August 2 , 2012 -- present Media type Print Throne of Glass is a young adult high fantasy novel series by American author Sarah J. Maas , beginning with the inaugural entry of the same name . The story follows the journey of Celaena Sardothien , a teenage assassin in a corrupted kingdom with a tyrannical ruler . As the tale progresses , Celaena forms unexpected bonds and uncovers a conspiracy amidst her adventures . The series has appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list , and has been optioned for a television series adaptation by Mark Gordon and will premiere on Hulu . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Books of the series 3 Characters of the series 4 Development 4.1 Background 4.2 Characters 5 Release 5.1 Publicity 5.2 Reception 6 Television adaptation 7 References Overview ( edit ) Throne of Glass follows Celaena Sardothien , an 18 - year - old assassin in the kingdom of Adarlan . After being imprisoned for a year by the king , she accepts his son 's offer to compete with other assassins and thieves for a chance to serve as the king 's champion , after four years of which , she would be granted freedom . This leads her to form unexpected bonds with Chaol , the captain of the guard , and Dorian , the crown prince of Adarlan . Over time , Celaena is drawn into a conspiracy and a series of battles , leading to discoveries surrounding both the kingdom and herself . Books of the series ( edit ) No . Title Publication date Counts ISBN -- The Assassin 's Blade March 13 , 2014 118,431 words / 435 pages ISBN 9781619635173 A collection of stories set prior to the Throne of Glass series , including four novellas previously published in e-book format : The Assassin and the Pirate Lord , The Assassin and the Healer , The Assassin and the Desert , The Assassin and the Underworld , The Assassin and the Empire . Throne of Glass August 2 , 2012 113,655 words / 406 pages ISBN 9781619630345 An imprisoned assassin named Celaena is offered freedom in exchange for her services to a tyrannical king . Crown of Midnight August 27 , 2013 114,494 words / 420 pages ISBN 9781619630642 Celaena is settling into her new role as the King 's Champion , but faces ethical dilemmas amidst her mission . Heir of Fire September 2 , 2014 163,266 words / 569 pages ISBN 9781619630673 Celaena has difficulty accepting her role as the queen , and heads off on a new adventure . Queen of Shadows September 1 , 2015 183,840 words / 648 pages ISBN 9781619636064 Aelin returns to her kingdom for numerous confrontations . 5 Empire of Storms September 6 , 2016 195,332 words / 689 pages ISBN 9781619636071 Aelin cashes in all of her debts and must fight the Valg king Erawan . 6 Tower of Dawn September 5 , 2017 191,282 words / 660 pages ISBN 9781681195773 Chaol travels to the south continent in search of a healer and to forge an alliance . 7 TBA October 30 , 2018 TBA ISBN 9781619636101 Characters of the series ( edit ) The descriptions for the characters listed are displayed as they appeared in the first novel . Celaena Sardothien - Eighteen years old , trained from childhood to become an assassin , she was betrayed by her master and imprisoned in the salt mines of Endovier with the expectation that she would die , and ended up surviving for an entire year . Before her capture , she was known to most as Adarlan 's Assassin . Due to this , she gets offered an opportunity to participate in a competition to become the King 's Champion , an assassin in service to the King of Adarlan . If she wins she must remain in the King 's service for four years and then she will be granted her freedom and a full pardon . During the contest , she adopts the persona of Lillian Gordaina , a jewel thief from Bellhaven , to avoid her identity being revealed and a target painted on her back because of it . Prince Dorian Havilliard - He is the Crown Prince of Adarlan . He chooses Celaena to be his contender for the competition to become his father 's champion . He tries at times to stand up against his father , especially when it comes to Celaena , but he is never fully able to defy his father . He is a real lady 's man and some ladies are after him so that they can become queen when he attains the throne . He is also good - looking and tries to charm Celaena who is at times charmed by him . His best friend is the Captain of the Guard Chaol Westfall . In the novel it seems that he too has some feelings for Celaena . In the first book , he has a brief affair with Celaena , but she quickly ends it . Chaol Westfall - He is the Captain of the Guard and is very wary of Celaena throughout the book because he knows very well how big a threat she is to the kingdom . He is very close to Dorian and is willing to sacrifice his life for Dorian . Throughout the book he helps Celaena get back into shape during the tournament and trains diligently with her every morning . In the second book , he enters into a love affair with Celaena . This is ended after the murder of Nehemia ; Celaena blamed Chaol for it . Princess Nehemia Ytger - She is a princess of the kingdom of Eyllwe . Eyllwe is deciding to rely on Adarlan so that they wo n't be killed . She pretends that she can only speak in her native tongue and does n't understand what people say when they are speaking . She is a very strong - willed person and refuses to be looked down upon . Her weapon is her staff that the people from her kingdom produce . She is able to communicate with Celaena because Celaena can speak in Nehemia 's language although not perfectly . She has Celaena teach her how to speak the common tongue . Nox Owens - He is a young thief who is also participating in the competition to become the King 's champion . He does n't know who Celeana really is because Dorian had her pose as a young lady from a merchant family in Bellhaven . He befriends Celaena and decides to team up with her for practice when Chaol is too busy or he ca n't participate . He seems to have an idea that ' Lillian ' is not whos she says she is the entire way through the book . Celaena helps him to improve his fighting technique too . Kaltain Rompier - Kaltain is a young lady who comes from a family that is rich , but not so rich that they are widely known or have as many privileges as those in the King 's court . She came to the palace as the guest of Duke Perrington so that she could get close to Dorian because she wanted to become his bride . She is addicted to opium because she has frequent headaches . She is also willing to do anything to become Dorian 's bride and to be in a position of power . Cain - Cain is Duke Perrington 's Champion in the Kings competition . He is a hulking brute who is everyones favourite to win . He comes from the White Fang Mountains and was in the kings army . The King of Adarlan - Dorian 's unnamed father and the ruler of the Adarlanian Empire . He is the current monarch of the Empire and Head of House Havilliard . Development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Sarah J. Maas has cited Disney 's Cinderella as an inspiration for writing Throne of Glass . While viewing the scene in which the heroine flees the ball , Maas found the soundtrack `` way too dark and intense '' . This led her to re-imagine a number of details . `` The music fit much better when I imagined a thief -- no , an assassin ! -- fleeing the palace , '' she said . `` But who was she ? Who had sent her to kill the prince ? Who might the prince 's enemies be ? A powerful , corrupt empire , perhaps ? '' Originally known as Queen of Glass , the story initially appeared on FictionPress.com . Bloomsbury acquired the novel in 2010 , and purchased two additional Throne of Glass novels in 2012 . Publicist Emma Bradshaw noted Maas ' `` huge online following , particularly in the US '' . Additionally , Throne of Glass became the first Bloomsbury children 's novel to be featured on Netgalley.com , attracting requests `` from all over the world . '' During the story 's time on FictionPress.com , artist Kelly de Groot drew a map of the tale 's world , Erilea , and shared it with Maas . Bloomsbury later hired de Groot to draw the map which appears in the opening novel . Following its acquisition by Bloomsbury , the story went through a number of revisions prior to publication . Regarding the tale 's development , Maas stated , `` In the 10 years that I 've been working on the series , Throne of Glass has become more of an original epic fantasy than a Cinderella retelling , but you can still find a few nods to the legend here and there . '' Characters ( edit ) Maas envisioned Celaena Sardothien as a strong and capable heroine , and was inspired by both male and female protagonists . In an interview prior to the series ' debut , Maas discussed the process of creating her protagonist : `` I grew up reading books like Robin McKinley 's The Hero and the Crown and Garth Nix 's Sabriel -- both of which feature strong heroines , and both of which profoundly shaped my identity and empowered me . I started writing knowing I wanted to create books like that -- mostly because that 's what interests me and where my passion lies , but also because I 'd love for some young woman to read ( Throne of Glass ) and feel empowered , too . '' The story 's teenage heroine , Celaena Sardothien , is introduced as an orphan who was raised and trained by an assassin . She is characterized as skilled , arrogant , and witty . While shaping her protagonist , Maas was inspired by the heroism of Eowyn from The Lord of the Rings , and by the characterization of Velma Kelly from Chicago . Maas has stated that the latter 's `` arrogance and fierceness made me want to write about a woman like her -- about a woman who never once said sorry for being talented and determined and utterly in love with herself . '' The author ultimately designed Celaena as a highly capable character whose talents also form a basis for numerous faults . In interviews preceding the series ' release , Maas noted her heroine 's issues with `` impatience '' and `` vanity '' . She also suggested that Celaena would grow while adjusting to her new role . In addition to Celaena 's skills as an assassin , Maas wanted the character to have several traits and hobbies befitting her age , including a fondness for `` shopping , books , and fine dining '' , as well as a `` penchant for getting into trouble . '' In creating the friendship between Celaena and Chaol , Maas gave the characters a number of differences . As the story begins , Chaol is introduced as a strict and ethical captain , while Celaena is presented as a morally ambiguous assassin . According to the author , this contrast contributes to Chaol 's character development as his bond with Celaena grows . Amidst their experiences , Chaol eventually comes to view her not just as a captive criminal , but also `` as a human being . '' While writing the novel , Maas envisioned Chaol as a character who had `` always seen the world in black and white , '' and concluded that `` Celaena just throws a wrench in that . '' Prince Dorian is presented as a suitor for Celaena as well . However , their relationship is complicated by his status as the crown prince . Release ( edit ) Publicity ( edit ) In anticipation of the series ' debut , Bloomsbury released e-book editions of four prequel novellas -- The Assassin and the Pirate Lord , The Assassin and the Desert , The Assassin and the Underworld , and The Assassin and the Empire -- between January and July 2012 . Throne of Glass was previewed by Publishers Weekly in February , while the book trailer premiered on MTV.com in May . Additionally , film option rights were acquired by Creative Artists Agency . Reception ( edit ) Throne of Glass has received generally positive reviews , making its debut on the New York Times Best Seller list with the release of the second novel , Crown of Midnight . A review from Publishers Weekly lauded the series ' opening as a `` strong debut novel . '' The review went on to state , `` This is not cuddly romance , but neither is it grim . Celaena is trained to murder , yet she has n't lost her taste for pretty dresses or good books , and a gleam of optimism tinges her outlook . Maas tends toward overdescription , but the verve and freshness of the narration make for a thrilling read . '' The Guardian gave it 5 stars out of 5 with the author of the review stating that the main character , Celaena , was more `` relatable '' than most other female protagonists . In her review for USA Today , Serena Chase called Celaena a `` next - level Cinderella '' . Kirkus stated , `` A teenage assassin , a rebel princess , menacing gargoyles , supernatural portals and a glass castle prove to be as thrilling as they sound . '' With regard to the protagonist , Kirkus noted that `` Celaena is still just a teenager trying to forge her way , giving the story timelessness . She might be in the throes of a bloodthirsty competition , but that does n't mean she 's not in turmoil over which tall , dark and handsomely titled man of the royal court should be her boyfriend -- and which fancy gown she should wear to a costume party . '' The review concluded that the story 's `` commingling of comedy , brutality and fantasy evokes a rich alternate universe with a spitfire young woman as its brightest star . '' Throne of Glass was named Amazon.com 's `` Best Book of the Month for Kids & Teens '' in August 2012 . Whitney Kate Sullivan of Romantic Times stated that `` Maas ' YA fantasy world is one of the most compelling that this reviewer has visited all year . The assassin heroine 's growth and the multilayered secondary characters are amazing . '' Serena Chase of USA Today applauded the story 's love triangle , and noted that `` Maas excels at world building , spicing up this unusual take on the Cinderella story by injecting myths , fairy tales and religious traditions with the magic of a fresh and faulted world . Whereas many authors rely on geographic detail to build their worlds , Maas ' environment is more politically driven and her characterizations are deftly drawn to support that sort of structure . '' Chase also commended Maas for creating `` a truly remarkable heroine who does n't sacrifice the grit that makes her real in order to do what 's right in the end . '' Television adaptation ( edit ) In September 2016 , it was announced that the Throne of Glass series had been opted for a television adaptation produced by Hulu . The series is set to be titled Queen of Shadows , named after the fourth novel in the series , with the Mark Gordon Company serving as the main project studio . The adaptation will be written by Kira Snyder from The 100 , with the pilot potentially being directed by Anna Foerster from Underworld : Blood Wars . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Throne of Glass '' . goodreads.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Assassin 's Blade '' . Accelerated Reader Bookfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sarah , Maas ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Big News : Announcing The THRONE OF GLASS Novella Collection '' . goodreads.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Throne of Glass '' . Accelerated Reader Bookfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crown of Midnight '' . Accelerated Reader Bookfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heir of Fire '' . Accelerated Reader Bookfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of Shadows '' . Accelerated Reader Bookfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Empire of Storms '' . Accelerated Reader Bookfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of Dawn '' . Accelerated Reader Bookfinder . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BloomsburyUS Kids / YA ( @ bloomsburykids ) ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` * puts @ SJMaas 2018 dates in calendar * * calendar shatters from excitement * '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Serena ( 16 August 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Throne of Glass ' by Sarah J. Maas '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Maas , Sarah ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` I hear music ... Mighty fine music ... '' . Let The Words Flow . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , Sarah ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Big News Reveal ( Part 2 ) '' . goodreads.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Benedicte ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Free Prequels For Bloomsbury 's Assassin '' . bookseller.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , Sarah ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` The Story Behind the Map in Throne of Glass '' . sjmaas.livejournal.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Sarah J. Maas '' . hippiesbeautyandbooksohmy.com . July 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Sarah J. Maas '' . yabookreads.com . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cypess , Leah ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Interview With Sarah J. Maas , author of Throne of Glass '' . Enchanted Inkpot . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Throne of Glass review '' . Kirkus Reviews . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , Sarah ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Celaena Through The Years '' . sjmaas.livejournal.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Maas , Sarah ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Long Entry About Writing and Inspiration '' . sjmaas.livejournal.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , Sarah ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` What I 'd Write , Dogs '' . sjmaas.livejournal.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dennard , Susan ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Assassin and the Pirate Lord '' . publishingcrawl.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2012 Sneak Previews '' . Publishers Weekly . February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Kat ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Peep The EXCLUSIVE Trailer For Throne Of Glass '' . MTV . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I Have A Film Agent '' . goodreads.com . January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heir of Fire '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Review : Throne of Glass '' . Publishers Weekly . June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Throne of Glass by Sarah J Maas - review '' . The Guardian . 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Books of the Month for Kids & Teens '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Whitney . `` Book Review : Throne of Glass '' . Romantic Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chase , Serena ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Throne of Glass by Sarah J. Maas '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) . `` TV Series Adaptation Of ' Throne of Glass ' Books From Mark Gordon Co . Set at Hulu '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Children and Young Adult Literature portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Throne_of_Glass&oldid=832235947 '' Categories : Fantasy novel series American fantasy novels Young adult fantasy novels Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 17 : 56 . About Wikipedia | when does throne of glass 6 come out | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nPublication date\nCounts\nISBN\n\n\n–\nThe Assassin's Blade\nMarch 13, 2014\n118,431 words / 435 pages[2]\nISBN 9781619635173\n\n\nA collection of stories set prior to the Throne of Glass series, including four novellas previously published in e-book format: The Assassin and the Pirate Lord, The Assassin and the Healer, The Assassin and the Desert, The Assassin and the Underworld, The Assassin and the Empire.[3] \n\n\n1\nThrone of Glass\nAugust 2, 2012\n113,655 words / 406 pages[4]\nISBN 9781619630345\n\n\nAn imprisoned assassin named Celaena is offered freedom in exchange for her services to a tyrannical king. \n\n\n2\nCrown of Midnight\nAugust 27, 2013\n114,494 words / 420 pages[5]\nISBN 9781619630642\n\n\nCelaena is settling into her new role as the King's Champion, but faces ethical dilemmas amidst her mission. \n\n\n3\nHeir of Fire\nSeptember 2, 2014\n163,266 words / 569 pages[6]\nISBN 9781619630673\n\n\nCelaena has difficulty accepting her role as the queen, and heads off on a new adventure. \n\n\n4\nQueen of Shadows\nSeptember 1, 2015\n183,840 words / 648 pages[7]\nISBN 9781619636064\n\n\nAelin returns to her kingdom for numerous confrontations. \n\n\n5\nEmpire of Storms\nSeptember 6, 2016\n195,332 words / 689 pages[8]\nISBN 9781619636071\n\n\nAelin cashes in all of her debts and must fight the Valg king Erawan. \n\n\n6\nTower of Dawn\nSeptember 5, 2017\n191,282 words / 660 pages[9]\nISBN 9781681195773\n\n\nChaol travels to the south continent in search of a healer and to forge an alliance. \n\n\n7\nTBA\nOctober 30, 2018[10]\nTBA\nISBN 9781619636101\n\n"
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"September 5, 2017"
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2677391555676317740 | Avesta | Avesta - wikipedia Avesta Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of the word `` Avesta '' , see Avesta ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Zoroastrianism Atar ( fire ) , a primary symbol of Zoroastrianism Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra aša ( asha ) / arta Persia / Iran Faravahar Angels and demons Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture and worship Avesta Gathas Yasna Vendidad Visperad Yashts Khordeh Avesta Ab - Zohr The Ahuna Vairya Invocation Fire Temples Accounts and legends Dēnkard Bundahišn Book of Arda Viraf Book of Jamasp Story of Sanjan Chinvat Bridge Zoroastrian cosmology History and culture Zurvanism Mazdakism Calendar Festivals Marriage Burial Eschatology Adherents Zoroastrians in India Zoroastrians in Iran Parsis Iranis Persecution of Zoroastrians Zoroastrianism portal The Avesta / əˈvɛstə / is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism , composed in the otherwise unrecorded Avestan language . The Avesta texts fall into several different categories , arranged either by dialect , or by usage . The principal text in the liturgical group is the Yasna , which takes its name from the Yasna ceremony , Zoroastrianism 's primary act of worship , and at which the Yasna text is recited . The most important portion of the Yasna texts are the five Gathas , consisting of seventeen hymns attributed to Zoroaster himself . These hymns , together with five other short Old Avestan texts that are also part of the Yasna , are in the Old ( or ' Gathic ' ) Avestan language . The remainder of the Yasna 's texts are in Younger Avestan , which is not only from a later stage of the language , but also from a different geographic region . Extensions to the Yasna ceremony include the texts of the Vendidad and the Visperad . The Visperad extensions consist mainly of additional invocations of the divinities ( yazata s ) , while the Vendidad is a mixed collection of prose texts mostly dealing with purity laws . Even today , the Vendidad is the only liturgical text that is not recited entirely from memory . Some of the materials of the extended Yasna are from the Yasht s , which are hymns to the individual yazatas . Unlike the Yasna , Visperad and Vendidad , the Yashts and the other lesser texts of the Avesta are no longer used liturgically in high rituals . Aside from the Yashts , these other lesser texts include the Nyayesh texts , the Gah texts , the Siroza , and various other fragments . Together , these lesser texts are conventionally called Khordeh Avesta or `` Little Avesta '' texts . When the first Khordeh Avesta editions were printed in the 19th century , these texts ( together with some non-Avestan language prayers ) became a book of common prayer for lay people . The term Avesta is from the 9th / 10th - century works of Zoroastrian tradition in which the word appears as Zoroastrian Middle Persian abestāg , Book Pahlavi ʾp ( y ) stʾkʼ . In that context , abestāg texts are portrayed as received knowledge , and are distinguished from the exegetical commentaries ( the zand ) thereof . The literal meaning of the word abestāg is uncertain ; it is generally acknowledged to be a learned borrowing from Avestan , but none of the suggested etymologies have been universally accepted . The widely repeated derivation from * upa - stavaka is from Christian Bartholomae ( Altiranisches Wörterbuch , 1904 ) , who interpreted abestāg as a contraction of a hypothetical reconstructed Old Iranian word for `` praise - song '' ( Bartholomae : Lobgesang ) ; that word is not actually attested in any text . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historiography 2 Structure and content 2.1 The Yasna 2.2 The Visperad 2.3 The Vendidad 2.4 The Yashts 2.5 The Siroza 2.6 The Nyayeshes 2.7 The Gahs 2.8 The Afrinagans 2.9 Fragments 3 Other Zoroastrian religious texts 4 References 5 Full texts Historiography ( edit ) The surviving texts of the Avesta , as they exist today , derive from a single master copy produced by Sasanian Empire - era ( 224 -- 651 CE ) collation and recension . That master copy , now lost , is known as the ' Sassanian archetype ' . The oldest surviving manuscript ( K1 ) of an Avestan language text is dated 1323 CE . Summaries of the various Avesta texts found in the 9th / 10th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition suggest that a significant portion of the literature in the Avestan language has been lost . Only about one - quarter of the Avestan sentences or verses referred to by the 9th / 10th century commentators can be found in the surviving texts . This suggests that three - quarters of Avestan material , including an indeterminable number of juridical , historical and legendary texts , have been lost since then . On the other hand , it appears that the most valuable portions of the canon , including all of the oldest texts , have survived . The likely reason for this is that the surviving materials represent those portions of the Avesta that were in regular liturgical use , and therefore known by heart by the priests and not dependent for their preservation on the survival of particular manuscripts . A pre-Sasanian history of the Avesta , if it had one , is in the realm of legend and myth . The oldest surviving versions of these tales are found in the ninth to 11th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition ( i.e. in the so - called `` Pahlavi books '' ) . The legends run as follows : The twenty - one nasks ( `` books '' ) of the Avesta were created by Ahura Mazda and brought by Zoroaster to his patron Vishtaspa ( Denkard 4A , 3A ) . Supposedly , Vishtaspa ( Dk 3A ) or another Kayanian , Daray ( Dk 4B ) , then had two copies made , one of which was stored in the treasury , and the other in the royal archives ( Dk 4B , 5 ) . Following Alexander 's conquest , the Avesta was then supposedly destroyed or dispersed by the Greeks after they translated the scientific passages that they could make use of ( AVN 7 -- 9 , Dk 3B , 8 ) . Several centuries later , one of the Parthian emperors named Valaksh ( one of the Vologases ) supposedly then had the fragments collected , not only of those that had previously been written down , but also of those that had only been orally transmitted ( Dk 4C ) . The Denkard also transmits another legend related to the transmission of the Avesta . In that story , credit for collation and recension is given to the early Sasanian - era priest Tansar ( high priest under Ardashir I , r . 224 -- 242 , and Shapur I , r 240 / 242 -- 272 ) , who had the scattered works collected , and of which he approved only a part as authoritative ( Dk 3C , 4D , 4E ) . Tansar 's work was then supposedly completed by Adurbad Mahraspandan ( high priest of Shapur II , r . 309 -- 379 ) who made a general revision of the canon and continued to ensure its orthodoxy ( Dk 4F , AVN 1.12 -- 1.16 ) . A final revision was supposedly undertaken in the 6th century under Khosrow I ( Dk 4G ) . In the early 20th century , the legend of the Parthian - era collation engendered a search for a ' Parthian archetype ' of the Avesta . In the theory of Friedrich Carl Andreas ( 1902 ) , the archaic nature of the Avestan texts was assumed to be due to preservation via written transmission , and unusual or unexpected spellings in the surviving texts were assumed to be reflections of errors introduced by Sasanian - era transcription from the Aramaic alphabet - derived Pahlavi scripts . The search for the ' Arsacid archetype ' was increasingly criticisized in the 1940s and was eventually abandoned in the 1950s after Karl Hoffmann demonstrated that the inconsistencies noted by Andreas were actually due to unconscious alterations introduced by oral transmission . Hoffmann identifies these changes to be due in part to modifications introduced through recitation ; in part to influences from other Iranian languages picked up on the route of transmission from somewhere in eastern Iran ( i.e. Central Asia ) via Arachosia and Sistan through to Persia ; and in part due to the influence of phonetic developments in the Avestan language itself . The legends of an Arsacid - era collation and recension are no longer taken seriously . It is now certain that for most of their long history the Avesta 's various texts were handed down orally , and independently of one another , and that it was not until around the 5th or 6th century that they were committed to written form . However , during their long history , only the Gathic texts seem to have been memorized ( more or less ) exactly . The other less sacred works appear to have been handed down in a more fluid oral tradition , and were partly composed afresh with each generation of poet - priests , sometimes with the addition of new material . The Younger Avestan texts are therefore composite works , with contributions from several different authors over the course of several hundred years . The texts became available to European scholarship comparatively late . Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil - Duperron travelled to India in 1755 , and discovered the texts among Indian Zoroastrian ( Parsi ) communities . He published a set of French translations in 1771 , based on translations provided by a Parsi priest . Anquetil - Duperron 's translations were at first dismissed as a forgery in poor Sanskrit , but he was vindicated in the 1820s following Rasmus Rask 's examination of the Avestan language ( A Dissertation on the Authenticity of the Zend Language , Bombay , 1821 ) . Rask also established that Anquetil - Duperron 's manuscripts were a fragment of a much larger literature of sacred texts . Anquetil - Duperron 's manuscripts are at the Bibliothèque nationale de France ( ' P ' - series manuscripts ) , while Rask 's collection now lies in the Royal Library , Denmark ( ' K ' - series ) . Other large Avestan language manuscript collections are those of the British Museum ( ' L ' - series ) , the K.R. Cama Oriental Library in Mumbai , the Meherji Rana library in Navsari , and at various university and national libraries in Europe . Structure and content ( edit ) In its present form , the Avesta is a compilation from various sources , and its different parts date from different periods and vary widely in character . Only texts in the Avestan language are considered part of the Avesta . According to the Denkard , the 21 nasks ( books ) mirror the structure of the 21 - word - long Ahuna Vairya prayer : each of the three lines of the prayer consists of seven words . Correspondingly , the nasks are divided into three groups , of seven volumes per group . Originally , each volume had a word of the prayer as its name , which so marked a volume 's position relative to the other volumes . Only about a quarter of the text from the nasks has survived until today . The contents of the Avesta are divided topically ( even though the organization of the nasks is not ) , but these are not fixed or canonical . Some scholars prefer to place the categories in two groups , the one liturgical , and the other general . The following categorization is as described by Jean Kellens ( see bibliography , below ) . The Yasna ( edit ) Main article : Yasna Yasna 28.1 ( Bodleian MS J2 ) The Yasna ( from yazišn `` worship , oblations '' , cognate with Sanskrit yajña ) , is the primary liturgical collection , named after the ceremony at which it is recited . It consists of 72 sections called the Ha - iti or Ha . The 72 threads of lamb 's wool in the Kushti , the sacred thread worn by Zoroastrians , represent these sections . The central portion of the Yasna is the Gathas , the oldest and most sacred portion of the Avesta , believed to have been composed by Zarathushtra ( Zoroaster ) himself . The Gathas are structurally interrupted by the Yasna Haptanghaiti ( `` seven - chapter Yasna '' ) , which makes up chapters 35 -- 42 of the Yasna and is almost as old as the Gathas , consists of prayers and hymns in honour of the Supreme Deity , Ahura Mazda , the Angels , Fire , Water , and Earth . The younger Yasna , though handed down in prose , may once have been metrical , as the Gathas still are . The Visperad ( edit ) Main article : Visperad The Visperad ( from vîspe ratavo , `` ( prayer to ) all patrons '' ) is a collection of supplements to the Yasna . The Visparad is subdivided into 23 or 24 kardo ( sections ) that are interleaved into the Yasna during a Visperad service ( which is an extended Yasna service ) . The Visperad collection has no unity of its own , and is never recited separately from the Yasna . The Vendidad ( edit ) Main article : Vendidad The Vendidad ( or Vidēvdāt , a corruption of Avestan Vī - Daēvō - Dāta , `` Given Against the Demons '' ) is an enumeration of various manifestations of evil spirits , and ways to confound them . The Vendidad includes all of the 19th nask , which is the only nask that has survived in its entirety . The text consists of 22 Fargards , fragments arranged as discussions between Ahura Mazda and Zoroaster . The first fargard is a dualistic creation myth , followed by the description of a destructive winter on the lines of the Flood myth . The second fargard recounts the legend of Yima . The remaining fargards deal primarily with hygiene ( care of the dead in particular ) ( fargard 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 16 , 17 , 19 ) as well as disease and spells to fight it ( 7 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 20 , 21 , 22 ) . Fargards 4 and 15 discuss the dignity of wealth and charity , of marriage and of physical effort , and the indignity of unacceptable social behaviour such as assault and breach of contract , and specify the penances required to atone for violations thereof . The Vendidad is an ecclesiastical code , not a liturgical manual , and there is a degree of moral relativism apparent in the codes of conduct . The Vendidad 's different parts vary widely in character and in age . Some parts may be comparatively recent in origin although the greater part is very old . The Vendidad , unlike the Yasna and the Visparad , is a book of moral laws rather than the record of a liturgical ceremony . However , there is a ceremony called the Vendidad , in which the Yasna is recited with all the chapters of both the Visparad and the Vendidad inserted at appropriate points . This ceremony is only performed at night . The Yashts ( edit ) Main article : Yasht Faravahar , believed to be a depiction of a Fravashi , as mentioned in the Yasna , Yashts and Vendidad The Yasht s ( from yešti , `` worship by praise '' ) are a collection of 21 hymns , each dedicated to a particular divinity or divine concept . Three hymns of the Yasna liturgy that `` worship by praise '' are -- in tradition -- also nominally called yashts , but are not counted among the Yasht collection since the three are a part of the primary liturgy . The Yashts vary greatly in style , quality and extent . In their present form , they are all in prose but analysis suggests that they may at one time have been in verse . The Siroza ( edit ) The Siroza ( `` thirty days '' ) is an enumeration and invocation of the 30 divinities presiding over the days of the month . ( cf . Zoroastrian calendar ) . The Siroza exists in two forms , the shorter ( `` little Siroza '' ) is a brief enumeration of the divinities with their epithets in the genitive . The longer ( `` great Siroza '' ) has complete sentences and sections , with the yazatas being addressed in the accusative . The Siroza is never recited as a whole , but is a source for individual sentences devoted to particular divinities , to be inserted at appropriate points in the liturgy depending on the day and the month . The Nyayeshes ( edit ) The five Nyayeshes , abbreviated Ny. , are prayers for regular recitation by both priests and laity . They are addressed to the Sun and Mithra ( recited together thrice a day ) , to the Moon ( recited thrice a month ) , and to the Waters and to Fire . The Nyayeshes are composite texts containing selections from the Gathas and the Yashts , as well as later material . The gāhs ( edit ) The five gāhs are invocations to the five divinities that watch over the five divisions ( gāh s ) of the day . Gāhs are similar in structure and content to the five Nyayeshes . The Afrinagans ( edit ) The Afrinagans are four `` blessing '' texts recited on a particular occasion : the first in honor of the dead , the second on the five epagomenal days that end the year , the third is recited at the six seasonal feasts , and the fourth at the beginning and end of summer . Fragments ( edit ) All material in the Avesta that is not already present in one of the other categories falls into a `` fragments '' category , which -- as the name suggests -- includes incomplete texts . There are altogether more than 20 fragment collections , many of which have no name ( and are then named after their owner / collator ) or only a Middle Persian name . The more important of the fragment collections are the Nirangistan fragments ( 18 of which constitute the Ehrbadistan ) ; the Pursishniha `` questions , '' also known as `` Fragments Tahmuras '' ; and the Hadokht Nask `` volume of the scriptures '' with two fragments of eschatological significance . Other Zoroastrian religious texts ( edit ) Only texts preserved in the Avestan language count as scripture and are part of the Avesta . Several other secondary works are nonetheless crucial to Zoroastrian theology and scholarship . The most notable among the Middle Persian texts are the Dēnkard ( `` Acts of Religion '' ) , dating from the ninth century ; the Bundahishn ( `` Primordial Creation '' ) , finished in the eleventh or twelfth century , but containing older material ; the Mainog - i - Khirad ( `` Spirit of Wisdom '' ) , a religious conference on questions of faith ; and the Book of Arda Viraf , which is especially important for its views on death , salvation and life in the hereafter . Of the post-14th century works ( all in New Persian ) , only the Sad - dar ( `` Hundred Doors , or Chapters '' ) , and rivayats ( traditional treatises ) are of doctrinal importance . Other texts such as Zartushtnamah ( `` Book of Zoroaster '' ) are only notable for their preservation of legend and folklore . The Aogemadaeca `` we accept , '' a treatise on death is based on quotations from the Avesta . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ K1 represents 248 leaves of a 340 - leaf Vendidad Sade manuscript , i.e. a variant of a Yasna text into which sections of the Visperad and Vendidad are interleaved . The colophon of K1 ( K = Copenhagen ) identifies its place and year of completion to Cambay , 692Y ( = 1323 -- 1324 CE ) . The date of K1 is occasionally mistakenly given as 1184 . This mistake is due to a 19th - century confusion of the date of K1 with the date of K1 's source : in the postscript to K1 , the copyist -- a certain Mehrban Kai Khusrow of Navsari -- gives the date of his source as 552Y ( = 1184 CE ) . That text from 1184 has not survived . Jump up ^ For a summary of Andreas ' theory , see Schlerath ( 1987 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ For example , prefix repetition as in e.g. paitī ... paitiientī vs. paiti ... aiienī ( Y. 49.11 vs. 50.9 ) , or sandhi processes on word and syllable boundaries , e.g. adāiš for * at̰. āiš ( 48.1 ) , ahiiāsā for ahiiā yāsā , gat̰. tōi for * gatōi ( 43.1 ) , ratūš š́iiaoθanā for * ratū š́iiaoθanā ( 33.1 ) . Jump up ^ e.g. irregular internal hw > x as found in e.g. harax ati - ' Arachosia ' and sāx an - ' instruction ' , rather than regular internal hw > ŋ h as found in e.g. aojōŋ hant - ' strong ' . Jump up ^ e.g. YAv . - ō instead of expected OAv . - ə̄ for Ir . - ah in almost all polysyllables . Citations ^ Jump up to : Boyce 1984 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Boyce 1984 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Boyce 1984 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kellens 1987 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Cantera 2015 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , pp. 51 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Humbach 1991 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann 1958 , pp. 7ff . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , pp. 56 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , pp. 59 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Humbach 1991 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Humbach 1991 , p. 56 . Works cited Boyce , Mary ( 1984 ) , Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism , Manchester UP . Cantera , Alberto ( 2015 ) , `` Avesta II : Middle Persian Translations '' , Encyclopedia Iranica , New York : Encyclopedia Iranica online . Hoffmann , Karl ( 1958 ) , `` Altiranisch '' , Handbuch der Orientalistik , I 4 , 1 , Leiden : Brill . Humbach , Helmut ( 1991 ) , The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the Other Old Avestan Texts , Part I , Heidelberg : Winter . Kellens , Jean ( 1983 ) , `` Avesta '' , Encyclopædia Iranica , vol. 3 , New York : Routledge and Kegan Paul , pp. 35 -- 44 . Kellens , Jean ( 1987 ) , `` Characters of Ancient Mazdaism '' , History and Anthropology , vol. 3 , Great Britain : Harwood Academic Publishers , pp. 239 -- 262 . Schlerath , Bernfried ( 1987 ) , `` Andreas , Friedrich Carl : The Andreas Theory '' , Encyclopædia Iranica , vol. 2 , New York : Routledge and Kegan Paul , pp. 29 -- 30 . Full texts ( edit ) Look up Avesta in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . avesta.org : translation by James Darmesteter and L.H. Mills forms part of the Sacred Books of the East series , but is now regarded as obsolete . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Avesta ( hide ) Zoroastrian literature Avestan Khordeh Avesta Yasna Visperad Vendidad Gathas Chihrdad Yasht Middle Persian / Pahlavi Book of Arda Viraf Bundahishn Dadestan - i Denig Menog - i Khrad Letter of Tansar Denkard Frahang - i Pahlavig Frahang - i Oim - evak Dana - i Menog Khrat Shikand - gumanig Vizar Other Sad - dar Jamasp Namag Dasatir - i - Asmani Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avesta&oldid=813177204 '' Categories : Avesta Zoroastrian texts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Мокшень Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 06 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | zend avesta is the holy book of which religion | [
"The Avesta /əˈvɛstə/ is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the otherwise unrecorded Avestan language.[1]"
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"Zoroastrianism"
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4788014632353865790 | Burning of Washington | Burning of Washington - wikipedia Burning of Washington Jump to : navigation , search Burning of Washington Part of the War of 1812 Battle of Bladensburg Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British invaded Washington D.C. and burned many U.S. government and military buildings Date August 24 , 1814 Location Washington , D.C. , United States Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom United States Commanders and leaders Robert Ross George Cockburn James Madison Strength 4,250 7,640 Casualties and losses 1 killed , 3 wounded ( Colonial Marines ) 3 unknown wounded City of Washington attacked by British forces Many government buildings set ablaze Destruction of the 36 - gun frigate USS New York . 44 - gun frigate USS Columbia and 22 - gun sloop USS Argus burnt to avoid capture . Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington , D.C. , the capital of the United States , during the War of 1812 . On August 24 , 1814 , after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg , a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington and set fire to many public buildings , including the White House ( known as the Presidential Mansion ) , and the Capitol , as well as other facilities of the U.S. government . The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada . Throughout the history of the United States , the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington , D.C. ; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital . President James Madison , military officials , and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the `` United States Capital for a Day . '' President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville . Less than a day after the attack began , a sudden , very heavy thunderstorm -- possibly a hurricane -- put out the fires . It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital , setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away , killing British troops and American civilians alike . Following the storm , the British returned to their ships , many of which were badly damaged . The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours . After the `` Storm that saved Washington '' , as it soon came to be called , the Americans returned to the city . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reasons for the attack 2 Events 3 U.S. Capitol 4 White House 5 Other Washington properties 6 `` The Storm that Saved Washington '' 7 Aftermath 8 Reconstruction 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Reasons for the attack ( edit ) The British government , already at war with Napoleonic France , adopted a defensive strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812 . Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was instead made on local militias and native allies to bolster the British Army in Canada . However , after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814 , Britain was able to use its now available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States . In addition to reinforcements sent to Canada , the Earl of Bathurst , Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to Bermuda , from where a blockade of the US coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war . It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada . The commanders were under strict orders , however , not to carry out operations far inland , or to attempt to hold territory . Early in 1814 , Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Royal Navy 's North America and West Indies Station , controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard which were used to blockade US Atlantic ports throughout the war . He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia and against New Orleans . Rear Admiral George Cockburn had commanded the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year . On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak , and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack . Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore , Washington and Philadelphia . On July 17 , Cockburn recommended Washington as the target , because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and `` the greater political effect likely to result '' . General Ross commanded a 4,500 - man army , composed of the 4th ( King 's Own ) Light , 21st Royal North British Fusiliers , 44th ( East Essex ) Regiment of Foot , and 85th Regiment of Foot . An added motive was retaliation for what Britain saw as the `` wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie '' by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814 , the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover . On June 2 , 1814 , Sir George Prévost , Governor General of The Canadas , wrote to Cochrane at Admiralty House , in Bailey 's Bay , Bermuda , calling for a retaliation against the American destruction of private property in violation of the laws of war . Prévost argued that , ... in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie , in order that if the war with the United States continues you may , should you judge it advisable , assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages . Admiralty House , Mount Wyndham , Bermuda , where the attack was planned On July 18 , Cochrane ordered Cockburn that to `` deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages ... You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable '' . Cochrane instructed , `` You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States '' . Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the President 's Mansion , during which time a great storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast . They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen ( Southern Presbyterian and Southern Baptist ) , with women and children who had been hiding in homes and churches . They requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings . Major - General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order . Throughout the events of that day , a severe storm blew into the city , worsening on the night of August 24 , 1814 . Events ( edit ) Burning of Washington August 1814 President James Madison , members of his government , and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the United States Capital for a Day . President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville . The sappers and miners of the Corps of Royal Engineers under Captain Blanshard were employed in burning the principal buildings . Blanshard reported that it seemed that the American President was so sure that the attacking force would be made prisoners that a handsome entertainment had been prepared . Blanshard and his sappers enjoyed the feast . US Capitol ( edit ) The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington , D.C. in the War of 1812 . Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814 , restored . The Capitol was , according to some contemporary travelers , the only building in Washington `` worthy to be noticed . '' Thus , it was a prime target for the invaders , both for its aesthetic and symbolic value . After looting the building , the British found it difficult to set the structure on fire , owing to its sturdy stone construction . Soldiers eventually gathered furniture into a heap and ignited it with rocket powder , which successfully set the building ablaze . Among the casualties of the destruction of the Capitol was the Library of Congress , the entire 3,000 volume collection of which was destroyed . Several surrounding buildings in Capitol Heights also caught fire . After the war , Thomas Jefferson sold his own personal library to the government in order to pay personal debts , re-establishing the Library of Congress . White House ( edit ) The White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24 , 1814 . Watercolor by George Munger , displayed at the White House After burning the Capitol , the British turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House . After US government officials and President Madison fled the city , the First Lady Dolley Madison received a letter from her husband , urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment 's notice . Dolley organized the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British . James Madison 's personal slave , the fifteen - year - old boy Paul Jennings , was an eyewitness . After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison , Jennings published his memoir in 1865 , considered the first from the White House : It has often been stated in print , that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House , she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington ( now in one of the parlors there ) , and carried it off . She had no time for doing it . It would have required a ladder to get it down . All she carried off was the silver in her reticule , as the British were thought to be but a few squares off , and were expected any moment . Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were : John Susé ( Jean Pierre Sioussat ) ( a Frenchman , then door - keeper , and still living ) and Magraw ( McGraw ) , the President 's gardener , took it down and sent it off on a wagon , with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of . When the British did arrive , they ate up the very dinner , and drank the wines , &c. , that I had prepared for the President 's party . The soldiers burned the president 's house , and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day . In 2009 , President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of his contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables . ( The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting , not the original , although it is the same one on display in the East Room . ) `` A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington , to visit the White House . They looked at the painting their relative helped save . '' In an interview with National Public Radio , Jennings ' great - great - grandson Hugh Alexander said , `` We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting , which was for me one of the high points . '' He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison . Other Washington properties ( edit ) The burning of Washington forms the background to this portrait of Rear Admiral George Cockburn . At background right is the burning of the US Treasury Building and the Capitol Building The US Treasury Building ( built 1804 ) The Blodget Hotel which housed the US Patent Office ; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814 . The Patent Office later burned in 1836 The Washington Navy Yard in 1862 The day after the destruction of the White House , Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper , the National Intelligencer , intending to burn it down . However , several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses . Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him , branding him `` The Ruffian . '' Instead , he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick , and ordered all the `` C '' type destroyed `` so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name . '' The British sought out the United States Treasury in hopes of finding money or items of worth , but they found only old records . They burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings . The United States Department of War building was also burned . However , the War and State Department files had been removed , so all books and records had been saved ; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years earlier . The First U.S. Patent Office Building was saved by the efforts of William Thornton , the former Architect of the Capitol and then the Superintendent of Patents , who gained British cooperation to preserve it . `` When the smoke cleared from the dreadful attack , the Patent Office was the only Government building ... left untouched '' in Washington . The Americans had already burned much of the historic Washington Navy Yard , founded by Thomas Jefferson , to prevent capture of stores and ammunition , as well as the 44 - gun frigate USS Columbia and the 22 gun USS Argus both new vessels nearing completion . The Navy Yard 's Latrobe Gate , Quarters A , and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction . Also spared were the Marine Barracks and Commandant 's House , although several private properties were damaged or destroyed . In the afternoon of August 25 , General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf 's Point . The fort , later known as Fort McNair , had already been destroyed by the Americans , but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained . While the British were trying to destroy it by dropping the barrels into a well , the powder ignited . As many as thirty men were killed in the explosion , and many others were maimed . `` The storm that saved Washington '' ( edit ) Less than a day after the attack began , a sudden very heavy thunderstorm -- possibly a hurricane -- put out the fires . It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital , setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away and killing British troops and American civilians alike . Following the storm , the British troops returned to their ships , many of which were badly damaged . There is some debate regarding the effect of this storm on the occupation . While some assert that the storm forced their retreat , it seems likely from their destructive and arsonous actions before the storm , and their written orders from Cochrane to `` destroy and lay waste '' , that their intention was merely to raze the city , rather than occupy it for an extended period . Whatever the case , the British occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours . Despite this , the `` Storm that saved Washington '' as it became known , did the opposite according to some . The rains sizzled and cracked the already charred walls of the White House and ripped away at structures the British had no plans to destroy ( such as the Patent Office ) . The storm may have exacerbated an already dire situation for Washington DC . An encounter was noted between Sir George Cockburn 10th Baronet and a female resident of Washington . `` Dear God ! Is this the weather to which you are accustomed to in this infernal country ? '' enquired the Admiral . `` This is a special interposition of Providence to drive our enemies from our city , '' the woman allegedly called out to Cockburn . `` Not so , Madam , '' Cockburn retorted . `` It is rather to aid your enemies in the destruction of your city '' , before riding off on horseback . Yet , the British left right after the storm completely unopposed by any American military forces . The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack , of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines . The destruction of the Capitol , including the Senate House and the House of Representatives , the Arsenal , Dockyard , Treasury , War Office , President 's mansion , bridge over the Potomac , a frigate and a sloop together with all Materiel was estimated at £ 365,000 . A separate British force captured Alexandria , on the south side of the Potomac River , while Ross 's troops were leaving Washington . The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town . President Madison returned to Washington by September 1 , on which date he issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia . Congress returned and assembled in special session on September 19 . Due to the destruction of the Capitol and other public buildings , they initially met in the Post and Patent Office building . In 2013 , an episode of the Weather Channel documentary series `` Weather That Changed History , '' entitled `` The Thunderstorm That Saved D.C. , '' was devoted to these events . Aftermath ( edit ) Most contemporary American observers , including newspapers representing anti-war Federalists , condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism . Many of the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington ; such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe , where capital cities had been repeatedly occupied in the course of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and always spared destruction ( at least on the part of the occupiers - the famous burning of Moscow that occurred less than two years prior had been an act carried out by the defenders ) . According to The Annual Register , the burning had `` brought a heavy censure on the British character , '' with some members of Parliament , including the anti-establishment MP Samuel Whitbread , joining in the criticism . The majority of British opinion believed that the burnings were justified following the damage that United States forces had done with its incursions into Canada . In addition , they noted that the United States had been the aggressor , declaring war and initiating it . Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York , the provincial capital of Upper Canada , early in 1813 . Sir George Prévost wrote that `` as a just retribution , the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate . '' The Reverend John Strachan , who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there , wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington `` was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations , not only of public but private property , committed by them in Canada . '' When they ultimately returned to Bermuda , the British forces took two pairs of portraits of King George III and his wife , Queen Charlotte , which had been discovered in one of the public buildings . One pair currently hangs in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda , and the other in the Cabinet Building , both in the city of Hamilton . Reconstruction ( edit ) The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War . The thick sandstone walls of the White House and Capitol survived , although scarred with smoke and scorch marks . There was a strong movement in Congress to relocate the nation 's capital with many northern Congressmen pushing for a city north of the Mason -- Dixon line . Philadelphia was quick to volunteer as a temporary home as did Georgetown , where Mayor Thomas Corcoran offered Georgetown College as a temporary home for Congress . Ultimately , a bill to relocate the capital was defeated in Congress and Washington remained the seat of government . Fearful that there might be pressure to relocate the capital altogether , Washington businessmen financed the construction of the Old Brick Capitol , where Congress met while the Capitol was reconstructed from 1815 to 1819 . Madison resided in The Octagon House for the remainder of his term . Reconstruction of the White House began in early 1815 and was finished in time for President James Monroe 's inauguration in 1817 . As American settlement expanded westward , serious proposals to relocate the capital to a location in the interior that would not be vulnerable to seaborne attack continued to be made from time to time . It was only following the emergence of the United States Navy as a force capable of rivalling the most powerful European navies that relocation of the capital would no longer be proposed at the Congressional level . See also ( edit ) War of 1812 portal War of 1812 bibliography References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brief History of the United States Patent Office from its foundation -- 1790 to 1886 -- with an outline of laws , growth , publications , office routine , etc . Washington , D.C. : R. Beresford , Printer. 1886 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . It is written that a loaded cannon was aimed at the Patent Office to destroy it . Thornton `` put himself before the gun , and in a frenzy of excitement exclaimed : ' Are you Englishmen or only Goths and Vandals ? This is the Patent Office , a depository of the ingenuity of the American nation , in which the whole civilized world is interested . Would you destroy it ? If so , fire away , and let the charge pass through my body . ' The effect is said to have been magical upon the soldiers , and to have saved the Patent Office from destruction . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Burning of Washington , D.C. ; Chesapeake Campaign '' . The War of 1812 . genealogy , Inc . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The White House at War : The White House Burns : The War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The War of 1812 , Scene 5 ' An Act of Nature ' , History Channel , 2005 Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Cruikshank 2006 , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ `` Brookeville 1814 '' . Maryland State Archives . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ Herrick 2005 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Herrick 2005 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Pitch , Anthony S. ( 1998 ) . The Burning of Washington : The British Invasion of 1814 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Willets includes Dolley Madison 's letter to her sister describing these events . ( Willets 1908 , p. 219 ) ^ Jump up to : Siegel & Block 2009 , Descendant ... ^ Jump up to : Jennings 1865 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Corrected spelling of names of staff comes from Willets ( Willets 1908 , p. 221 ) Jump up ^ Sioussat was the first Master of Ceremonies of the White House ( McCormick 1904 , p. 170 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house Jump up ^ Gura 2009 , Descendants of a slave ... Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2001 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Herrick 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Business Methods in the War Department : Report of the Board Appointed in Compliance with the Request of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Methods of Business in the Executive Departments . By United States . War Dept . Board on Business Methods 1889 . p. 184 Jump up ^ `` The Patent Fire of 1836 '' . patentlaws.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Hot Commodity : Great Patent Fire of 1836 United States Patent Office '' . Kids pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crawford , p222 , quoting letter from Cockburn to Cochrane dated August 27 , 1814 ' The Enemy himself , on our entering the Town set fire to ... ' Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` It is one of the few structures to have escaped the fire in 1814 when the British invaded Washington . '' ( Gerson & Branam 1973 , p. 5 ) Jump up ^ `` When the British captured Washington on August 24 , 1814 , and Captain Tingey ordered the Navy Yard set fire to prevent the British using the Yard and its ships to their advantage , both Quarters A ( Tingey 's House ) and Quarters B ( Lieutenant Haraden 's House ) were untouched , but the people the neighborhood plundered them to such an extent that ' not a movable object from cellar to garret was left , and even the fixtures and locks off the doors were taken . '' ( Taylor 1973 , p. 3 , 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Act of July 14 , 1832 , to pay estate of Edward Barry $568.35 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy - hard by the British in 1814 ... Act of March 2 , 1833 , to pay the estate of George Hodge $824.18 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy - yard by the British in 1814 . '' ( Reports ... 1894 , p. 174 ) Jump up ^ George 2000 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ NWS staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Peter Snow `` When Britain Burned the White House '' 2012 Jump up ^ `` No. 16939 '' . The London Gazette . September 27 , 1814 . pp. 1942 -- 1943 . Jump up ^ Landry 2009 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison , Proclamation -- Calling All Citizens to Unite in Defense of the District of Columbia September 1 , 1814 '' . The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Howe , David Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Hitsman & Graves 1999 , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ POTSI ( archived ) : HM Queen Elizabeth addresses the colonial Parliament in 1976 Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 11 . Sources ( edit ) Crawford , Michael J. ( Ed ) ( 2002 ) . The Naval War of 1812 : A Documentary History , Vol. 3 . Washington : United States Department of Defense . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 051224 - 7 Cruikshank , Ernest ( 2006 ) ( 1814 ) . The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier . ( Part 1 - 2 ) . University of Calgary . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Elting , John R. ( 1995 ) . Amateurs to Arms ! A Military History of the War of 1812 . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80653 - 3 . Fredriksen , John C. ( 2001 ) . America 's Military Adversaries : From Colonial Times to the Present . ABC - CLIO . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 603 - 3 . George , Christopher T ( 2000 ) . Terror on the Chesapeake : The War of 1812 on the Bay . White Mane Books . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57249 - 276 - 9 . Gerson , Leonard ; Branam , Alfred ( August 14 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) . The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans , 1814 -- 1815 . London : J. Murray . ISBN 0 - 665 - 45385 - X . Gura , David ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Descendants of a Slave See The Painting He Saved '' . The Two - Way . NPR . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Herrick , Carole ( 2005 ) . August 24 , 1814 : Washington in Flames . Falls Church , VA : Higher Education Publications , Inc . Hickey , Donald R. ( 1989 ) . The War of 1812 , A Forgotten Conflict . Chicago : University of Illinois Press , Chicago and Urbana . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01613 - 0 . Hitsman , J. Mackay ; Graves , Donald E. ( 1999 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Toronto : Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 13 - 3 . Jennings , Paul ( 1865 ) . A Colored Man 's Reminiscences of James Madison . Brookyn : George C. Beadle . Landry , Peter ( 2009 ) . Settlement , Revolution & War . Bloomington , IL : Trafford Publishing . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 8791 - 0 . McCormick , John H. ( 1904 ) . `` The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . Washington , D.C. 7 : 170 -- 194 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Morriss , Roger ( 1997 ) . Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition : Admiral Sir George Cockburn , 1772 -- 1853 . University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 253 - 0 . NWS staff ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` NWS Sterling , VA -- D.C. Tornado Events '' . National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Myatt , Kevin ( August 26 , 2006 ) . `` Did tornado wreak havoc on War of 1812 ? '' . The Roanoke Times . Roanoke , VA . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans . Part II . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Siegel , Robert ; Block , Melissa ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy '' . NPR . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Taylor , Nancy ( August 14 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty - Third Congress . Washington : Government Printing Office . 1894 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Willets , Gilson ( 1908 ) . Inside History of the White House - the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation 's presidents and their families . New York : The Christian Herald . Further reading ( edit ) Latimer , Jon . 1812 : War with America , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02584 - 9 Martin , John . `` The British Are Coming : Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze , '' LC Information Bulletin , September 1998 Pack , A. James . The Man Who Burned The White House , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 420 - 9 Phelan , Mary Kay . The Burning of Washington : August 1814 , Ty Crowell Co , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 690 - 00486 - 9 Pitch , Anthony S . The Burning of Washington , White House History Magazine , Fall 1998 Pitch , Anthony S . The Burning of Washington , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 425 - 3 Siegel , Robert Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy NPR , August 24 , 2009 . Snow , Peter `` When Britain Burned the White House , The 1814 Invasion of Washington '' , London : John Murray , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 04828 - 8 Whitehorne , Joseph A . The Battle for Baltimore : 1814 ( 1997 ) Listing by surname of Royal Marines ( 2nd Battn , 3rd Battn , Colonial Marines ) paid prize money for participating in the attack on Washington External links ( edit ) The War of 1812 and Relocating the Nation 's Capital Brookeville 1814 , U.S. Capital for a Day Maryland State Archives Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. 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Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&oldid=826668130 '' Categories : 1814 fires 1814 in Washington , D.C. Arson in Washington , D.C. August 1814 events Battles involving the United Kingdom Battles of the War of 1812 Burned buildings and structures in the United States Fires at legislative buildings Fires in Washington , D.C. Invasions by the United Kingdom Invasions of the United States Presidency of James Madison Urban fires in the United States Washington , D.C. in the War of 1812 Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 11 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the british burn down washington dc | [
"The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, during the War of 1812. On August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington and set fire to many public buildings, including the White House (known as the Presidential Mansion), and the Capitol, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government.[2] The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada. Throughout the history of the United States, the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington, D.C.; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital."
] | [
"August 24, 1814"
] |
735499997660775483 | Anne of Green Gables (1985 film) | Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 film ) - wikipedia Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the franchise , see Anne of Green Gables film series . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anne of Green Gables DVD cover Written by Lucy Maud Montgomery ( original novels ) Kevin Sullivan ( adaptation ) Joe Wiesenfeld ( adaptation ) Directed by Kevin Sullivan Starring Megan Follows Colleen Dewhurst Richard Farnsworth Patricia Hamilton Marilyn Lightstone Schuyler Grant Jonathan Crombie Theme music composer Hagood Hardy Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Ian McDougall Kevin Sullivan Running time 199 minutes ( approx . ) Release Original network CBC Original release December 5 , 1985 ( Canada ) February 17 , 1986 ( U.S. ) Chronology Followed by Anne of Avonlea Anne of Green Gables is a 1985 Canadian television mini-series drama film based on the novel of the same name by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery , and is the first in a series of four films . The film starred Megan Follows and was produced and directed by Kevin Sullivan for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It was released theatrically in Iran , Israel , Europe , and Japan . The film aired on CBC Television as a two - part miniseries on December 1 , 1985 . Both parts of the film were among the highest - rated programs of any genre ever to air on a Canadian television network . On February 17 , 1986 , the film aired on PBS in the United States on the series WonderWorks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Sequels and spin - off TV series 4.1 Film series 4.2 TV series 4.3 Other productions 5 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 Lawsuits 8 Trademark and copyright 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) 13 - year - old orphan Anne Shirley is living in servitude with the cruel Hammond family in Nova Scotia . However , when Mr. Hammond dies , Anne is sent to an orphanage where she eventually receives the wonderful news that she has been adopted by a couple on Prince Edward Island ( P.E.I ) . Upon arriving in P.E.I , Anne is met at the train station by the elderly Matthew Cuthbert who is surprised to find a girl there instead of a boy . Matthew and his sister Marilla had requested a boy to help them with the farm chores . He decides that he could n't very well just leave the girl at the train station . Matthew takes Anne to meet Marilla and on the buggy ride home becomes completely smitten with the red - haired orphan girl . When Anne Shirley arrives at the Cuthberts ' farm , called `` Green Gables '' , she is a precocious , romantic child desperate to be loved and highly sensitive about her red hair and homely looks . In her own unique headstrong manner , Anne manages to insult the town gossip , Rachel Lynde , in a dispute over her looks ; smash her slate over Gilbert Blythe 's head when he calls her `` Carrots '' on her first day of school ; and accidentally dyes her hair green in an effort to turn her red hair black and salvage her wounded pride . Marilla Cuthbert is shocked and beside herself to know how she will ever cope with this sensitive , headstrong child so desperate to fit in . But shy , gentle Matthew is always there to defend Anne and hold her up on a pedestal . It seems like Anne is destined to cultivate disaster . She becomes `` bosom '' friends with Diana Barry from across the pond and succeeds in getting Diana drunk by accidentally serving currant wine instead of raspberry cordial at a tea party . Diana 's mother and Rachel Lynde turn on Marilla for making wine in the first place . Anne moves from one mishap to the next as her wild imagination and far - fetched antics combine to constantly land her in trouble . Anne finds her element in the academic world , ultimately competing neck and neck with Gilbert Blythe who becomes her arch opponent . Anne and Gilbert go on to win the highest academic accolades , constantly vying for honors at every level . Eventually their fierce rivalry turns to a secret affection , which blossoms into love . Marilla tries to prevent Anne from seeing Gilbert because Anne is still quite young and Marilla wants Anne to continue her education . In the end , however , when Matthew dies and forces Marilla into considering selling Green Gables , Gilbert gives Anne his teaching post in nearby Avonlea so she can stay at Green Gables and continue to support Marilla . Cast ( edit ) Megan Follows -- Anne Shirley Colleen Dewhurst -- Marilla Cuthbert Richard Farnsworth -- Matthew Cuthbert Patricia Hamilton -- Rachel Lynde Marilyn Lightstone -- Miss Stacy Schuyler Grant -- Diana Barry Jonathan Crombie -- Gilbert Blythe Charmion King -- Aunt Josephine Barry Jackie Burroughs -- Amelia Evans Rosemary Radcliffe -- Mrs. Barry Joachim Hansen -- John Sadler Christiane Kruger -- Mrs. Allan Cedric Smith -- Rev. Allan Paul Brown -- Mr. Phillips Miranda de Pencier -- Josie Pye Trish Nettleton -- Jane Andrews Jennifer Inch -- Ruby Gillis Jayne Eastwood -- Mrs. Hammond Dawn Greenhalgh -- Mrs. Cadbury Jack Mather -- Station Master Samantha Langevin -- Mrs. Blewett Vivian Reis -- Mrs. Spencer Mag Ruffman -- Alice Lawson Sean McCann -- Dr. O'Reilly Roxolana Roslak -- Madame Selitsky Robert Haley -- Professor Robert Collins -- Mr. Barry Morgan Chapman -- Minne May Barry David Roberts -- Tom Nancy Beatty -- Essie David Hughes -- Thomas Lynde Wendy Lyon -- Prissy Andrews Zack Ward -- Moody Spurgeon MacPherson Anna Ferguson -- Punch Woman Rex Southgate -- Section Head Julianna Saxton -- Pink Woman Molly Thom -- Lace Woman Jennifer Irwin -- Student Sandra Scott -- Mrs. Harrington Peter Sturgess -- Porter Ray Ireland -- Mr. Hammond Martha Maloney -- Fairview Nurse Stuart Hamilton -- Mme . Selitsky 's Accompanist Production ( edit ) Kevin Sullivan adapted the novel into his own screenplay , collaborating with industry veteran Joe Wiesenfeld . Sullivan developed a co-production between the CBC and PBS in order to film Anne of Green Gables . Sullivan amalgamated many of Montgomery 's episodes into the film 's plot . While the film diverged from Montgomery 's original , he relied on strong characterizations and visuals in order to render the story for a contemporary audience . Primary locations for filming the movie included Prince Edward Island , Stouffville , Ontario , Jacksons Point , Ontario , and Westfield Heritage Village in the Hamilton , Ontario neighbourhood of Rockton . Filming was done over a consecutive ten - week shoot . Sullivan used several locations as Green Gables farm and combined them to appear as one property . The original film and sequels ( including Road to Avonlea and the animated Anne films and series covering over 130 hours of production ) have been seen in almost every country around the world . The films have now been translated and seen in more places than even the original novels . During filming of the original movies an open casting call was held throughout Canada in order to find a young actress to play Anne Shirley . Katharine Hepburn recommended that her great niece , Schuyler Grant , play the role of Anne Shirley . Director Kevin Sullivan liked Grant 's performance and wanted to give her the role . However , broadcast executives were resistant to cast an American as a Canadian icon . Schuyler Grant ended up playing Anne 's best friend , Diana , and Anne Shirley was ultimately played by Megan Follows . In her first audition , Megan Follows came highly recommended . But , she was quickly dismissed by Kevin Sullivan . For her second audition , after a turbulent morning leading up to her audition , a frantic Megan made a much better impression and was given the role . Sequels and spin - off TV series ( edit ) Film series ( edit ) Main articles : Anne of Avonlea ( 1987 film ) , Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story , and Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning Anne of Green Gables is the first film in a series of four based on the titular character . In 1987 , the film 's sequel , Anne of Avonlea , was released . ( It was subsequently retitled Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel on home video . ) The final movie , Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story , was aired on March 5 , 2000 in Canada and on July 23 , 2000 in the United States . The final film passed over Anne 's House of Dreams -- the corresponding Anne novel -- in favor of a plot not featured in Montgomery 's series , and did not receive the same critical praise as the first two films . In 2008 , the fourth in the series , titled Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning was completed . The film stars Barbara Hershey , Shirley MacLaine , and Rachel Blanchard and it introduces Hannah Endicott Douglas as the new Anne Shirley . The film is both a sequel and a prequel to Sullivan 's trilogy . TV series ( edit ) The first two Anne films generated a spin - off television series which aired from 1989 to 1996 and starred Sarah Polley . The Road to Avonlea series featured characters and episodes from several of Montgomery 's books . Anne herself did not appear in the episodes , but Gilbert Blythe , Marilla Cuthbert , and other characters from the Anne books were included . Other productions ( edit ) In 2000 -- 2001 , Sullivan Animation produced Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series consisting of 26 half - hour episodes . The series was developed for PBS and each episode contained an educational and / or moral component . In 2005 , Sullivan Animation also produced the feature - length animated film Anne : Journey to Green Gables which is an imaginative , whimsical prequel to Sullivan 's live action Anne of Green Gables film . A year after the mini-series originally aired , Canadian comedy duo Wayne and Shuster created and starred in a parody entitled Sam of Green Gables , in which a curmudgeonly old man named Sam is sent to Green Gables instead of Anne . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The film swept the 1986 Gemini Awards , winning the following : Best Dramatic Miniseries Best Actress in a Single Dramatic Program or Miniseries : Megan Follows Best Supporting Actor : Richard Farnsworth Best Supporting Actress : Colleen Dewhurst Best Writing ( TV Adaptation ) : Kevin Sullivan and Joe Wiesenfeld Best Music Composition : Hagood Hardy Best Costume Design : Martha Mann Best Photography : René Ohashi Best Production Design / Art Direction : Carol Spier Most Popular Program The film was also nominated for Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series and Best Picture Editing in a Dramatic Program or Series . The series also won an Emmy Award in 1986 , for Outstanding Children 's Program . Other Awards Peabody Award -- to Kevin Sullivan for Outstanding Contribution to Broadcasting in the United States , 1986 Prix Jeunesse : Best Drama , 1988 ( Germany ) TV Guide Award : Most Popular Program , 1986 Grand Award -- International Film and Television , New York Emily Award -- American Film and Video Festival , 1986 Macleans Medal of Merit -- Macleans Magazine , 1986 Chris Award -- Columbus International Film Festival , 1986 Silver Hugo Award -- Chicago International Film Festival , 1986 International TV Movie Festival : Nomination for Movie of the Year , 1986 American TV Critics Award : Best Drama , 1986 Grant Award : Best TV Program , Houston International Film Festival , 1987 Golden Gate Award -- San Francisco Film Festival , 1986 CRTA Award : Outstanding Personal Achievement in TV , 1986 Ohio State Award -- Performing Arts and Humanities Award , 1987 First Prize -- Odyssey Institute Media Award , 1987 The Ruby Slipper : Best Television Special , 1987 Parents Choice Award -- Parents Choice for TV Programmings , 1987 Excellence in Programming -- Award from Association of Catholic Communications in Canada , 1987 Golden Apple Award -- Best of National Educational Film and Video Festival , 1987 Home media ( edit ) The Anne of Green Gables series was released on DVD in a collector 's edition set on February 5 , 2008 in the U.S. , April 29 , 2008 in Canada and Japan and on September 22 , 2010 in Hungary . The set is the most comprehensive edition of all three movies ever released . In addition to the series , it also includes several DVD extras such as feature length commentary from director Kevin Sullivan and Stefan Scaini , 2 New Documentaries : L.M. Montgomery 's Island and Kevin Sullivan 's Classic featuring new cast and crew interviews , missing scenes , lost footage and a condensed , 10 - minute version of the missing `` Road to Avonlea '' episode `` Marilla Cuthbert 's Death '' . In 2016 , Sullivan Entertainment announced it would launch their own streaming service called Gazebo TV . It will feature the Anne of Green Gables series among other titles produced by the company . It is slated to launch in early 2017 . Lawsuits ( edit ) In 1908 Lucy Maude Montgomery signed a contract with the LC Page Co. in Boston that permitted them to publish all of her books for 5 years on the same terms : the main terms were a 10 % royalty and world rights to all of the author 's books ; part it also included the right to publish all of her future works . The relationship with Pageant actually spanned nearly ten years and resulted in the publication of nine novels and collections of short stories . However , when Montgomery contracted with a Canadian publisher ( McClelland , Goodchild and Stewart ) , LC Page claimed that they had the exclusive rights to her new books and threatened to sue her . Montgomery instead took LC Page to court to recover withheld royalties . The lawsuit resulted in a settlement in 1919 whereby LC Page bought out all of Montgomery 's rights to all of her novels published by them . The settlement excluded any reversionary rights that might become due for the benefit of either her or her heirs if such rights were to become enacted . The settlement paid Montgomery a flat sum of $18,000 ; at the time an amount she would have expected to see earned from her works during her lifetime . Sullivan purchased dramatic rights from the Montgomery 's heirs in 1984 , believing that they owned reversionary rights that had come into place as a result of changes to the copyright act subsequent to Montgomery 's death . After Sullivan 's films were successful around the world and brought legions of tourists to Prince Edward Island the Montgomery heirs established an Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority with the Province of Prince Edward Island to control trademarks to preserve Montgomery 's works , through the mechanism of official trademarks . The heirs and the AGGLA became successful at asserting control over the booming Anne - themed tourist industry that the province enjoyed , because of the lack of clarity about the different protections afforded by copyright , trademark and official marks in Canada . AGGLA and the heirs tried to assert control over trademarks Sullivan had established to their various Anne movies ( Anne of Green Gables , Anne of Avonlea , Anne of Green Gables -- the Continuing Story ) and Road to Avonlea properties both in Canada , the US and Japan . A Japanese court then determined that the heirs were not entitled to the reversionary rights that they claimed they had sold to Sullivan and that the AGGLA was set up for pursuing private interests and not for serving public interests such as maintaining or managing the value , fame or reputation of the literary work , the author or even the main character of Anne . The Court determined that the AGGLA was the heirs ' private profit - seeking enterprise as far as its activities were concerned . Sullivan and the heirs came into further conflict during the 1990s . Sullivan was sued by the heirs . Their contractual agreement with Sullivan said that he would pay them a flat $425,000 ( CAD ) fee for the right to adapt the first book ( and another $100,000 to do the second movie , Anne of Avonlea ) , plus 10 % of the profits of Anne 1 and 5 % of the profits of Anne 2 . The contract also gave them the right to examine Sullivan Entertainment 's financial records . However , when Sullivan claimed that neither of the movies had earned a net profit and ( the heirs assert ) refused to allow them to audit his books , they served a claim against him . Sullivan argued that the heirs and the AGGLA had enjoined the films by usurping the Sullivan trademarks and drastically reduced the profitability of the ventures . The heirs staged a press conference in 1998 at exactly the time when Sullivan was about to close a public offering to take his company public , to force Sullivan to pay them further receipts . The offering however was pulled by the underwriters and Sullivan counter-sued for libel , insisting that the heirs should pay damages of $55 million to all parties involved . A Superior Court of Ontario judge dismissed his suit on January 19 , 2004 . The Montgomery heirs subsequently dropped their claim for Sullivan to pay them any royalties however a settlement between Sullivan , the Montgomery heirs and the AGGLA was reached in 2006 to deal with all of their outstanding disagreements . Although Kevin Sullivan 's works were initially based upon the works of Montgomery , Sullivan developed most of his successful Anne - related film properties ( Anne of Avonlea , Anne - the Continuing Story , Anne -- A New Beginning and Road to Avonlea ) based on original material , not directly adapted from Montgomery 's books . Many questions have been raised in court as to the author 's heirs ' rights in her copyright . The heirs have tried to extend the copyright in Montgomery 's unpublished works until 2017 but lost that opportunity in 2004 when the Canadian Parliament rejected the provision they had pursued so ardently for the unpublished works of dead authors . In a Japanese court decision which addressed the heir 's challenge to the validity of Sullivan 's ownership of Japanese trademark 's in the movie property , the Japanese High Court commented on the heirs ' entitlement to reversionary copyright which formed the basis of the rights that the family claimed to have sold to Sullivan . The Court stated that the heirs ' reversionary copyright was non-existent and that there was no need for Sullivan or any other entity to account to the heirs for the use of the trademark in Japan . The Court stated : `` It is not clear from a legal point of view why permission from the heirs of the author or its related entity the Anne of Green Gables Licensing ( AGGLA ) authority was necessary . '' The Japanese Court also extensively scrutinized whether the copyright in the book Anne of Green Gables had ever devolved to the heirs and called for extensive filing of evidence on this point . Sullivan filed an original 1919 agreement between Montgomery and L.C. Page & Co. which specifically excluded the heirs ' reversionary claims . Montgomery sold all of her publishing and copyright to her series of novels , in perpetuity , to her original American publisher in 1919 , to the exclusion of her heirs . The Court further questioned whether the heirs ' licensing authority was engaged in activities of sufficient public interest as to qualify as a controlling body of Montgomery 's works . The Court stated : `` ... the possibility can not be denied that the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority is the heirs ' private profit - seeking enterprise as far as the activities with which the heirs of the subject case are involved are concerned . It is not proved from the evidence submitted in the subject case that the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority is involved in activities of public interest that are sufficient for the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority to be qualified as the owner of the registration of the subject mark as a controlling body of the subject literary work . '' Trademark and copyright ( edit ) After recent speculation as to who owned the copyrights and trademarks concerning Anne of Green Gables today , there are principally two entities that control rights relating to Anne of Green Gables . The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority ( AGGLA -- which includes Lucy Maude Montgomery 's heirs and the Province of Prince Edward Island ) and Sullivan Entertainment ( the producers of the well - known films and TV series based on Montgomery 's novels ) . The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority controls certain exclusive trademarks relating to Anne of Green Gables commercial merchandise and service related to Montgomery 's literary works and any copyright in the Montgomery books which have not reverted to the public domain . Sullivan Entertainment Inc , under agreement with the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority , retains all of the dramatic copyright and motion picture copyright in over 125 hours of their original movies , mini-series and television series based on both the Anne and Avonlea series of novels and certain trade - marks relating to Sullivan sourced Anne of Green Gables merchandise and services . Sullivan 's use of the Anne of Green Gables trademarks extends from motion picture products and books , DVDs , CDs etc. to all commercial merchandise related to Sullivan 's films and television series based on their visual images , costume and production designs , settings , themes and original characters . Sullivan Entertainment also solely controls the commercial trademarks to Anne of Avonlea , Anne of the Island , and Road to Avonlea . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heilbron , Alexandra ( 1999 ) . Lucy Maud Montgomery Album . pp. 346 -- 347 . ASIN 1550413864 . ISBN 978 - 1550413861 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` RoadToAvonlea.com - Watch Road to Avonlea Full Episodes , Including the Entire Anne of Green Gables Library '' . RoadToAvonlea.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Kevin . The Lucy Maud Montgomery Album . Fitzhenry and Whiteside . p. 544 . ASIN 1550413864 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Japanese court verdict ^ Jump up to : C21 report on court case Jump up ^ Hall , Lucie ( October 1985 ) . `` The Stubbornness of Kevin Sullivan '' . Cinema Canada ( 123 ) . ^ Jump up to : Slane , Andrea ( 2011 ) . `` Sullivan Entertainment Inc. v Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority Inc '' ( PDF ) . McGill Law Journal . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chidley , Joe ( August 1999 ) . `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' . Canadian Business . 72 ( 13 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tony Atherton ( July 21 , 1999 ) . `` Anne of Red Ink '' . Ottawa Citizen . Jump up ^ Judge throws out case against Montgomery 's heirs , The Globe and Mail , January 20 , 2004 Jump up ^ Sullivan Entertainment Group Inc. v. MacDonald Butler , 2004 CanLII 8939 ( ON S.C. ) Jump up ^ The case can be found here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Girard , Michael ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` Canadian Parliament rejects Copyright extension '' ( PDF ) . E-Lawg - IP . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority Inc . '' `` The Government of Prince Edward Island '' . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority Inc . '' `` Innovation PEI '' . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trademark & Copyright Archived 2016 - 03 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Sullivan Entertainment . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) The L.M. Montgomery Literary Society This site includes information about Montgomery 's actual works ( not reinterpreted ) , her life , and new research in the newsletter , The Shining Scroll . The Official Anne of Green Gables Movie Website -- The official website of Sullivan series of Anne of Green Gables movies Sullivan Entertainment Website -- The Official website of Sullivan Entertainment . Includes a wealth of information on the Anne movies and it 's spinoffs Road to Avonlea Website -- The official website for Road to Avonlea , the spinoff to the Green Gables series of movies L.M. Montgomery Online This scholarly site includes a blog , a bibliography of reference materials , and a complete filmography of all adaptations of Montgomery texts . See , in particular , the page for Anne of Green Gables . The Anne Shirley Homepage -- A great resource for all Anne fans with galleries , fan art , timelines , recipes and calendars . An L.M. Montgomery Resource Page -- excellent resource on L.M. Montgomery and her legacy in film and television Anne of Green Gables on IMDb Anne of Green Gables at AllMovie Anne of Green Gables Centenary -- This site includes information about the centenary anniversary of Lucy Maud Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables . The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables Sullivan Entertainment People Kevin Sullivan Trudy Grant Anne of Green Gables films Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2009 ) Anne of Green Gables series Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Films The Wild Pony ( 1983 ) Looking for Miracles ( 1989 ) Lantern Hill ( 1990 ) The Piano Man 's Daughter ( 1995 ) Under the Piano ( 1995 ) Butterbox Babies ( 1995 ) Sleeping Dogs Lie ( 1998 ) Magic Flute Diaries ( 2008 ) Series By Way of the Stars ( miniseries , 1992 ) Wind at My Back ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Seasons of Love ( miniseries , 1999 ) P.R. ( 2000 ) Documentaries Out of the Shadows ( 2012 ) https://www.facebook.com/AnnaDeLasTejasVerdes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables_(1985_film)&oldid=799748156 '' Categories : 1985 films Anne of Green Gables films Canadian television miniseries English - language films Gemini Award - winning programs CBC Television shows Films directed by Kevin Sullivan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from September 2008 Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 16 : 27 . 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"13-year-old orphan Anne Shirley is living in servitude with the cruel Hammond family in Nova Scotia. However, when Mr. Hammond dies, Anne is sent to an orphanage where she eventually receives the wonderful news that she has been adopted by a couple on Prince Edward Island (P.E.I). Upon arriving in P.E.I, Anne is met at the train station by the elderly Matthew Cuthbert who is surprised to find a girl there instead of a boy."
] | [
"Prince Edward Island"
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-4027277962856739829 | FIFA World Cup top goalscorers | FIFA World Cup top goalscorers - wikipedia FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose celebrating his record - breaking 16th World Cup goal More than 2,500 goals have been scored at the 21 editions of the FIFA World Cup final tournaments , not counting penalties scored during shoot - outs . Since the first goal scored by French player Lucien Laurent at the 1930 FIFA World Cup , more than 1,250 footballers have scored goals at the World Cup , of which just 97 have scored at least five . Number of goalscorers Goals ≥ 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Total No players 7 6 9 7 8 26 34 > 50 > 90 > 200 > 750 > 1,250 Ronaldo is the player with the second most goals , scoring 15 . The top goalscorer of the inaugural competition was Argentina 's Guillermo Stábile with eight goals . Since then , only 22 players have scored more at all the games played at the World Cup than Stábile did throughout the 1930 tournament . The first was Hungary 's Sándor Kocsis with eleven in 1954 . At the next tournament , France 's Just Fontaine improved on this record with 13 goals in only six games . Gerd Müller scored 10 for West Germany in 1970 and broke the overall record when he scored his 14th goal at the World Cup during West Germany 's win at the 1974 final . His record stood for more than three decades until Ronaldo 's 15 goals between 1998 and 2006 for Brazil . Germany 's Miroslav Klose went on to score a record 16 goals across four consecutive tournaments between 2002 and 2014 . Only two other players have surpassed 10 goals at the World Cup : Pelé with 12 between 1958 and 1970 for Brazil , and Jürgen Klinsmann with 11 between 1990 and 1998 for Germany . Of all the players who have played at the World Cup , only six have scored , on average , at least two goals per game played : Kocsis , Fontaine , Stábile , Russia 's Oleg Salenko , Switzerland 's Josef Hügi , and Poland 's Ernst Wilimowski -- the latter scored four in his single World Cup game in 1938 . The top 97 goalscorers have represented 28 nations , with 14 players scoring for Brazil , and another 14 for Germany or West Germany . In total , 64 footballers came from UEFA ( Europe ) , 29 from CONMEBOL ( South America ) , and only four from elsewhere : Cameroon , Ghana , Australia , and the United States . Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored at a single tournament , with 13 goals in 1958 . The players that came closest to this record were Kocsis in 1954 , Müller in 1970 and Portugal 's Eusébio in 1966 , with 11 , 10 and 9 , respectively . The lowest scoring tournament 's top scorer was in 1962 , when six players tied at only four goals each . Across the 21 editions of the World Cup , 30 footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals , and no one has achieved this feat twice . Nine of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament , while Brazil 's Jairzinho became the only footballer to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of that tournament in 1970 . These 30 top goalscorers played for 19 nations , the most ( five ) for Brazil . Another five came from other South American countries , with the remaining 20 coming from Europe . Excluding the 2010 edition , all the top tournament scorers won the Golden Boot . Contents 1 Overall top goalscorers 1.1 Timeline 2 Top goalscorers for each tournament 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Overall top goalscorers ( edit ) Table key Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup # Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018 ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad , but did not play in a match ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match , but did not score a goal Gerd Müller ( right ) scored 14 goals for West Germany . Pelé ( right ) scored 12 goals for Brazil . Thomas Müller has scored 10 goals for Germany . Grzegorz Lato ( left ) scored 10 goals for Poland . David Villa ( left ) is the top World Cup goalscorer for Spain , with nine goals . Jairzinho ( upper right ) and Roberto Rivellino ( center ) have scored nine and six goals , respectively , for Brazil . Landon Donovan is the first player from the United States to score five goals . Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments Rank Player Team Goals scored Matches played Goals per game Tournaments Notes Miroslav Klose Germany 16 24 0.67 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Ronaldo Brazil 15 19 0.79 ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Gerd Müller West Germany 14 13 1.08 1970 , 1974 list Just Fontaine France 13 6 2.17 1958 list 5 Pelé Brazil 12 14 0.86 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 list 6 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 2.20 1954 list Jürgen Klinsmann West Germany Germany 17 0.65 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list 8 Helmut Rahn West Germany 10 10 1.00 1954 , 1958 list Gary Lineker England 12 0.83 1986 , 1990 list Gabriel Batistuta Argentina 12 0.83 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Teófilo Cubillas Peru 13 0.77 1970 , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Thomas Müller Germany 16 0.63 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Grzegorz Lato Poland 20 0.50 1974 , 1978 , 1982 list 14 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 1.50 1966 list Christian Vieri Italy 9 1.00 1998 , 2002 list Vavá Brazil 10 0.90 1958 , 1962 David Villa Spain 12 0.75 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Paolo Rossi Italy 14 0.64 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Jairzinho Brazil 16 0.56 ( 1966 ) , 1970 , 1974 list Roberto Baggio Italy 16 0.56 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 19 0.47 1978 , 1982 , 1986 list Uwe Seeler West Germany 21 0.43 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 23 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 2.00 1930 list Leônidas Brazil 5 1.60 1934 , 1938 list Ademir Brazil 6 1.33 1950 list Óscar Míguez Uruguay 7 1.14 1950 , 1954 Rivaldo Brazil 14 0.57 1998 , 2002 list Rudi Völler West Germany Germany 15 0.53 1986 , 1990 , 1994 list Diego Maradona Argentina 21 0.38 1982 , 1986 , ( 1990 ) , 1994 list 30 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 7 6 1.17 1934 , 1938 Lajos Tichy Hungary 8 0.88 1958 , 1962 , ( 1966 ) list Careca Brazil 9 0.78 1986 , 1990 Johnny Rep Netherlands 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 Andrzej Szarmach Poland 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 , 1982 Luis Suárez Uruguay 13 0.54 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Hans Schäfer West Germany 15 0.47 1954 , 1958 , ( 1962 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 17 0.41 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list 38 Josef Hügi Switzerland 6 2.00 1954 Oleg Salenko Russia 2.00 1994 list György Sárosi Hungary 5 1.20 1934 , 1938 Max Morlock West Germany 5 1.20 1954 Erich Probst Austria 5 1.20 1954 Harry Kane England 6 1.00 2018 list Salvatore Schillaci Italy 7 0.86 1990 list Davor Šuker Yugoslavia Croatia 8 0.75 ( 1990 ) , 1998 , ( 2002 ) list James Rodríguez Colombia 8 0.75 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Helmut Haller West Germany 9 0.67 ( 1962 ) , 1966 , ( 1970 ) Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 10 0.60 1994 , ( 1998 ) list Diego Forlán Uruguay 10 0.60 2002 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Neymar Brazil 10 0.60 2014 , 2018 list Asamoah Gyan Ghana 11 0.55 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands 12 0.50 1994 , 1998 list Rob Rensenbrink Netherlands 13 0.46 1974 , 1978 Rivellino Brazil 15 0.40 1970 , 1974 , ( 1978 ) Bebeto Brazil 15 0.40 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 list Arjen Robben Netherlands 15 0.40 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Zbigniew Boniek Poland 16 0.38 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Thierry Henry France 17 0.35 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 , ( 2010 ) list Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 17 0.35 ( 2006 ) , 2010 , 2014 list Robin van Persie Netherlands 17 0.35 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Mario Kempes Argentina 18 0.33 ( 1974 ) , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Lionel Messi Argentina 19 0.32 2006 , ( 2010 ) , 2014 , 2018 list Lothar Matthäus West Germany Germany 25 0.24 ( 1982 ) , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , ( 1998 ) 64 Pedro Cea Uruguay 5 1.25 1930 list Silvio Piola Italy 1.25 1938 Gyula Zsengellér Hungary 1.25 1938 Peter McParland Northern Ireland 5 1.00 1958 list Tomáš Skuhravý Czechoslovakia 5 1.00 1990 Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 6 0.83 1950 , 1954 Geoff Hurst England 6 0.83 1966 , 1970 list Jon Dahl Tomasson Denmark 6 0.83 2002 , 2010 list Alessandro Altobelli Italy 7 0.71 1982 , 1986 Kennet Andersson Sweden 7 0.71 1994 list Fernando Morientes Spain 7 0.71 1998 , 2002 list Romário Brazil 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , 1994 list Marc Wilmots Belgium 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 list Mario Mandžukić Croatia 8 0.63 2014 , 2018 list Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union 9 0.56 1958 , 1962 list Emilio Butragueño Spain 9 0.56 1986 , ( 1990 ) list Roger Milla Cameroon 9 0.56 ( 1982 ) , 1990 , 1994 Tim Cahill Australia 9 0.56 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Hans Krankl Austria 10 0.50 1978 , 1982 list Romelu Lukaku Belgium 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Ivan Perišić Croatia 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Raúl Spain 11 0.45 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Garrincha Brazil 12 0.42 ( 1958 ) , 1962 , 1966 Johan Neeskens Netherlands 12 0.42 1974 , ( 1978 ) Fernando Hierro Spain 12 0.42 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Zinedine Zidane France 12 0.42 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 Landon Donovan United States 12 0.42 2002 , ( 2006 ) , 2010 list Henrik Larsson Sweden 13 0.38 1994 , 2002 , 2006 list Michel Platini France 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , 1986 Zico Brazil 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Edinson Cavani Uruguay 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Lukas Podolski Germany 15 0.33 2006 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Franz Beckenbauer West Germany 18 0.28 1966 , 1970 , ( 1974 ) list Timeline ( edit ) Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments Goals Date Player Team Match Opponent Previous goals Ref July 13 , 1930 Lucien Laurent France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico N / A Bart McGhee United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Marcel Langiller France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico André Maschinot France Mexico Tom Florie United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Bert Patenaude United States Belgium Juan Carreño Mexico 1930 -- Group stage France André Maschinot France Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 16 , 1930 Carlos Vidal Chile 1930 -- Group stage Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 17 , 1930 Ivan Bek Yugoslavia 1930 -- Group stage Bolivia 1930 vs Brazil Bert Patenaude United States 1930 -- Group stage Paraguay 1930 vs Belgium , Paraguay July 22 , 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 1930 -- Group stage Chile 1930 vs Mexico ( 3 ) 5 6 July 26 , 1930 1930 -- Semi-final United States 7 8 July 30 , 1930 1930 -- Final Uruguay June 19 , 1938 Leônidas Brazil 1938 -- 3rd place Sweden 1934 vs Spain 1938 vs Poland ( 3 ) , Czechoslovakia , Czechoslovakia , Sweden ( 2 ) July 13 , 1950 Ademir Brazil 1950 -- Final round Spain 1950 vs Mexico ( 2 ) , Yugoslavia , Sweden ( 3 ) , Spain June 27 , 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 1954 -- Quarter - final Brazil 1954 vs South Korea ( 3 ) , West Germany ( 4 ) 9 10 June 30 , 1954 1954 -- Semi-final Uruguay 11 June 28 , 1958 Just Fontaine France 1958 -- 3rd place West Germany 1958 vs Paraguay ( 3 ) , Yugoslavia ( 2 ) , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( 2 ) , Brazil , West Germany 12 13 July 3 , 1974 Gerd Müller West Germany 1974 -- Second round Poland 1970 vs Morocco , Bulgaria ( 3 ) , Peru ( 3 ) , England , Italy ( 2 ) 1974 vs Australia , Yugoslavia 14 July 7 , 1974 1974 -- Final Netherlands June 22 , 2006 Ronaldo Brazil 2006 -- Group stage Japan 1998 vs Morocco , Chile ( 2 ) , Netherlands 2002 vs Turkey , China , Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Belgium , Turkey , Germany ( 2 ) 2006 vs Japan 15 June 27 , 2006 2006 -- Round of 16 Ghana June 21 , 2014 Miroslav Klose Germany 2014 -- Group stage Ghana 2002 vs Saudi Arabia ( 3 ) , Ireland , Cameroon 2006 vs Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Ecuador ( 2 ) , Argentina 2010 vs Australia , England , Argentina ( 2 ) 16 July 8 , 2014 2014 -- Semi-final Brazil Top goalscorers for each tournament ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored a record 13 goals at the 1958 FIFA World Cup . Eusébio scored nine goals for Portugal at the 1966 World Cup . James Rodríguez scored six goals for Colombia at the 2014 World Cup . Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament World Cup Player Team Goals scored Matches played Golden Boot Other FIFA Awards Uruguay 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 Silver Ball Italy 1934 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 5 Bronze Ball France 1938 Leônidas Brazil 7 5 Golden Ball Brazil 1950 Ademir Brazil 8 6 Bronze Ball Switzerland 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 Silver Ball Sweden 1958 Just Fontaine France 13 6 Bronze Ball Chile 1962 Garrincha Brazil 6 Golden Ball Vavá Brazil 6 Leonel Sánchez Chile 6 Bronze Ball Flórián Albert Hungary Best Young Player Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union Dražan Jerković Yugoslavia 6 England 1966 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 Bronze Ball Mexico 1970 Gerd Müller West Germany 10 6 Best Young Player , Bronze Ball West Germany 1974 Grzegorz Lato Poland 7 7 Argentina 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 6 7 Golden Ball Spain 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 6 7 Golden Ball Mexico 1986 Gary Lineker England 6 5 Italy 1990 Salvatore Schillaci Italy 6 7 Golden Ball USA 1994 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 6 7 Bronze Ball Oleg Salenko Russia France 1998 Davor Šuker Croatia 6 7 Silver Ball South Korea and Japan 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 8 7 Silver Ball Germany 2006 Miroslav Klose Germany 5 7 South Africa 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 5 6 Best Young Player David Villa Spain 7 Silver Boot , Bronze Ball Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 7 Bronze Boot , Silver Ball Diego Forlán Uruguay 7 Golden Ball Brazil 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 6 5 Russia 2018 Harry Kane England 6 6 See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks List of FIFA World Cup own goals All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Outside this list is Ernst Wilimowski of Poland , the player with the highest goals - to - games ratio in the World Cup . His ratio is 4.00 as he scored four goals in his only World Cup appearance , in 1938 . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals in the 1938 tournament , but in November 2006 , FIFA revised it to seven ( he scored one additional goal in the 1934 tournament ) . Jump up ^ There was a controversy regarding the number of goals scored by Ademir in 1950 because of incomplete data from the final group round game against Spain , that ended in a 6 -- 1 victory for Brazil . The fifth Brazilian goal was credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals in 1934 . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , meaning he scored a total of seven goals overall ( he scored two goals in 1938 ) . Jump up ^ Davor Šuker was part of Yugoslavia 's squad in the 1990 FIFA World Cup but did not play any games . After the breakup of Yugoslavia , he joined the Croatian national team . Jump up ^ The two initial games of the 1930 FIFA World Cup ( France -- Mexico and United States -- Belgium ) were played at the same time , as seven players scored , with André Maschinot scoring two goals . The order in which these players are listed reflects the actual elapsed time in the games when their goals were scored . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Second - half surge sees Tunisia bow out in style '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup -- Milestone Goals ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup -- All - time Topscorers '' . WorldFootball.net . HEIM : SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co . KG . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics -- Players with the Most Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Owsianski , Jaroslaw ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 -- Final Tournaments -- Top - 100 Goal Scorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All Time Statistics -- All editions '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` More goals than caps '' . FIFA. 2009 - 06 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . The Golden Shoe may have eluded Ernest Wilimowski , but he does boast the best goals - to - games ratio in World Cup history at 400 per cent . Indeed , in his solitary appearance -- an unforgettable match at France 1938 -- he scored four of Poland 's goals in a 6 - 5 defeat by Brazil in the first round . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerd Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Just Fontaine '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sandor Kocsis '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juergen Klinsmann '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Rahn '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Lineker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Batistuta '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Teofilo Cubillas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Grzegorz Lato '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Eusebio ( Eusebio da Silva Ferreira ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Vieri '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vava '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Rossi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jairzinho '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Baggio '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Karl - Heinz Rummenigge '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uwe Seeler '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Stabile '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA. 2006 - 11 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leonidas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Obituary -- Jair da Rosa Pinto '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Brazil 6 : 1 Spain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ademir '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Miguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rudi Voeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Maradona '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oldrich Nejedly '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lajos Tichy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Careca '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Rep '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Andrzej Szarmach '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Schaeffer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2018 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Huegi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oleg Salenko '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyorgy Sarosi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Max Morlock '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Erich Probst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane '' . ESPN . 2018 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Salvatore Schillaci '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Davor Suker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` James Rodriguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- James Rodriguez '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Haller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Forlan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Asamoah Gyan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Bergkamp '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Rensenbrink '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivelino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bebeto '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arjen Robben '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zbigniew Boniek '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wesley Sneijder '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Kempes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lothar Matthaeus '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Cea '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Silvio Piola '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyula Zsengeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Peter McParland '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Skuhravy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Schiaffino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Hurst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Dahl Tomasson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Alessandro Altobelli '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kennet Andersson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Morientes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romário ( Romário de Souza Faria ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Wilmots '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Mandžukić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Valentin Ivanov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Butragueno '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Milla '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cahill '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Tim Cahill '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Krankl '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romelu Lukaku '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Perišić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Raul '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Garrincha '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Neeskens '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Hierro '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Landon Donovan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Larsson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Podolski '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- France 4 : 1 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- USA 3 : 0 Belgium '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- Chile 3 : 0 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Bek '' . Sky Sports . 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian . `` The 10 Most Significant Goals In U.S. Soccer History : Bert Patenaude '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's most iconic players : 1930 top scorer Guillermo Stabile '' . talkSPORT.com. 2018 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Classic Player : Leonidas : Brazil 's first superstar '' . FIFA. 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's forgotten men '' . VAVEL. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) . `` The forgotten story of ... Just Fontaine 's 13 - goal World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Kevin . `` World Cup Rewind : Ronaldo sets all - time goals world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Miroslav Klose 's World Cup goals '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup : Statistics ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Golden Ball Winners in World Cup History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg , Danny ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Every winner of the World Cup 's Best Young Player award and what they went on to achieve '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup statistics at FIFA.com Statistics at RSSSF Planet World Cup FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_top_goalscorers&oldid=856410387 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 00 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is top goalscorer in the world cup | [
"\nPlayers with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments[6][7]\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoalsscored\n\nMatchesplayed\n\nGoalsper game[nb 1]\n\nTournaments\n\nNotes\n\n\n1\n\nMiroslav Klose♦\n\n Germany\n\n16\n\n24\n\n0.67\n\n2002, 2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[9]\n\n\n2\n\nRonaldo♦\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n19\n\n0.79\n\n[1994], 1998, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[10]\n\n\n3\n\nGerd Müller\n\n West Germany\n\n14\n\n13\n\n1.08\n\n1970, 1974\n\nlist[11]\n\n\n4\n\nJust Fontaine♦\n\n France\n\n13\n\n6\n\n2.17\n\n1958\n\nlist[12]\n\n\n5\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n12\n\n14\n\n0.86\n\n1958, 1962, 1966, 1970\n\nlist[13]\n\n\n6\n\nSándor Kocsis♦\n\n Hungary\n\n11\n\n5\n\n2.20\n\n1954\n\nlist[14]\n\n\nJürgen Klinsmann\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n17\n\n0.65\n\n1990,1994, 1998\n\nlist[15]\n\n\n8\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n10\n\n10\n\n1.00\n\n1954, 1958\n\nlist[16]\n\n\nGary Lineker♦\n\n England\n\n12\n\n0.83\n\n1986, 1990\n\nlist[17]\n\n\nGabriel Batistuta♦\n\n Argentina\n\n12\n\n0.83\n\n1994, 1998, 2002\n\nlist[18]\n\n\nTeófilo Cubillas♦\n\n Peru\n\n13\n\n0.77\n\n1970, 1978, (1982)\n\nlist[19]\n\n\nThomas Müller#\n\n Germany\n\n16\n\n0.63\n\n2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[20][21]\n\n\nGrzegorz Lato♦\n\n Poland\n\n20\n\n0.50\n\n1974, 1978, 1982\n\nlist[22]\n\n\n14\n\nEusébio♦\n\n Portugal\n\n9\n\n6\n\n1.50\n\n1966\n\nlist[23]\n\n\nChristian Vieri♦\n\n Italy\n\n9\n\n1.00\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[24]\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n10\n\n0.90\n\n1958, 1962\n\n[25]\n\n\nDavid Villa♦\n\n Spain\n\n12\n\n0.75\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[26]\n\n\nPaolo Rossi♦\n\n Italy\n\n14\n\n0.64\n\n1978, 1982, [1986]\n\nlist[27]\n\n\nJairzinho\n\n Brazil\n\n16\n\n0.56\n\n(1966), 1970, 1974\n\nlist[28]\n\n\nRoberto Baggio♦\n\n Italy\n\n16\n\n0.56\n\n1990, 1994, 1998\n\nlist[29]\n\n\nKarl-Heinz Rummenigge\n\n West Germany\n\n19\n\n0.47\n\n1978, 1982, 1986\n\nlist[30]\n\n\nUwe Seeler\n\n West Germany\n\n21\n\n0.43\n\n1958, 1962, 1966, 1970\n\n[31]\n\n\n23\n\nGuillermo Stábile\n\n Argentina\n\n8\n\n4\n\n2.00\n\n1930\n\nlist[32]\n\n\nLeônidas\n\n Brazil\n\n5\n\n1.60\n\n1934, 1938\n\nlist[nb 2][34]\n\n\nAdemir\n\n Brazil\n\n6\n\n1.33\n\n1950\n\nlist[nb 3][37]\n\n\nÓscar Míguez♦\n\n Uruguay\n\n7\n\n1.14\n\n1950, 1954\n\n[38]\n\n\nRivaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n14\n\n0.57\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[39]\n\n\nRudi Völler\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n15\n\n0.53\n\n1986, 1990,1994\n\nlist[40]\n\n\nDiego Maradona\n\n Argentina\n\n21\n\n0.38\n\n1982, 1986, (1990), 1994\n\nlist[41]\n\n\n30\n\nOldřich Nejedlý♦\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n7\n\n6\n\n1.17\n\n1934, 1938\n\n[nb 4][42]\n\n\nLajos Tichy\n\n Hungary\n\n8\n\n0.88\n\n1958, 1962, [1966]\n\nlist[43]\n\n\nCareca\n\n Brazil\n\n9\n\n0.78\n\n1986, 1990\n\n[44]\n\n\nJohnny Rep♦\n\n Netherlands\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n1974, 1978\n\n[45]\n\n\nAndrzej Szarmach\n\n Poland\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n1974, 1978, 1982\n\n[46]\n\n\nLuis Suárez#\n\n Uruguay\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[47][48]\n\n\nHans Schäfer\n\n West Germany\n\n15\n\n0.47\n\n1954, 1958, (1962)\n\n[49]\n\n\nCristiano Ronaldo#\n\n Portugal\n\n17\n\n0.41\n\n2006, 2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][50]\n\n\n38\n\nJosef Hügi♦\n\n Switzerland\n\n6\n\n3\n\n2.00\n\n1954\n\n[51]\n\n\nOleg Salenko♦\n\n Russia\n\n3\n\n2.00\n\n1994\n\nlist[52]\n\n\nGyörgy Sárosi\n\n Hungary\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1934, 1938\n\n[53]\n\n\nMax Morlock\n\n West Germany\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1954\n\n[54]\n\n\nErich Probst♦\n\n Austria\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1954\n\n[55]\n\n\nHarry Kane#\n\n England\n\n6\n\n1.00\n\n2018\n\nlist[56]\n\n\nSalvatore Schillaci\n\n Italy\n\n7\n\n0.86\n\n1990\n\nlist[57]\n\n\nDavor Šuker♦\n\n Yugoslavia Croatia\n\n8\n\n0.75\n\n[1990],1998, (2002)\n\nlist[nb 5][58]\n\n\nJames Rodríguez♦#\n\n Colombia\n\n8\n\n0.75\n\n2014, (2018)\n\nlist[59][60]\n\n\nHelmut Haller\n\n West Germany\n\n9\n\n0.67\n\n(1962), 1966, (1970)\n\n[61]\n\n\nHristo Stoichkov♦\n\n Bulgaria\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n1994, (1998)\n\nlist[62]\n\n\nDiego Forlán\n\n Uruguay\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n2002, 2010, (2014)\n\nlist[63]\n\n\nNeymar#\n\n Brazil\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][64]\n\n\nAsamoah Gyan♦\n\n Ghana\n\n11\n\n0.55\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[65]\n\n\nDennis Bergkamp\n\n Netherlands\n\n12\n\n0.50\n\n1994, 1998\n\nlist[66]\n\n\nRob Rensenbrink\n\n Netherlands\n\n13\n\n0.46\n\n1974, 1978\n\n[67]\n\n\nRivellino\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n1970, 1974, (1978)\n\n[68]\n\n\nBebeto\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n(1990), 1994, 1998\n\nlist[69]\n\n\nArjen Robben\n\n Netherlands\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[70]\n\n\nZbigniew Boniek\n\n Poland\n\n16\n\n0.38\n\n1978, 1982, (1986)\n\nlist[71]\n\n\nThierry Henry\n\n France\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n1998, (2002), 2006, (2010)\n\nlist[72]\n\n\nWesley Sneijder\n\n Netherlands\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n(2006), 2010, 2014\n\nlist[73]\n\n\nRobin van Persie\n\n Netherlands\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[74]\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n18\n\n0.33\n\n(1974), 1978, (1982)\n\nlist[75]\n\n\nLionel Messi#\n\n Argentina\n\n19\n\n0.32\n\n2006, (2010), 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][76]\n\n\nLothar Matthäus\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n25\n\n0.24\n\n(1982), 1986, 1990, 1994, (1998)\n\n[77]\n\n\n64\n\nPedro Cea\n\n Uruguay\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1930\n\nlist[78]\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1938\n\n[79]\n\n\nGyula Zsengellér\n\n Hungary\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1938\n\n[80]\n\n\nPeter McParland♦\n\n Northern Ireland\n\n5\n\n1.00\n\n1958\n\nlist[81]\n\n\nTomáš Skuhravý\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n5\n\n1.00\n\n1990\n\n[82]\n\n\nJuan Alberto Schiaffino\n\n Uruguay\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n1950, 1954\n\n[83]\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n1966, 1970\n\nlist[84]\n\n\nJon Dahl Tomasson♦\n\n Denmark\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n2002, 2010\n\nlist[85]\n\n\nAlessandro Altobelli\n\n Italy\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1982, 1986\n\n[86]\n\n\nKennet Andersson♦\n\n Sweden\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1994\n\nlist[87]\n\n\nFernando Morientes\n\n Spain\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[88]\n\n\nRomário\n\n Brazil\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n(1990), 1994\n\nlist[89]\n\n\nMarc Wilmots♦\n\n Belgium\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n[1990], (1994), 1998, 2002\n\nlist[90]\n\n\nMario Mandžukić#\n\n Croatia\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][91]\n\n\nValentin Ivanov\n\n Soviet Union\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n1958, 1962\n\nlist[92]\n\n\nEmilio Butragueño\n\n Spain\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n1986, (1990)\n\nlist[93]\n\n\nRoger Milla♦\n\n Cameroon\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n(1982), 1990, 1994\n\n[94]\n\n\nTim Cahill♦#\n\n Australia\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n2006, 2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[95][96]\n\n\nHans Krankl\n\n Austria\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n1978, 1982\n\nlist[97]\n\n\nRomelu Lukaku♦#\n\n Belgium\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[98]\n\n\nIvan Perišić#\n\n Croatia\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][99]\n\n\nRaúl\n\n Spain\n\n11\n\n0.45\n\n1998, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[100]\n\n\nGarrincha\n\n Brazil\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n(1958), 1962, 1966\n\n[101]\n\n\nJohan Neeskens\n\n Netherlands\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n1974, (1978)\n\n[102]\n\n\nFernando Hierro\n\n Spain\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n[1990], 1994, 1998, 2002\n\nlist[103]\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n1998, (2002), 2006\n\n[104]\n\n\nLandon Donovan♦\n\n United States\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n2002, (2006), 2010\n\nlist[105]\n\n\nHenrik Larsson♦\n\n Sweden\n\n13\n\n0.38\n\n1994, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[106]\n\n\nMichel Platini\n\n France\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n1978, 1982, 1986\n\n[107]\n\n\nZico\n\n Brazil\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n1978, 1982, (1986)\n\n[108]\n\n\nGonzalo Higuaín#\n\n Argentina\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[109][110]\n\n\nEdinson Cavani#\n\n Uruguay\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][111]\n\n\nLukas Podolski\n\n Germany\n\n15\n\n0.33\n\n2006, 2010, (2014)\n\nlist[112]\n\n\nFranz Beckenbauer\n\n West Germany\n\n18\n\n0.28\n\n1966, 1970, (1974)\n\nlist[113]\n"
] | [
"Miroslav Klose"
] |
-3836437433833667545 | Cosmic distance ladder | Cosmic distance ladder - wikipedia Cosmic distance ladder Jump to : navigation , search For various definitions of distance in cosmology , see Distance measures ( cosmology ) . Light green boxes : Technique applicable to star - forming galaxies . Light blue boxes : Technique applicable to Population II galaxies . Light Purple boxes : Geometric distance technique . Light Red box : The planetary nebula luminosity function technique is applicable to all populations of the Virgo Supercluster . Solid black lines : Well calibrated ladder step . Dashed black lines : Uncertain calibration ladder step . The cosmic distance ladder ( also known as the extragalactic distance scale ) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects . A real direct distance measurement of an astronomical object is possible only for those objects that are `` close enough '' ( within about a thousand parsecs ) to Earth . The techniques for determining distances to more distant objects are all based on various measured correlations between methods that work at close distances and methods that work at larger distances . Several methods rely on a standard candle , which is an astronomical object that has a known luminosity . The ladder analogy arises because no single technique can measure distances at all ranges encountered in astronomy . Instead , one method can be used to measure nearby distances , a second can be used to measure nearby to intermediate distances , and so on . Each rung of the ladder provides information that can be used to determine the distances at the next higher rung . Contents ( hide ) 1 Direct measurement 1.1 Astronomical unit 1.2 Parallax 2 Standard candles 2.1 Problems 3 Standard ruler 4 Galactic distance indicators 4.1 Main sequence fitting 5 Extragalactic distance scale 5.1 Wilson -- Bappu effect 5.2 Classical Cepheids 5.3 Supernovae 5.3. 1 Measuring a supernova 's photosphere 5.3. 2 Type Ia light curves 5.3. 3 Novae in distance determinations 5.4 Globular cluster luminosity function 5.5 Planetary nebula luminosity function 5.6 Surface brightness fluctuation method 5.7 D -- σ relation 6 Overlap and scaling 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Direct measurement ( edit ) Statue of an astronomer and the concept of the cosmic distance ladder by the parallax method , made from the azimuth ring and other parts of the Yale -- Columbia Refractor ( telescope ) ( c 1925 ) wrecked by the 2003 Canberra bushfires which burned out the Mount Stromlo Observatory ; at Questacon , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory At the base of the ladder are fundamental distance measurements , in which distances are determined directly , with no physical assumptions about the nature of the object in question . The precise measurement of stellar positions is part of the discipline of astrometry . Astronomical unit ( edit ) Main article : Astronomical Unit Direct distance measurements are based upon the astronomical unit ( AU ) , which is the distance between the Earth and the Sun . Historically , observations of transits of Venus were crucial in determining the AU ; in the first half of the 20th century , observations of asteroids were also important . Presently the orbit of Earth is determined with high precision using radar measurements of distances to Venus and other nearby planets and asteroids , and by tracking interplanetary spacecraft in their orbits around the Sun through the Solar System . Kepler 's laws provide precise ratios of the sizes of the orbits of objects orbiting the Sun , but provides no measurement of the overall scale of the orbit system . Radar is used to measure the distance between the orbits of the Earth and of a second body . From that measurement and the ratio of the two orbit sizes , the size of Earth 's orbit is calculated . The Earth 's orbit is known with an absolute precision of a few meters and a relative precision of a few 6989100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 . Parallax ( edit ) Main article : Parallax See also : Stellar Parallax and Parsec Stellar parallax motion from annual parallax . Half the apex angle is the parallax angle The most important fundamental distance measurements come from trigonometric parallax . As the Earth orbits the Sun , the position of nearby stars will appear to shift slightly against the more distant background . These shifts are angles in an isosceles triangle , with 2 AU ( the distance between the extreme positions of Earth 's orbit around the Sun ) making the base leg of the triangle and the distance to the star being the long equal length legs . The amount of shift is quite small , measuring 1 arcsecond for an object at the 1 parsec ( 3.26 light - years ) distance of the nearest stars , and thereafter decreasing in angular amount as the distance increases . Astronomers usually express distances in units of parsecs ( parallax arcseconds ) ; light - years are used in popular media . Because parallax becomes smaller for a greater stellar distance , useful distances can be measured only for stars whose parallax is larger than a few times the precision of the measurement . Parallax measurements typically have an accuracy measured in milliarcseconds . In the 1990s , for example , the Hipparcos mission obtained parallaxes for over a hundred thousand stars with a precision of about a milliarcsecond , providing useful distances for stars out to a few hundred parsecs . The Hubble telescope WFC3 now has the potential to provide a precision of 20 to 40 microarcseconds , enabling reliable distance measurements up to 5,000 parsecs ( 20,000 ly ) for small numbers of stars . By the early 2020s , the Gaia space mission will provide similarly accurate distances to all moderately bright stars . Stars have a velocity relative to the Sun that causes proper motion ( transverse across the sky ) and radial velocity ( motion toward or away from the Sun ) . The former is determined by plotting the changing position of the stars over many years , while the latter comes from measuring the Doppler shift of the star 's spectrum caused by motion along the line of sight . For a group of stars with the same spectral class and a similar magnitude range , a mean parallax can be derived from statistical analysis of the proper motions relative to their radial velocities . This statistical parallax method is useful for measuring the distances of bright stars beyond 50 parsecs and giant variable stars , including Cepheids and the RR Lyrae variables . Parallax measurements may be an important clue to understanding three of the Universe 's most elusive components : dark matter , dark energy and neutrinos . Hubble precision stellar distance measurement has been extended 10 times further into the Milky Way . The motion of the Sun through space provides a longer baseline that will increase the accuracy of parallax measurements , known as secular parallax . For stars in the Milky Way disk , this corresponds to a mean baseline of 4 AU per year , while for halo stars the baseline is 40 AU per year . After several decades , the baseline can be orders of magnitude greater than the Earth -- Sun baseline used for traditional parallax . However , secular parallax introduces a higher level of uncertainty because the relative velocity of observed stars is an additional unknown . When applied to samples of multiple stars , the uncertainty can be reduced ; the uncertainty is inversely proportional to the square root of the sample size . Moving cluster parallax is a technique where the motions of individual stars in a nearby star cluster can be used to find the distance to the cluster . Only open clusters are near enough for this technique to be useful . In particular the distance obtained for the Hyades has historically been an important step in the distance ladder . Other individual objects can have fundamental distance estimates made for them under special circumstances . If the expansion of a gas cloud , like a supernova remnant or planetary nebula , can be observed over time , then an expansion parallax distance to that cloud can be estimated . Those measurements however suffer from uncertainties in the deviation of the object from sphericity . Binary stars which are both visual and spectroscopic binaries also can have their distance estimated by similar means , and do n't suffer from the above geometric uncertainty . The common characteristic to these methods is that a measurement of angular motion is combined with a measurement of the absolute velocity ( usually obtained via the Doppler effect ) . The distance estimate comes from computing how far the object must be to make its observed absolute velocity appear with the observed angular motion . Expansion parallaxes in particular can give fundamental distance estimates for objects that are very far , because supernova ejecta have large expansion velocities and large sizes ( compared to stars ) . Further , they can be observed with radio interferometers which can measure very small angular motions . These combine to provide fundamental distance estimates to supernovae in other galaxies . Though valuable , such cases are quite rare , so they serve as important consistency checks on the distance ladder rather than workhorse steps by themselves . Standard candles ( edit ) Almost all astronomical objects used as physical distance indicators belong to a class that has a known brightness . By comparing this known luminosity to an object 's observed brightness , the distance to the object can be computed using the inverse square law . These objects of known brightness are termed standard candles . The brightness of an object can be expressed in terms of its absolute magnitude . This quantity is derived from the logarithm of its luminosity as seen from a distance of 10 parsecs . The apparent magnitude , the magnitude as seen by the observer ( an instrument called a bolometer is used ) , can be measured and used with the absolute magnitude to calculate the distance D to the object in kiloparsecs ( where 1 kpc equals 1000 parsecs ) as follows : 5 ⋅ log 10 D = m − M − 10 , ( \ displaystyle 5 \ cdot \ log _ ( 10 ) D = m-M - 10 , ) or D = 10 ( m − M − 10 ) / 5 ( \ displaystyle D = 10 ^ ( ( m-M - 10 ) / 5 ) ) where m the apparent magnitude and M the absolute magnitude . For this to be accurate , both magnitudes must be in the same frequency band and there can be no relative motion in the radial direction . Some means of correcting for interstellar extinction , which also makes objects appear fainter and more red , is needed , especially if the object lies within a dusty or gaseous region . The difference between an object 's absolute and apparent magnitudes is called its distance modulus , and astronomical distances , especially intergalactic ones , are sometimes tabulated in this way . Problems ( edit ) Two problems exist for any class of standard candle . The principal one is calibration , that is the determination of exactly what the absolute magnitude of the candle is . This includes defining the class well enough that members can be recognized , and finding enough members of that class with well - known distances to allow their true absolute magnitude to be determined with enough accuracy . The second problem lies in recognizing members of the class , and not mistakenly using a standard candle calibration on an object which does not belong to the class . At extreme distances , which is where one most wishes to use a distance indicator , this recognition problem can be quite serious . A significant issue with standard candles is the recurring question of how standard they are . For example , all observations seem to indicate that Type Ia supernovae that are of known distance have the same brightness ( corrected by the shape of the light curve ) . The basis for this closeness in brightness is discussed below ; however , the possibility exists that the distant Type Ia supernovae have different properties than nearby Type Ia supernovae . The use of Type Ia supernovae is crucial in determining the correct cosmological model . If indeed the properties of Type Ia supernovae are different at large distances , i.e. if the extrapolation of their calibration to arbitrary distances is not valid , ignoring this variation can dangerously bias the reconstruction of the cosmological parameters , in particular the reconstruction of the matter density parameter . That this is not merely a philosophical issue can be seen from the history of distance measurements using Cepheid variables . In the 1950s , Walter Baade discovered that the nearby Cepheid variables used to calibrate the standard candle were of a different type than the ones used to measure distances to nearby galaxies . The nearby Cepheid variables were population I stars with much higher metal content than the distant population II stars . As a result , the population II stars were actually much brighter than believed , and when corrected , this had the effect of doubling the distances to the globular clusters , the nearby galaxies , and the diameter of the Milky Way . Standard ruler ( edit ) Another class of physical distance indicator is the standard ruler . In 2008 , galaxy diameters have been proposed as a possible standard ruler for cosmological parameter determination . The method exploits regularity in baryon acoustic oscillations ( BAO ) in the early universe : while small structures occur at all scales , acoustic oscillations in the primordial plasma did not exceed a certain length . The inhomogeneities in the plasma were then organized by gravity into galaxy filaments and voids . Consequently , cosmic voids are not expected to exceed a maximum size determined by the size of the BAOs that gave rise to them . The method requires an extensive galaxy survey in order to make this scale visible . The WiggleZ galaxy survey was able to resolve this scale for detecting the expansion effect of dark energy . Light echos can be also used as standard rulers . Galactic distance indicators ( edit ) See also : distance measures ( cosmology ) With few exceptions , distances based on direct measurements are available only out to about a thousand parsecs , which is a modest portion of our own Galaxy . For distances beyond that , measures depend upon physical assumptions , that is , the assertion that one recognizes the object in question , and the class of objects is homogeneous enough that its members can be used for meaningful estimation of distance . Physical distance indicators , used on progressively larger distance scales , include : Dynamical parallax , uses orbital parameters of visual binaries to measure the mass of the system , and hence use the mass - luminosity relation to determine the luminosity Eclipsing binaries -- In the last decade , measurement of eclipsing binaries ' fundamental parameters has become possible with 8 -- meter class telescopes . This makes it feasible to use them as indicators of distance . Recently , they have been used to give direct distance estimates to the Large Magellanic Cloud ( LMC ) , Small Magellanic Cloud ( SMC ) , Andromeda Galaxy and Triangulum Galaxy . Eclipsing binaries offer a direct method to gauge the distance to galaxies to a new improved 5 % level of accuracy which is feasible with current technology to a distance of around 3 Mpc ( 3 million parsecs ) . RR Lyrae variables -- used for measuring distances within the galaxy and in nearby globular clusters . The following four indicators all use stars in the old stellar populations ( Population II ) : Tip of the red giant branch ( TRGB ) distance indicator . Planetary nebula luminosity function ( PNLF ) Globular cluster luminosity function ( GCLF ) Surface brightness fluctuation ( SBF ) In galactic astronomy , X-ray bursts ( thermonuclear flashes on the surface of a neutron star ) are used as standard candles . Observations of X-ray burst sometimes show X-ray spectra indicating radius expansion . Therefore , the X-ray flux at the peak of the burst should correspond to Eddington luminosity , which can be calculated once the mass of the neutron star is known ( 1.5 solar masses is a commonly used assumption ) . This method allows distance determination of some low - mass X-ray binaries . Low - mass X-ray binaries are very faint in the optical , making their distances extremely difficult to determine . Interstellar masers can be used to derive distances to galactic and some extragalactic objects that have maser emission . Cepheids and novae The Tully -- Fisher relation The Faber -- Jackson relation Type Ia supernovae that have a very well - determined maximum absolute magnitude as a function of the shape of their light curve and are useful in determining extragalactic distances up to a few hundred Mpc . A notable exception is SN 2003fg , the `` Champagne Supernova '' , a Type Ia supernova of unusual nature . Redshifts and Hubble 's law Main sequence fitting ( edit ) When the absolute magnitude for a group of stars is plotted against the spectral classification of the star , in a Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram , evolutionary patterns are found that relate to the mass , age and composition of the star . In particular , during their hydrogen burning period , stars lie along a curve in the diagram called the main sequence . By measuring these properties from a star 's spectrum , the position of a main sequence star on the H -- R diagram can be determined , and thereby the star 's absolute magnitude estimated . A comparison of this value with the apparent magnitude allows the approximate distance to be determined , after correcting for interstellar extinction of the luminosity because of gas and dust . In a gravitationally - bound star cluster such as the Hyades , the stars formed at approximately the same age and lie at the same distance . This allows relatively accurate main sequence fitting , providing both age and distance determination . Extragalactic distance scale ( edit ) Extragalactic distance indicators Method Uncertainty for Single Galaxy ( mag ) Distance to Virgo Cluster ( Mpc ) Range ( Mpc ) Classical Cepheids 0.16 15 -- 25 29 Novae 0.4 21.1 ± 3.9 20 Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function 0.3 15.4 ± 1.1 50 Globular Cluster Luminosity Function 0.4 18.8 ± 3.8 50 Surface Brightness Fluctuations 0.3 15.9 ± 0.9 50 D -- σ relation 0.5 16.8 ± 2.4 > 100 Type Ia Supernovae 0.10 19.4 ± 5.0 > 1000 The extragalactic distance scale is a series of techniques used today by astronomers to determine the distance of cosmological bodies beyond our own galaxy , which are not easily obtained with traditional methods . Some procedures utilize properties of these objects , such as stars , globular clusters , nebulae , and galaxies as a whole . Other methods are based more on the statistics and probabilities of things such as entire galaxy clusters . Wilson -- Bappu effect ( edit ) Main article : Wilson -- Bappu effect Discovered in 1956 by Olin Wilson and M.K. Vainu Bappu , The Wilson -- Bappu effect utilizes the effect known as spectroscopic parallax . Certain stars have features in their emission / absorption spectra which may be compared to nearby stars of known absolute magnitude . Certain spectral lines are directly related to an object 's magnitude , such as the K absorption line of calcium . Assuming that all stars with similar spectra have the same absolute magnitude , the distance to the star can be calculated from its apparent magnitude using the distance modulus . The major limitations of the method are finding sufficiently close spectral matches , and that it requires a correction for interstellar extinction , which is often poorly known . Though in theory this method has the ability to provide reliable distance calculations to stars up to 7 megaparsecs ( Mpc ) , it is generally only used for stars at hundreds kiloparsecs ( kpc ) . It is only valid for stars over 15 magnitudes . Classical Cepheids ( edit ) Beyond the reach of the Wilson -- Bappu effect , the next method relies on the period - luminosity relation of classical Cepheid variable stars . The following relation can be used to calculate the distance to Galactic and extragalactic classical Cepheids : 5 log 10 d = V + ( 3.34 ) log 10 P − ( 2.45 ) ( V − I ) + 7.52 . ( \ displaystyle 5 \ log _ ( 10 ) ( d ) = V+ ( 3.34 ) \ log _ ( 10 ) ( P ) - ( 2.45 ) ( V-I ) + 7.52 \ , . ) 5 log 10 d = V + ( 3.37 ) log 10 P − ( 2.55 ) ( V − I ) + 7.48 . ( \ displaystyle 5 \ log _ ( 10 ) ( d ) = V+ ( 3.37 ) \ log _ ( 10 ) ( P ) - ( 2.55 ) ( V-I ) + 7.48 \ , . ) Several problems complicate the use of Cepheids as standard candles and are actively debated , chief among them are : the nature and linearity of the period - luminosity relation in various passbands and the impact of metallicity on both the zero - point and slope of those relations , and the effects of photometric contamination ( blending ) and a changing ( typically unknown ) extinction law on Cepheid distances . These unresolved matters have resulted in cited values for the Hubble Constant ranging between 60 km / s / Mpc and 80 km / s / Mpc . Resolving this discrepancy is one of the foremost problems in astronomy since the cosmological parameters of the Universe may be constrained by supplying a precise value of the Hubble constant . Cepheid variable stars were the key instrument in Edwin Hubble 's 1923 conclusion that M31 ( Andromeda ) was an external galaxy , as opposed to a smaller nebula within the Milky Way . He was able to calculate the distance of M31 to 285 Kpc , today 's value being 770 Kpc . As detected thus far , NGC 3370 , a spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo , contains the farthest Cepheids yet found at a distance of 29 Mpc . Cepheid variable stars are in no way perfect distance markers : at nearby galaxies they have an error of about 7 % and up to a 15 % error for the most distant . Supernovae ( edit ) SN 1994D ( bright spot on the lower left ) in the NGC 4526 galaxy . Image by NASA , ESA , The Hubble Key Project Team , and The High - Z Supernova Search Team There are several different methods for which supernovae can be used to measure extragalactic distances . Measuring a supernova 's photosphere ( edit ) We can assume that a supernova expands in a spherically symmetric manner . If the supernova is close enough such that we can measure the angular extent , θ ( t ) , of its photosphere , we can use the equation ω = Δ θ Δ t , ( \ displaystyle \ omega = ( \ frac ( \ Delta \ theta ) ( \ Delta t ) ) \ , , ) where ω is angular velocity , θ is angular extent . In order to get an accurate measurement , it is necessary to make two observations separated by time Δt . Subsequently , we can use d = V e j ω , ( \ displaystyle \ d = ( \ frac ( V_ ( ej ) ) ( \ omega ) ) \ , , ) where d is the distance to the supernova , V is the supernova 's ejecta 's radial velocity ( it can be assumed that V equals V if spherically symmetric ) . This method works only if the supernova is close enough to be able to measure accurately the photosphere . Similarly , the expanding shell of gas is in fact not perfectly spherical nor a perfect blackbody . Also interstellar extinction can hinder the accurate measurements of the photosphere . This problem is further exacerbated by core - collapse supernova . All of these factors contribute to the distance error of up to 25 % . Type Ia light curves ( edit ) Type Ia supernovae are some of the best ways to determine extragalactic distances . Ia 's occur when a binary white dwarf star begins to accrete matter from its companion star . As the white dwarf gains matter , eventually it reaches its Chandrasekhar Limit of 1.4 M ⊙ ( \ displaystyle 1.4 M_ ( \ odot ) ) . Once reached , the star becomes unstable and undergoes a runaway nuclear fusion reaction . Because all Type Ia supernovae explode at about the same mass , their absolute magnitudes are all the same . This makes them very useful as standard candles . All Type Ia supernovae have a standard blue and visual magnitude of M B ≈ M V ≈ − 19.3 ± 0.3 . ( \ displaystyle \ M_ ( B ) \ approx M_ ( V ) \ approx - 19.3 \ pm 0.3 \ , . ) Therefore , when observing a Type Ia supernova , if it is possible to determine what its peak magnitude was , then its distance can be calculated . It is not intrinsically necessary to capture the supernova directly at its peak magnitude ; using the multicolor light curve shape method ( MLCS ) , the shape of the light curve ( taken at any reasonable time after the initial explosion ) is compared to a family of parameterized curves that will determine the absolute magnitude at the maximum brightness . This method also takes into effect interstellar extinction / dimming from dust and gas . Similarly , the stretch method fits the particular supernovae magnitude light curves to a template light curve . This template , as opposed to being several light curves at different wavelengths ( MLCS ) is just a single light curve that has been stretched ( or compressed ) in time . By using this Stretch Factor , the peak magnitude can be determined . Using Type Ia supernovae is one of the most accurate methods , particularly since supernova explosions can be visible at great distances ( their luminosities rival that of the galaxy in which they are situated ) , much farther than Cepheid Variables ( 500 times farther ) . Much time has been devoted to the refining of this method . The current uncertainty approaches a mere 5 % , corresponding to an uncertainty of just 0.1 magnitudes . Novae in distance Determinations ( edit ) Novae can be used in much the same way as supernovae to derive extragalactic distances . There is a direct relation between a nova 's max magnitude and the time for its visible light to decline by two magnitudes . This relation is shown to be : M V max = − 9.96 − 2.31 log 10 x _̇ . ( \ displaystyle \ M_ ( V ) ^ ( \ max ) = - 9.96 - 2.31 \ log _ ( 10 ) ( \ dot ( x ) ) \ , . ) Where x _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( x ) ) ) is the time derivative of the nova 's mag , describing the average rate of decline over the first 2 magnitudes . After novae fade , they are about as bright as the most luminous Cepheid Variable stars , therefore both these techniques have about the same max distance : ~ 20 Mpc . The error in this method produces an uncertainty in magnitude of about ± 0.4 Globular cluster luminosity function ( edit ) Based on the method of comparing the luminosities of globular clusters ( located in galactic halos ) from distant galaxies to that of the Virgo cluster , the globular cluster luminosity function carries an uncertainty of distance of about 20 % ( or 0.4 magnitudes ) . US astronomer William Alvin Baum first attempted to use globular clusters to measure distant elliptical galaxies . He compared the brightest globular clusters in Virgo A galaxy with those in Andromeda , assuming the luminosities of the clusters were the same in both . Knowing the distance to Andromeda , Baum has assumed a direct correlation and estimated Virgo A 's distance . Baum used just a single globular cluster , but individual formations are often poor standard candles . Canadian astronomer René Racine assumed the use of the globular cluster luminosity function ( GCLF ) would lead to a better approximation . The number of globular clusters as a function of magnitude is given by : Φ ( m ) = A e ( m − m 0 ) 2 / 2 σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ \ Phi ( m ) = Ae ^ ( ( m - m_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) / 2 \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , ) where m is the turnover magnitude , M is the magnitude of the Virgo cluster , and sigma is the dispersion ~ 1.4 mag . It is important to remember that it is assumed that globular clusters all have roughly the same luminosities within the universe . There is no universal globular cluster luminosity function that applies to all galaxies . Planetary nebula luminosity function ( edit ) Like the GCLF method , a similar numerical analysis can be used for planetary nebulae ( note the use of more than one ! ) within far off galaxies . The planetary nebula luminosity function ( PNLF ) was first proposed in the late 1970s by Holland Cole and David Jenner . They suggested that all planetary nebulae might all have similar maximum intrinsic brightness , now calculated to be M = − 4.53 . This would therefore make them potential standard candles for determining extragalactic distances . Astronomer George Howard Jacoby and his colleagues later proposed that the PNLF function equaled : N ( M ) ∝ e 0.307 M ( 1 − e 3 ( M ∗ − M ) ) . ( \ displaystyle \ N ( M ) \ propto e ^ ( 0.307 M ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 3 ( M ^ ( * ) - M ) ) ) \ , . ) Where N ( M ) is number of planetary nebula , having absolute magnitude M. M * is equal to the nebula with the brightest magnitude . Surface brightness fluctuation method ( edit ) Galaxy cluster The following method deals with the overall inherent properties of galaxies . These methods , though with varying error percentages , have the ability to make distance estimates beyond 100 Mpc , though it is usually applied more locally . The surface brightness fluctuation ( SBF ) method takes advantage of the use of CCD cameras on telescopes . Because of spatial fluctuations in a galaxy 's surface brightness , some pixels on these cameras will pick up more stars than others . However , as distance increases the picture will become increasingly smoother . Analysis of this describes a magnitude of the pixel - to - pixel variation , which is directly related to a galaxy 's distance . D. -- σ relation ( edit ) The D -- σ relation , used in elliptical galaxies , relates the angular diameter ( D ) of the galaxy to its velocity dispersion . It is important to describe exactly what D represents , in order to understand this method . It is , more precisely , the galaxy 's angular diameter out to the surface brightness level of 20.75 B - mag arcsec . This surface brightness is independent of the galaxy 's actual distance from us . Instead , D is inversely proportional to the galaxy 's distance , represented as d . Thus , this relation does not employ standard candles . Rather , D provides a standard ruler . This relation between D and σ is log 10 ( D ) = 1.333 log ( σ ) + C . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 10 ) ( D ) = 1.333 \ log ( \ sigma ) + C \ , . ) Where C is a constant which depends on the distance to the galaxy clusters . This method has the potential to become one of the strongest methods of galactic distance calculators , perhaps exceeding the range of even the Tully -- Fisher method . As of today , however , elliptical galaxies are n't bright enough to provide a calibration for this method through the use of techniques such as Cepheids . Instead , calibration is done using more crude methods . Overlap and scaling ( edit ) A succession of distance indicators , which is the distance ladder , is needed for determining distances to other galaxies . The reason is that objects bright enough to be recognized and measured at such distances are so rare that few or none are present nearby , so there are too few examples close enough with reliable trigonometric parallax to calibrate the indicator . For example , Cepheid variables , one of the best indicators for nearby spiral galaxies , can not yet be satisfactorily calibrated by parallax alone , though the Gaia space mission is expected to solve that specific problem . The situation is further complicated by the fact that different stellar populations generally do not have all types of stars in them . Cepheids in particular are massive stars , with short lifetimes , so they will only be found in places where stars have very recently been formed . Consequently , because elliptical galaxies usually have long ceased to have large - scale star formation , they will not have Cepheids . Instead , distance indicators whose origins are in an older stellar population ( like novae and RR Lyrae variables ) must be used . However , RR Lyrae variables are less luminous than Cepheids , and novae are unpredictable and an intensive monitoring program -- and luck during that program -- is needed to gather enough novae in the target galaxy for a good distance estimate . Because the more distant steps of the cosmic distance ladder depend upon the nearer ones , the more distant steps include the effects of errors in the nearer steps , both systematic and statistical ones . The result of these propagating errors means that distances in astronomy are rarely known to the same level of precision as measurements in the other sciences , and that the precision necessarily is poorer for more distant types of object . Another concern , especially for the very brightest standard candles , is their `` standardness '' : how homogeneous the objects are in their true absolute magnitude . For some of these different standard candles , the homogeneity is based on theories about the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies , and is thus also subject to uncertainties in those aspects . For the most luminous of distance indicators , the Type Ia supernovae , this homogeneity is known to be poor ; however , no other class of object is bright enough to be detected at such large distances , so the class is useful simply because there is no real alternative . The observational result of Hubble 's Law , the proportional relationship between distance and the speed with which a galaxy is moving away from us ( usually referred to as redshift ) is a product of the cosmic distance ladder . Hubble observed that fainter galaxies are more redshifted . Finding the value of the Hubble constant was the result of decades of work by many astronomers , both in amassing the measurements of galaxy redshifts and in calibrating the steps of the distance ladder . Hubble 's Law is the primary means we have for estimating the distances of quasars and distant galaxies in which individual distance indicators can not be seen . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Space portal Distance measures ( cosmology ) Orders of magnitude ( length ) # Astronomical Standard ruler References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ash , M.E. ; Shapiro , I.I. ; Smith , W.B. ( 1967 ) . `` Astronomical constants and planetary ephemerides deduced from radar and optical observations '' . 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Jump up ^ Scowcroft , V. ; Bersier , D. ; Mould , J.R. ; Wood , P.R. ( 2009 ) . `` The effect of metallicity on Cepheid magnitudes and the distance to M33 '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 396 ( 3 ) : 1287 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS. 396.1287 S . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2009. 14822. x . Jump up ^ Majaess , D. ( 2010 ) . `` The Cepheids of Centaurus A ( NGC 5128 ) and Implications for H0 '' . Acta Astronomica. 60 : 121 . Bibcode : 2010AcA ... 60 ... 121M . arXiv : 1006.2458 . Jump up ^ Tammann , G.A. ; Sandage , A. ; Reindl , B. ( 2008 ) . `` The expansion field : The value of H 0 '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 15 ( 4 ) : 289 . Bibcode : 2008A&ARv ... 15 ... 289T . arXiv : 0806.3018 . doi : 10.1007 / s00159 - 008 - 0012 - y . Jump up ^ Freedman , Wendy L. ; Madore , Barry F. ( 2010 ) . `` The Hubble Constant '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 : 673 . Bibcode : 2010ARA&A ... 48 ... 673F . arXiv : 1004.1856 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - astro - 082708 - 101829 . Jump up ^ Gilfanov , Marat ; Bogdán , Ákos ( 2010 ) . `` An upper limit on the contribution of accreting white dwarfs to the type Ia supernova rate '' . Nature . 463 ( 3 ) : 924 -- 925 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 463 ... 924G . arXiv : 1002.3359 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08685 . Bibliography ( edit ) An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics , Carroll and Ostlie , copyright 2007 . Measuring the Universe The Cosmological Distance Ladder , Stephen Webb , copyright 2001 . Pasachoff , JM & Filippenko , AV , The Cosmos : Astronomy in the New Millennium , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 4th edition , 2013 ISBN 9781107687561 . The Astrophysical Journal , The Globular Cluster Luminosity Function as a Distance Indicator : Dynamical Effects , Ostriker and Gnedin , May 5 , 1997 . An Introduction to Distance Measurement in Astronomy , Richard de Grijs , Chichester : John Wiley & Sons , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 51180 - 0 . External links ( edit ) The ABC 's of distances ( UCLA ) The Extragalactic Distance Scale by Bill Keel The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale The Hubble Constant , a historical discussion NASA Cosmic Distance Scale PNLF information database The Astrophysical Journal ( hide ) Units of length used in Astronomy Astronomical system of units Earth radius ( R or R ) Light - second ( ls ) Solar radius ( R ) gigametre ( Gm ) Astronomical unit ( AU ) terametre ( Tm ) light - year ( ly ) parsec ( pc ) kiloparsec ( kpc ) megaparsec ( Mpc ) gigaparsec ( Gpc ) See also Cosmic distance ladder Orders of magnitude ( length ) Conversion of units GND : 4014857 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_distance_ladder&oldid=794451429 '' Categories : Astrometry Physical cosmology Standard candles Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 03 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how do we measure the distance to other galaxies | [
"The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the extragalactic distance scale) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects. A real direct distance measurement of an astronomical object is possible only for those objects that are \"close enough\" (within about a thousand parsecs) to Earth. The techniques for determining distances to more distant objects are all based on various measured correlations between methods that work at close distances and methods that work at larger distances. Several methods rely on a standard candle, which is an astronomical object that has a known luminosity."
] | [
"cosmic distance ladder"
] |
2035782222356977851 | Drop Dead Diva (season 6) | Drop Dead Diva ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Drop Dead Diva ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Drop Dead Diva ( season 6 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Lifetime Original release March 23 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) -- June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of Drop Dead Diva episodes Drop Dead Diva season six and last season premiered March 23 , 2014 , and concluded on June 22 , 2014 , on Lifetime . Season six aired on Sundays at 9 : 00 pm ET ( 6 : 00 pm PT ) and consisted of 13 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest stars 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Brooke Elliott as Jane Bingum ( 13 episodes ) Margaret Cho as Teri Lee ( 7 episodes ) Jackson Hurst as Grayson Kent ( 11 episodes ) Kate Levering as Kim Kaswell ( 10 episodes ) April Bowlby as Stacy Barrett ( 13 episodes ) Lex Medlin as Judge Owen French ( 13 episodes ) Justin Deeley as Paul ( 9 episodes ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Jeffrey Pierce as Ian Holt / Grayson Kent ( 4 episodes ) Kenny Alfonso as Joe Cummings ( 4 episodes ) Victor McCay as Judge Halloran ( 4 episodes ) Rhoda Griffis as Paula Dewey ( 3 episodes ) Gregory Alan Williams as Judge Warren Libby ( 3 episodes ) Virginia Williams as Belinda Scotto ( 2 episodes ) Mike Faiola as Dave ( 2 episodes ) Guest stars ( edit ) Colin Egglesfield as Charlie French ( 1 episode ) Corbin Bleu as Michael Donaldson ( 1 episode ) Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss as Billy Donaldson ( 1 episode ) Rick Springfield as Liam Matthews ( 1 episode ) Janel Parrish as Chelsea Jones ( 1 episode ) Roma Maffia as Judge Eileen Sears ( 1 episode ) Ben Feldman as Fred ( 1 episode ) Becca Tobin as Empress Katia ( 1 episode ) Terry Fator as Greg Gerlin ( 1 episode ) David Mazouz as Ryan Hatcher ( 1 episode ) Production ( edit ) On October 25 , 2013 , Lifetime and Sony Pictures TV renewed the series for a sixth season , which premiered on March 23 , 2014 . Colin Egglesfield , Virginia Williams , and Corbin Bleu guest starred in the season premiere while Rick Springfield and Jay DeMarcus guest starred later in the season . S. Epatha Merkerson and John Ratzenberger reprised their roles . Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss guest starred as Billy Donaldson , a man who hires Jane to help his brother , in the second episode . Janel Parrish will guest star in the fifth episode as a cheerleader who finds internet fame after her on - field meltdown becomes a viral video . Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. Viewers ( millions ) 66 `` Truth & Consequences '' Robert J. Wilson Josh Berman March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 1.11 Jane represents a lunch lady claiming the school board is refusing to feed poor children . When Jane takes the case to the press , it turns out that her client is actually a wanted war protestor living under a new identity and Jane has to defend her . Owen 's wayward brother Charlie ( Colin Egglesfield ) drops by the office , claiming he was robbed at a strip club but the club is suing him for defamation after he complained on a website . Owen reluctantly helps , but learns there is more to the case than it seems . Stacy goes on a date with Charlie before realizing he 's Owen 's brother . Jane finally comes clean to tell Grayson she is really Deb . 67 `` Soulmates ? '' Michael Grossman Amy Engelberg & David Feige March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 1.16 A new attorney named Belinda is hired to take the place of Kim while she 's on maternity leave . She and Grayson work together to represent a couple who suffered through a horrible sea cruise on a ship adrift for a week without power . The tables are turned when the couple is accused of piracy after admitting to stealing from the ship 's food locker . While defending a man serving time for setting a fire that killed a store owner 's wife , Jane clashes with the case 's original judge : Owen . Eventually , Owen discovers the truth in the man 's innocence and has him pardoned . Grayson tells Jane he is ready to date her as herself , stating that as far as he 's concerned , Deb is dead . 68 `` First Date '' Robert J. Wilson Jeffrey Lippman & Wendy Engelberg March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 1.25 Belinda and Jane defend rock star Liam Matthews ( Rick Springfield ) , accused of wrecking a hotel room , and they manage to cut a deal for him . But when Liam 's band fires him over his reckless behavior , Jane helps him out only to have Belinda become furious over Jane 's plan . When Belinda 's interference grows , Jane persuades Kim to return to the firm early . Grayson takes on a developer planning to tear down a rent - controlled apartment building and evict its tenants . Grayson makes the case that graffiti from a famous artist on a building wall makes it an historic landmark . Jane and Grayson prepare for their first date . 69 `` Life & Death '' Michael Grossman Josh Berman & Marty Scott April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 1.39 Still reeling over knowing that Jane is Deb , Grayson is tense when they represent a friend of his who wants to bury his late wife in her backyard garden , while her parents insist on burying her in their family mausoleum . Jane comes up with an idea to help with the compromise : turning the home into a church . Kim meets a 12 - year - old foster child ( David Mazouz ) who wants to be adopted , and she and Owen discover much red tape while trying to find him a family . Eventually a woman steps forward to help Owen and Kim locate the boy 's birth father that leads to an emotional meeting between the boy and his father . Teri helps Paul when his decision to buy a new car lands him in legal trouble . 70 5 `` Cheers & Jeers '' Robert J. Wilson Jeffrey Lippman & David Feige April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 1.08 Jane represents a cheerleader who had a public meltdown after being bullied by her teammates , but Jane later finds out she might be getting played by the supposed victim . Owen and Grayson help a couple whose inability to pay the city government a $75,000 fee for removal of a speed bump the father had installed might cost them their home . After several dead ends , Owen suggests that the family secede from the United States . When Paul gets into heavy credit card debt , Teri risks her job by posing as his lawyer . Jane worries about taking the next step with Grayson . 71 6 `` Desperate Housewife '' Michael Grossman Amy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 1.32 Grayson and Jane are assigned a case of a seemingly mild - mannered woman whose lawsuit involves national security . Their case is difficult when they are refused information on just what their client has done . With Paul 's help , they are able to track down a man who may have been guilty of framing their client . Kim represents four children who were adopted by a couple just before a home makeover show gave them a free renovation , but kicked the children back into the foster system shortly after . Kim realizes the couple were just using the children to get the makeover , and tries to find a way to sue them for damages despite the fact that the children have no legal standing . The children 's grandmother steps forward along with the producers and helps Kim exposes the couple for their actions . Kim makes it clear to the couple that unless they want to be charged for fraud and lose their remaining assets , they better give up the renovated home to the children 's grandmother . Stacy becomes convinced her baby might be evil , but Jane helps her realize that her baby will be twins . 72 7 `` Sister Act '' Robert J. Wilson Josh Berman & Marty Scott May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 1.51 Jane represents a girl who needs a bone marrow transplant . It leads to complications as a nun who had promised the marrow is discovered to be pregnant and so Jane begins searching for another donor via the girl 's sperm donor father . With Stacy 's help she tracks down the girl 's possible half - sister and goes up against the mother when she refuses . Jane looks forward to getting Teri out of jail until she 's informed she has to fire her . Kim gets Stacy to babysit her infant . Owen represents a mayor who is being impeached for allowing schoolless children to stay at City Hall , the woman driven to change her ways by a terminal cancer diagnosis but complications ensue . Jane blurts `` I love you '' to Grayson and is afraid of where to go after that . 73 8 `` Identity Crisis '' Robert J. Wilson David Feige & Amy Engelberg May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 1.20 Jane wants to tell Grayson about Paul being her angel but is warned if she does , Paul will have to leave with no one but Jane remembering him . Grayson must defend a client who confessed to murder after a hard interrogation . Jane represents a transgender teen who wanted to use the boys ' bathroom at his school . Stacy is concerned over Owen being too generous wanting to raise the twins . When she complains about it , Owen proposes to her and Stacy accepts . Grayson discovers his client is guilty and refuses to give evidence that would clear him . However , Owen overrules him to do so believing the man is innocent . As the man goes free , the father of the woman he murdered tries to shoot him but ends up hitting Grayson instead as a horrified Jane looks on . Owen realizes Grayson 's reasons for his refusal too late and regrets making him testify when he learns from Jane that the man was guilty of the murder . 74 9 `` Hope and Glory '' Bethany Rooney Jeffrey Lippman & Wendy Engelberg May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 1.29 Grayson confides in Stacy while in the hospital that he is going to propose to Jane after his near - death experience makes him re-evaluate his life . Jane represents a community who is getting sick from the hot pepper fumes coming from a nearby hot sauce factory , but after getting the factory shut down , things get complicated when it 's discovered the hot pepper fumes were not the underlying cause of the sicknesses , landing Jane and the firm in legal trouble , and fighting against the state . However , Paul and Owen help Jane out by procuring evidence against Toxic Control with a temporary permit back in 1984 , the judge orders the group to clean up the site , provide fresh water for the residents and reopens the hot sauce factory ( per Jane 's recommendations ) . When Kim 's father is remarried , her mother complains he used their old wedding ring for his new bride . Owen helps Kim out only to have it revealed that technically her parents were never legally divorced and are each guilty of bigamy . When Jane goes to check Grayson out of the hospital , the bullet in his chest causes complications , but despite efforts by the hospital staff to save him , he is pronounced dead . 75 10 `` No Return '' Michael Grossman Josh Berman & Marty Scott June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 1.69 Jane deals with the death of Grayson as Kim presses Owen to hire a new lawyer . Kim represents a ventriloquist who had his frequent flyer miles revoked after his puppet is banned from flying . With Paul 's help , Kim exposes the airline for using the hit list to poach their clientele . Jane represents a client of Grayson 's in a defamation case that has her tackling some corrupt cops . Grayson meets Jane 's old guardian angel Fred in Heaven , and pleads for his help to get him back to Jane . Stacy is feeling hurt and betrayed that Owen lied to her . However , Jane convinces her to give him a break and just enjoy their time together . In the end , Grayson hits the return button and calls Jane to let her know he 's back ... in the body of a convict . 76 11 `` Afterlife '' Dwight Little Marty Scott & Tyler Dinucci June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 1.50 Grayson is returned to Earth in the body of Ian Holt , a death row inmate who was executed for murder two minutes earlier . Jane must try to prove his innocence to save his life before he is executed once again the following day . However , they run into problems due to Grayson having no memories of whether Ian is guilty or not . Kim represents an inner - city dance troupe who claim a major pop star , Empress Katia , stole their dance routines . Kim soon learns of Katia 's guilt in not properly crediting the original creators and she is forced to pay a hefty fine . Stacy becomes concerned about Owen having anxiety attacks at the mere mention of their wedding , especially when one of the attacks lands him in the hospital . After proving Ian was innocent and framed , Jane and Ian share a kiss in her house . Unbeknownst to them , they are seen by Stacy ( who knows Ian is Grayson ) and Owen ( who does not ) . 77 12 `` Hero '' J. Miller Tobin Eric Buchman June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 1.50 Owen is upset about Jane becoming romantic with `` Ian '' so soon after Grayson 's death , while Grayson has trouble adjusting to his new life as Ian . Jane sues a football camp on behalf of a mother whose son died during training . Kim is saved from a mugging by a man dressed as a superhero , who turns out to be a courtroom bailiff she knows well . She repays the favor by defending the man when the mugger sues him for assault , and again when he is fired by the court . Paul reveals to Grayson / Ian that he is Jane 's guardian angel , and says he has also been assigned to Ian . When Kim and Owen confront Jane over worries `` Ian '' is using her , Jane quits the firm . 78 13 `` It Had To Be You '' Robert J. Wilson Josh Berman June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) 1.66 Owen and Kim try to talk some sense into Jane about her relationship with Ian while Stacy is concerned about this division hurting her wedding . Meanwhile , Teri returns and realizes that Ian is a former classmate who is responsible for ruining her chances at stardom . Jane represents a couple being sued by a Japanese whaling company they were protesting , and she later finds that Owen is representing the company . Kim represents her former temp , Dave , when he is fired by his agency for his open belief in Bigfoot . Despite the two not wanting to get serious after their one date , Kim and Dave eventually share a passionate kiss . Jane stumbles upon a way to save her client from being imprisoned in Japan , and soon finds that Owen secretly led her to the information . They make up in time for the wedding . Stacy goes into early labor before the ceremony , however , and gives birth to the twins . Grayson discovers that Ian was once a good piano player , and that he ruined Teri 's talent competition on Star Search by showing up intoxicated to play piano . The series ends with Grayson using Ian 's musical talents to play and sing `` It Had to Be You '' for Deb / Jane , as the two are finally united together . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' Lifetime 's Critically - Acclaimed Hit Series `` Drop Dead Diva '' Returns for Final Season with Two - Hour Premiere Event Sunday , March 23 `` '' . The Futon Critic . February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lifetime renews ' Drop Dead Diva ' '' . EW . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - drop dead diva on lifetime '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Lifetime 's ' Drop Dead Diva ' to End After Sixth Season ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Lifetime 's Critically - Acclaimed Hit Series `` Drop Dead Diva '' Returns for Final Season with Two - Hour Premiere Event Sunday , March 23 `` '' . The Futon Critic . February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Drop Dead Diva ' Season 6 premiere : Stephen ' tWitch ' Boss says he was ' very nervous ' to guest star '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/02/19/drop-dead-diva-janel-parrish/ ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , NCAA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Good Wife , '' `` Game of Thrones '' Top Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Konolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Penny Dreadful ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Drop Dead Diva on Lifetime Drop Dead Diva on IMDb Drop Dead Diva at TV.com Drop Dead Diva Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Related Official soundtrack List of characters Korean remake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drop_Dead_Diva_(season_6)&oldid=800542617 '' Categories : 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does jane end up with on drop dead diva | [
"\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. Viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n66\n1\n\"Truth & Consequences\"\nRobert J. Wilson\nJosh Berman\nMarch 23, 2014 (2014-03-23)\n1.11[8]\n\n\nJane represents a lunch lady claiming the school board is refusing to feed poor children. When Jane takes the case to the press, it turns out that her client is actually a wanted war protestor living under a new identity and Jane has to defend her. Owen's wayward brother Charlie (Colin Egglesfield) drops by the office, claiming he was robbed at a strip club but the club is suing him for defamation after he complained on a website. Owen reluctantly helps, but learns there is more to the case than it seems. Stacy goes on a date with Charlie before realizing he's Owen's brother. Jane finally comes clean to tell Grayson she is really Deb.\n\n\n67\n2\n\"Soulmates?\"\nMichael Grossman\nAmy Engelberg & David Feige\nMarch 23, 2014 (2014-03-23)\n1.16[8]\n\n\nA new attorney named Belinda is hired to take the place of Kim while she's on maternity leave. She and Grayson work together to represent a couple who suffered through a horrible sea cruise on a ship adrift for a week without power. The tables are turned when the couple is accused of piracy after admitting to stealing from the ship's food locker. While defending a man serving time for setting a fire that killed a store owner's wife, Jane clashes with the case's original judge: Owen. Eventually, Owen discovers the truth in the man's innocence and has him pardoned. Grayson tells Jane he is ready to date her as herself, stating that as far as he's concerned, Deb is dead.\n\n\n68\n3\n\"First Date\"\nRobert J. Wilson\nJeffrey Lippman & Wendy Engelberg\nMarch 30, 2014 (2014-03-30)\n1.25[9]\n\n\nBelinda and Jane defend rock star Liam Matthews (Rick Springfield), accused of wrecking a hotel room, and they manage to cut a deal for him. But when Liam's band fires him over his reckless behavior, Jane helps him out only to have Belinda become furious over Jane's plan. When Belinda's interference grows, Jane persuades Kim to return to the firm early. Grayson takes on a developer planning to tear down a rent-controlled apartment building and evict its tenants. Grayson makes the case that graffiti from a famous artist on a building wall makes it an historic landmark. Jane and Grayson prepare for their first date.\n\n\n69\n4\n\"Life & Death\"\nMichael Grossman\nJosh Berman & Marty Scott\nApril 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)\n1.39[10]\n\n\nStill reeling over knowing that Jane is Deb, Grayson is tense when they represent a friend of his who wants to bury his late wife in her backyard garden, while her parents insist on burying her in their family mausoleum. Jane comes up with an idea to help with the compromise: turning the home into a church. Kim meets a 12-year-old foster child (David Mazouz) who wants to be adopted, and she and Owen discover much red tape while trying to find him a family. Eventually a woman steps forward to help Owen and Kim locate the boy's birth father that leads to an emotional meeting between the boy and his father. Teri helps Paul when his decision to buy a new car lands him in legal trouble.\n\n\n70\n5\n\"Cheers & Jeers\"\nRobert J. Wilson\nJeffrey Lippman & David Feige\nApril 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)\n1.08[11]\n\n\nJane represents a cheerleader who had a public meltdown after being bullied by her teammates, but Jane later finds out she might be getting played by the supposed victim. Owen and Grayson help a couple whose inability to pay the city government a $75,000 fee for removal of a speed bump the father had installed might cost them their home. After several dead ends, Owen suggests that the family secede from the United States. When Paul gets into heavy credit card debt, Teri risks her job by posing as his lawyer. Jane worries about taking the next step with Grayson.\n\n\n71\n6\n\"Desperate Housewife\"\nMichael Grossman\nAmy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg\nApril 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)\n1.32[12]\n\n\nGrayson and Jane are assigned a case of a seemingly mild-mannered woman whose lawsuit involves national security. Their case is difficult when they are refused information on just what their client has done. With Paul's help, they are able to track down a man who may have been guilty of framing their client. Kim represents four children who were adopted by a couple just before a home makeover show gave them a free renovation, but kicked the children back into the foster system shortly after. Kim realizes the couple were just using the children to get the makeover, and tries to find a way to sue them for damages despite the fact that the children have no legal standing. The children's grandmother steps forward along with the producers and helps Kim exposes the couple for their actions. Kim makes it clear to the couple that unless they want to be charged for fraud and lose their remaining assets, they better give up the renovated home to the children's grandmother. Stacy becomes convinced her baby might be evil, but Jane helps her realize that her baby will be twins.\n\n\n72\n7\n\"Sister Act\"\nRobert J. Wilson\nJosh Berman & Marty Scott\nMay 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)\n1.51[13]\n\n\nJane represents a girl who needs a bone marrow transplant. It leads to complications as a nun who had promised the marrow is discovered to be pregnant and so Jane begins searching for another donor via the girl's sperm donor father. With Stacy's help she tracks down the girl's possible half-sister and goes up against the mother when she refuses. Jane looks forward to getting Teri out of jail until she's informed she has to fire her. Kim gets Stacy to babysit her infant. Owen represents a mayor who is being impeached for allowing schoolless children to stay at City Hall, the woman driven to change her ways by a terminal cancer diagnosis but complications ensue. Jane blurts \"I love you\" to Grayson and is afraid of where to go after that.\n\n\n73\n8\n\"Identity Crisis\"\nRobert J. Wilson\nDavid Feige & Amy Engelberg\nMay 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)\n1.20[14]\n\n\nJane wants to tell Grayson about Paul being her angel but is warned if she does, Paul will have to leave with no one but Jane remembering him. Grayson must defend a client who confessed to murder after a hard interrogation. Jane represents a transgender teen who wanted to use the boys' bathroom at his school. Stacy is concerned over Owen being too generous wanting to raise the twins. When she complains about it, Owen proposes to her and Stacy accepts. Grayson discovers his client is guilty and refuses to give evidence that would clear him. However, Owen overrules him to do so believing the man is innocent. As the man goes free, the father of the woman he murdered tries to shoot him but ends up hitting Grayson instead as a horrified Jane looks on. Owen realizes Grayson's reasons for his refusal too late and regrets making him testify when he learns from Jane that the man was guilty of the murder.\n\n\n74\n9\n\"Hope and Glory\"\nBethany Rooney\nJeffrey Lippman & Wendy Engelberg\nMay 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)\n1.29[15]\n\n\nGrayson confides in Stacy while in the hospital that he is going to propose to Jane after his near-death experience makes him re-evaluate his life. Jane represents a community who is getting sick from the hot pepper fumes coming from a nearby hot sauce factory, but after getting the factory shut down, things get complicated when it's discovered the hot pepper fumes were not the underlying cause of the sicknesses, landing Jane and the firm in legal trouble, and fighting against the state. However, Paul and Owen help Jane out by procuring evidence against Toxic Control with a temporary permit back in 1984, the judge orders the group to clean up the site, provide fresh water for the residents and reopens the hot sauce factory(per Jane's recommendations). When Kim's father is remarried, her mother complains he used their old wedding ring for his new bride. Owen helps Kim out only to have it revealed that technically her parents were never legally divorced and are each guilty of bigamy. When Jane goes to check Grayson out of the hospital, the bullet in his chest causes complications, but despite efforts by the hospital staff to save him, he is pronounced dead.\n\n\n75\n10\n\"No Return\"\nMichael Grossman\nJosh Berman & Marty Scott\nJune 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)\n1.69[16]\n\n\nJane deals with the death of Grayson as Kim presses Owen to hire a new lawyer. Kim represents a ventriloquist who had his frequent flyer miles revoked after his puppet is banned from flying. With Paul's help, Kim exposes the airline for using the hit list to poach their clientele. Jane represents a client of Grayson's in a defamation case that has her tackling some corrupt cops. Grayson meets Jane's old guardian angel Fred in Heaven, and pleads for his help to get him back to Jane. Stacy is feeling hurt and betrayed that Owen lied to her. However, Jane convinces her to give him a break and just enjoy their time together. In the end, Grayson hits the return button and calls Jane to let her know he's back...in the body of a convict.\n\n\n76\n11\n\"Afterlife\"\nDwight Little\nMarty Scott & Tyler Dinucci\nJune 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)\n1.50[17]\n\n\nGrayson is returned to Earth in the body of Ian Holt, a death row inmate who was executed for murder two minutes earlier. Jane must try to prove his innocence to save his life before he is executed once again the following day. However, they run into problems due to Grayson having no memories of whether Ian is guilty or not. Kim represents an inner-city dance troupe who claim a major pop star, Empress Katia, stole their dance routines. Kim soon learns of Katia's guilt in not properly crediting the original creators and she is forced to pay a hefty fine. Stacy becomes concerned about Owen having anxiety attacks at the mere mention of their wedding, especially when one of the attacks lands him in the hospital. After proving Ian was innocent and framed, Jane and Ian share a kiss in her house. Unbeknownst to them, they are seen by Stacy (who knows Ian is Grayson) and Owen (who does not).\n\n\n77\n12\n\"Hero\"\nJ. Miller Tobin\nEric Buchman\nJune 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)\n1.50[18]\n\n\nOwen is upset about Jane becoming romantic with \"Ian\" so soon after Grayson's death, while Grayson has trouble adjusting to his new life as Ian. Jane sues a football camp on behalf of a mother whose son died during training. Kim is saved from a mugging by a man dressed as a superhero, who turns out to be a courtroom bailiff she knows well. She repays the favor by defending the man when the mugger sues him for assault, and again when he is fired by the court. Paul reveals to Grayson/Ian that he is Jane's guardian angel, and says he has also been assigned to Ian. When Kim and Owen confront Jane over worries \"Ian\" is using her, Jane quits the firm.\n\n\n78\n13\n\"It Had To Be You\"\nRobert J. Wilson\nJosh Berman\nJune 22, 2014 (2014-06-22)\n1.66[19]\n\n\nOwen and Kim try to talk some sense into Jane about her relationship with Ian while Stacy is concerned about this division hurting her wedding. Meanwhile, Teri returns and realizes that Ian is a former classmate who is responsible for ruining her chances at stardom. Jane represents a couple being sued by a Japanese whaling company they were protesting, and she later finds that Owen is representing the company. Kim represents her former temp, Dave, when he is fired by his agency for his open belief in Bigfoot. Despite the two not wanting to get serious after their one date, Kim and Dave eventually share a passionate kiss. Jane stumbles upon a way to save her client from being imprisoned in Japan, and soon finds that Owen secretly led her to the information. They make up in time for the wedding. Stacy goes into early labor before the ceremony, however, and gives birth to the twins. Grayson discovers that Ian was once a good piano player, and that he ruined Teri's talent competition on Star Search by showing up intoxicated to play piano. The series ends with Grayson using Ian's musical talents to play and sing \"It Had to Be You\" for Deb/Jane, as the two are finally united together.\n\n"
] | [
"Ian"
] |
-9221977445769419088 | The X-Files (season 11) | The X-Files ( season 11 ) - wikipedia The X-Files ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2018 television season . For the 2015 comic line , see The X-Files Season 11 ( comics ) . The X-Files ( season 11 ) DVD and Blu - ray cover Starring David Duchovny Gillian Anderson Mitch Pileggi Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network Fox Original release January 3 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) -- March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 List of The X-Files episodes The eleventh season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files premiered on January 3 , 2018 , on Fox . The season consists of ten episodes and concluded on March 21 , 2018 . It follows newly re-instated Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) . The season 's storyline picks up directly after last season 's finale and the search for Mulder and Scully 's son William is the main story arc for the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Writing 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reviews 5.2 Ratings 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot overview ( edit ) Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) wakes up in the hospital after having a seizure , now realizing the events of My Struggle II were a vision and have n't actually happened yet . Mulder initially presumes Scully 's ramblings are a product of her illness but leaves the hospital to investigate . Agent Jeffrey Spender later appears at Scully 's bedside , revealing that someone is looking for William . He first balks at telling her the location of her son , revealing only the name of the family that adopted him - Van De Kamp . Mulder tails a henchman who he believes will take him to The Smoking Man , but he arrives somewhere else with mysterious conspirators ; Mr. Y ( A.C. Peterson ) and Erika Price ( Barbara Hershey ) . They try to negotiate with Mulder into turning over his son but Mulder refuses . Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) tries to meet with Scully , but ca n't find her . As he goes to his car , he is met inside by The Smoking Man and Reyes . Meanwhile , Scully tries to leave the hospital but her seizures return causing her to crash her car . She is rescued by Agent Einstein and Agent Miller , and is readmitted to the hospital . Both agents leave the room . An assassin sent by Mr. Y and Erika enters and tries to suffocate Scully , but Mulder steps in and saves her by slicing the assassin 's neck . As Skinner comes in , Mulder confronts him since he smells like smoke . In a flashback to when Skinner was in the car with the Smoking Man , the latter reveals ( in a further flashback to 17 years , `` En Ami '' ) that he , not Mulder , artificially impregnated Scully . Scully opens her eyes in the dark , laying on her side on a bed in a mysterious house . She explores the mysterious house and ends up in a endless pattern of the same room . Mulder theorizes that the experience as a type of sleep paralysis . She goes back to her memories of her sleep paralysis , where she grabs a snow globe with a model of the boat in it . Mulder and Scully get to the dock , meeting with Detective Costa ( Louis Ferreira ) . Later , Scully 's attention is drawn to a man that observes them intently from one of the portable walkways . Costa informs them that the victims asked if they found Ghouli . When Scully turns to check if the mystery guy is there , he 's gone . Both agents investigate the two teenagers about the slashing . Both of them go on about the experience and their boyfriend , Jackson Van De Kamp . The agents arrive at the Van De Kamp household , the same house Scully saw in her dream . Two gunshots are heard with a third coming from upstairs . Scully goes up and finds the bleeding corpse of Jackson Van De Kamp . As they leave the room and the door clicks closed , the zipper opens slowly . Jackson sits up and escapes the room . Mulder meets with Skinner at the Chimera , telling him to drop the investigation . Mulder confirms that Jackson 's DNA matches Scully 's . At the hospital , Jackson explains to Brianna that he 's been hiding because there are people after him . He reveals that Ghouli does n't exist and it 's just something he `` made up '' . Jackson escapes the hospital after the death of the DOD members . The next day , Scully spots a rural gas station that has a windmill just outside . Scully meets with Peter Wong with Wong mentioning that he wishes he could know her better . The agents ask to see the recording tapes . In the recording , Scully is having a conversation with William . She smiles as Mulder holds her while they see their son , alive . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) David Duchovny as Fox Mulder , an FBI special agent assigned to the newly reopened X-Files division . He remains a believer in the paranormal and the existence of extraterrestrial life , though , throughout the series , his faith begins to waver . Gillian Anderson as Dana Scully , a medical doctor and FBI special agent assigned to the X-Files . Although an initial skeptic , after Mulder 's abduction , she became more open - minded about the possibility of extraterrestrial life . Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner , an assistant director at the FBI and an ally of Mulder and Scully 's . Jump up ^ Only credited for the episodes he appears in . Recurring cast ( edit ) William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man , a former government official , and nemesis of Mulder and Scully , who worked to cover up the truth of the existence of aliens and their plan to colonize the Earth . Jeremy Schuetze portrays a younger version of this character in flashbacks . Annabeth Gish as Monica Reyes , a former FBI agent previously assigned to the X-Files division . Barbara Hershey as Erika Price James Pickens Jr. as Alvin Kersh , the Deputy Director of the FBI Miles Robbins as Jackson Van De Kamp / William Scully , the son of Dana Scully who was given up for adoption . Guest cast ( edit ) Lauren Ambrose as Agent Liz Einstein , a medical doctor , Miller 's partner , and a hard - skeptic . Robbie Amell as Agent Kyd Miller , an open - minded FBI agent who believes in the paranormal , and is Einstein 's partner . Chris Owens as Jeffrey Spender Dean Haglund as Langly , one of The Lone Gunmen . Haley Joel Osment as Davey James Joel McHale as Tad O'Malley Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The X-Files episodes Episodes marked with a double dagger ( ) are episodes in the series ' alien mythology arc . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 209 `` My Struggle III '' Chris Carter Chris Carter January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 2AYW01 5.15 Scully is hospitalized after having a seizure brought on by a vision of the future that involved William , her and Mulder 's son . Mulder sets out to investigate , inadvertently crossing paths with former Syndicate members Mr. Y and Erika Price , whose mission is to colonize the universe . Walter Skinner is detained by Monica Reyes and the Smoking Man , who offers protection against the coming human - alien war . Skinner seems only interested in helping Mulder and Scully , by looking for William . The Smoking Man reveals that he fathered William by pairing his DNA with aliens and impregnating Scully . 210 `` This '' Glen Morgan Glen Morgan January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 2AYW02 3.95 Mulder and Scully are contacted by the virtual consciousness of Richard Langly , which is part of an NSA simulation designed to come to life when participants die . Langly asks his friends to shut down the program because the entities there have become digital slaves and their ideas are being harvested . Mulder discovers that Erika Price is responsible for the simulation and is using it to aid with her own agenda . He buys some time for Scully , who manages to turn off the simulation 's servers , which later can not be found once an FBI team returns to investigate . 211 `` Plus One '' Kevin Hooks Chris Carter January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 2AYW03 3.95 Following up on several deaths in which the victims were being stalked by their doppelgängers , Mulder and Scully investigate the Poundstone twins , whose telepathic game of Hangman using people 's names proves deadly . 212 `` The Lost Art of Forehead Sweat '' Darin Morgan Darin Morgan January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 2AYW04 3.87 Reginald Murgatroid covertly meets with Mulder and Scully to discuss the Mandela Effect , their perceived reality , and the origins of The X-Files , including his being part of their team . 213 5 `` Ghouli '' James Wong James Wong January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 2AYW05 3.64 Two teenagers attack one another , each believing the other is a monster ; Scully experiences sleep paralysis . The two events are connected , leading Mulder and Scully to their son William . 214 6 `` Kitten '' Carol Banker Gabe Rotter February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 2AYW06 3.74 Mulder and Scully travel to Mud Lick , a small town in rural Kentucky in search of Walter Skinner , who has disappeared without warning . There they find the town on the verge of hysteria following a series of suspicious deaths , unexplained illnesses and rumours of a monster lurking on the town 's outskirts . 215 7 `` Rm9sbG93ZXJz '' Glen Morgan Shannon Hamblin & Kristen Cloke February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 2AYW07 3.23 Mulder and Scully dine in a fully automated sushi restaurant . When the hardware starts to glitch , things go awry and they both find themselves hunted by diverse robots . Faced with an overwhelming and life - threatening force , they soon run out of options . 216 8 `` Familiar '' Holly Dale Benjamin Van Allen March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 2AYW09 3.46 After a brutal animal attack of a little boy in Connecticut , Mulder and Scully discover the town has dark secrets involving the dark forces of witchcraft . 217 9 `` Nothing Lasts Forever '' James Wong Karen Nielsen March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 2AYW08 3.01 When a man is abducted and stripped of his organs , Mulder and Scully find evidence that suggests the crime is a ritual killing . Their investigation leads them to a cult headed by Barbara Beaumont , a reclusive former television star , and her partner Randolph Luvenis . The cult have been consuming the organs of the victims and surgically conjoining themselves together to try and reverse the ageing process . 218 10 `` My Struggle IV '' Chris Carter Chris Carter March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 2AYW10 3.43 Mulder and Scully continue to search for their long lost son , William , while Cigarette Smoking Man pushes to find the secret of the boy and his powers . Production ( edit ) In May 2015 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , co-star David Duchovny stated that if the 2016 revival were successful , he would be interested in another renewal , stating , `` I would be open to doing another cycle . I do n't know that I could do a 20 - episode version of this show at this point in my life , and I do n't know that Gillian could . But I think everybody is open ended on what happens after this . Certainly , we did n't bring it back with the idea of ending it . '' At the 2016 Television Critics Association panel for the series , creator Chris Carter stated , `` If we do well in the ratings , I ca n't imagine we would n't be asked to do more . '' Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman stated that he and fellow executive Dana Walden would be open to another renewal , stating , `` We would love to do this again , so we 'd be on board if schedules can be worked out . '' In an interview with Variety prior to the premiere , co-star Gillian Anderson , Duchovny , and Walden stated their willingness for another renewal . In an interview with TV Guide , Carter reaffirmed plans for more episodes , but stressed that everyone involved is waiting on the success of the season . In May 2016 , Walden confirmed that there had been conversations about an eleventh season possibly for the 2017 -- 18 television season . On April 20 , 2017 , Fox officially announced that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes , which would air in the 2017 -- 18 television season after filming in mid-2017 . Writing ( edit ) The writing staff for the eleventh season consists of Chris Carter , Glen Morgan , Darin Morgan , James Wong , and newcomers who were all previously part of The X-Files production staff , Gabe Rotter ( writers assistant ) , Benjamin Van Allen ( writers assistant ) and Brad Follmer ( Carter 's personal assistant ) . In August 2017 , it was announced that three female writers were added to the staff ; Karen Nielsen ( who worked as a script coordinator on season 10 ) wrote one episode , and Kristen Cloke and Shannon Hamblin wrote another episode based on a story by Glen Morgan . The season , consisting of 10 episodes , has two mythology episodes ( the premiere and finale ) and eight standalone episodes ; however , several critics have considered episode five , `` Ghouli '' , to also be a mythology episode . Casting ( edit ) In addition to Duchovny and Anderson , Mitch Pileggi was confirmed to reprise his role , as Walter Skinner . Also returning are William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man and Annabeth Gish as Monica Reyes . In August 2017 , it was confirmed that Robbie Amell and Lauren Ambrose would reprise their roles Agents Miller and Einstein from season ten . In September 2017 , it was announced that Karin Konoval -- who played Mrs. Peacock in the fourth - season episode `` Home '' -- would play new characters in the eleventh season , in what Carter described as a `` tour - de-force performance '' . Anderson commented that this is her final season of The X-Files , saying , `` I 've said from the beginning this is it for me . '' However , Chris Carter affirmed he would not do The X-Files without her character , saying , `` For me , The X-Files is Mulder and Scully . I think if it were without Scully , I would n't do it . That 's not my X-Files . '' The writers intended to bring back Robert Patrick as his character John Doggett , but he was unavailable due to scheduling issues as he was filming for his TV series Scorpion . In February 2018 , Carter stated in an interview that he could see the show continuing without Anderson . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in August 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia , where the previous season was filmed , along with the show 's original five seasons . After controversy sparked regarding the lack of female writers or directors on the series , it was announced in August 2017 that Carol Banker , a script supervisor on the original series who also directed an episode of The Lone Gunmen and Holly Dale were added as directors . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) The eleventh season has received generally positive reviews from critics and currently has a Metacritic score of 67 out of 100 based on 18 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 83 % with an average rating of 6.99 out of 10 based on 30 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Though it may not make many new believers , The X-Files return to business as usual is a refreshing upgrade from the show 's underwhelming previous outing . '' Based on the first five episodes available for review , Liz Shannon Miller of IndieWire gave the season a positive review with a `` B + '' grade . While Miller wrote that the season premiere `` is not good '' , she was much more positive of the following four standalone episodes , writing that `` there are some intriguing mysteries , some eerie moments , solid action '' and praised Darin Morgan 's comedy installment , calling it `` fantastic '' . Overall , she concluded , `` Season 11 so far is n't flawless , but it 's a lively , character - focused affair that feels far more unified than we 'd ever anticipated , a massive improvement over Season 10 that gives us genuine hope for the second half . For the first time in a while , we 're truly excited to see more . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture stated that compared to the previous season , `` This new batch of episodes is considerably stronger . Even the ones that do n't really do much but spin their wheels do so with feeling , and when the show is great -- as it is , yet again , in Darin Morgan 's episode -- it 's downright sublime . '' The X-Files ( season 11 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 11 ( 2018 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` My Struggle III '' January 3 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.15 2.34 7.49 `` This '' January 10 , 2018 1.0 / 4 3.95 1.99 5.94 `` Plus One '' January 17 , 2018 1.1 / 4 3.95 0.60 4.55 `` The Lost Art of Forehead Sweat '' January 24 , 2018 1.0 / 4 3.87 1.75 5.62 5 `` Ghouli '' January 31 , 2018 0.9 / 3 3.64 TBD TBD 6 `` Kitten '' February 7 , 2018 0.9 / 4 3.74 TBD TBD 7 `` Rm9sbG93ZXJz '' February 28 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.23 TBD TBD 8 `` Familiar '' March 7 , 2018 0.9 / 4 3.46 TBD TBD 9 `` Nothing Lasts Forever '' March 14 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.01 TBD TBD 10 `` My Struggle IV '' March 21 , 2018 0.9 / 3 3.43 TBD TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is Base64 for `` Followers '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` The X-Files Season 11 Gets January Premiere Date -- See First Poster '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` What to Expect from The X-Files : Season 11 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Carter ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` My Struggle III '' . The X-Files . Season 11 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ James Wong ( director ) ; James Wong ( writer ) . `` Ghouli '' . The X-Files . Season 11 . Episode 5 . Fox . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` X-Files Trailer Confirms Second Revival Is All About ( Spoiler ) -- Watch Now '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' : Barbara Hershey Joins Season 11 Of Fox Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frederick , Brittany ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` NYCC 2017 : Watch The X-Files season 11 trailer now '' . Fansided . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' : Haley Joel Osment To Guest Star In Fox Event Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Review : ' Rm9sbG93ZXJz ' Keeps It Simple and Silent for a Creatively Daring Episode '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` The X-Files : David Duchovny Says the New Script Made Him Cry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` X-Files Creator Admits Second Movie Was a Misstep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Creator Says Revival Is a Chance to ' Prove That the Show Has More Life ' In It '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' : How Fox Revived Mulder and Scully 's Search for the Truth '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` The X-Files ' Chris Carter Is Already Preparing for More Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` The X-Files Update : David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson , Chris Carter ' On Board ' For Season 11 , Per Fox CEO '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Coming Back Again For New Event Series Next Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` The X-Files Season 11 Writers Revealed : Who 's Back ? Who 's Missing ? '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The X-Files Season 11 Update : 2 Female Directors Join Fox Revival '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Season 11 Adds Women Writers and Directors , Plus More Details on Show 's Return ( UPDATED ) '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Longo , Chris ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` The X-Files Season 11 Episode 5 Review : Ghouli '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Review : Confusing But Compelling ' Ghouli ' Looks Like a Casefile , But Ends Up Being More '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Scully has strange dreams on a twisty X-Files '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' : Mitch Pileggi Set To Return For Season 11 Of Fox Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` X-Files : Annabeth Gish Announces Season 11 Return '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The X-Files Season 11 : Robbie Amell and Lauren Ambrose Returning '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` X-Files actress who played show 's most notorious role to return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Inside ' The X-Files ' Season 11 : Mulder and Scully Take on Their Biggest Mystery Yet '' . TV Insider . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Carter on Gillian Anderson Exit Buzz : There Is No X-Files Without Scully '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Marcus James ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' wanted Robert Patrick back as John Doggett for Season 11 , but ' scheduling issue ' got in the way '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nissim , Mayer ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` X-Files ' Chris Carter interview : ' The X-Files has more life in it -- with or without Gillian Anderson ' '' . Digital Spy.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Harrison ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` David Duchovny , X-Files return to Vancouver as shooting for 11th season begins '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files - Season 11 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Season 11 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' Season 11 Review : Mulder and Scully Return , and The Results Are Genuinely Exciting '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` The X-Files Is Sublime in Season 11 '' . Vulture . New York Media LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Season 11 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Show Season Ratings ( week 17 ) '' . TV Series Finale . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . 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-653876230331059944 | Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... | Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... - Wikipedia Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... Jump to : navigation , search Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... Theatrical release poster Hindi कभी खुशी कभी ग़म Directed by Karan Johar Produced by Yash Johar Screenplay by Karan Johar Sheena Parikh Story by Karan Johar Starring Amitabh Bachchan Jaya Bachchan Shah Rukh Khan Kajol Hrithik Roshan Kareena Kapoor Music by Songs : Jatin Lalit Sandesh Shandilya Aadesh Shrivastava Background score : Babloo Chakravarty Cinematography Kiran Deohans Edited by Sanjay Sankla Production company Dharma Productions Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 14 December 2001 Running time 210 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 400 million Box office est . ₹ 1.35 billion Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( English : Sometimes there 's Happiness , Sometimes there 's Sorrow ) , also known as K3G , is a 2001 Indian family drama film written and directed by Karan Johar and produced by Yash Johar . The film stars Amitabh Bachchan , Jaya Bachchan , Shah Rukh Khan , Kajol , Hrithik Roshan and Kareena Kapoor in leading roles , with Rani Mukerji appearing in an extended special appearance . The music was composed by Jatin Lalit , Sandesh Shandilya and Aadesh Shrivastava , with lyrics penned by Sameer and Anil Pandey . The background score was composed by Babloo Chakravarty . The film tells the story of an Indian family , which faces troubles and misunderstandings over their adopted son 's marriage to a girl belonging to a lower socio - economic group than them . Development of the film began in 1998 , soon after the release of Karan 's debut film Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) . Principal photography began on 16 October 2000 in Mumbai and continued in London and Egypt . Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... was promoted with the tag - line `` It 's All About Loving Your Parents '' . Initially scheduled to release during the Diwali festivities of 2001 , the film eventually released in India , United Kingdom and North America on 14 December 2001 . In 2003 , it became the first Indian film to be given a theatrical release in Germany . Upon release , the film met with mixed reviews from film critics and received polarising reactions to Karan Johar 's `` larger - than - life '' directorial style , with some seeing it as an `` oddly hollow film '' . Made on a budget of ₹ 400 million ( US $6.1 million ) , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... emerged as a major commercial success , both domestically and internationally , with a lifetime gross of ₹ 1.35 billion ( US $21 million ) . Outside India , the film was the highest grossing Indian film ever , until its record was broken by Karan 's next directorial , Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) . Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... won several awards at popular award ceremonies the following year , including five Filmfare Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release and reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.1. 1 India 5.1. 2 Overseas 5.2 Box Office 5.3 Accolades 6 Themes 7 Other media 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Yashvardhan `` Yash '' Raichand ( Amitabh Bachchan ) is a rich business tycoon , living in Delhi with his wife Nandini ( Jaya Bachchan ) and two sons Rahul and Rohan . Rahul is the elder son and was adopted by Yash and Nandini at birth . This is known to everyone in the Raichand household , except Rohan . The Raichand household is highly patriarchal and follows traditions . While grown up , Rahul ( Shahrukh Khan ) comes across the vivacious Anjali Sharma ( Kajol ) , and they eventually fall in love , but their love is forbidden , because Anjali is from a low - income background . Yash and Nandini soon send Rohan ( Kavish Majumdar ) to a boarding school , which all the males in their family have attended . Yash announces his desire for Rahul to marry Naina ( Rani Mukherji ) , as he believes that parents have the right to choose their offspring 's spouse , but Naina learns that Rahul is in love with Anjali , and encourages him to pursue her . When Yash comes to know of this , he is enraged , and Rahul promises not to marry Anjali , as he wants to please his father . En route to tell her of his promise , he discovers that her father ( Alok Nath ) has died , and decides to marry her despite his father 's hostility . Yash learns of the marriage and disowns Rahul , whereupon Nandini and Rahul share a tearful goodbye . Nandini sends Sayeeda ( Farida Jalal ) ( Rahul and Rohan 's nanny ) to watch over him , so that he does not feel separated from a mother 's love . Rahul visits Rohan in the Boarding School and begs of Rohan never to ask where he went or why he left , and asks that he take care of Nandini . Ten years later , Rohan ( Hrithik Roshan ) returns home from boarding school and accidentally overhears a conversation from his grandmothers ( Achala Sachdev and Sushma Seth ) concerned Rahul 's adoption and the reason why Rahul left home , whereupon Rohan vows to reunite the family . He learns that Rahul , Anjali , and her younger sister Pooja ( with whom he shared a playful relationship during his childhood ) moved to London , and tells his parents that he wishes to pursue further studies in London . Yash is skeptical at first , but once Rohan emphasizes that he is following the family traditions , his parents agree to let him go . In London , Rahul and Anjali now have their own son , Krish ( Jibraan Khan ) . Pooja ( Kareena Kapoor ) , now a popular fashion - obsessed diva , is a student at King 's College London , where Rohan enrolls . He and Pooja meet again and he tells her that he has come to London to bring his brother and sister - in - law back home . Pooja tells Rahul that Rohan is her friend 's brother who currently has nowhere to stay . After some persuasion , Rahul agrees to let Rohan stay as Rohan uses the name ' Yash ' to hide his real identity . Right before the family attends Krish 's school function , Sayeeda and Anjali find out his real identity , though they promise to keep quiet . At Krish 's school function , Krish leads his class in singing Jana Gana Mana ( Indian national anthem ) , and later recites advice which Rohan had given him . Rahul , having given Rohan this advice ten years ago , now realizes that Rohan is his brother . Rohan begs Rahul to come home , but Rahul refuses . Pooja convinces Rohan to invite his parents to London ; Rahul and Nandini are overjoyed to see one another , but Rahul still refuses to talk to his father . When Yash goes to a store , Anjali stumbles by and Rohan reveals that they have been living in London the whole time . Yash soon learns that his mother had died and that her last wish was for Yash , Rahul , and Rohan to light her funeral pyre together . Therefore , the entire family attends the funeral , and Nandini tells Yash that she thought he was wrong for disowning Rahul . Rohan and Pooja convince Rahul to talk to Yash , who apologizes and allows Rahul and Anjali into the house . Rohan and Pooja are married , and the family hold a belated celebration of Rahul and Anjali 's wedding . Cast ( edit ) Amitabh Bachchan as Yashvardhan `` Yash '' Raichand , a Delhi based business tycoon . Fiercely dominating , he insists on controlling the life of his wife and sons . Amitabh Bachchan was Karan 's first choice for the portrayal of Yash Raichand . Karan added , `` As I wrote the film , I realised that Yashvardhan Raichand is the backbone of the film and I could only see one actor playing the role -- Amitabh Bachchan . '' Bachchan , on his part , agreed to do the film without a script narration . Karan mentioned that he was initially scared to direct a star of the stature of Bachchan , but the latter `` soon became an actor instead of a superstar '' . Jaya Bachchan as Nandini Raichand , Yash 's wife . She shares a close bond with her sons but remains in the shadow of her husband . According to Karan Johar , Jaya Bachchan was the `` obvious '' choice for the character of Nandini , and added that her `` acting prowess and stature '' were the other reasons for him preferring to cast her . The film also marked the return of Amitabh and Jaya Bachchan together on screen after a gap of 18 years . Of her character , she said that Nandini was an extension of her own self . She elaborated , `` My personal feelings towards Shah Rukh are similar to what I was supposed to portray in the film . There 's something about him that makes me want to mother him . '' She added that she modelled her character on Karan 's mother , Hiroo Johar , who `` is a very emotional and sentimental person . '' Shah Rukh Khan as Rahul Raichand , Yash and Nandini 's adopted son . Rahul feels indebted to his parents and tries to fulfill all their wishes . However , he falls in love with Anjali and invites the wrath of Yash . When Karan offered the role to Shah Rukh , he immediately agreed to do it and accommodated his dates , despite having several other commitments . Khan described the character of Rahul by saying , `` I love the vulnerability and the honesty in his eyes . He has the appeal of a boy next door . Besides , his intensity and ability to convey emotions without words is amazing . '' Kajol as Anjali Sharma , Rahul 's love - interest and later , wife . She is a fun - loving woman living in the Chandni Chowk area of Delhi . Belonging to a lower socio - economic group than the Raichand family , she is not accepted by Yash as his daughter - in - law . Karan was initially hesitant to cast Kajol in the film , as he felt that she would refuse the offer due to her recent marriage . Kajol , however , was moved to tears during the script narration and agreed to do the film . In an interview to Filmfare , Kajol said , `` One tiny fact that Karan forgot to mention during his narration was just how much Punjabi my character spoke in the film . I nearly died when I saw the lines of dialogue on the first day of shooting . '' However , she learnt the right pronunciation and diction with the help of Yash Johar and the crew members . Hrithik Roshan as Rohan Raichand , Yash and Nandini 's biological son . He wants his elder brother Rahul to return home . Karan signed Roshan to play the character of Rohan after watching a rough cut of the latter 's debut film , Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2000 ) . Roshan described his character as a `` buffer '' in a film that primarily focused on Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan . Kareena Kapoor as Pooja `` Poo '' Sharma , Anjali 's younger sister . She is a sophisticated girl , who helps Rohan in his plan to reunite Rahul with his parents . After spotting Kapoor at a party organised by Bombay Times , Karan decided to cast her immediately for the role of the glamorous diva , Poo . Kapoor stated that in her opinion , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... was primarily Kajol 's film , and that her own character was a supporting one . In order to prepare for her role , she worked hard on her dancing skills , as she did not want audiences to know that she could not dance well . Rani Mukerji as Naina Kapoor , a socialite girl who loves Rahul and wants to marry him , and Yashvardhan approves of her . Following the success of Karan 's previous film , Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) , which starred Khan , Kajol and Mukerji , he wanted her presence in this film too . He thus cast Mukerji in a guest appearance . Initially , Karan wanted her presence in the film to be a surprise , but an accidental slip by Sony Music during the promotional activities led to her discovery . Farida Jalal as Sayeeda / Daijan ( DJ ) , Rahul and Rohan 's nanny Simone Singh as Rukhsaar , Sayeeda 's daughter and Anjali 's best friend Alok Nath as Bauji Sharma , Anjali and Pooja 's father Kavish Majumdar as the younger Rohan Raichand Malvika Raj as the younger Pooja Sharma Jugal Hansraj as Rohan 's friend ( special appearance ) Achala Sachdev and Sushma Seth were cast as Yash and Nandini 's mothers , respectively . The film also featured Johnny Lever as Haldiram ( a shopkeeper in Chandni Chowk ) , Himani Shivpuri as Haldiram 's wife , Jibraan Khan as Krish Raichand ( Rahul and Anjali 's son ) , Amar Talwar as Mr. Kapoor ( Yash 's friend and Naina 's father ) . Ramona Sunavala , Jeroo Writer and Vikas Sethi feature as Poo 's friends Sonya , Tanya and Robbie , respectively . Additionally , Ashutosh Singh features as Ashfaque , Rukshaar 's husband . Shilpa Mehta , Shashikala and Parzan Dastur were cast as Ashfaque 's mother , grandmother and nephew , respectively . Shashikala played the in - law to Rukhsaar . Punit Malhotra and Johnny Lever 's real - life son Jesse Lever had small parts . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` At a certain age , boys are very demonstrative about their love towards their fathers . They hug and kiss them . But after that , they withdraw , become less demonstrative . My film is about relationships , about sons going up to their fathers and saying they love them . '' -- Karan Johar After the success of Karan 's debut film , Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) , he began work on a story dealing with the concept of `` generations '' . The idea initially revolved around two daughters - in - law . However , on the advice of filmmaker Aditya Chopra , who thought that the male characters would be too weak , Karan decided to tweak the story - line to make it the story of two brothers . The inspiration behind Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... came from Yash Chopra 's Kabhi Kabhie ( 1976 ) . On being inspired by the classic , Karan quoted , `` What appealed to me was the fact that the love story stretched out across generations . It began with youth and went on as the people grew older . You could say that Kabhi Kabhie is the starting point for my new film , that I am inspired by it . But the film , I am sure , will be very different . It will look different , feel different . '' Similarly , Karan added an extra `` e '' to the second Kabhi in the title of his film , due to numerological reasons . In an interview with The Times of India , Karan dispelled comparisons with Kuch Kuch Hota Hai and said that while his debut film was `` frothy and bubble - gummish '' , this one was `` more classy and sophisticated '' . He added that there would be `` plenty of drama '' in this film too , but handled more maturely . Before principal photography could begin , Karan and the contracted costume designers ( Manish Malhotra , Shabina Khan and Rocky S ) shopped in several locations of USA , London , Milan , and New Delhi to get the right look for each of the cast members . Additionally , Karan had only one expectation from the contracted actors ; to `` look good and do their job '' . He did not organise any rehearsals for them , except for a scene involving a climatic encounter between Amitabh Bachchan and Roshan . Additional production people hired included choreographer Farah Khan , production designer Sharmishta Roy and cinematographer Kiran Deohans . Filming ( edit ) The first schedule of the film began in Mumbai on 16 October 2000 , with the picturisation of the song `` Bole Chudiyan '' involving Roshan , Kapoor , Khan and Kajol . Amitabh and Jaya Bachchan joined the schedule on 20 October . Due to the immense stress caused by the presence of these actors , Karan fainted on the sets . However , he continued directing the rest of the song while lying in bed . For the first half of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... , the production design team led by Sharmishtha Roy , recreated Chandni Chowk in a studio at Film City of Mumbai . In order to lend authenticity , the team took several pictures of the original area and also shopped in the various alleys of Chandni Chowk . Roy later won Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction her work . The inside of a palatial mansion was developed from scratch in the same studio to double as the home of the Raichand family . In order to lend authenticity to the house of the multi-multimillionaires , several expensive paintings were hung from the walls . A total of 18 -- 19 elaborate sets were constructed by Roy , as Karan wanted the look of the film to be `` larger - than - life '' . Waddesdon Manor ( in the picture ) was featured as the mansion of the Raichand family in the film . The second half of the film was shot in the city of London . Karan chose to set the film there due to his fondness for the city . He added , `` I could have based my plot in New York City or anywhere else . But London is kind of close to my heart . I like to weave my films around London . '' Shooting locations include the Wales Millennium Centre , Bluewater in Kent , Blenheim Palace , St Paul 's Cathedral and the banks of River Thames . The outdoor scenes of the Raichand family mansion were shot at Waddesdon Manor . The crew faced enormous difficulties while filming an emotional scene between Jaya Bachchan and Khan at the Bluewater Complex , as a massive crowd had gathered there to watch them at work . The situation , eventually , got worse and the complex officials asked them to wrap up the shoot within two hours . British journalist , Fuad Omar , wrote extensively about the filming of the film in the UK , covering much of the shoot in a series of online articles and for regional press . Many of these were reprinted in an unedited format in his book , Bollywood : An Insider 's Guide . Another song sequence ( `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' ) involving Khan and Kajol was shot with the backdrop of the Pyramids of Giza in the city of Cairo in Egypt . Due to the lighting conditions , the crew could shoot only between 7 and 9 am in the morning . As a result , the song took several days to film . In addition , Kajol suffered from a minor injury while filming for the song , as she had experienced a bad fall . Soundtrack ( edit ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... Soundtrack album by Jatin Lalit Sandesh Shandilya Aadesh Shrivastava Released Genre Film Soundtrack Language Hindi Label Sony Music India Producer Yash Johar The music of the film was composed by Jatin Lalit , Sandesh Shandilya and Aadesh Shrivastava . The lyrics were provided by Sameer , except for `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' which was penned by Anil Pandey . A total of 11 tracks are present in the album , which was released by Sony Music on 16 October 2001 . Explaining the album , Karan Johar said , `` I wanted music that had all kinds of tunes -- pop , romantic , bhangra -- but one sound . It had to be larger than life . '' He added that Jatin - Lalit came up with three `` haunting melodies '' , while Shandilya and Shrivastava came up with the pop and bhangra songs , respectively . A legal suit was filed against Johar for using the song `` It 's Raining Men '' in the film without obtaining prior permission . Upon release , the soundtrack of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... emerged as a major success by selling 2.5 million units within 30 days . Additionally , it became the largest selling album of the year in India . Writing for Rediff , Sukanya Varma praised most of the compositions , while being critical of the song `` Say Shava Shava '' due to the `` overdose of Punjabi emotions '' . She summed up by saying , `` The music of K3G has a presence . Hate it or love it , you certainly wo n't ignore it . '' Planet Bollywood gave it 8 of 10 stars , calling `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' by Sonu Nigam the best song , and the best reason to buy the album . Karan Johar said , `` The music composers did an excellent job but appreciating the songs without appreciating Sonu Nigam is hollow . I fought with the producers to give Sonu a chance and today he 's made the songs immortal . '' In 2002 , Sony released another album titled Klub K3G , featuring remixes by Indian electronic music producers Akshai Sarin , Harshdeep Sidhu , Prempal Hans and others . Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... Album : Track listing No . Title Lyrics Music Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' Sameer Jatin Lalit Lata Mangeshkar 7 : 55 2 . `` Bole Chudiyan '' Sameer Jatin Lalit Kavita K. Subramaniam , Alka Yagnik , Sonu Nigam , Udit Narayan , Amit Kumar 6 : 50 3 . `` You Are My Soniya '' Sameer Sandesh Shandilya Alka Yagnik , Sonu Nigam 5 : 45 4 . `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' Anil Pandey Sandesh Shandilya Alka Yagnik , Sonu Nigam 7 : 08 5 . `` Say Shava Shava '' Sameer Aadesh Shrivastava Alka Yagnik , Sunidhi Chauhan , Udit Narayan , Sudesh Bhonsle , Aadesh Shrivastava , Amitabh Bachchan 6 : 50 6 . `` Yeh Ladka Hai Allah '' Sameer Jatin Lalit Alka Yagnik , Udit Narayan 5 : 28 7 . `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham -- Sad ( Part 1 ) '' Sameer Jatin Lalit Sonu Nigam 1 : 53 8 . `` Deewana Hai Dekho '' Sameer Sandesh Shandilya Alka Yagnik , Sonu Nigam , Kareena Kapoor 5 : 46 9 . `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham -- Sad ( Part 2 ) '' Sameer Jatin Lalit Lata Mangeshkar 1 : 53 10 . `` Soul of K3G '' Sandesh Shandilya Instrumental 2 : 18 11 . `` Vande Mataram '' Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Sandesh Shandilya Kavita K. Subramaniam , Usha Uthup 4 : 15 Total length : 56 : 01 Release and reception ( edit ) Initially scheduled for a theatrical release during the Diwali celebrations of 2001 , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... released a month later on 14 December . Due to the long duration of the film , theatres screened three shows daily , instead of four . Additionally , due to a massive rush in advance bookings , several theatres increased their ticket prices . The use of `` Jana Gana Mana '' by Rabindranath Tagore during the film was met with criticism from a certain section of the audiences , and politicians of the Bharatiya Janata Party , for being `` out - of - context '' and `` insulting the national pride '' . Subsequently , a writ was issued against Dharma Productions in the Allahabad High Court by a petitioner based in Uttar Pradesh . However , the court did not entertain the complainant 's petition . Critical reception ( edit ) India ( edit ) Among the cast members , Kajol was appreciated for her performance . A review carried by The Hindu noted that she `` steals the thunder from under very high noses '' . In India , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... met with polarised reactions from film critics . While certain critics praised the visual richness and the performances of the cast , certain others were negative about the lengthy run time and criticised the script strength and inconsistencies . Khalid Mohamed of The Times of India applauded the film and reviewed , `` K3G is the complete commercial banquet delivered with fabulous finesse by Karan Johar . So , go indulge yourself . Cry your heart out and surprisingly , you 'll feel life 's finally alive and kicking in Mumbai 's dream world . '' Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4.5 out of 5 stars . He praised the emotional sequences , as well as the choreography , production design , costumes , and cinematography . He added that Karan Johar was the real star , for creating many memorable sequences . Rakesh Budhu of Planet Bollywood gave the film 8 out of 10 stars , saying `` Dharma Productions has kept its promise in giving us a lovable film to remember in coming times . '' He pointed out several flaws in the script , but added that the positive aspects of the film managed to outweigh the negative ones . He quoted , `` K3G is one heck of an entertainer and was worth the wait '' . In the film review section of his book Bollywood : An Insider 's Guide , Fuad Omar showered overwhelming praise on the film and called it a `` masterpiece from the first frame to the last '' . In summary he said , `` Overall Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... is without a doubt the most enthralling , entertaining , emotional and complete vision and definition of Hindi cinema I have ever seen . It is simply the perfect Hindi film . '' Contrary to the positive reviews , Anjum N. , writing for Rediff , said that despite an extraordinary cast and a big budget , `` Karan Johar disappoints . '' He praised Amitabh and Jaya Bachchan 's performance and noted Hrithik Roshan for holding his own against the veteran actors . However , in summary he called the film `` a bad remix of Mohabbatein and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai '' . Writing for The Hindu , Ziya Salam praised Kajol 's performance and Karan 's ability to `` keep the viewer occupied '' . She commented , `` Watch Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... not because of the hype which preceded its release but because in these meagre times not many have come up with better fare . The film at least partially redeems the hope surrounding it . Again , just like its name . Some joy , some disappointment . '' Namarata Joshi of Outlook gave a mixed review and said that while the film `` makes you laugh and cry alternately '' , the shenanigans were nevertheless `` fake and affected '' and `` monochromatic despite the profusion of colours '' . Overseas ( edit ) The reviews were mostly mixed outside of India too , with several critics praising the technical production details of the film , while being somewhat less enthusiastic about the story line . Shamaila Khan of BBC gave the film 9 out of 10 stars and praised the performances of Khan , Kajol and Kapoor . She summed up by saying , `` ( K3G is ) a well made film , with some magical moments ( hilarious and weepy ) and possibly the world 's best looking family ! '' Derek Elley of Variety said that it `` is a highly enjoyable , often dazzlingly staged vehicle dragged down by a sluggish final half - hour '' . He also praised the cinematography , and the picturisation of the song , `` Say Shava Shava '' . Corey K. Creekmur , of the University of Iowa , said that there were many ignored or illogical plot points and inconsistencies between the moral messages meant to be portrayed and the manner in which they came off on screen . Overall , he called the film a letdown . Box Office ( edit ) Upon release , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... broke all opening records . The film opened to around ₹ 70 million ( US $1.1 million ) nett collections in its first weekend in India , with the first week total at around ₹ 140 million ( US $2.1 million ) . The domestic opening week collections were 70 % higher than the previous record and never before had opening records been eclipsed by such large margins . It also set new records for the second and third weeks , by collecting ₹ 105 million ( US $1.6 million ) and ₹ 80 million ( US $1.2 million ) respectively . The film went on to become the second highest grosser of 2001 domestically , netting ₹ 550 million ( US $8.4 million ) in India , and earning `` Blockbuster '' status . The film was released in around 125 prints in the overseas markets , grossing a total of $8.9 million at the end of its theatrical run . It performed very well in the United Kingdom , with a gross of $689,000 in its opening weekend . It thus debuted at the third position at the British box - office . The total earnings of the film reached over $3.2 million in the UK . The film also had the biggest opening ever for a Bollywood film in North America , with a gross of $1.1 million in 73 screens . However , according to a report by Rediff , the numbers were so high that the official reporting agency did not believe it , and asked for evidence that could not be furnished until after the reporting deadline had passed . If reported on time , the film would have opened at the number 10 spot in the North American box - office . However , according to figures from Box Office Mojo , the film debuted at the 32nd place at the American box office during the week of 4 January 2002 . It eventually gathered a total of $2.9 million there . Additionally , in 2003 , the film became the first from India to be given a theatrical release in Germany . Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... earned a worldwide gross of ₹ 1.35 billion ( US $21 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of the year in the overseas market , surpassing Gadar : Ek Prem Katha , which was the top grosser of the year . Its record of being the highest grosser in the overseas was broken only by Johar 's next directorial , Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) . When adjusted for inflation , the film is still among the highest grossers worldwide . Accolades ( edit ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... received fifteen nominations at the Filmfare Awards , ultimately winning five awards . In an interview with Filmfare , Karan Johar said that he was not dejected to have not won many awards at the ceremony , as he felt that Lagaan was `` a classic '' and deserved to win . The film won several awards at the International Indian Film Academy Awards ( IIFA ) , and some at the Zee Cine Awards and Screen Awards ceremonies , among others . Among the cast members , Kajol and Jaya Bachchan won several awards in the Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress category , respectively . At the 13th annual Valenciennes International Film Festival , the film won five major awards , including three Best Film awards and Best Actress for Kajol . Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... received the highest number of acting nominations ever received ( 6 ) by a film at Filmfare Awards . Award Nominee Result Filmfare Awards Best Actress Kajol Won Best Supporting Actress Jaya Bachchan Best Dialogue Karan Johar Best Art Direction Sharmishta Roy Best Scene of the Year Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... Best Film Yash Johar Nominated Best Director Karan Johar Best Actor Shahrukh Khan Best Supporting Actor Amitabh Bachchan Best Supporting Actor Hrithik Roshan Best Supporting Actress Kareena Kapoor Best Music Direction Jatin Lalit Best Lyricist Anil Pandey ( `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' ) Best Lyricist Sameer ( `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' ) Best Male Playback Sonu Nigam ( `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' ) Screen Awards Best Actress Kajol Won Jodi No. 1 Shahrukh Khan & Kajol Valenciennes International Film Festival Best Film ( Special Jury Award ) Yash Johar Best Film ( Audience Jury Award ) Yash Johar Best Film ( Student Jury Award ) Yash Johar Best Actress Kajol Bleu Nord Award Jatin Lalit , Sandesh Shandilya , Aadesh Shrivastava IIFA Awards Best Supporting Actress Jaya Bachchan Best Male Playback Sonu Nigam ( `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' ) Best Dialogue Karan Johar Best Art Direction Sharmishta Roy Best Background Score Babloo Chakravarty Best Sound Recording Anil Mathur and Nakul Kante Best Costume Design Manish Malhotra Best Makeup Mikey Contractor Zee Cine Awards Best Playback Singer -- Male Sonu Nigam ( `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' ) Zee Cine Special Award for Outstanding Performance -- Female Kajol Themes ( edit ) Film critics and academics have analysed Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... in several ways . In the book , Encyclopedia of Religion and Film , Eric Mazur described several `` mythological subtexts '' in the film . While mentioning the opening scene of the film , which features the Raichand family worshiping `` Hindu deities during the annual Diwali holiday '' , he explained that the scene allowed the Hindu audiences to participate in the darshan along with the characters . Author Rajani Mazumdar compared Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... to Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) and added that the film dealt with themes of family and moral values through a `` spectacular stage that moves across global locations '' . She further stated that the buildup to the story was juxtaposed with the backdrop of two contrasting places -- the Raichand home and the interiors of Chandni Chowk . While the Raichand house is described as `` expensive , almost like a museum '' , Chandni Chowk is shown as a world of crowds , chaos and festivities . She also made a note of the use of frontal camera angles in order to ensure that the `` spectators eye travels throughout the interior expanse '' . Writer Sangita Gopal analysed the `` intensification of the aesthetic effects of Hindi cinema '' in the narrative scheme of the film . During the confrontation scene between Yash and Rahul Raichand , a `` thundering background score '' coupled with `` 360 ° panning shots '' were used to build up melodrama . She added that while such scenes simply began by reprising previous face - offs in several melodramatic Hindi films ( such as Mohabbatein of 2000 ) , they gradually shifted `` to a more realist register as the framework moves from a sociology to a psychology of the family '' . Mazur mentioned the use of `` dream sequences '' in the film as a means of escapism . He referred to the song `` Suraj Hua Maddham '' as an extradiegetic sequence that allowed Rahul and Anjali to be physically intimate `` in ways that they could not in the real world of the film . '' He added that the characters conveyed a plethora of emotions not through extensive dialogue but through the exchange of glances , which were demonstrated by extreme close - ups on their eyes . Writing for the book Movie Blockbusters , Andrew Willis commented that the film was specifically written to appeal to the Indian diaspora . He explained that the film was aimed at invoking nostalgia among the large section of NRI 's in Canada , United Kingdom and North America . In the second half of the film , Rahul and Anjali move to London , where they enjoy an affluent lifestyle , among several non-Indian neighbours and friends . However , there is a perpetual dissatisfaction among them , especially Anjali , in living away from home . Additionally , she dresses up in a traditional sari and performs the duties of a loyal housemaker . She also frets about her son and younger sister being `` too influenced '' by Western culture . The film , thus tries to form an emotional connection with the expatriate Indian audiences . According to Eckstein , several sequences convey a `` culturally conservative '' and `` idealistic image '' of India , while maintaining that the diaspora living in Britain lead a life of `` involuntary exile '' . Western ideology is equated with economic success , with emphasis on Western consumerism such as Starbucks and Burger King . Creekmur believes that Rohan was the only character in the film who could navigate multiple cultural spaces with ease . He seems totally at ease both at his ancestral home in India and in London . Though the tagline for the film was `` It 's all about loving your parents '' , Creekmur was skeptical and suggested `` the film seems to actually admonish stern fathers to trust and love their children -- mothers , aunties , and grandmothers , of course , love their children unconditionally even while respecting the idiotic wishes of vain patriarchs . '' Other media ( edit ) During the production and filming process , a book entitled The Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham was written by Niranjan Iyengar . It features materials and interviews concerning the producer , director , cinematographer , art director , cast and crew that Iyengar gathered over an 18 - month period during the production of the film . The book was released a few days prior to the theatrical release of the film . Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... has been released on VHS and DVD ( one and two disc version ) formats , beginning in 2002 , and in the Blu - ray format beginning in 2010 . The two disc DVD version of the film contains a 45 - minute documentary entitled The Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham along with deleted scenes , a theatrical trailer , and several television promos . References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dhawan , Himanshu ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Look who 's laughing '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... '' Box Office India . Archived from the original on 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Excerpts from the making of K3g '' . Rediff . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karan Johar on Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Rediff. 9 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amitabh wears make - up ; Jaya comes colour coordinated '' . Rediff. 11 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare -- Print Edition : Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Jaya Bachchan ) '' . Filmfare. April 2002 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Many people love me too much '' -- Shahrukh Khan `` . Rediff. 13 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare -- Print Edition : Best Actress ( Kajol ) '' . Filmfare. April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snapshots from Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Rediff. 23 November 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bebo 's gung - ho ! '' . Rediff. 13 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Then and now : Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Filmfare. 14 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rediff interview : Karan Johar '' . Rediff. 5 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jha , Subhash K. ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` Cherished moments in film - making '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An exclusive interview with director Karan Johar '' . Rediff. 9 December 1998 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Karan Johar on Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Rediff. 9 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Khalid ( 6 October 2001 ) . `` Sunday brunch with Karan Johar '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fashion Speak '' . Rediff. 12 December 1998 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ( 2001 ) Hindi Movie Critic Review By Taran Adarsh -- Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama. 11 December 2001 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Omar 2006 , pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... DVD special feature . From the 36 -- 38 - minute mark . Jump up ^ Deepanjana Pal ( September 2013 ) . `` Places Other Than This '' . The Big Indian Picture . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Art Direction : Sharmishta Roy '' . Filmfare. April 2002 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hrithik 's lonely this Diwali '' . Rediff. 9 November 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A sweet sad tale '' . Rediff. 29 November 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... DVD special feature . From the 33 - minute mark . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... Article '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hrithik is a student as compared to Shah Rukh ' : Karan Johar '' . Rediff. 4 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On Location -- London calling : Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Dialogue / Filmfare - Sony Best Scene : Karan Johar '' . Filmfare. April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Chattopadhyay , Sohini ( 15 April 2005 ) . `` Hot Spots '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' K3G will be the biggest film after Sholay ' '' . Rediff. 12 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Parkar , Shaheen ( 16 December 2009 ) . `` Actors tripping on sets is a sign of good luck for KJo '' . Mid Day . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... : Lata Mangeshkar : Music '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . Itunes.apple.com. 28 November 2001 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rich to Shah Rukh , grand to Kajol '' . Rediff. 6 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` When Karan Johar was sued '' . The Times of India . 24 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Singing all the way to the bank '' . Outlook . 3 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Music Albums '' . Web.archive.org. 22 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The music review of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... '' Rediff. 16 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Rakesh Budhu ( 20 August 1996 ) . `` Music Review - Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Planet - Bollywood . Archived from the original on 21 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klub K3g : The Complete Remix Album : REmix by Hardeep Sidhu and Prempal Hans ( Partners in rhyme ) : Music '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallia , Kajal ( 7 November 2001 ) . `` No big Hindi film release this Diwali '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` K3G -- Cheers to a great start ! '' . The Times of India . 17 December 2001 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Khomne , Ranjit ( 8 January 2002 ) . `` K3G in the eye of a storm '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` K3G taken to court by city ' patriot ' '' . The Times of India . 30 January 2002 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Borpujari , Utpal . `` So goes the anthem of discontent '' . Deccan Herald . The Printers ( Mysore ) Private Tld . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Salam , Ziya ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` The Hindu Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 24 February 2002 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Khalid ( 17 December 2001 ) . `` Wow , that 's entertainment ! '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Rakesh Budhu ( 14 December 2001 ) . `` Film Review -- Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Planet - Bollywood . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Omar 2006 , pp. 60 -- 64 Jump up ^ `` The Rediff Review : Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Rediff. 14 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshi , Namrata ( 31 December 2001 ) . `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham -- Namrata Joshi '' . Outlook . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan , Shamaila ( 1 January 2002 ) . `` Manchester Masti -- Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Review '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Elley , Derek ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Variety Reviews -- Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... -- Film Reviews -- Also Playing -- Review by Derek Elley '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Creekmur , Corey . `` KABHI KHUSHI KABHIE GHAM ... '' South Asian Studies Program , University of Iowa . Archived from the original on 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Years On : Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2001 '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Box Office Results '' . BoxofficeMojo . Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` K3G makes history in US , UK '' . Rediff. 20 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Poduwal , Sunanda ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Hindi films lose grip on the German market '' . Economic Times . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Lifetime Inflation Adjusted Grossers Worldwide '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare Nominees And Winners '' ( PDF ) . The Times Group . pp. 110 -- 112 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare Awards 2002 '' . Awardsandshows.com . Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rare opportunity for Malaysian fans '' . The Hindu . 26 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lagaan scoops Bollywood awards '' . BBC News . 6 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fair View Zee Cine Awards 2002 -- 5th Zee Cine Awards & Winners '' . Awardsandshows.com. 11 January 2002 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lagaan ' , ' DCH ' sweep Screen Awards '' . The Tribune . 20 January 2002 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More awards for K3G '' . Rediff. 27 March 2002 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazur 2011 , pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Mazumdar 2007 , pp. 136 Jump up ^ Mazumdar 2007 , pp. 138 -- 140 Jump up ^ Bhattacharya Mehta & Pandharipande 2010 , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Mazur 2011 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Stringer 2003 , pp. 255 -- 257 Jump up ^ Hirji 2010 , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ ( Punathambekar 2005 , pp. 159 ) Jump up ^ Oonk 2007 , pp. 214 Jump up ^ Eckstein 2008 , pp. 68 -- 70 Jump up ^ The Making of ' Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ' ( 9788175083387 ) : Niranjan Iyengar : Books . Amazon.com . ISBN 8175083387 . Jump up ^ `` ' K3G is the biggest film ever made ' '' . Rediff . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham '' . Archived from the original on 12 February 2002 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Niranjan Iyengar ( 1 January 2002 ) . The making of Kabhi khushi kabhie gham . Dharma Productions ( in association with ) India Book House . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7508 - 338 - 7 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham : : zulm.net : : definitive indian dvd guide '' . zulm.net . Archived from the original on 5 November 2002 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Bibliography Eckstein , Lars ( 2008 ) , Multi-Ethnic Britain 2000 + : New Perspectives in Literature , Film and the Arts , Rodopi , ISBN 9042024976 . Hirji , Faiza ( 2010 ) , Dreaming in Canadian : South Asian Youth , Bollywood , and Belonging , UBC Press , ISBN 0774817984 . Mazumdar , Ranjani ( 2007 ) , Bombay Cinema : An Archive of the City , University of Minnesota Press , ISBN 0816649421 . Mazur , Eric ( 2011 ) , Encyclopedia of Religion and Film , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0313330727 . Bhattacharya Mehta , Rini ; Pandharipande , Rajeshwari ( 2010 ) , Bollywood and Globalization : Indian Popular Cinema , Nation , and Diaspora : Anthem South Asian Studies , Anthem Press , ISBN 1843318334 . Omar , Fuad ( 2006 ) , Bollywood : An Insider 's Guide , Lulu.com , ISBN 1847280099 . Oonk , Gijsbert ( 2007 ) , Global Indian Diasporas : Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory , Amsterdam University Press , ISBN 9053560351 . Punathambekar , Aswin ( 2005 ) . `` Bollywood in the Indian - American Diaspora : Mediating a transitive logic of cultural citizenship '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Cultural Studies . SAGE Publications . 8 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 173 . doi : 10.1177 / 1367877905052415 . Stringer , Julian ( 2003 ) , Movie Blockbusters , Routledge , ISBN 0415256089 . Further reading ( edit ) Iyengar , Niranjan ( 2002 ) . The Making of Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham . Dharma Productions ( in association with ) India Book House , India . ISBN 81 - 7508 - 338 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Bollywood portal Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... at Box Office Mojo Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... on IMDb Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... at the TCM Movie Database Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... at AllMovie Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... at Bollywood Hungama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... at Rediff Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... at Yash Raj Films Official Website at the Wayback Machine ( archived 4 February 2002 ) Official Site on Dharma Productions at the Wayback Machine ( archived 7 January 2012 ) Karan Johar Films directed Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Bombay Talkies ( 2013 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Films produced Duplicate ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) Dostana ( 2008 ) Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Kurbaan ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) Agneepath ( 2012 ) Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Gippi ( 2013 ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Hasee Toh Phasee ( 2014 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Ungli ( 2014 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) See also List of Dharma Productions films Dharma Productions Key individuals Yash Johar Hiroo Yash Johar Karan Johar Karan Johar Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Shakun Batra Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Mahesh Bhatt Gumrah ( 1993 ) Duplicate ( 1998 ) Rensil D'Silva Kurbaan ( 2009 ) Ungli ( 2013 ) Shashank Khaitan Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Dhadak ( 2018 ) Karan Malhotra Agneepath ( 2012 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Punit Malhotra I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Student of the Year 2 ( 2018 ) Tarun Mansukhani Dostana ( 2008 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Ayan Mukerji Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Brahmastra ( 2019 ) Other Dostana ( 1980 ) Duniya ( 1984 ) Muqaddar Ka Faisla ( 1987 ) Agneepath ( 1990 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) Kesari ( 2019 ) List of Dharma Productions films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham...&oldid=834344683 '' Categories : 2001 films 2000s Hindi - language films Films directed by Karan Johar Films set in Delhi Films set in London Films shot in Delhi Films shot in England Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava Films scored by Jatin -- Lalit Films scored by Sandesh Shandilya Indian films Indian romantic musical films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use Indian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Shqip کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Vepsän kel ' 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | child actor name in kabhi khushi kabhi gham | [
"Ten years later, Rohan (Hrithik Roshan) returns home from boarding school and accidentally overhears a conversation from his grandmothers (Achala Sachdev and Sushma Seth) concerned Rahul's adoption and the reason why Rahul left home, whereupon Rohan vows to reunite the family. He learns that Rahul, Anjali, and her younger sister Pooja (with whom he shared a playful relationship during his childhood) moved to London, and tells his parents that he wishes to pursue further studies in London. Yash is skeptical at first, but once Rohan emphasizes that he is following the family traditions, his parents agree to let him go. In London, Rahul and Anjali now have their own son, Krish (Jibraan Khan). Pooja (Kareena Kapoor), now a popular fashion-obsessed diva, is a student at King's College London, where Rohan enrolls. He and Pooja meet again and he tells her that he has come to London to bring his brother and sister-in-law back home. Pooja tells Rahul that Rohan is her friend's brother who currently has nowhere to stay. After some persuasion, Rahul agrees to let Rohan stay as Rohan uses the name 'Yash' to hide his real identity. Right before the family attends Krish's school function, Sayeeda and Anjali find out his real identity, though they promise to keep quiet. At Krish's school function, Krish leads his class in singing Jana Gana Mana (Indian national anthem), and later recites advice which Rohan had given him. Rahul, having given Rohan this advice ten years ago, now realizes that Rohan is his brother."
] | [
"Jibraan Khan"
] |
5935278043557611624 | Freeman A. Hrabowski III | Freeman a Hrabowski III - wikipedia Freeman a Hrabowski III Jump to : navigation , search This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freeman A. Hrabowski III Hrabowski at 2012 Time 100 Gala President of University of Maryland , Baltimore County Incumbent Assumed office Preceded by Michael Hooker Personal details Freeman Alphonsa Hrabowski III ( 1950 - 08 - 13 ) August 13 , 1950 ( age 67 ) Birmingham , Alabama , U.S. Spouse ( s ) Jacqueline Coleman Hrabowski Education Hampton Institute ( B.A. , ' 69 ) University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign ( M.A. , ' 71 , Ph. D. , ' 75 ) Profession Mathematician University president Website president.umbc.edu Freeman Alphonsa Hrabowski III ( born August 13 , 1950 ) is a prominent African American educator , advocate , and mathematician . In May 1992 he began his term as president of the University of Maryland , Baltimore County ( UMBC ) , one of the twelve public universities comprising the Maryland university system . Hrabowski has transformed a no - name , commuter university into a research institution recognized as one of the most innovative in the country . His administration continues to build a campus that is first - rate in research and instruction , and that prepares students of all backgrounds for career success . Under his adept leadership , UMBC has been ranked the # 1 Up and Coming University in the USA for six consecutive years ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) by U.S. News and World Report magazine . Hrabowski is the co-author of the books , Beating the Odds : Raising Academically Successful African American Males ( 1998 ) , Overcoming the Odds : Raising Academically Successful African American Young Women ( 2001 ) , and Holding Fast to Dreams : Empowering Youth from the Civil Rights Crusade to STEM ( 2015 ) . His research and many publications focus on science and math education , with a special emphasis on minority participation and performance . His leadership , expertise and vision are integral to programs worldwide in science / technology / engineering / mathematics ( STEM ) , and are used by universities , school systems , and community groups around the country . Hrabowski chaired the prestigious National Academies committee that produced the report Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation : America 's Science and Technology Talent at the Crossroads . In 2012 , President Barack Obama appointed Hrabowski to Chair of the newly created President 's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for African Americans , and he was also a candidate for Secretary of Education in his administration . He has been called one of America 's Best Leaders , one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World , and one of America 's 10 Best College Presidents . In 2011 , Hrabowski received the Carnegie Corporation of New York 's Academic Leadership Award , one of the highest honors given to an educator . The award included a $500,000 grant , which he has directed to support and promote a culture of innovation , entrepreneurship , and student success at UMBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Leadership and innovation 4 Quotes 5 Awards and honors 6 Selected media appearances 7 References 8 External links Early life and Education ( edit ) Hrabowski was born in segregated Birmingham , Alabama , the only child of his parents , both of whom were educators . His mother was an English teacher who decided to become a math teacher , and she used the young Hrabowski as a guinea pig at home . His father had been a math teacher and then went to work at a steel mill because , as Hrabowski is quoted as saying , `` frankly , he could make more money doing that . '' Frequently asked about the origin of his unusual surname , Hrabowski explains that he is the great - great - grandson of Eaton Hrabowski , a Polish - American `` slave master who lived in rural Alabama '' , and his wife Rebecca McCord . In a CBS television interview , Hrabowski recounted that he is the third Freeman Hrabowski ; his grandfather was the first Freeman Hrabowski born a free man , as opposed to having to be freed . When he was 12 years old , in 1963 , Hrabowski saw his friends readying for the Children 's Crusade march for civil rights . He convinced his parents to let him join in as a youth advocate , but soon into the march he was swept up in a mass arrest . Birmingham 's notorious Public Safety Commissioner Eugene `` Bull '' Connor spat in his face , and he was incarcerated for 5 days . The jail guards locked even the youngest freedom marchers in with hardened criminals . Hrabowski spent five terrified days and nights shielding other youngsters and comforting them by reading his Bible aloud or singing songs . After being reunited with the adults , Hrabowski remembers the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King telling them , `` What you do this day will have an impact on generations as yet unborn . '' King 's words resonated with Hrabowski , and ultimately rang true as the national outrage at the brutality against Birmingham children helped build the pressure for laws banning racial discrimination . That outcome gave Hrabowski a life mission , and he has since been a staunch and tireless campaigner for equality , education , and excellence . When he was 19 years old , Hrabowski graduated from Hampton Institute with high honors in mathematics . During his matriculation there he spent a year abroad at the American University in Cairo , Egypt . At the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , he received his M.A. in mathematics and four years later his Ph. D. in higher education administration and statistics . Hrabowski focused his education on math and science in part because he was worried that the American economy would suffer if other countries continued to graduate more technology experts than the United States . He wants to ensure smart , dynamic students of all backgrounds continue to be amongst the graduates from STEM programs . Career ( edit ) UMBC was a relatively young school in a Baltimore suburb when Hrabowski arrived in 1987 as Vice Provost , then Executive Vice President , and President in 1992 . From the very beginning he had big plans to turn the mid-sized , unremarkable campus into a place where `` it is cool to be smart . '' It seems Hrabowski 's civil rights and administration experiences , his doctoral studies , and his enthusiastic advocacy for education led him seamlessly to UMBC 's presidency . Within his first two years at UMBC , he had raised enough money to set up the comprehensive tutoring and financial aid of the Meyerhoff Scholarship Program . Initially designed to help smart black males become scientists and engineers , the program he co-founded with Robert Meyerhoff quickly expanded to include students of all races and all genders , `` who are interested in the advancement of minorities in the sciences and related fields . '' The Meyerhoff program has since become a national model for colleges and universities everywhere . Freeman Hrabowski at the opening of the Performing Arts & Humanities Building at the University of Maryland , Baltimore County It was Hrabowski 's background that empowered him to take several bold administrative actions , such as disbanding an Africana graduate studies program and refusing to field a college football team in favor of funding math undergraduates and a championship chess team . The result was a dramatic increase in the number of technologically advanced graduates of all races and genders . Hrabowski frequently writes about minority participation and high performance in the sciences , math , and engineering fields . He advised President Obama on educational issues and consults for the National Science Foundation , National Institutes of Health , and the National Academies . Hrabowski is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society . Hrabowski holds over 20 honorary degrees , including those from Harvard University , Duke University , the University of Illinois , Gallaudet University the University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Binghamton University , Princeton University , the University of Michigan , Johns Hopkins University , Georgetown University , Haverford College , Harvey Mudd College , and Goucher College . Hrabowski is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and Sigma Pi Phi fraternity . He serves on the boards of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation , France - Merrick Foundation , Marguerite Casey Foundation ( Chair ) , The Urban Institute , McCormick & Company , T. Rowe Price , and the Baltimore Equitable Society . He has served on the boards of the Constellation Energy Group , Mercantile Safe Deposit & Trust Company , the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , and the Maryland Humanities Council ( member and Chair ) . He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the American Academy of Arts & Sciences , and the American Philosophical Society . Leadership and innovation ( edit ) Hrabowski is a respected voice in the discussion on innovation in science and engineering , who strives to ensure America 's readiness in the arena of global competiviness . Under his dynamic leadership , UMBC has become a powerhouse in higher education and has gained a solid reputation as one of the nation 's premier universities . The University honored the 20th anniversary of Hrabowski 's presidency as hundreds of supporters and friends , faculty and staff , students and alums gathered for a celebration of his leadership and innovation . The outpouring of support from people across the state and nation recognizes the tremendous contributions the entire UMBC community has made to the social fabric of the region , to Maryland 's economy , and to public education nationwide . The enthusiasm is palpable for the model UMBC has created for excellence in teaching across the disciplines under President Hrabowski 's administration . His work continues with the launch of The Hrabowski Fund for Innovation in honor of his anniversary and his many contributions to the university . UMBC has established the fund to permanently endow the initiatives launched with support of the Carnegie grant the president received in 2011 . The Hrabowski Fund for Innovation will enable the President 's office to invest in faculty , staff , and student initiatives such as course design and redesign ; development of unique classroom learning environments that support active learning , team - based learning , and entrepreneurial skill development ; lab - and - project - based capstone courses ; faculty fellowships ; and peer - learning initiatives . This fund will sustain and drive UMBC 's culture of innovation . Quotes ( edit ) `` It 's hard work that makes the difference . I do n't care how smart you are or how smart you think you are . Smart simply means you 're ready to learn . '' `` The more we expect from children , the more they can do . '' `` I guarantee the people who study are going to be successful . Nothing can replace hard work . '' `` Success is never final . '' `` If we are simply satisfied with things as they are , we not only do n't get better , we tend to become even weaker , because people and even institutions never remain the same . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) President Hrabowski has received numerous awards recognizing his prowess in leadership , education , innovation , science , and engineering , some of which are listed below : TIAA - CREF Theodore M. Hesburgh Award for Leadership Excellence Carnegie Corporation of New York 's Academic Leadership Award Top American Leaders by The Washington Post and the Harvard Kennedy School 's Center for Public Leadership . Harold W. McGraw , Jr . Prize in Education ( 2001 ) U.S. Presidential Award for Excellence in Science , Mathematics , and Engineering Mentoring Columbia University Teachers College Medal for Distinguished Service GE African American Forum ICON Lifetime Achievement Award Marylander of the Year Heinz Award in the Human Condition category Fast Company magazine 's first Fast 50 Champions of Innovation in Business and Technology Technology Council of Maryland 's Lifetime Achievement Award . Inaugural inductee into the STEM Solutions Leadership Hall of Fame . William D. Carey Award , American Association for the Advancement of Science 's named a Black Engineer of the Year ( BEYA ) by the BEYA STEM Global Competitiveness Conference Educator of the Year by the World Affairs Council of Washington , DC Ralph Coats Roe Medal , American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) Ronald D. Francis Medal , South Harmin Institute of Technology ( 2004 ) T.J. Manastersky Leadership award Selected media appearances ( edit ) As president of UMBC , Hrabowski is a frequent feature in various media venues such as : Speaking at TED 2013 on 4 pillars of college success in science ( 2 / 13 ) President Hrabowski Discusses Workforce Competitiveness on NBC News ' Education Nation ( 10 / 8 / 13 ) `` UMBC Carving a Singular Niche in Cyber , STEM Education '' -- Q&A in the Baltimore Business Journal ( 9 / 27 / 13 ) `` Ideas for Improving Science Education '' in the NY Times ( 9 / 2 / 13 ) `` Oral Histories : Freeman Hrabowski , '' C - Span 's American History TV President Hrabowski Discusses the Importance of a Liberal Arts Education on NPR 's Tell Me More ( 6 / 6 / 12 ) Five universities that really are up - and - comers in the Washington Post ( 3 / 21 / 12 ) Andrea Mitchell Reports , MSNBC ( 1 / 27 / 12 ) `` Freeman Hrabowski on Job Creation '' on WBAL ( 12 / 9 / 11 ) News Coverage from White House Meeting on Higher Education ( 12 / 5 / 11 ) Talk of the Nation ( 12 / 5 / 11 ) 60 Minutes ( 11 / 13 / 11 ) WBAL Editorial on President Hrabowski and Academic Leadership President Hrabowski in Diverse Issues in Higher Education ( pdf ) ( 11 / 13 / 11 ) President Hrabowski in the Chronicle of Higher Education ( 7 / 11 ) President Hrabowski , and Anthony Johnson and Elaine Lalanne of CASPR , in Physics Today ( 3 / 11 ) President Hrabowski on Midday with Dan Rodericks , WYPR ( 12 / 9 / 10 ) President Freeman Hrabowski and Richard Forno , Cybersecurity programs , in the Gazette of Politics and Business ( 11 / 5 / 10 ) President Freeman Hrabowski on C - SPAN : The College Board Forum on College Completion ( 10 / 28 / 10 ) President Hrabowski in the Chronicle of Higher Education ( 10 / 10 / 10 ) President Freeman Hrabowski in Diverse Issues in Higher Ed ( 10 / 1 / 1 ) President Freeman Hrabowski on C - SPAN : The College Board Forum on College Completion ( 10 / 28 / 10 ) ( Archive not available ) President Freeman Hrabowski on MSNBC 's Andrea Mitchell Reports ( 10 / 1 / 10 ) President Hrabowski on WYPR 's Maryland Morning ( 9 / 28 / 10 ) President Freeman Hrabowski on NPR 's Tell Me More ( 9 / 15 / 10 ) President Freeman Hrabowski in Black Enterprise ( 8 / 24 / 10 ) President Freeman Hrabowski in U.S. News and World Report ( pdf ) ( 8 / 10 ) * President Hrabowski in U.S. Black Engineer & Information Technology Magazine ( Fall / Winter 2009 ) President Hrabowski on the Today Show ( 9 / 09 ) President Hrabowski on PBS `` Charlie Rose '' Show ( 6 / 7 / 06 ) President Hrabowski Interviewed by `` Kids of America '' ( 3 / 14 / 05 ) President Hrabowski on `` The Today Show '' ( 8 / 02 ) Hrabowski discusses changes to the SAT on PBS ' `` Newshour with Jim Lehrer ( video ) ( 7 / 02 ) ( video not available ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Howard , Christopher B. ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` On Leadership '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Reiter , Amy F. ( January -- February 2004 ) . `` Changing the Equations '' . Illinois Alumni Magazine . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Alumni Association . Jump up ^ Golus , Carrie . `` Contemporary Black Biographies : Freeman Hrabowski III '' . answers . Jump up ^ Policy and Global Affairs . `` Committee on Science , Education , and Public Policy '' . The National Academies . Jump up ^ President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts , Yumanewsnow.com . Jump up ^ Bowie , Liz ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` The next U.S. secretary of education '' . Inside Ed . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Green , Erica ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` UMBC president named among world 's most influential leaders '' . Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Rotherham , Andrew J. ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` The World 's 100 Most Influential People : 2012 '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Gilbert ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` Freeman Hrabowski - The Top Ten College Presidents '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ 2011 Carnegie Awards ^ Jump up to : The History Makers : , Education . `` Biography of Freeman Hrabowski '' . History Makers Project . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry.com for Hrabowski '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Hrabowski : An educator focused on math and science '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Rotherham , Andrew ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Freeman Hrabowski - 2012 TIME 100 : The Most Influential People in the World '' . Time . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Andrea ( 2010 ) . `` Education Nation '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ Salter , Chuck ( March 31 , 2002 ) . `` It 's Cool To Be Smart '' . Fast Company . Jump up ^ UMBC . `` Meyerhof Scholars Program '' . Jump up ^ UMBC Celebrates Leadership - Innovation / Jump up ^ UMBC . `` The Hrabowski Fund for Innovation : Investing in the Future of UMBC '' . university . Jump up ^ Hrabowski , Freeman . `` Quotes of Freeman Hrabowski '' . Brainiacs . Jump up ^ http://www.evolllution.com/opinions/audio-innovation-changing-culture-higher-education/ Jump up ^ `` The Heinz Awards : Freeman Hrabowski '' . The Heinz Awards . The Heinz Awards . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hrabowski , Freeman . `` Media '' . UMBC . External links ( edit ) 60 Minutes profile of Hrabowski , Nov. 13 , 2011 Hrabowski discusses changes to the SAT on PBS ' `` Newshour with Jim Lehrer The University of Maryland Freeman Hrabowski at TED ( hide ) Chancellors -- Presidents of University of Maryland , Baltimore County Kuhn ( 1965 -- 1971 ) Lee ( 1971 -- 1976 ) Kaplan * ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Dorsey ( 1977 -- 1986 ) Hookier ( 1986 -- 1992 ) Hrabowski ( 1993 -- Present ) * Interim Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeman_A._Hrabowski_III&oldid=835679260 '' Categories : 1950 births Living people People from Birmingham , Alabama Presidents of the University of Maryland , Baltimore County Hampton University alumni University of Illinois alumni African - American academics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with peacock terms from October 2015 All articles with peacock terms Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Kreyòl ayisyen Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 03 : 31 . About Wikipedia | who is the president of the university of maryland baltimore county | [
"\n\nFreeman A. Hrabowski III\n\n\n\nHrabowski at 2012 Time 100 Gala\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPresident of University of Maryland, Baltimore County\n\n\n\nIncumbent\n\n\n\nAssumed office\n1992\n\n\nPreceded by\nMichael Hooker\n\n\n\n\n\nPersonal details\n\n\nBorn\nFreeman Alphonsa Hrabowski III\n(1950-08-13) August 13, 1950 (age 67)\nBirmingham, Alabama, U.S.\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nJacqueline Coleman Hrabowski\n\n\nEducation\nHampton Institute (B.A., '69)\nUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (M.A., '71, Ph.D., '75)\n\n\nProfession\n\n\n\nMathematician\nUniversity president\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\npresident.umbc.edu\n\n"
] | [
"Freeman A. Hrabowski III"
] |
3776353603544339031 | List of The O.C. characters | List of the O.C. Characters - wikipedia List of the O.C. Characters Jump to : navigation , search The main cast : top row ( L-R ) Donovan , Bilson , Clarke , Gallagher , Rowan & Carmack ; bottom row ( L-R ) Barton , McKenzie & Brody . The O.C. is an American Television series created by Josh Schwartz for the FOX Network in 2003 . Schwartz serves as executive producer while also writing and directing for the show , including the premieres and finales of all seasons . The show began with seven main characters which eventually became 9 by the end of the first season . Since then , characters from that first season have left the show , with new main characters having been both written in and out of the series . Originally , it follows the life of Ryan Atwood , a troubled but tough young man from a broken home who is adopted by the wealthy and philanthropic Sandy and Kirsten Cohen . Ryan and his surrogate brother Seth , a socially awkward yet quick - witted teenager , deal with life as outsiders in the high - class world of Newport Beach . Ryan and Seth spend much time navigating their relationships with girl - next - door Marissa Cooper , Seth 's childhood crush Summer Roberts and Atwood 's girlfriend Taylor Townsend . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Sandy Cohen 1.2 Kirsten Cohen 1.3 Ryan Atwood 1.4 Marissa Cooper 1.5 Seth Cohen 1.6 Summer Roberts 1.7 Luke Ward 1.8 Jimmy Cooper 1.9 Julie Cooper 1.10 Caleb Nichol 1.11 Taylor Townsend 1.12 Kaitlin Cooper 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Taryn Baker 2.2 Rachel Hoffman 2.3 Dr. Kim 2.4 Carson Ward 2.5 Brad and Eric Ward 2.6 Cindy 2.7 D.J. 2.8 Renee Wheeler 2.9 Rebecca Bloom 2.10 Carter Buckley 2.11 Lance Baldwin 2.12 Jess Sathers 2.13 Charlotte Morgan 2.14 Reed Carlson 2.15 Jack Hess 2.16 Dennis Childress 2.17 Heather 2.18 Casey 2.19 Matt Ramsey 2.20 Sadie Campbell 2.21 Henry Griffin 2.22 Che Cook 2.23 Gordon Bullit 2.24 Spencer Bullit 2.25 Frank Atwood 3 Special cameo appearance 4 References Main characters ( edit ) The following is a list of series regulars from The O.C. . Actor Character Seasons Peter Gallagher Sandy Cohen Main Kelly Rowan Kirsten Cohen Main Benjamin McKenzie Ryan Atwood Main Mischa Barton Marissa Cooper Main Adam Brody Seth Cohen Main Chris Carmack Luke Ward Main Special Guest Tate Donovan Jimmy Cooper Main Recurring Guest Melinda Clarke Julie Cooper Main Rachel Bilson Summer Roberts Main Alan Dale Caleb Nichol Recurring Main Willa Holland Kaitlin Cooper Recurring Recurring Main Autumn Reeser Taylor Townsend Recurring Main Jump up ^ Shailene Woodley portrayed Kaitlyn Cooper during the first season . Sandy Cohen ( edit ) Main article : Sandy Cohen Portrayed by Peter Gallagher , an idealistic public defender who takes in Ryan Atwood in the pilot episode , much to the dismay of his wife , Kirsten . He is the husband of Kirsten , the father of Seth Cohen , and the legal guardian of Ryan Atwood . Although he lives in a large upper class house , his politics are left - leaning and open - minded , causing friction between himself and the community . Peter Gallagher described the character as a `` leftie Jewish guy from the Bronx '' . Sandy deals with many conflicts throughout the series , such as trying to gain acceptance from his father - in - law while being financially supported by his wife , and raising two teenagers in a ( sometimes ) corrupt environment . Kirsten Cohen ( edit ) Main article : Kirsten Cohen Portrayed by Kelly Rowan , she is the wife of Sandy Cohen , the mother of Seth , adoptive mother of Ryan , and former CFO of her father 's ( Caleb Nichol ) real estate company , the Newport Group . Before she met Sandy she dated and grew up with Jimmy Cooper father of Marissa Cooper , with whom she remains friends . Kirsten was very suspicious of Sandy 's decision to bring Ryan into her home in the pilot episode , but in the third episode , she and Seth take Ryan back home after he is beaten in the juvenile detention center . By the end of the episode , Ryan 's biological mother , Dawn Atwood , asks Kirsten to adopt Ryan , figuring he is better off in Newport than returning to Chino . She has had trouble with alcohol , which was triggered by the failing deteriorating relationship between her and her father , and had an abortion early in her life , which belonged to Jimmy . Kirsten continues to open a dating service with Julie , and become a mother of two at the end of the fourth season. The character 's politics and lifestyle are conservative , a contrast to her husband . Kelly Rowan described the character as seemingly more `` together '' than herself during an interview . Ryan Atwood ( edit ) Main article : Ryan Atwood Portrayed by Benjamin McKenzie , a troubled teenager from Chino who is brought into the privileged community of Newport Beach , California after his mother , Dawn Atwood , throws him out of their family home . Ryan is subsequently taken in by his public defender , Sandy Cohen . He forms fast bonds with the entire Cohen family , especially Sandy 's son Seth , as well as an extreme attachment to the girl next door , Marissa Cooper . Ryan slowly finds himself a place within his new materialistic society , and makes of the most of his situation by not only completing high school , but also continuing on to university . Casting director Patrick Rush found the role of Ryan Atwood particularly hard to cast and only invited Benjamin McKenzie to an audition after Fox had made them aware of the young actor after his unsuccessful audition for a UPN sitcom . Rush said , `` When Benjamin ( McKenzie ) came in , he was n't physically what Josh had envisioned , but he inhabited the character unlike anyone we had seen . I think that the character of Ryan is a kid that always seems a little lost and has a sense of mystery and danger ; Benjamin has all those qualities . '' Chad Michael Murray was originally offered the role of Ryan Atwood but turned it down for the lead role of Lucas Scott on One Tree Hill . Marissa Cooper ( edit ) Main article : Marissa Cooper Portrayed by Mischa Barton , throughout the series Marissa is frequently battling with drugs and alcohol , including nearly killing herself on a trip in Mexico with her friends ... Marissa 's relationships with her parents , boyfriends , and classmates are often tumultuous . She is Summer 's best friend and Ryan 's on and off love interest . Marissa is portrayed as a `` spoiled girl who adjusts to being poor '' . The casting director referred to Marissa as `` a girl stuck in the trappings of her life who seemed older than her actual age . '' Mischa Barton left the series at the end of season three when her character was subsequently written off by being killed in a car accident . Commenting on her departure , Barton said , `` My character has been through so , so much and there 's really nothing more left for her to do . '' Seth Cohen ( edit ) Main article : Seth Cohen Portrayed by Adam Brody , the awkward adolescent son of Sandy and Kirsten Cohen . He is known for his quick quips , comic book fascination , and pop - culture references . He is also the love interest of Summer Roberts , on whom he had a crush on since third grade . Seth has been called a `` Jewish nerd into obscure emo bands '' , who `` starts dating a gorgeous , popular virgin . '' The New York Times characterised Seth as `` eccentric and literate , Seth professes actual wanderlust ( ... ) The show 's press materials maintain that he 's an existential hero along the lines of Holden Caulfield . '' Adam Brody 's portrayal of Seth was well received and is considered one of the overall highlights of the series . Summer Roberts ( edit ) Main article : Summer Roberts Portrayed by Rachel Bilson , Summer is , throughout the first few episodes , portrayed as a shallow , materialistic gossip who is ditzy and can have an occasional bitchy nature . Spoiled by her divorced father , she considers him to be her best friend , and his opinion matters as much , if not more than her own . Summer was unusual in combining the qualities of a conventionally attractive and desirable character with a tough , outspoken , `` take - charge '' attitude . She is portrayed as highly sexualised and initially appears stupid ; later she undergoes something of a transformation and becomes far more intelligent and concerned about environmental issues , a change possibly due to her relationship with the geeky Seth Cohen . Initially Summer was only intended as a small supporting character , only there as an object of fantasy for Seth and a friend for Marissa Cooper , while Ryan Atwood and Marissa were the lead couple . However , due to Bilson 's performance , Summer became an increasingly important character . Luke Ward ( edit ) Main article : Luke Ward Portrayed by Chris Carmack , Marissa 's first boyfriend and regular cast member for most of the first season . Luke is initially the main antagonist of the series , coining the series famous `` Welcome to the O.C. , bitch ! '' line during a fight with Ryan in the premiere episode . However , he later becomes the main `` comic punching bag '' for the other characters . Josh Schwartz characterised the later Luke as `` strumming a guitar being a goofball . '' Jimmy Cooper ( edit ) Further information : Jimmy Cooper Portrayed by Tate Donovan , Marissa and Kaitlin 's father ( and Julie 's ex-husband ) . He gets in trouble for embezzlement and must face the consequences of his actions and its effect on his reputation and personal life After his divorce from Julie , he pursues Hayley Nichol , Kirsten 's younger sister , who eventually leaves him to further her fashion career in Japan ... He was a regular cast member for Season 1 and the beginning of Season 2 . Jimmy 's character made a brief appearance on season 3 , but was quickly left when Jimmy is forced to leave town , the morning of his wedding to Julie , due to money problems . One interviewer characterised Jimmy as a `` lovable deadbeat dad '' . Josh Schwartz has referred to the character as a `` cat '' in DVD Commentaries . The character is portrayed as flighty and perpetually in financial debt despite warm relationships with his daughters . The character was ranked eighth by Entertainment Weekly on a list of the worst dads in television history . Julie Cooper ( edit ) Further information : Julie Cooper Portrayed by Melinda Clarke , the mother of Kaitlin Cooper and Marissa Cooper . At the beginning of the show she is married to financial planner Jimmy Cooper . She is often characterised as being devious , selfish , and shallow . However , she reveals a more vulnerable and empathetic part of herself a number of times during the series . Melinda Clarke summarised her character as being `` clearly just such a money - digging whore . To me , it 's so funny now to see The Real Housewives of Orange County because you realise it exists and that 's what Julie was . Julie was obviously the original housewife . '' Melinda went on to commend the character 's `` incredible arc , '' saying that Julie started as `` this woman who was so superficial but , of course , she 's not just one - dimensional , she 's multi-dimensional . Starting in her pink Juicy sweat suit outfit and then by the end she 's graduated from college and moving on with her life . She 's a survivor . '' Caleb Nichol ( edit ) Main article : Caleb Nichol Portrayed by Alan Dale , Kirsten 's businessman father and later Julie Cooper 's husband . His character recurs throughout the first season , and he becomes a regular during the second season , but comes to a sudden stop when his character suffers from a fatal heart attack during the season 2 finale . The Chicago Tribune characterised Caleb as a `` gruff , uncompromising Newport Beach , Calif. , real - estate developer '' . When asked by the Tribune about the character , Dale said , `` '' The thing that 's lovely about this character is that there 's so much to do with him . His relationships are so complicated , and once the marriage happened , everyone was related in the show . That means he 's got all these people to relate to , and he relates so badly with everyone . '' Taylor Townsend ( edit ) Further information : Taylor Townsend Portrayed by Autumn Reeser , introduced in Season 3 as a neurotic perfectionist student . Her character 's initial personality was referred to by many critics as similar to the character Tracy Flick from the film Election . Taylor begins the series as a recurring villain before eventually becoming the second female lead in the fourth season . Autumn Reeser 's performance was critically acclaimed . She reflected back on the character during a 2010 interview , saying `` I feel like there 's a lot of girls out there who could really relate to her , who had n't seen themselves on TV in that way . I loved that about her . I loved that she made no apologies for who she was even though she was n't what all the magazines said was OK . She was like , `` I 'm still valid . And I 'm awesome . And I know I 'm odd , and that 's OK . '' Kaitlin Cooper ( edit ) Main article : Kaitlin Cooper Portrayed by Willa Holland . The role was originally played by Shailene Woodley as a recurring character during season 1 . Kaitlin spends much of the series at boarding school before returning on a recurring basis in season 3 ( now played by Holland ) and finally becoming a regular character in season 4 . The daughter of Jimmy Cooper and Julie Cooper - Nichol and sister to Marissa Cooper . Her personality is more similar to her mother 's rather than her father 's , and she is portrayed as a regular pot smoker and occasional dealer . Holland observed that `` no one can control her '' but that her arc in Season 4 finds the character maturing . When asked about any disappointment over the recast , Shailene Woodley responded that , `` I was 11 and I was on as a guest , recurring character , or whatever . My character went to boarding school and when they decided to bring her back , they actually re-auditioned me to bring her back . But I did n't go through puberty until late ( ... ) So , there was no weirdness when Willa Holland got it because she was so obviously right for the role ... and I was so obviously not ( laughs ) . '' In the series , Willa Holland 's character dates a character played by the popular music star Chris Brown in the fourth season of the show . Recurring characters ( edit ) The following is a list of characters that are , or at one time were , a recurring guest on the series ; they are listed in the order that they first appeared on the show . Many characters have had storylines that have spanned multiple seasons , while the others are restricted to arcs that occurred during a single season of the show . From left to right : Season 2 recurring stars : D.J. , Lindsay , Zach and Alex . Actor Character Duration S1 S2 S3 S4 Daphne Ashbrook Dawn Atwood Bradley Stryker ( S1 ) Logan Marshall - Green ( S2 - S3 ) Trey Atwood 8 Ashley Hartman Holly Fischer 6 Kim Oja Taryn Baker Samaire Armstrong Anna Stern 13 Bonnie Somerville Rachel Hoffman 5 Rosalind Chao Dr. Kim Navi Rawat Theresa Diaz 8 Brian McNamara Carson Ward Wayne Dalglish Brad Ward 10 Corey Price Eric Ward 10 Taylor Handley Oliver Trask 6 Amanda Righetti Hailey Nichol 10 Linda Lavin Sophie Cohen Michael Nouri Dr. Neil Roberts 14 Nicholas Gonzales D.J. 6 Michael Cassidy ( actor ) Zach Stevens 19 Olivia Wilde Alex Kelly 13 Shannon Lucio Lindsay Gardner 12 Kathleen York Renee Wheeler 12 Kim Delanay Rebecca Bloom 5 Billy Campbell Carter Buckley 7 Johnny Messner Lance Baldwin 5 Marguerite Moreau Reed Carlson 5 Nikki Griffin Jess Sathers 6 Jeri Ryan Charlotte Morgan 7 Eric Mabius Jack Hess Ryan Donowho Johnny Harper 11 Johnny Lewis Dennis Childress 9 Kayla Ewell Casey Erin Foster Heather Jeff Hephner Matt Ramsey 14 Paula Trickey Veronica Townsend 5 Cam Gigandet Kevin Volchok 13 Nikki Reed Sadie Campbell 6 Shaun Duke Henry Griffin Chris Pratt Che Cook 9 Gary Grubbs Gordon Bullit 6 Brandon Quinn Spencer Bullit 6 Kevin Sorbo Frank Atwood 7 Taryn Baker ( edit ) Taryn Baker is one of the `` Newpsies ; '' wealthy , bored women who live in Newport Beach and spend their days lunching , shopping and gossiping . Many of her appearances centered on her sexually adventurous side . In the first - season episode ( `` The Countdown '' ) , she attended a swingers ' party , claiming that such events had `` saved ( her ) marriage . '' Later , she helped spread the rumour that Luke Ward 's father had been having an affair with his male business partner ( `` The Secret '' ) , and that this was why he had turned her down when she propositioned him . In the fourth season , it was revealed that swinging eventually did n't save her marriage , which ended in divorce . Since her divorce , she had been sleeping with as many young men as possible , and goes out clubbing most nights , inviting Julie Cooper to come with her on one occasion . ( `` The Metamorphosis '' ) . She also appeared in flashback , in the fourth - season episode ( `` The Case of the Franks '' ) , where it was revealed that she attended high school with Kirsten Cohen and Jimmy Cooper . Bonnie Somerville who played Rachel Rachel Hoffman ( edit ) Rachel Hoffman is a former colleague of Sandy Cohen in the District Attorney 's office . She invites him to work with her in a private firm called Partridge , Savage and Kahn . Sandy takes the offer , and later Sandy 's wife , Kirsten , finds Rachel and Sandy enjoying a drink , causing tension between Sandy and Kirsten . Rachel shares the case of Balboa Heights with Sandy , because the plaintiff is Caleb Nichol 's company . While negotiating with Caleb , Caleb accuses Sandy and Rachel of having an affair . Some time afterwards , when Sandy and Rachel work until late in Rachel 's apartment , Rachel flirts with Sandy but he rejects her advances . When the chemistry between the two fizzles out , Sandy and Kirsten attempt to set her up with Jimmy Cooper , but fail . Rosalind Chao who played Dr. Kim Dr. Kim ( edit ) Dr. Kim is the Dean of the Harbor High School . She gives Ryan Atwood a chance to enter Harbor if he passes an admission exam , which he does , although he leaves halfway through the exam when Seth Cohen and Summer Roberts barge into the room and beg Ryan to come with them to help Marissa Cooper , who is recovering from her drug overdose in Tijuana . She persuades Marissa to continue her role as social chair despite Marissa 's tarnished reputation after overdosing on painkillers . She later returns to have a meeting with Kirsten , Sandy and Ryan , after Ryan reads Oliver Trask 's files in the file storage room . In 2005 , she was confronted by Julie Cooper and Sandy , claiming that she does not have the power to decide to expel Marissa and Ryan , after the gunshot incident , deferring to the new Dean of Discipline , Jack Hess . However , she assists in re-admitting Marissa into Harbor by revealing a precedent in 1996 , in which a similar incident to Trey 's shooting had occurred with a formerly suspended student . At Harbor 's 2006 graduation , Summer spontaneously leaps into Dr. Kim 's arms . Though never confirmed , it is possible she was replaced by Dean Torres in season 4 . Rosalind Chao , who portrayed Dr. Kim , was born in Orange County 's largest city , Anaheim . Carson Ward ( edit ) Carson Ward , portrayed by Brian McNamara , is the husband of Meredith Ward , and the father of Eric , Brad , and Luke Ward . He graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in history . He owns three auto dealerships . Carson and his family appeared happy , but in a sad twist , the family was not really `` perfect '' . At one of his auto dealerships , Luke and Ryan discover Carson making out with another man and after realizing his son caught him , Carson decides to tell his wife who then files for divorce shortly after . Luke later admits to Ryan that his father `` traveled '' a lot and that he felt somewhat resentful of Carson for it when it turns out that the `` traveling '' was a cover for his affair . Months later , by season 2 , Carson and Meredith 's divorce has been finalized and Carson moves to Portland with Luke moving with him , but Brad and Eric staying behind in Newport with their mother . Carson later returns in the season 2 episode `` The Distance '' , where Seth was staying at Luke and Carson 's house in Portland . Brad and Eric Ward ( edit ) Brad and Eric Ward are Luke Ward 's younger twin brothers . When they first appeared in season 1 , they were around 12 . After their parents divorced , Luke decides to live with their father and the twins are not seen ; they presumably stayed behind in Newport with their mother . They later returned in season 4 and are classmates and friends with Kaitlin Cooper . Eric resembles Luke more than Brad and both are often seen flirting with female classmates . Cindy ( edit ) Cindy is the sister of Julie and is also the aunt of Marissa , Kaitlin Cooper . D.J. ( edit ) D.J. played by Nicholas Gonzalez is described by creator Josh Schwartz as `` the yard guy who works at Caleb 's mansion '' . Later , however , it is revealed that Marissa Cooper has struck up a relationship with him after Ryan Atwood left Orange County . Marissa and DJ kept their trysts secret to prevent Marissa 's mother Julie from finding out and firing D.J. When Ryan returns to Newport and asks Marissa if she was seeing anyone , Marissa lies to him and says she 's single . However , Ryan discovers the truth when he finds Marissa and D.J. kissing . D.J. is angry with Marissa when he finds out about her lie , saying he felt like a back - up she only came to when Ryan was not around . Marissa apologizes and the two reconcile shortly afterward , with Marissa revealing their relationship to her mother by announcing that as he was her boyfriend , D.J. should appear with them in family portrait photographs to be taken with Caleb Nichol . As expected , this enrages Julie , who felt D.J. was socially beneath her daughter . Arranging a secret meeting with him , Julie gives D.J. a check for $5,000 to leave Marissa . D.J. does so , but first gives the check to Marissa , suggesting she goes on a spending spree . He then leaves her , saying he had no regrets about their relationship , but he feels Marissa was with him only to spite her mother . Kathleen York who played Renee Wheeler Renee Wheeler ( edit ) Renee Wheeler once had an affair with Caleb Nichol which led to her having a child , Lindsay Gardner . Caleb continues to pay her money and the DA misunderstand that , thinking that Caleb is bribing Renee for a building permit , for which Caleb is arrested ( `` The New Era '' ) . Sandy figures out that the reason Caleb pays Renee is that she is the mother of his illegitimate child ( `` The SnO. C . '' ) . Caleb admits to having had an affair so he will be released from prison but the news angers his daughter , Kirsten Cohen ( `` The Chrismukkah That Almost Was n't '' ) . Renee later returns , asking Ryan Atwood to help her stop Caleb from adopting Lindsay as Caleb wants a paternity test and Renee is n't sure if Caleb really is Lindsay 's father ( `` The Test '' ) . The test results confirm Caleb 's paternity but Lindsay ultimately decides that she does n't want Caleb to adopt her because of how he treats her and she and her mother leave Newport for Chicago ( `` The Rainy Day Women '' ) . Rebecca Bloom ( edit ) Rebecca Bloom is an ex-girlfriend of Sandy Cohen , who is described as Sandy 's `` love of ( his ) life '' by Kirsten Cohen . Twenty years ago , she was accused of burning down a lab and killing a man in the fire . Rebecca denies that and claims that she fled the site because she did not want to testify against her friends . Her father , Max , asks his former student Sandy to find Rebecca , as he is dying and wants to see his only daughter one last time before passing away . Rebecca shows up , and Max asks Sandy to clear her name ; soon after this , he dies . Sandy continues to assist Rebecca , thus placing his marriage in jeopardy . Sandy and Rebecca finally realize that their love was a thing of the past , and Rebecca flees yet again . Carter Buckley ( edit ) Carter Buckley is introduced as a new editor of Newport Living . He has edited several magazines before , The Ugly American and GQ being two of them , and self - published Revolution . Carter is in a middle of divorce and becomes lugubrious . Kirsten Cohen puts an issue of Revolution into his mailbox in order to encourage him to restart his life . Carter accepts the job and spends a lot of time working with Kirsten who develops a crush on him . Carter 's alcoholism helps develop Kirsten 's , as they drink much during work . Carter leaves Orange County when offered a job in New York City . At the farewell dinner at the Cohens ' house where Kirsten and Carter are alone , they share a kiss . Kirsten is apparently upset about his departure , and her drinking increases . Lance Baldwin ( edit ) Lance Baldwin is Julie Cooper 's ex-boyfriend . Back in the 1980s , when she was in desperate need of money , she starred in a porn flick he directed , entitled `` The Porn Identity '' . Although the film was never published , a desperate Lance suddenly shows up , and threatens Julie to pay $500,000 or else he would leak the film onto the internet . Julie asks her husband , Caleb Nichol , for help , but instead of paying Lance , Caleb sends two thugs to attack Lance . Furious , he sabotages the launch of Julie 's new magazine , `` Newport Living '' , by replacing the promotional video with archive footage from `` The Porn Identity . '' A devastated Julie flees Orange County with Caleb Nichol and later returns after the controversy dies down . After Lance redeems himself , he and Julie reminisce over their past together , and share a kiss which is caught on camera . Caleb subsequently asks Julie for a divorce ( and fires her from the newport group ) , and reveals to his wife that he has had people spy on her since before their marriage . Jess Sathers ( edit ) Jess Sathers was a student at Harbor who overdoses at Trey Atwood 's 21st birthday party . She survives and begins a relationship with Trey that leads him to start using drugs . She then attempts to seduce Trey 's brother , Ryan Atwood , in view of Marissa Cooper at Harbor , but Ryan rejects her advances . After botching an attempted drug deal which results in shootout at The Bait Shop , Jess decides to leave town with Trey but remains when he is shot by Marissa . In the third season , Jess asks Ryan to help her with boyfriend troubles , disrupting Ryan 's attempts to start a relationship with Sadie . Charlotte Morgan ( edit ) Charlotte Morgan is a con - artist , posing as a recovering alcoholic . She met Kirsten in rehab and tried to get money from her . However , this failed and she moved on to Julie . The two planned to throw a fund - raiser , a ploy by Charlotte to steal all the donations , but she gets found out when Julie goes into her handbag at a restaurant and finds numerous credit cards in different names . Charlotte gets Julie in on the scam , however Julie does the right thing and asks people to write checks to the charity so Charlotte could not steal the money . With her plan foiled , she departed from Newport . In July 2005 it was reported that Jeri Ryan was joining The O.C. in a seven - episode arc as `` a mysterious woman Kirsten Cohen ( Kelly Rowan ) befriends in rehab '' . Later on Josh Schwartz said that `` We were told to add this Jeri Ryan character to the show that we had no idea what to do with . We were just told we had to add an adult female character . It went nowhere , and we had no plan for it , and it just did n't fit the show . '' Rob Lineberger of DVD Verdict `` thought Jeri Ryan made a compelling bad girl '' . Derek Hanson said that Ryan 's addition was meant to get the `` 14 -- 24 demographic excited '' , but stated that Charlotte Morgan had `` a terrible storyline , that just did n't sit quite right . '' Reed Carlson ( edit ) Reed Carlson is the Vice President of the graphic novel company Bad Science . She was an assistant of Carter Buckley and he arranges a meeting after getting to know Seth Cohen and Zach Stevens who co-created Atomic County . She likes the comic so she helps them to publish . Seth deliberately misleads Summer Roberts that Reed is a man , infuriating Summer . Later , Reed asks Seth to bring Summer , the real Little Miss Vixen , to a party . Summer does not like the place and asks Seth to leave , but Reed stops Seth from leaving , making Summer even angrier . Reed then threatens to sue Zach when he wants to pull out . Reed offers Summer a chance to be the star of the comic to ensure that Summer will stop convincing Seth and Zach of giving up on it . Summer shows up at the launch party wearing costume , but the party ends with Seth and Zach literally fighting for Summer . Reed is outraged about the debacle so she just let one person to meet George Lucas , who is interested in Atomic County . Eric Mabius who played Dean Hess Jack Hess ( edit ) Jack Hess who has a master 's degree in education and who taught six years at boarding schools , is the new Dean of Discipline at Harbor High and is responsible for the measures to be taken after the gunshot incident . He wishes to punish Marissa Cooper but is only able to expel her . When Ryan Atwood punches him in the face , Jack uses that to have expelled Ryan as well . He then gives Seth Cohen two months detention when he and Summer Roberts steal a tiki hut , which was a prop in a school play , so Ryan and Marissa can have sex in the hut on the beach . He is also responsible for Summer losing the social chair to Taylor Townsend by tricking her to admit that she stole a theatrical set . At the Summer Dance , Summer sees Taylor and Jack sharing an intimate tryst and Sandy uses the information to blackmail Jack into leaving Harbor to save his career and get Ryan back into Harbor . Johnny Lewis who played Chili Dennis Childress ( edit ) Dennis `` Chili '' Childress is Johnny Harper 's best friend and one of the kids Marissa Cooper befriends at Newport Union . He introduces himself to Marissa as `` Chili '' and his similarities to Seth Cohen , earned him the short - lived nickname `` Bizarro Seth '' from Ryan Atwood . Chili is a good friend and aids Johnny , especially when he has to deal with Casey cheating on him and when he is injured by a car accident . Chili lies to Marissa about Johnny , telling her that he got back on the surfing team and will be leaving Newport Union to travel with them , as he and Johnny know that Johnny is the only reason Marissa is staying at Newport Union . Chili wants Johnny to confess to Marissa how he feels about her but when he does , Marissa tells him that she does n't love him . After Johnny 's death , Chili stops going by the name Chili and wants to be called Dennis instead , as Johnny never liked the nickname . Heather ( edit ) Heather attends Newport Union and disliked Marissa Cooper from the very beginning , harassing her and doing all she can to make Marissa 's life as difficult as possible . She is seemingly highly jealous of Marissa assuming she still lives the posh life despite Marissa and Julie got nothing from Caleb 's will . She helps Kevin Volchok to kidnap Marissa in order to get Ryan Atwood to fight Volchok . She reappears at a party at Volchok 's place where she is given a spiked drink by Volchok 's friends and is nearly raped by them before Marissa rescues her . In the third - season finale , Heather helps Volchok to leave Newport in a stolen car . She is in the car when Volchok drives into Ryan 's car , leading Ryan to drive off a cliff which results in Marissa 's death . In `` The Cold Turkey '' in Season 4 , she appears briefly and apologizes to Ryan about the night of Marissa 's death but claims to have had no control over Volchok 's actions . Casey ( edit ) Casey attends Newport Union and dates Johnny Harper . She befriends Marissa Cooper when she enrolls at Union . She helps Marissa dodge the insults of Heather , the school bully , but when she notices that Johnny and Marissa are growing closer and closer , she feels jealous and suspicious , finally cheating on Johnny by making out with his rival Kevin Volchok . Johnny walks in on them and breaks up with her . She later explains to Marissa that she 's not a bad person , and she could just see Johnny was falling in love with Marissa . Matt Ramsey ( edit ) Matt Ramsey is a 26 - year - old associate of the company that will take over the Newport Group . He convinced Sandy Cohen to keep the company so that they can run it as co-partners and is then named Vice President and Director of Development . In the episode `` The Disconnect '' , he takes Ryan Atwood as an intern due to Ryan 's knowledge and experience in construction . Matt takes Ryan to a strip club and is fired by Sandy , but gets another chance when one of the dancers comes to Sandy and explains why he goes there . He does n't have any trouble bribing to get green light for projects which are against Sandy 's principles . Sandy tries to `` do it his way '' but has to give in to Matt 's way as the latter has most of the board members on his side . Matt has a brief relationship with Maya , daughter of the head of the hospital 's board , Henry Griffin , but breaks up with her when Sandy proposes a deal with Henry . Henry asks Sandy to fire Matt because of his relationship to his daughter . Matt warns Sandy about Henry who takes kickbacks from vendors and tries to sell the story to newspapers but stops doing so after being beaten up by goons Henry has hired . Matt asks Henry for compensation as he has evidence that incriminates Henry . The deal is stopped by Sandy who pays Matt for the evidence . Matt then leaves for Chicago . Sadie Campbell ( edit ) Sadie Campbell is Johnny Harper 's cousin and comes to Orange County to help Johnny 's mother Gwen after her son dies ( `` The Heavy Lifting '' ) . Ryan Atwood befriends Sadie , helping her to decorate the house and get money from Johnny 's father ( `` The Road Warrior '' ) . After some trouble , Sadie and Ryan start dating as Marissa Cooper and Ryan have broken up once again after Johnny 's death ( `` The Undertow '' ) . The relationship is doomed however , as Ryan is soon afterwards accepted to Berkeley and Sadie does n't want to be the reason Ryan does n't live his college life as he should and breaks up . She then leaves Newport to restart her jewellery - making business ( `` The Day After Tomorrow '' ) . It was reported that Nikki Reed would make her television debut in a four - episode arc , which later became six . Reed stated that Sadie became `` far from what I was originally pitched '' , suggesting that `` glamming up the bohemian character '' was to give the fans `` someone who can give Mischa a run for her money . '' It was also rumoured by Reed herself that Sadie would return for the fourth season . Henry Griffin ( edit ) Henry Griffin is the Head of the Hospital Board . His daughter , Maya , dated Matt Ramsey briefly before breaking up , as Matt agrees Sandy Cohen 's request to get Maya 's help in giving a proposal to Henry . Henry asks Sandy to fire Matt for Maya which he does . Matt accuses Henry of taking kickbacks from ventures , and tries to sell the story to newspapers . In return , Henry orders three ruffians to vandalise Matt 's apartment and beat him . After knowing what Henry did , Sandy threatens Henry to resign so he will `` take ( him ) down '' . To stop Sandy , Henry bribes Sandy with a recommendation of a revitalising project . Later Matt asks Henry to pay him in exchange of evidence , and Henry brings a goon when they are ready to `` make '' the deal , but Sandy stops it . Sandy takes the evidence and pays Matt instead . Henry later is investigated by D.A. and banned from the board . Sandy finally gives up the hospital and supports D.A to charge Henry , by giving the documents D.A. needs . Che Cook ( edit ) Winchester `` Che '' Cook , is a friend of Summer Roberts who attends Brown University with her . He was the driving force behind Summer 's left wing activism . When he and Summer break into a science lab and are interviewed by the Brown board , he blames all his illegal activities on Summer . As a result of Che 's actions , Summer was suspended from Brown . Che later feels guilty and regretful for his actions and travels to Newport to ask her forgiveness . Later it 's discovered he is actually extremely rich - his father owns a pharmaceutical company . In `` The Chrismukk - huh ? '' , he appears in an alternate universe when Ryan Atwood and Taylor Townsend are in a coma . In this universe , he took what would have been Ryan 's spot for admission at Harbor High School , and was engaged to Summer Roberts , and having an affair with Julie Cooper and any woman he could get his hands on . In this universe , he was n't an activist , as he is in real life . Later , in an attempt to repay Summer for her forgiveness for his misdeeds , Che tries to help Seth feel harmony with himself and takes him to the woods to connect with his spirit animal . During this trip , Che is convinced by a dream that Seth is his soul mate . Che attempts to test this idea in `` The Groundhog Day '' with mixed results eventually winding up with the pair in prison . His last name , Cook , is revealed as the officer announces his release . However , Che realises that Seth was not his soul mate , it was actually the environmentalist girl who is placed in the cell next to them . Together , Che and his soul mate leave Newport . Gordon Bullit ( edit ) Gordon Bullit , who refers to himself as `` The Bullit '' , is a colorful oil merchant from Texas . Although he has been involved in bad deals , he is extremely wealthy . In prison , he met Frank Atwood , who he later hired to be in charge of his finances . He soon after developed a crush on Julie Cooper , and after some intimate e-mails he thought he was sharing with Julie ( which was later revealed to be from Kaitlin Cooper pretending to be her mother ) he proposed to Julie . She rejects him , as she is already in a relationship with Frank Atwood . She initially breaks up with Frank and dates Bullit when Kaitlin reveals how much she would like Bullit to be her stepfather , but realizes that Frank is the one she wants to be with and reunites with him on Valentine 's Day . In the series finale , set six months after the earthquake , Julie is engaged to Bullit after Frank panicked and left her when he discovered she was pregnant . Ultimately , when she has to choose between Frank and Bullit Julie decides to stay single . Despite Julie 's decision to not marry Bullit after all , he and the family remain good friends . Bullit has 12 sons , whom he jokingly introduced to Kaitlin Cooper as `` A Buffet of Bullits '' , all of which are named after cities in Texas where he has oil refinery -- Austin , Dallas , Houston , Lubbock , Odessa , El Paso , Amarillo , Texarkana , San Antonio and Corpus Christi -- with the exception of Hanoi ( named after Vietnam 's capital ) , where he also has a refinery , and Spencer . Hanoi is Asian and presumably adopted . Amarillo is a `` doctor for women 's private parts '' ( i.e. gynecologist ) . Spencer Bullit ( edit ) Spencer Bullit is Kaitlin Cooper 's tennis instructor and Gordon Bullit 's son . Kaitlin develops a crush on Spencer , who refuses to get involved with her as she is jailbait . Instead , he has a brief affair with Julie Cooper , which ends when Kaitlin tricks him into interrupting Julie on a date with his father . Later , he joins Julie 's and Kirsten Cohen 's agency , New Match , and uses their match - making to work as a gigolo . He has 11 brothers , most named after Texan cities . Kevin Sorbo who played Frank Atwood Frank Atwood ( edit ) Francis `` Frank '' Atwood initially appears as a business associate of Gordon Bullit , calling himself Frank Perry . He starts working at Kirsten 's and Julie 's matchmaking agency NewMatch . Frank had met Bullit in jail and Bullit offered him a position in his business . Later , Frank reveals to Julie that he had an ulterior motive for choosing Newport and that he was Ryan 's biological father . Meanwhile , Sandy discovers that Frank was in prison for armed robbery . He wants to reunite with Ryan , but Ryan tells Sandy to pass on the message that he does not want to see him . According to Kirsten , Frank was an abusive alcoholic , as shown by Ryan visibly tensing up when hearing about Frank wanting to reunite with him . Frank tells Kirsten that he was dying of cancer and Kirsten invites him over to their home for dinner . However , Sandy , whose experience as a public defender led him to be suspicious of Frank 's story , finds out from a physician friend in the prison system that Frank was lying and punches him , sparking a fight , which Ryan quickly breaks up . Ryan asks Frank to leave , saying that he was n't ready to accept him into his life . In subsequent episodes , Ryan and Frank make amends and appear to be on speaking terms but Ryan has made it clear that even though he addresses Frank as `` dad '' , he considers Sandy to be his father figure . Later in Season 4 , Frank begins a relationship with Julie Cooper which is broken off when she decides to date Bullit for her daughter 's sake because she and Gordon develop a close relationship . She later decides that Frank is the one she wants to be with and they begin dating again . Their son Cooper Atwood was born a few months after Kirsten and Sandy 's daughter . In season 1 , it was revealed that Frank ( he was still unnamed and known simply as `` Ryan 's father '' at that time ) and Dawn and their sons Trey and Ryan lived in Fresno , California where Frank worked as a mechanic . Like his ex-wife , he had alcohol problems and was arrested multiple times for alcohol - related offenses ( DUI and public intoxication ) . After he was imprisoned for armed robbery , Dawn and the boys moved south to Chino , California , where the series begins . Ryan rarely mentioned him during the first three seasons , except through vague remarks . Special cameo appearance ( edit ) Robert Schwartzman ( `` The Third Wheel '' ) Rooney ( `` The Third Wheel '' ) The Subways ( `` The Anger Management '' ) Modest Mouse ( `` The Family Ties '' ) The Thrills ( `` The Ex-Factor '' ) Rachael Yamagata ( `` The Second Chance '' ) Death Cab for Cutie ( `` The O.C. Confidential '' ) T.I. ( `` The Return of the Nana '' ) George Lucas ( `` The O. Sea '' ) Jem Griffiths ( `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Gisele Bündchen ( `` The Heavy Lifting '' ) Lisa Tucker ( `` The Party Favor '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Peter Gallagher -- Random Roles '' . AV Club . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FOX . `` OC : Obsess Completely '' . The O.C . Season TV Special . Jump up ^ `` Backstage Pass -- Production Notes '' . The OC Insider . Warner Bros. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage Page -- Production Notes '' . The OC Insider . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Banks , Andrew ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Top movie role reversals '' . News.com.au ( News Corp . Digital Media ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan . How to Stop Being a Hater and Learn to Love The O.C . Chamberlain , Bros . Jump up ^ Mischa Barton 's ' O.C. ' character killed -- USA Today Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia ( November 4 , 2004 ) . `` In ' O.C. ' , You Must Go Home Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Looking for Mr. Adorkable '' . Time . April 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The O.C. : Josh Says Goodbye '' . What 's Alan Watching . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Tate Donovan '' . Marty Flanagan . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Dale settling into ' O.C. ' good life '' . The Chicago Tribune . November 11 , 2004 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Verdict Review : The O.C. : The Complete Fourth Season '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The O.C. : The Complete Third Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The O.C. -- The Complete Series '' . IGN . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Autumn Reeser Reflects on Her Time in The O.C. '' . Staying In . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The OC Season Four Fox Interview . Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodly , ' Descendants ' star , does n't want to hear about Oscar Buzz , George Clooney 's Fart Machine '' . Movie Fone . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barker , Lynn ( 2004 - 10 - 25 ) . `` '' O.C. '' creator Josh Schwartz : California Dreamin ' `` . TeenHollywood.com . p. 7 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ IGN FilmForce ( 2005 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Jeri Ryan Joins The O.C. '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Josh Schwartz on ' Gossip Girl ' and Avoiding the Mistakes of ' The O.C. ' '' . New York . New York Media . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lineberger , Rob ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) . `` The O.C. : The Complete Third Season '' . DVDVerdict.com . Rob Lineberger . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Derek ( 2006 - 05 - 31 ) . `` The OC Season 3 Review - Part 2 '' . DeROK.net . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Reed Moves to The O.C. '' . IGN. 2005 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) . `` ' O.C. ' girl does n't back down '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff ; Linder , Brian ( 2006 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Reed Returning to The O.C. '' . IGN . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( 2006 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Reed Avoids Discussing Possibility of More ' O.C. ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . ( hide ) The O.C. Characters Main Sandy Cohen Kirsten Cohen Ryan Atwood Marissa Cooper Seth Cohen Luke Ward Jimmy Cooper Julie Cooper Summer Roberts Caleb Nichol Taylor Townsend Kaitlin Cooper Recurring Trey Atwood Anna Stern Theresa Diaz Hailey Nichol Zach Stevens Alex Kelly Lindsay Gardner Johnny Harper Kevin Volchok Frank Atwood Episodes Season 1 `` Premiere '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Related Awards and nominations Music on The O.C. Chrismukkah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_O.C._characters&oldid=806685171 '' Categories : The O.C. The O.C. characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of soap opera characters by series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays luke's dad on the oc | [
"Carson Ward, portrayed by Brian McNamara, is the husband of Meredith Ward, and the father of Eric, Brad, and Luke Ward. He graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in history. He owns three auto dealerships. Carson and his family appeared happy, but in a sad twist, the family was not really \"perfect\". At one of his auto dealerships, Luke and Ryan discover Carson making out with another man and after realizing his son caught him, Carson decides to tell his wife who then files for divorce shortly after. Luke later admits to Ryan that his father \"traveled\" a lot and that he felt somewhat resentful of Carson for it when it turns out that the \"traveling\" was a cover for his affair. Months later, by season 2, Carson and Meredith's divorce has been finalized and Carson moves to Portland with Luke moving with him, but Brad and Eric staying behind in Newport with their mother. Carson later returns in the season 2 episode \"The Distance\", where Seth was staying at Luke and Carson's house in Portland."
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"Brian McNamara"
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5145872377558320756 | The Handmaid's Tale | The Handmaid 's Tale - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with The Handmaiden . The Handmaid 's Tale Cover of the first edition Author Margaret Atwood Cover artist Tad Aronowicz , design ; Gail Geltner , collage ( first edition , hardback ) Country Canada Language English Genre Dystopian novel speculative fiction Publisher McClelland and Stewart Publication date 1985 ( hardcover ) Pages 311 ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 The Handmaid 's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood , originally published in 1985 . It is set in a near - future New England , in a totalitarian , Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government . The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred . Her name derives from the possessive form `` of Fred '' ; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male , or master , whom they serve . The Handmaid 's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation to misogyny in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women attempt to gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which is a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc . ) . The Handmaid 's Tale is structured into two parts , night and other various events . This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative , Offred 's tale and the handmaids ' tales . The night sections are solely about Offred , and the other sections ( shopping , waiting room , household , etc . ) are the stories that describe the possible life of every handmaid , though from the perspective of Offred . In many of these sections , Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women 's rights and the current details of the life which she now lives . The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a 1990 film , a 2000 opera , a television series , and other media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Offred 2.2 The Commander 2.3 Serena Joy 2.4 Ofglen 2.5 Nick 2.6 Moira 2.7 Luke 2.8 Professor Pieixoto 3 Setting 3.1 Politics 3.2 Religion 3.3 Caste and class 3.4 Gender and occupation 3.5 Legitimate women 3.6 Illegitimate women 3.7 Men 3.8 Babies 3.9 The Ceremony 3.10 Language 4 Genre classification 4.1 Historical context 5 Critical reception 5.1 Feminist reading 5.2 Race 5.3 Awards 6 Academic reception 6.1 Other use in academia 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.4 Audio 7.5 Stage 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead , a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America . Beginning with a staged attack that kills the President and most of Congress , a fundamentalist Christian Reconstructionist movement calling itself the `` Sons of Jacob '' launches a revolution and suspends the United States Constitution under the pretext of restoring order . They quickly remove women 's rights , largely attributed to financial records being stored electronically and labelled by sex . The new regime , the Republic of Gilead , moves quickly to consolidate its power , including overtaking all pre-existing religious groups , including Christianity , and reorganize society along a new militarized , hierarchical model of Old Testament - inspired social and religious fanaticism among its newly created social classes . In this society , human rights are severely limited and women 's rights are strictly curtailed . For example , women are forbidden to read , and anyone caught in homosexual acts would be hanged for `` Gender Treachery '' . The story is told in the first person by a woman called Offred . The character is one of a class of women with healthy reproductive systems , in an era of declining birth rates owed to increasing infertility . These women are forcibly assigned to produce children for the ruling class and are known as `` handmaids , '' based on the biblical story of Rachel and her handmaid Bilhah . Offred describes her life during her third assignment as a handmaid , in this case to Fred ( referred to as `` The Commander '' ) . Interspersed with her narratives of her present - day experiences are flashback discussions of her life from before and during the beginning of the revolution , when she finds she has lost all autonomy to her husband , their failed attempt to escape to Canada , and finally her indoctrination into life as a handmaid by government - trained women called `` Aunts '' . Offred describes the structure of Gilead 's society , including the different classes of women and their lives within the new theonomy . The women are physically segregated by colour of clothing -- blue , red , green , striped and white - to signify social class and assigned position , ranked highest to lowest . The Commanders ' wives are dressed in blue , handmaids in red , Marthas ( cooks and maids ) in green . Striped clothing is for all other women ( called `` Econowives '' ) who essentially do everything in the domestic sphere . Young , unmarried girls are dressed in white . The Commander is a high - ranking official in Gilead . Although his contact with Offred is supposed to be limited to `` the ceremony , '' a ritual of sexual intercourse intended to result in conception and at which his wife is present , he begins an illegal relationship with Offred . Secret meetings occur in his study , which the Commander 's Wife is not permitted to enter . The room is filled with books and is considered a private place for the man of the house . During these meetings , he tries to earn her trust by talking and playing board games together , such as Scrabble . He also lets her read , another offence , as women are not permitted to read and write . The Commander offers her contraband products , such as old ( 1970s ) fashion magazines and cosmetics . Finally , he gives her lingerie and takes her to a government - run brothel called Jezebel 's . This brothel is meant to add variety to men 's sex lives which , as claimed by the Commander , is necessary . At Jezebel 's , Offred encounters her friend , Moira , who had escaped from the handmaid training center , and learns how she came to be there . Moira explains that defiant women who could not adjust to the new society might be offered work at Jezebel 's rather than be forced to work in the Colonies , cleaning up radioactive waste . The women in the brothels are allowed alcohol and drugs , a freedom Offred notes . Though they are allowed to choose their patrons , they are discouraged from refusing a man 's advances . The Commander 's wife , Serena Joy , is a minor antagonist . Offred remembers her as a Christian media personality who supported women 's domesticity and subordinate role well before Gilead was established . Serena is clearly bored and unhappy -- that she was taken at her word , Offred assumes -- and hates sharing her husband with a handmaid . Ironically , though , Serena also has secret interactions with Offred , arranging for her to sleep with Nick , the Commander 's driver , in an effort to get Offred pregnant . In return , Serena Joy gives her news of her daughter and a recent photo . Offred has not seen her child since she and her family were captured trying to escape Gilead . After Offred 's initial meeting with Nick , they begin to meet more frequently . Offred discovers she enjoys sex with him , despite her indoctrination and her memories of her husband . She shares potentially dangerous information about her past with him . Through her shopping partner , a woman called Ofglen , Offred learns of the Mayday resistance , an underground network working to overthrow the Republic of Gilead . Shortly after Ofglen 's disappearance ( later revealed as a suicide ) , the Commander 's wife finds evidence of the relationship between Offred and the Commander . Offred contemplates suicide . As the novel concludes , Offred tells Nick that she thinks she is pregnant . Shortly afterwards , she is taken away by the secret police , the Eyes of God , known informally as `` the Eyes '' . Before she is put in the large black van , Nick tells her that the men are part of the Mayday resistance and to trust him . Offred does not know if he is a member of Mayday or an Eye posing as one , and is unsure if leaving will result in her escape or her capture . She enters the van with her future uncertain . The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called `` the Gilead Period . '' The epilogue is `` a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies '' written in 2195 and hosted by Professor Maryann Crescent Moon . According to the symposium 's `` keynote speaker '' Professor James Darcy Pieixoto , he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred 's story recorded onto cassette tapes . They transcribed the tapes , calling them collectively `` the handmaid 's tale . '' Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book , the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued , and Pieixoto discusses his team 's search for the characters named in the Tale , and the impossibility of proving the tapes ' authenticity . However , the existence of tapes does imply that Offred escaped and survived for at least a time and thus that the Eyes that collected her were , in fact , part of Mayday . The epilogue also suggests that , following the collapse of the theonomic Republic of Gilead , a more equal society -- though not the United States that had previously existed -- re-emerged , with a restoration of full rights for women and freedom of religion . Characters ( edit ) Offred ( edit ) Offred is the protagonist and narrator . She was labeled a `` wanton woman '' when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced . All divorces were nullified by the new government , meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife , making Offred an adulteress . In trying to escape Gilead , she was separated from her husband and daughter . She is part of the first generation of Gilead 's women , those who remember pre-Gilead times . Proved fertile , she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a handmaid in the home of the Commander Fred and his wife Serena Joy , to bear a child for them ( Serena Joy is believed to be infertile ) . Offred is a slave name that describes her function : she is `` of Fred '' , i.e. she belongs to Fred , her commander , and is considered a concubine . In the novel , Offred says that she is not a concubine , but a tool ; a `` two legged womb '' . The Handmaids ' names say nothing about who the women really are ( Offred Of Fred , Ofglen Of Glen ) ; their only identity is as the Commander 's property . `` Offred '' is also a pun on the word `` offered '' , as in `` offered as a sacrifice , '' as well as a play on the words `` off - red '' , referencing the color that handmaids wear and the character 's frustrations with her assigned position . The women in training to be handmaids whisper names across their beds at night . The names are `` Alma . Janine . Dolores . Moira . June '' , and all are later accounted for except June . In addition , one of the Aunts tells the handmaids - in - training to stop `` mooning and June - ing '' . From this and other references , some readers have inferred that her birth name could be `` June . '' Miner suggests that `` June '' is a pseudonym . As `` Mayday '' is the name of the Gilead resistance , June could be an invention by the protagonist . The Nunavit conference covered in the epilogue takes place in June . When the Hulu TV series chose to state outright that Offred 's real name is June , Atwood wrote that it was not her original intention to imply that Offred 's real name is June `` but it fits , so readers are welcome to it if they wish . '' The Commander ( edit ) The Commander says that he is a sort of scientist and was previously involved in something similar to market research , pre-Gilead . Later , it is hypothesized , but not confirmed , that he might have been one of the architects of the Republic and its laws . Presumably , his first name is `` Fred '' , though that , too , may be a pseudonym . He engages in forbidden intellectual pursuits with Offred , such as playing Scrabble , and introduces her to a secret club that serves as a brothel for high - ranking officers . Offred learns that the Commander carried on a similar relationship with his previous handmaid and that she killed herself when his wife found out . In the epilogue the academics speculate that one of two figures , both instrumental in the establishment of Gilead , may have been Fred , based on his first name . It is strongly suggested that the Commander was a man named Frederick R. Waterford who was killed in a purge shortly after Offred was taken away , charged with harboring an enemy agent . Serena Joy ( edit ) Serena Joy is a former televangelist and the Commander 's wife in the fundamentalist theonomy . The state took away her power and public recognition , and tries to hide her past as a television figure . Offred identifies her master 's wife by recalling seeing her on TV when she was a little girl early on Saturday mornings while waiting for the cartoons to air . Believed to be sterile ( although the suggestion is made that the Commander is sterile , Gileadean laws attribute sterility only to women ) , she is forced to accept that he has use of a handmaid . She resents having to take part in the monthly fertility ritual . She strikes a deal with Offred to arrange for her to have sex with Nick in order to become pregnant . According to Professor Pieixoto in the epilogue , `` Serena Joy '' or `` Pam '' are pseudonyms ; the character 's real name is implied to be Thelma . Ofglen ( edit ) Ofglen is a neighbour of Offred 's and a fellow Handmaid . She is partnered with Offred to do the daily shopping . Handmaids are never alone and are expected to police each other 's behaviour . Ofglen is a member of the Mayday resistance . In contrast to Offred , she is daring . She knocks out a Mayday spy who is to be tortured and killed in order to save him the pain of a violent death . Offred is told that when Ofglen vanishes , it is because she has committed suicide before the government can take her into custody due to her membership in the resistance , possibly to avoid giving away any information . A new handmaid , also called Ofglen , takes Ofglen 's place , and is assigned as Offred 's shopping partner . She threatens Offred against any thought of resistance . She breaks protocol by telling her what happened to the first Ofglen . Nick ( edit ) Nick is the Commander 's chauffeur , who lives above the garage . By Serena Joy 's arrangement , he and Offred start a sexual relationship to increase her chance of getting pregnant . If she were unable to bear the Commander a child , she would be declared sterile and shipped to the ecological wastelands of the Colonies . Offred begins to develop feelings for him . Nick is an ambiguous character , and Offred does not know if he is a party loyalist or part of the resistance , though he identifies himself as the former . The epilogue suggests that he really was part of the resistance , and aided Offred in escaping the Commander 's house . Moira ( edit ) Moira has been a close friend of Offred 's since college . A lesbian , she has resisted the homophobia of Gilead society . Moira is taken to be a Handmaid soon after Offred . She escapes by stealing an Aunt 's pass and clothes , but Offred later finds her working as a prostitute in a party - run brothel . She was caught and chose the brothel rather than be sent to the Colonies . Luke ( edit ) Luke was Offred 's husband prior to the formation of Gilead . He had divorced his first wife to marry her . Under Gilead , all divorces were retroactively nullified , resulting in Offred being considered an adulteress and their daughter a bastard . Offred was forced to become a Handmaid and her daughter was given to a loyalist family . Since their attempt to escape to Canada , Offred has heard nothing of Luke . Professor Pieixoto ( edit ) Pieixoto is the `` co-discoverer ( with Professor Knotly Wade ) of Offred 's tapes '' . In his presentation at an academic conference , he talks about `` the ' Problems of Authentication in Reference to The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Setting ( edit ) The novel is set in an indeterminate future , speculated to be around the year 2005 , with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead . Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions . The complex sumptuary laws ( dress codes ) play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex , occupation , and caste . The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge , Massachusetts ; Atwood studied at Radcliffe College , located in this area . Politics ( edit ) In Gilead , the bodies of fertile women are politicized and controlled . The North American population is falling as more men and women become infertile ( though in Gilead , legally , it is only women who can be the cause of infertility ) . Gilead 's treatment of women is based upon a narrow , fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible , meaning that women are the property of and subordinate to their husband , father , or head of household . They are not allowed to do anything that would grant them any power independent of this system . They are not allowed to vote , hold a job , read , possess money , or own anything , among many other restrictions . A particular quote from The Handmaid 's Tale sums this up : `` The Republic of Gilead , said Aunt Lydia , knows no bounds . Gilead is within you '' ( HT 5.2 ) . This describes that there is no way around the societal bounds of women in this new state of government . Handmaids , being not allowed to wed , are given two - year assignments with a commander , and lose their own name : they are called `` Of ( their Commander 's first name ) '' , such as the novel 's protagonist , known only as Offred . When a handmaid is reassigned , her name changes with her . Their original identities before the revolution are suppressed , although while being reeducated as handmaids , they surreptitiously share their names with each other . In this book , the government appears to be strong though `` no one in Gilead seems to be a true believer in its revolution '' ( Beauchamp ) . The Commanders , portrayed via Commander Fred , do not agree with their own doctrines . The commander takes Offred at one point to a brothel in order to have sex with her in an informal setting apart from the Ceremony . The wives , portrayed via Serena Joy , former television evangelist , disobey the rules set forth by their commander husbands . Serena smokes black market cigarettes and expresses the forbidden idea that men may be infertile , and schemes to get Offred impregnated by her chauffeur . Religion ( edit ) Bruce Miller , the executive producer of The Handmaid 's Tale television serial , declared with regard to Atwood 's book , as well as his series , that Gilead is `` a society that 's based kind of in a perverse misreading of Old Testament laws and codes '' . The author explains that Gilead tries to embody the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th - century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Both Atwood and Miller stated that the people running Gilead are `` not genuinely Christian '' . The group running Gilead , according to Atwood , is `` not really interested in religion ; they 're interested in power . '' In fact , in her prayers to God , Offred , reflecting on Gilead , prays `` I do n't believe for an instant that what 's going on out there is what You meant ... . I suppose I should say I forgive whoever did this , and whatever they 're doing now . I 'll try , but it is n't easy . '' Margaret Atwood , writing on this , says that `` Offred herself has a private version of the Lord 's Prayer and refuses to believe that this regime has been mandated by a just and merciful God . '' Christian churches that do not support the actions of the Sons of Jacob are systematically demolished , and the people living in Gilead are never seen attending church . Christian denominations , including Quakers , Baptists and Roman Catholics , are specifically named as enemies of the Sons of Jacob . Nuns who refuse conversion are considered `` Unwomen '' and banished to the Colonies , owing to their reluctance to marry and refusal ( or inability ) to bear children . Priests unwilling to convert are executed and hanged from the Wall . Atwood pits Quaker Christians against the régime by having them help the oppressed , something she feels they would do in reality : `` The Quakers have gone underground , and are running an escape route to Canada , as -- I suspect -- they would . '' Jews are named an exception and classified Sons of Jacob . Offred observes that Jews refusing to convert are allowed to emigrate to Israel , and most choose to leave . However , in the Epilogue , Professor Pieixoto reveals that many of the emigrating Jews ended up being dumped into the sea while on the ships ostensibly tasked with transporting them to Israel , due to privatization of the `` repatriation program '' and capitalists ' effort to maximize profits . Offred mentions that many Jews who chose to stay were caught secretly practicing Judaism and executed . Caste and class ( edit ) African Americans , the main non-white ethnic group in this society , are called the Children of Ham . A state TV broadcast mentions they have been relocated en masse to `` National Homelands '' in the Midwest , which are suggestive of the Apartheid - era homelands set up by South Africa . Gender and occupation ( edit ) The sexes are strictly divided . Gilead 's society values reproduction by white women most highly . Women are categorised `` hierarchically according to class status and reproductive capacity '' as well as `` metonymically colour - coded according to their function and their labour '' ( Kauffman 232 ) . The Commander expresses the prevailing opinion that women are considered intellectually and emotionally inferior to men . Women are segregated by clothing , as are men . With rare exception , men wear military or paramilitary uniforms . All classes of men and women are defined by the colors they wear ( as in Aldous Huxley 's dystopian Brave New World ) , drawing on colour symbolism and psychology . All lower - status individuals are regulated by this dress code . All `` non-persons '' are banished to the `` Colonies '' . Sterile , unmarried women are considered to be non-persons . Both men and women sent there wear grey dresses . Legitimate women ( edit ) The bonnets that Handmaids wear are modeled on the Old Dutch Cleanser . Wives The top social level permitted to women , achieved by marriage to higher - ranking officers . Wives always wear blue dresses and cloaks , suggesting traditional depictions of the Virgin Mary in historic Christian art . When a Commander dies , his Wife becomes a Widow and must dress in black . Daughters The natural or adopted children of the ruling class . They wear white until marriage , which is now arranged . The narrator 's daughter has been adopted by an infertile Wife and Commander . Handmaids Fertile women whose social function is to bear children for infertile , usually elderly , Wives . Handmaids dress in a red habit that completely conceals their shape , plus red shoes and gloves . In summer , they change into summer dresses and slatted shoes , still fully covering the woman 's body . They wear heavy white bonnets on their heads , which they call `` wings '' to prevent their seeing or being seen except when standing directly in front of another individual . Handmaids are produced by re-educating fertile women who have broken the new laws . Needing fertile Handmaids , Gilead gradually increased the number of gender crimes . The Republic of Gilead justifies the use of the handmaids for procreation by biblical stories : Jacob took his two wives ' handmaids , Bilhah and Zilpah , to bed to bear him children , when the wives could not ( Gen. 30 : 1 -- 3 ) , and Abraham took his wife 's handmaid , Hagar ( Gen. 16 : 1 -- 6 ) . Handmaids are assigned to Commanders and allowed to live in their houses , but sent back to Aunts ' facilities if a Commander is deployed ( and sent back to the Commander 's house upon his return ) . Handmaids who successfully bear children assist in raising them for a short time and are then sent away to a new assignment , never to see the child again . Their success as a Handmaid , however , means they will never be declared an `` Unwoman '' and sent to the Colonies , even if they never have another baby . Aunts They train and monitor the Handmaids . They promote the role of Handmaid as honorable and legitimate and a method by which women who have committed crimes can redeem themselves . They directly control and police women ; serving as an Aunt is the only role for some unmarried , infertile and often older women to have any autonomy . It allows them to avoid going to the Colonies . Aunts dress in brown . They are the only class of women permitted to read . ( `` The Aunts are allowed to read and write . '' Vintage Books , p. 139 . However , on p. 100 of the Vintage Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a disc ; the voice was a man 's . '' In the Anchor Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a tape , so not even an Aunt would be guilty of the sin of reading . The voice was a man 's . ( p. 89 . ) '' ) Many choose this livelihood out of pure respect for and belief in the religious and legal system , others understand that it is the best position offered for their stature . Marthas They are older infertile women who have domestic skills and are compliant , making them suitable as servants . They dress in green smocks . The title of `` Martha '' is based on a story in Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 , where Jesus visits Mary , sister of Lazarus and Martha ; Mary listens to Jesus while Martha works at `` all the preparations that had to be made '' . Econowives Women who have married relatively low - ranking men , not part of the elite . They are expected to perform all the female functions : domestic duties , companionship , and child - bearing . Their dress is multicoloured red , blue , and green to reflect these multiple roles , and is made of notably cheaper material . The division of labour among the women generates some resentment . Marthas , Wives and Econowives perceive Handmaids as promiscuous and are taught to scorn them . Offred mourns that the women of the various groups have lost their ability to empathize with each other . They are divided in their oppression . Illegitimate women ( edit ) Unwomen Sterile women , the unmarried , some widows , feminists , lesbians , nuns , and politically dissident women : all women who are incapable of social integration within the Republic 's strict gender divisions . Gilead exiles Unwomen to `` the Colonies , '' areas both of agricultural production and deadly pollution . Joining them are handmaids who fail to bear a child after three two - year assignments . Jezebels Women forced to become prostitutes and entertainers . They are available only to the Commanders and to their guests . Offred portrays Jezebels as attractive and educated ; they may be unsuitable as handmaids due to temperament . They have been sterilized , a surgery that is forbidden to other women . They operate in unofficial but state - sanctioned brothels , unknown to most women . Jezebels , whose title also comes from the Bible ( note Queen Jezebel in the Books of Kings ) , dress in the remnants of sexualized costumes from `` the time before , '' such as cheerleaders ' costumes , school uniforms , and Playboy Bunny costumes . Jezebels can wear make - up , drink alcohol and socialize with men , but are tightly controlled by the Aunts . When they pass their sexual prime and / or their looks fade , they are discarded without any precision as to whether they are killed or sent to the Colonies in the novel . Men ( edit ) Men are classified into four main categories : Commanders of the Faithful The ruling class . Because of their status , they are entitled to establish a patriarchal household with a Wife , a Handmaid if necessary , Marthas ( female servants ) and Guardians . They have a duty to procreate , but many may be infertile , as a possible result of exposure to a biological agent in pre-Gilead times . They wear black to signify superiority . They are allowed cars . Eyes The secret police attempting to discover those violating the rules of Gilead . Angels Soldiers who fight in the wars in order to expand and protect the country 's borders . Angels may be permitted to marry . Guardians ( of the Faith ) Soldiers `` used for routine policing and other menial functions '' . They are unsuitable for other work in the republic being `` stupid or older or disabled or very young , apart from the ones that are Eyes incognito '' ( chapter 4 ) . Young Guardians may be promoted to Angels when they come of age . They wear green uniforms . Men who engage in homosexuality or related acts are declared `` Gender Traitors '' ; they are either hanged or sent to the `` colonies '' to die a slow death . Babies ( edit ) In this society , birth defects have become increasingly common . There are two main categories of human children : Unbabies , also known as `` shredders '' Babies born physically deformed or with some other birth defect . They do not last but Offred does not know what happens to them . Pregnant Handmaids fear giving birth to a damaged child , or unbaby . Gilead forbids abortion and all tests to determine prenatal health of a fetus . Keepers Babies that are born alive with no defects . The ceremony ( edit ) `` The Ceremony '' is a non-marital sexual act sanctioned for reproduction . The ritual requires the Handmaid to lie on her back between the legs of the Wife during the sex act as if they were one person . The Wife has to invite the Handmaid to share her power this way ; many Wives consider this both humiliating and offensive . Offred describes the ceremony : My red skirt is hitched up to my waist , though no higher . Below it the Commander is fucking . What he is fucking is the lower part of my body . I do not say making love , because this is not what he 's doing . Copulating too would be inaccurate , because it would imply two people and only one is involved . Nor does rape cover it : nothing is going on here that I have n't signed up for . Language ( edit ) In the novel 's fictional fundamentalist society , sterile is an `` outlawed '' word . In this society , there is no such thing as a sterile man anymore . In this culture , women are either fruitful or barren , the latter of which are declared to be `` unwomen '' and are sent to the colonies with the rest of the `` unwomen '' to do life - threatening work until their death , which is , on average , three years . Atwood emphasises how changes in context affect behaviours and attitudes by repeating the phrase `` Context is all '' throughout the novel , establishing this precept as a motif . Playing the game of Scrabble with her Commander illustrates the key significance of changes in `` context '' ; once `` the game of old men and women '' , the game became forbidden for women to play and therefore `` desirable '' . Through living in a morally rigid society , Offred has come to perceive the world differently from earlier . Offred expresses amazement at how `` It has taken so little time to change our minds about things '' . Wearing revealing clothes and makeup had been part of her former life , but when she sees Japanese tourists dressed that way , she now feels the women are inappropriately dressed . Offred can read but not translate the phrase `` nolite te bastardes carborundorum '' carved into the closet wall of her small bedroom ; this mock - Latin aphorism signifies `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . The significance of this phrase is intensified by the challenges the book has faced , creating a `` Mise en abyme '' as both the protagonist and the reader decipher subversive texts . Genre classification ( edit ) See also : Social science fiction In interviews and essays Atwood has discussed generic classification of The Handmaid 's Tale as `` science fiction '' or `` speculative fiction '' , observing : I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Hugo - winning science fiction critic David Langford observed in a column : `` The Handmaid 's Tale won the very first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 . She 's been trying to live this down ever since . '' He says : Atwood prefers to say that she writes speculative fiction -- a term coined by SF author Robert A. Heinlein . As she told the Guardian , `` Science fiction has monsters and spaceships ; speculative fiction could really happen . '' She used a subtly different phrasing for New Scientist , `` Oryx and Crake is not science fiction . It is fact within fiction . Science fiction is when you have rockets and chemicals . '' So it was very cruel of New Scientist to describe this interview in the contents list as : `` Margaret Atwood explains why science is crucial to her science fiction . '' ... Play it again , Ms Atwood -- this time for the Book - of - the - Month Club : `` Oryx and Crake is a speculative fiction , not a science fiction proper . It contains no intergalactic space travel , no teleportation , no Martians . '' On BBC1 Breakfast News the distinguished author explained that science fiction , as opposed to what she writes , is characterized by `` talking squids in outer space '' . In distinguishing between these genre labels science fiction and speculative fiction , Atwood acknowledges that others may use the terms interchangeably . But she notes her interest in this type of work to explore themes in ways that `` realistic fiction '' can not do . Historical Context ( edit ) Fitting with her claims that The Handmaid 's Tale is a work of speculative fiction , not science fiction , Atwood 's novel offers a satirical view of various social , political , and religious trends of the 1980s United States . Further , Atwood questions what would happen if these trends , and especially `` casually held attitudes about women '' were taken to their logical end . Atwood continues to argue that all of the scenarios offered in The Handmaid 's Tale have actually occurred in real life -- in an interview she gave regarding Oryx and Crake , Atwood maintains that `` As with The Handmaid 's Tale , I did n't put in anything that we have n't already done , we 're not already doing , we 're seriously trying to do , coupled with trends that are already in progress ... So all of those things are real , and therefore the amount of pure invention is close to nil . '' Atwood was also known to carry around newspaper clippings to her various interviews to support her fiction 's basis in reality . Atwood has explained that The Handmaid 's Tale is a response to those who claim the oppressive , totalitarian , and religious governments that have taken hold in other countries throughout the years `` ca n't happen here '' -- but in this work , she has tried to show how such a takeover might play out . Atwood 's inspiration for the Republic of Gilead came from her time studying early American Puritans while at Harvard , which she attended on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship . Atwood argues that the modern view of the Puritans -- that they came to America to flee religious persecution in England and set up a religiously tolerant society -- is misleading , and that instead , these Puritan leaders wanted to establish a monolithic theocracy where religious dissent would not be accepted . Atwood also had a personal connection to the Puritans , and she dedicates the novel to her own ancestor Mary Webster , who was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England but survived her hanging . Due to the totalitarian nature of Gileadan society , Atwood , in creating the setting , drew from the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Atwood has argued that a coup , such as the one depicted in The Handmaid 's Tale , would misuse religion in order to achieve its own ends : ... if you wanted to seize power in the US , abolish liberal democracy and set up a dictatorship , how would you go about it ? What would be your cover story ? It would not resemble any form of communism or socialism : those would be too unpopular ... Nations never build apparently radical forms of government on foundations that are n't there already . Thus China replaced a state bureaucracy with a similar state bureaucracy under a different name , the USSR replaced the dreaded imperial secret police with an even more dreaded secret police , and so forth . The deep foundation of the US -- so went my thinking -- was not the comparatively recent 18th - century Enlightenment structures of the republic , with their talk of equality and their separation of church and state , but the heavy - handed theocracy of 17th - century Puritan New England , with its marked bias against women , which would need only the opportunity of a period of social chaos to reassert itself . Like any theocracy , this one would select a few passages from the Bible to justify its actions , and it would lean heavily towards the Old Testament , not towards the New . Atwood , with respect to those leading Gilead , further stated : I do n't consider these people to be Christians because they do not have at the core of their behavior and ideologies what I , in my feeble Canadian way , would consider to be the core of Christianity ... and that would be not only love your neighbors but love your enemies . That would also be ' I was sick and you visited me not ' and such and such ... And that would include also concern for the environment , because you ca n't love your neighbor or even your enemy , unless you love your neighbor 's oxygen , food , and water . You ca n't love your neighbor or your enemy if you 're presuming policies that are going to cause those people to die. ... Of course faith can be a force for good and often has been . So faith is a force for good particularly when people are feeling beleaguered and in need of hope . So you can have bad iterations and you can also have the iteration in which people have got too much power and then start abusing it . But that is human behavior , so you ca n't lay it down to religion . You can find the same in any power situation , such as politics or ideologies that purport to be atheist . Need I mention the former Soviet Union ? So it is not a question of religion making people behave badly . It is a question of human beings getting power and then wanting more of it . In the same vein , Atwood also declared that `` In the real world today , some religious groups are leading movements for the protection of vulnerable groups , including women . '' Atwood also draws connections between the ways in which Gilead 's leaders maintain their power and other examples of actual totalitarian governments . In her interviews , Atwood offers up Afghanistan as examples of religious theocracies forcing women out of the public sphere and into their homes , as in Gilead . The `` state - sanctioned murder of dissidents '' was inspired by the Philippines , and the last General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party Nicolae Ceausescu 's obsession with increasing the birth rate led to the strict policing of pregnant women and the outlawing of birth control and abortion . However , Atwood clearly explains that many of these deplorable acts were not just present in other cultures and countries , `` but within Western society , and within the ' Christian ' tradition itself '' . The Republic of Gilead struggles with infertility , making Offred 's services as a Handmaid vital to producing children and thus reproducing the society . Handmaids themselves are `` untouchable '' , but their ability to signify status is equated to that of slaves or servants throughout history . Atwood connects their concerns with infertility to real - life problems our world faces , such as radiation , chemical pollution , and venereal disease ( HIV / AIDS is specifically mentioned in the `` Historical Notes '' section at the end of the novel , which was a relatively new disease at the time of Atwood 's writing whose long - term impact was likely still unknown ) . Atwood 's strong stance on environmental issues and their negative consequences for our society has presented itself in other works such as her MaddAddam trilogy , and refers back to her growing up with biologists and her own scientific curiosity . Critical reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale was well received by critics , helping to cement Atwood 's status as a prominent writer of the 20th century . Not only was the book deemed well - written and compelling , but Atwood 's work was notable for sparking intense debates both in and out of academia . Atwood maintains that the Republic of Gilead is only an extrapolation of trends already seen in the United States at the time of her writing , a view supported by other scholars studying The Handmaid 's Tale . Indeed , many have placed The Handmaid 's Tale in the same category of dystopian fiction as Nineteen Eighty - Four and Brave New World , with the added feature of confronting patriarchy , a categorization that Atwood has accepted and reiterated in many articles and interviews . Even today , many reviewers hold that Atwood 's novel remains as foreboding and powerful as ever , largely because of its basis in historical fact . Yet when her book was first published in 1985 , not all reviewers were convinced of the `` cautionary tale '' Atwood presented . For example , Mary McCarthy 's New York Times review argued that The Handmaid 's Tale lacked the `` surprised recognition '' necessary for readers to see `` our present selves in a distorting mirror , of what we may be turning into if current trends are allowed to continue '' . In the aftermath of the television series ' debut in 2017 , there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , this book ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Feminist reading ( edit ) Much of the discussion about The Handmaid 's Tale has centered on its categorization as feminist literature . Atwood does not see the Republic of Gilead as a purely feminist dystopia , as not all men have greater rights than women . Instead , this society presents a typical dictatorship : `` shaped like a pyramid , with the powerful of both sexes at the apex , the men generally outranking the women at the same level ; then descending levels of power and status with men and women in each , all the way down to the bottom , where the unmarried men must serve in the ranks before being awarded an Econowife '' . Additionally , Atwood has argued that while some of the observations that informed the content of The Handmaid 's Tale may be feminist , her novel is not meant to say `` one thing to one person '' or serve as a political message -- instead , The Handmaid 's Tale is `` a study of power , and how it operates and how it deforms or shapes the people who are living within that kind of regime '' . Some scholars have offered such a feminist interpretation , however , connecting Atwood 's use of religious fundamentalism in the pages of The Handmaid 's Tale to a condemnation of their presence in current American society . Yet others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale critiques typical notions of feminism , as Atwood 's novel appears to subvert the traditional `` women helping women '' ideals of the movement and turn toward the possibility of `` the matriarchal network ... and a new form of misogyny : women 's hatred of women '' . Race ( edit ) Other critics have characterized The Handmaid 's Tale as `` White Feminism '' noting that Atwood does away with black people in a few lines by relocating the `` Children of Ham '' while borrowing heavily from the African - American experience and applying it to white women . Other critics have noted the parallels with apartheid and that it misrepresents how black people resist in times of crisis . The writer Mikki Kendall said about the book , It requires me to believe that not only are my people gone , but often that they vanished quietly without any real resistance . As if . Like ... Black people did not survive slavery , Jim Crow & the War on Drugs to be taken out by a handful of white boys with guns . Awards ( edit ) 1985 -- Governor General 's Award for English language fiction ( winner ) 1986 -- Booker Prize ( nominated ) 1986 -- Nebula Award ( nominated ) 1987 -- Arthur C. Clarke Award ( winner ) 1987 -- Prometheus Award ( nominated ) Academic reception ( edit ) Atwood 's novels , and especially her works of speculative fiction The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake , are frequently offered as examples for the final , open - ended question on the North American Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition exam each year . As such , her books are often assigned in high - school classrooms to students taking this Advanced Placement course , despite the mature themes the work presents . Atwood herself has expressed surprise that her books are being assigned to high - school audiences , largely due to her own censored education in the 1950s , but she has assured readers that this increased attention from high - school students has not altered the material she has chosen to write about since . Many people have expressed discontent at The Handmaid 's Tale 's presence in the classroom , as it has been frequently challenged or banned over the last 30 years . Some of these challenges have come from parents concerned about the explicit sexuality and other adult themes represented in the book . Others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale depicts a negative view of religion , a view supported by several academics who propose that Atwood 's work satirizes contemporary religious fundamentalists in the United States , offering a feminist critique of the trends this movement to the Right represents . The American Library Association ( ALA ) lists The Handmaid 's Tale as number 37 on the `` 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Atwood participated in discussing The Handmaid 's Tale as the subject of an ALA discussion series titled `` One Book , One Conference '' . Some complaints have included : 1990 : Challenged at Rancho Cotate High School , Rohnert Park , California , as too explicit for students . 1992 : Challenged in schools in Waterloo , Iowa , reportedly because of profanity , lurid passages about sex , and statements defamatory to minorities , God , women , and the disabled . 1993 : Removed because of profanity and sex from the Chicopee , Massachusetts , high - school English class reading list . 1998 : Challenged for use in Richland , Washington , high - school English classes , along with six other titles determined to be `` poor quality literature and ( that ) stress suicide , illicit sex , violence , and hopelessness '' . 1999 : Challenged because of graphic sex , but retained on the advanced placement English list , at George D. Chamberlain High School in Tampa , Florida . 2000 : Downgraded from `` required '' to `` optional '' on the summer reading list for eleventh graders in the Upper Moreland School District near Philadelphia due to `` age - inappropriate '' subject matter . 2001 : Challenged , but retained , in the Dripping Springs , Texas , senior Advanced Placement English course as an optional reading assignment . Some parents were offended by the book 's descriptions of sexual encounters . 2006 : Initially banned by Superintendent Ed Lyman from an advanced placement English curriculum in the Judson independent school district in Texas , after a parent complained . Lyman had overruled the recommendation of a committee of teachers , students , and parents ; the committee appealed the decision to the school board , which overturned his ban . 2012 : Challenged as required reading for a Page High School International Baccalaureate class and as optional reading for Advanced Placement reading courses at Grimsley High School in Greensboro , North Carolina because the book is `` sexually explicit , violently graphic and morally corrupt . '' Some parents thought the book is `` detrimental to Christian values . '' According to Education Reporter Kristin Rushowy of the Toronto Star ( 16 January 2009 ) , in 2008 a parent in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , wrote a letter to his son 's high school principal , asking that the book no longer be assigned as required reading , stating that the novel is `` rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression '' . Rushowy quotes the response of Russell Morton Brown , a retired University of Toronto English professor , who acknowledged that `` The Handmaid 's Tale was n't likely written for 17 - year - olds , but neither are a lot of things we teach in high school , like Shakespeare ... And they are all the better for reading it . They are on the edge of adulthood already , and there 's no point in coddling them , '' he said , adding , `` they are n't coddled in terms of mass media today anyway '' ... He said the book has been accused of being anti-Christian and , more recently , anti-Islamic because the women are veiled and polygamy is allowed ... But that `` misses the point '' , said Brown . `` It 's really anti-fundamentalism . '' In her earlier account ( 14 January 2009 ) , Rushowy reported that a Toronto District School Board committee was `` reviewing the novel '' . While noting that `` The Handmaid 's Tale is listed as one of the 100 ' most frequently challenged books ' from 1990 to 1999 on the American Library Association 's website '' , Rushowy reports that `` The Canadian Library Association says there is ' no known instance of a challenge to this novel in Canada ' but says the book was called anti-Christian and pornographic by parents after being placed on a reading list for secondary students in Texas in the 1990s . '' In November 2012 two parents in Guilford County , North Carolina protested against inclusion of the book on a required reading list at a local high school . The parents presented the school board with a petition signed by 2,300 people , prompting a review of the book by the school 's media advisory committee . According to local news reports , one of the parents said `` she felt Christian students are bullied in society , in that they 're made to feel uncomfortable about their beliefs by non-believers . She said including books like The Handmaid 's Tale contributes to that discomfort , because of its negative view on religion and its anti-biblical attitudes toward sex . '' Other use in academia ( edit ) In institutions of higher education , professors have found The Handmaid 's Tale to be useful , largely because of its historical and religious basis and Atwood 's captivating delivery . The novel 's teaching points include : introducing politics and the social sciences to students in a more concrete way ; demonstrating the importance of reading to our freedom , both intellectual and political ; and acknowledging the `` most insidious and violent manifestations of power in Western history '' in a compelling manner . The chapter entitled `` Historical Notes '' at the end of the novel also represents a warning to academics who run the risk of misreading and misunderstanding historical texts , pointing to the satirized Professor Pieixoto as an example of a male scholar who has taken over and overpowered Offred 's narrative with his own interpretation . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( film ) The 1990 film The Handmaid 's Tale was based on a screenplay by Harold Pinter and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . It stars Natasha Richardson as Offred , Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy , and Robert Duvall as The Commander ( Fred ) . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Hulu has produced a 10 - episode series of the novel starring Elisabeth Moss as Offred . The first three episodes were released on April 26 , 2017 , with subsequent episodes following on a weekly basis . Margaret Atwood served as consulting producer . The show has been renewed for a second season , set to premiere on April 25 , 2018 . Radio ( edit ) A dramatic adaptation of the novel for radio was produced for BBC Radio 4 by John Dryden in 2000 . A Canadian dramatic adaptation for radio was written by playwright Michael O'Brien and produced on CBC Radio in 2002 . Audio ( edit ) An audiobook of the unabridged text , read by Claire Danes ( ISBN 9781491519110 ) , won the 2013 Audie Award for fiction . In 2014 , Canadian band Lakes of Canada released their album Transgressions , which is intended to be a concept album inspired by The Handmaid 's Tale . Stage ( edit ) A stage adaptation written and directed by Bruce Shapiro played at Tufts University in 1989 . An operatic adaptation , The Handmaid 's Tale , by Poul Ruders , premiered in Copenhagen on 6 March 2000 , and was performed by the English National Opera , in London , in 2003 . It was the opening production of the 2004 -- 2005 season of the Canadian Opera Company . A stage adaptation of the novel , by Brendon Burns , for the Haymarket Theatre , Basingstoke , England , toured the UK in 2002 . A ballet adaptation choreographed by Lila York and produced by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet premiered on 16 October 2013 . Amanda Green appeared as Offred and Alexander Gamayunov as The Commander . A one - woman stage show , adapted from the novel , by Joseph Stollenwerk premiered in the U.S. in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) Canada portal 1980s portal Novels portal Canadian literature Feminist science fiction Pregnancy in science fiction Persepolis ( comics ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Handmaid 's Tale is the inaugural winner of this award for the best science fiction novel published in the United Kingdom during the previous year . Jump up ^ The Prometheus Award is an award for libertarian science fiction novels given out annually by the Libertarian Futurist Society , which also publishes a quarterly journal , Prometheus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cosstick , Ruth ( January 1986 ) . `` Book review : The Handmaids Tale '' . Vol. 14 no . 1 . CM Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Tad Aronowicz 's jaggedly surrealistic cover design is most appropriate . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : About Speculative Fiction '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 17 June 2005 ) . `` Aliens have taken the place of angels '' . The Guardian . UK . If you 're writing about the future and you are n't doing forecast journalism , you 'll probably be writing something people will call either science fiction or speculative fiction . I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Some use speculative fiction as an umbrella covering science fiction and all its hyphenated forms -- science fiction fantasy , and so forth -- and others choose the reverse ... I have written two works of science fiction or , if you prefer , speculative fiction : The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake . Here are some of the things these kinds of narratives can do that socially realistic novels can not do . ^ Jump up to : Langford 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Douthat , Ross ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale and Ours ' '' . The New York Times . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( 22 June 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grace , DM ( 1998 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale Historical Notes and Documentary Subversion '' . Science Fiction Studies . Science Fiction Studies . 25 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 94 . JSTOR 4240726 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : Character List '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1986 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Offred 's Real Name In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Is The Only Piece Of Power She Still Holds '' by Dana Getz , Bustle , April 26 , 2017 , `` In Margaret Atwood 's original novel , Offred 's real name is never revealed . Many eagle - eyed readers deduced that it was June based on contextual clues : Of the names the Handmaids trade in hushed tones as they lie awake at night , `` June '' is the only one that 's never heard again once Offred is narrating . '' https://www.bustle.com/p/offreds-real-name-in-the-handmaids-tale-is-the-only-piece-of-power-she-still-holds-53607 Jump up ^ Madonne 1991 Jump up ^ Oates , Joyce Carol ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , An Interview : ' Q : We can figure out that the main character lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts ' Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/09/books/no-headline-423986.html?pagewanted=2 ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' on Hulu : What Should Catholics Think ? '' . Faith & Family Media Blog . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucie - Smith , Alexander ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Should Catholics watch The Handmaid 's Tale ? '' . The Catholic Herald . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 144 , 192 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 178 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood 1998 , pp. 36 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 235 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale '' ( PDF ) . Nashville Public Library . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruss , Susanne ( 2004 ) . `` '' People confuse interpersonal relations with legal structures . '' An Interview with Margaret Atwood `` . Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Shirley ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Mervyn ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 1994 ) . Nicholson , Colin , ed . Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees . Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity . London : Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 177 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson interviews Margaret Atwood about ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Recently , someone said , `` Religion does n't radicalize people , people radicalize religion . '' So you can use any religion as an excuse for being repressive , and you can use any religion as an excuse for resisting repression ; it works both ways , as it does in the book . So that was one set of inspirations . Jump up ^ Curwood , Steve ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Gayle ( July 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books . JSTOR 4019952 . Jump up ^ Armbruster , Jane ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' `` . Social Justice . JSTOR 29766564 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( May 2004 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' `` . PMLA . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 20 December 2014 ) . `` Does The Handmaid 's Tale hold up ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Charlotte ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` Book Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hines , Molly ( 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' : Fundamentalist religiosity and the oppression of women `` . Angelo State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mercer , Naomi ( 2013 ) . `` '' Subversive Feminist Thrusts `` : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' , Louise Marley 's `` The Terrorists of Irustan '' , Marge Piercy 's `` He , She and It '' , and Sheri S. Tepper 's `` Raising the Stones '' `` . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Alanna ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A White Feminist Dystopia '' . theestablishment.co . Jump up ^ Kendall , Mikki ( June 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale 's Greatest Failing Is How It Handles Race '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` Mikki Kendall @ Karnythia '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AP English Literature and Composition Exam '' . College Board . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2002 -- 2003 : One Book , One Conference '' . American Library Association . June 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Concerns inaugural program featuring Margaret Atwood held in Toronto , 19 -- 25 June 2003 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Robert P. ( 2017 ) . Banned Books : Defending Our Freedom to Read . American Library Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8389 - 8962 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy 2009 Jump up ^ Rushowy 2009b Jump up ^ Carr , Mitch ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Guilford County moms want reading list criteria changed '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burack , Cynthia ( Winter 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal . 1 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 283 . JSTOR 4315901 . Jump up ^ Laz , Cheryl ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology. 24 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . JSTOR 1318898 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Harriet ( December 1989 ) . `` '' Teaching Them to Read `` : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English . JSTOR 378090 . Jump up ^ Larson , Janet ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion and Literature . Jump up ^ Stein , Karen ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Hulu is adapting Margaret Atwood 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gummere , Joe . `` 2013 Audie Awards ® Finalists by category '' . joeaudio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artists : Lakes of Canada '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tufts University : Department of Drama and Dance : Performances & Events '' . dramadance.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 5 April 2003 ) . `` Classical music & opera '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Littler , William ( 15 December 2004 ) , Opera Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's tale '' . UKTW ... Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale debuts as ballet in Winnipeg '' . CA : CBC News . 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lyman , David ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' offers extreme view of future '' . Cincinnati.com . Works cited ( edit ) ( 17 June 2005 ) , `` Aliens Have Taken the Place of Angels '' , The Guardian ( 14 Jan 2009 ) , `` Complaint Spurs School Board to Review Novel by Atwood '' , The Toronto Star . Alexander , Lynn ( 22 May 2009 ) , `` The Handmaid 's Tale Working Bibliography '' , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Hyperlinked to online resources for Alexander , Dr Lynn ( Spring 1999 ) , Women Writers : Magic , Mysticism , and Mayhem ( course ) . Includes entry for book chap . by Kauffman . An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale ( n.d. ) . In Nashville Public Library . Armrbuster , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Social Justice 17 ( 3 ) , 146 -- 52 . Atwood , Margaret ( 1985 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 ( 1986 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books. ( 1998 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books ( div. of Random House ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49081 - 8 . Parenthetical page references are to the 1998 ed . Digitized 2 June 2008 by Google Books ( 311 pp . ) ( 2005 ) , La Servante écarlate ( The Handmaid 's Tale ) ( in French ) , Rué , Sylviane transl , Paris : J'ai Lu , ISBN 978 - 2 - 290 - 34710 - 2 . Atwood , M. ( 2004 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' . PMLA , 119 ( 3 ) , 513 -- 517 . Atwood , M. ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Bergmann , H.F. ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching Them to Read : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English , 51 ( 8 ) , 847 -- 854 . Burack , C. ( 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal 1 ( 2 ) , 274 -- 83 . Callaway , A.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Curwood , Steve . ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . n.p. Evans , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees '' . In C. Nicholson ( Ed . ) , Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity ( pp. 177 -- 188 ) . London , United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan UK . Greene , Gayle. ( 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books 3 ( 10 ) , 14 -- 15 . Gruss , S. ( 2004 ) . `` People confuse personal relations with legal structures '' . An Interview with Margaret Atwood . In Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Hines , M.E. ( 2006 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale : Fundamentalist Religiosity and the Oppression of Women . N.p. : Angelo State University . Kauffman , Linda ( 1989 ) , `` 6 . Special Delivery : Twenty - First Century Epistolarity in The Handmaid 's Tale '' , in Goldsmith , Elizabeth , Writing the Female Voice : Essays on Epistolary Literature , Boston : Northeastern University Press , pp. 221 -- 44 . Cited in Alexander . Langford , David ( Aug 2003 ) , `` Bits and Pieces '' , SFX ( UK : Ansible ) ( 107 ) . Larson , J.L. ( 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion & Literature 21 ( 1 ) , 27 -- 61 . Laz , C. ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) , 54 -- 63 . Lewis , Lapham H. ( September 2004 ) . `` Tentacles of rage : The Republican propaganda mill , a brief history '' . Harper 's Magazine . Mercer , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Subversive Feminist Thrusts '' : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , Louise Marley 's The Terrorists of Irustan , Marge Piercy 's He , She and I. Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin . Miner , Madonne ( 1991 ) , `` ' Trust Me ' : Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Twentieth Century Literature 37 : 148 -- 68 , doi : 10.2307 / 441844 . Morris , M. ( 1990 ) . `` Margaret Atwood , The Art of Fiction No. 121 '' . The Paris Review . Neuman , S.C. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly , 75 ( 3 ) , 857 -- 868 . Oates , J.C. ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Perry , D. ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Rothstein , Mervyn. ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Rushowy , Kristin ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Atwood Novel Too Brutal , Sexist For School : Parent '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Stein , K.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Canadian Literature , 148 , 57 -- 72 . The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , American Library Association , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Adami , Valentina ( 2011 ) . Bioethics Through Literature : Margaret Atwood 's Cautionary Tales . Trier : WVT . Atwood , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Handmaid 's Tale . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . Cooper , Pamela ( 1997 ) . `` ' A Body Story with a Vengeance ' : Anatomy and Struggle in The Bell Jar and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Women 's Studies . 26 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1997. 9979152 . Dopp , Jamie ( 1994 ) . `` Subject - Position as Victim - Position in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Studies in Canadian Literature. 19 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . Gardner , Laurel J ( 1994 ) . `` Pornography as a Matter of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Notes on Contemporary Literature. 24 ( 5 ) : 5 -- 7 . Garretts - Petts , WF ( 1988 ) . `` Reading , Writing and the Postmodern Condition : Interpreting Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Open Letter . Seventh . I . Geddes , Dan ( January 2001 ) . `` Negative Utopia as Polemic : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Satirist . Hammer , Stephanie Barbé ( 1990 ) . `` The World as It Will Be ? Female Satire and the Technology of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Modern Language Studies . XX ( 2 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194826 . Malak , Amin ( 1987 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale and the Dystopian Tradition '' . Canadian Literature. 112 : 9 -- 16 . McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` No Headline : The Handmaid 's Tale ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin ) '' . The New York Times ( review ) . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Mohr , Dunja M. ( 2005 ) , Worlds Apart : Dualism and Transgression in Contemporary Female Dystopias , Jefferson , NC : McFarland 2005 Long chapter on The Handmaid 's Tale as utopia and dystopia . Myrsiades , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` Law , Medicine , and the Sex Slave in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . In Myrsiades , Kostas ; Myrsiades , Linda . Un-Disciplining Literature : Literature , Law , and Culture . New York : Peter Lang . pp. 219 -- 45 . Stanners , Barbara ; Stanners , Michael ; Atwood , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale . Top Notes Literature Guides . Seven Hills , NSW , Australia : Five Senses Education . External links ( edit ) Atwood , Margaret ( April 2003 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale ( Audio file format ) . World Book Club . BBC World Service ... The Handmaid 's Tale ballet at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet The Handmaid 's Tale Epub ( 27 , February 2018 ) ( hide ) Works by Margaret Atwood Novels The Edible Woman ( 1969 ) Surfacing ( 1972 ) Lady Oracle ( 1976 ) Life Before Man ( 1979 ) Bodily Harm ( 1981 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1988 ) The Robber Bride ( 1993 ) Alias Grace ( 1996 ) The Blind Assassin ( 2000 ) Oryx and Crake ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Year of the Flood ( 2009 ) MaddAddam ( 2013 ) The Heart Goes Last ( 2015 ) Hag - Seed ( 2016 ) Short fiction collections Dancing Girls ( 1977 ) Murder in the Dark ( 1983 ) Bluebeard 's Egg ( 1983 ) Wilderness Tips ( 1991 ) Good Bones ( 1992 ) Good Bones and Simple Murders ( 1994 ) The Labrador Fiasco ( 1996 ) The Tent ( 2006 ) Moral Disorder ( 2006 ) Stone Mattress ( 2014 ) Short stories `` Rape Fantasies '' ( 1977 ) `` The Resplendent Quetzal '' ( 1977 ) `` Happy Endings '' ( 1983 ) `` Unearthing Suite '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeforall '' ( 1986 ) Poetry collections Double Persephone ( 1961 ) The Circle Game ( 1964 ) Expeditions ( 1965 ) Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein ( 1966 ) The Animals in That Country ( 1968 ) The Journals of Susanna Moodie ( 1970 ) Procedures for Underground ( 1970 ) Power Politics ( 1971 ) Two - Headed Poems ( 1978 ) True Stories ( 1981 ) Interlunar ( 1984 ) Morning in the Burned House ( 1995 ) The Door ( 2007 ) Non-fiction Survival : A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature ( 1972 ) Negotiating with the Dead : A Writer on Writing ( 2002 ) Writing with Intent : Essays , Reviews , Personal Prose -- 1983 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Payback : Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth ( 2008 ) Winners of the Governor General 's Award for English - language fiction 1930s Bertram Brooker , Think of the Earth ( 1936 ) Laura Salverson , The Dark Weaver ( 1937 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Swiss Sonata ( 1938 ) Franklin D. McDowell , The Champlain Road ( 1939 ) 1940s Ringuet , Thirty Acres ( 1940 ) Alan Sullivan , Three Came to Ville Marie ( 1941 ) G. Herbert Sallans , Little Man ( 1942 ) Thomas Head Raddall , The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek ( 1943 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Earth and High Heaven ( 1944 ) Hugh MacLennan , Two Solitudes ( 1945 ) Winifred Bambrick , Continental Revue ( 1946 ) Gabrielle Roy , The Tin Flute ( 1947 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Precipice ( 1948 ) Philip Child , Mr. Ames Against Time ( 1949 ) 1950s Germaine Guèvremont , The Outlander ( 1950 ) Morley Callaghan , The Loved and the Lost ( 1951 ) David Walker , The Pillar ( 1952 ) David Walker , Digby ( 1953 ) Igor Gouzenko , The Fall of a Titan ( 1954 ) Lionel Shapiro , The Sixth of June ( 1955 ) Adele Wiseman , The Sacrifice ( 1956 ) Gabrielle Roy , Street of Riches ( 1957 ) Colin McDougall , Execution ( 1958 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Watch That Ends the Night ( 1959 ) 1960s Brian Moore , The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1960 ) Malcolm Lowry , Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place ( 1961 ) Kildare Dobbs , Running to Paradise ( 1962 ) Hugh Garner , Hugh Garner 's Best Stories ( 1963 ) Douglas LePan , The Deserter ( 1964 ) ( no award ) ( 1965 ) Margaret Laurence , A Jest of God ( 1966 ) ( no award ) ( 1967 ) Alice Munro , Dance of the Happy Shades ( 1968 ) Robert Kroetsch , The Studhorse Man ( 1969 ) 1970s Dave Godfrey , The New Ancestors ( 1970 ) Mordecai Richler , St. Urbain 's Horseman ( 1971 ) Robertson Davies , The Manticore ( 1972 ) Rudy Wiebe , The Temptations of Big Bear ( 1973 ) Margaret Laurence , The Diviners ( 1974 ) Brian Moore , The Great Victorian Collection ( 1975 ) Marian Engel , Bear ( 1976 ) Timothy Findley , The Wars ( 1977 ) Alice Munro , Who Do You Think You Are ? ( 1978 ) Jack Hodgins , The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne ( 1979 ) 1980s George Bowering , Burning Water ( 1980 ) Mavis Gallant , Home Truths : Selected Canadian Stories ( 1981 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Man Descending ( 1982 ) Leon Rooke , Shakespeare 's Dog ( 1983 ) Josef Skvorecky , The Engineer of Human Souls ( 1984 ) Margaret Atwood , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Alice Munro , The Progress of Love ( 1986 ) M.T. Kelly , A Dream Like Mine ( 1987 ) David Adams Richards , Nights Below Station Street ( 1988 ) Paul Quarrington , Whale Music ( 1989 ) 1990s Nino Ricci , Lives of the Saints ( 1990 ) Rohinton Mistry , Such a Long Journey ( 1991 ) Michael Ondaatje , The English Patient ( 1992 ) Carol Shields , The Stone Diaries ( 1993 ) Rudy Wiebe , A Discovery of Strangers ( 1994 ) Greg Hollingshead , The Roaring Girl ( 1995 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , The Englishman 's Boy ( 1996 ) Jane Urquhart , The Underpainter ( 1997 ) Diane Schoemperlen , Forms of Devotion ( 1998 ) Matt Cohen , Elizabeth and After ( 1999 ) 2000s Michael Ondaatje , Anil 's Ghost ( 2000 ) Richard B. Wright , Clara Callan ( 2001 ) Gloria Sawai , A Song for Nettie Johnson ( 2002 ) Douglas Glover , Elle ( 2003 ) Miriam Toews , A Complicated Kindness ( 2004 ) David Gilmour , A Perfect Night to Go to China ( 2005 ) Peter Behrens , The Law of Dreams ( 2006 ) Michael Ondaatje , Divisadero ( 2007 ) Nino Ricci , The Origin of Species ( 2008 ) Kate Pullinger , The Mistress of Nothing ( 2009 ) 2010s Dianne Warren , Cool Water ( 2010 ) Patrick deWitt , The Sisters Brothers ( 2011 ) Linda Spalding , The Purchase ( 2012 ) Eleanor Catton , The Luminaries ( 2013 ) Thomas King , The Back of the Turtle ( 2014 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Daddy Lenin and Other Stories ( 2015 ) Madeleine Thien , Do Not Say We Have Nothing ( 2016 ) Joel Thomas Hynes , We 'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night ( 2017 ) Awards Preceded by - Arthur C. Clarke Award Succeeded by The Sea and Summer GND : 4460070 - 7 BNF : cb12398637r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale&oldid=832553911 '' Categories : 1985 science fiction novels 1985 Canadian novels Boston in fiction Canadian novels adapted into films Canadian speculative fiction novels Debut speculative fiction novels Dystopian novels Feminist science fiction novels Fictional states of the United States Governor General 's Award - winning novels McClelland & Stewart books Metafictional novels Novels about totalitarianism Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Margaret Atwood Novels set in Boston Novels set in the future Philosophical novels Post-apocalyptic novels Feminist fiction Religion in science fiction Sterilization in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is an i in the handmaid's tale | [
"As the novel concludes, Offred tells Nick that she thinks she is pregnant. Shortly afterwards, she is taken away by the secret police, the Eyes of God, known informally as \"the Eyes\". Before she is put in the large black van, Nick tells her that the men are part of the Mayday resistance and to trust him. Offred does not know if he is a member of Mayday or an Eye posing as one, and is unsure if leaving will result in her escape or her capture. She enters the van with her future uncertain."
] | [
"the secret police"
] |
-1626467038887292821 | Super Bowl LII | Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 ) ( NFC ) ( 13 -- 3 ) New England Patriots ( 1 ) ( AFC ) ( 13 -- 3 ) 41 33 Head coach : Doug Pederson Head coach : Bill Belichick Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4 , 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota MVP Nick Foles , quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Hershel W. Williams , representing Medal of Honor recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record but entered the playoffs as underdogs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by backup quarterback Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , caught a one - yard touchdown pass , and was named Super Bowl MVP . Foles ' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers . Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 1.4. 3 Marketing 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First Quarter 4.2 Second Quarter 4.3 Third Quarter 4.4 Fourth Quarter 4.5 Game statistics 4.6 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia . Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks . The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point . The defense came together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one - game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards , 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns . In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first - round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half . Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game , in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pre-game notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Eagles had faced the Brady / Belichick era Patriots five times prior to this game ( preseason notwithstanding ) , including Super Bowl XXXIX , their one win of those five rounds being a 35 - 28 win at Gillette Stadium in December during their relatively weak 2015 season , where after falling behind 14 - 0 , they proceeded to rally for 35 points and hold them down to only two more touchdowns on their end to win , allowing them to finally get their first revenge for eleven years prior . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants . Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys ) . Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible . Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities , while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , The Revolution , Morris Day and The Time , and The New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band performed at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time . The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul also included an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous interview show from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Marketing ( edit ) The slogan Bold North was developed by the Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee to promote Super Bowl LII and its surrounding festivities . The slogan was intended to represent an embrace of the region 's climate as part of its identity . The Bold North slogan was used on merchandise and by the host committee 's official sponsors . The NFL unveiled the official logo for Super Bowl LII ( a blue - colored version of a standard design ) prior to Super Bowl LI , and the official branding elements in October 2017 -- featuring blue and purple hues and aurora motifs . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . NBC employed 73 cameras within the stadium , and introduced `` volumetric - AR '' graphics featuring 3D body scanning of players . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo ! ; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . As NBC Sports Regional Networks operates regional sports networks in the markets of both teams which participated , the NBC Sports Boston and NBC Sports Philadelphia channels were used to provide additional coverage of the game from a local perspective . Both networks aired coverage from Minneapolis , including pre-game specials focusing on their respective team , followed by a joint broadcast immediately prior to the game . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII . As they began five days after the Super Bowl , NBC offered advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics ( which marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network had aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ) ; the network estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks . Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Rights holder ( s ) Australia The event aired live on the Seven Network and 7mate Brazil The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . France beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . Germany ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . Philippines The 5 Network broadcast the event in the Philippines . United Kingdom As per recent years , Super Bowl LII aired live on BBC One for no additional cost over the license fee . It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . U.S. military bases American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pre-game ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons . Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony . World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half . The Patriots kicked off to the Eagles , who opened the game with a 14 - play , 67 - yard drive that took 7 : 05 off the clock and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later found Torrey Smith for a 15 - yard completion on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , which tied the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point attempt from Elliott was missed wide right , which made the score 9 -- 3 in favor of the Eagles . The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line on their next drive , which was set up by a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . Second quarter ( edit ) With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive . On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed and brought the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown , when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch , and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run . Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point , but the score was now 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning . Two plays later , on third down - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Clement then ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line on the next play . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Third quarter ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 -- 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he threw a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 . The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line . However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail as time expired . The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 , ending what was the third - longest active championship drought in the NFL at 57 years . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards . Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles ( NFC ) 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots ( AFC ) 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book hide Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run , Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch . Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most points scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most total yards , team ( game ) 613 Most passing yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 or more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most total yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most passing yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most missed PAT attempts , both teams ( game ) Fewest punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest times sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest fumbles lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most missed PAT attempts , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most pass attempts with no interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most field goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most pass attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most touchdown passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest times sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest punt returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest punt return yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46 Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Referee GENE STERATORE will lead the seven - person crew of on - field game officials selected to work Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium , the NFL announced today Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles beat New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . February 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 4 , 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` P ! NK to perform national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL to salute Medal of Honor recipients at Super Bowl LII '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Timberlake headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009 , still massive ; ' This Is Us ' scores big ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Commercials 2018 : Expectations , Rumors and Most - Hyped Movie Trailers '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jason ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots just tied the record for most Super Bowl losses '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LII '' . U.S. Bank Stadium . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Forliti , Amy ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Embrace the ' Bold North ' in Minneapolis for Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Super Bowl executives swarm Twin Cities to work out most ' complex ' event in league history '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shook , Nick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles - Patriots sets multiple Super Bowl records '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans , Minneapolis , Indy finalists for Super Bowl LII '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three bid cities tabbed finalists to host Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . NFL Media 's Albert Breer reported Tuesday that the three bid cities for the game are Indianapolis , Minneapolis , and New Orleans , according to sources involved with the process . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed the news during his Tuesday news conference Jump up ^ NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell on future Super Bowls , expanding postseason . National Football League . October 8 , 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 05 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . We will have three cities competing for Super Bowl LII : New Orleans , Minneapolis and Indianapolis Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI -- New York Giants vs. New England Patriots -- February 5th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowls in New Orleans : All 10 of them ! '' . NOLA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens -- February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Tricentennial -- The 300th Anniversary '' . NOLA 2018 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike . `` Minneapolis awarded Super Bowl in 2018 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Seeds '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 21 , 2018 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl preview : The 52 things you must know about Eagles vs. Patriots '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six Eagles Named To The 2018 Pro Bowl '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : Eagles ' Patrick Robinson Returns Interception 50 Yards for a Touchdown '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Henry ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Reviewing sad state of Patriots defense after Week 4 loss to Panthers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lee Statistics '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison notches two sacks in debut as Patriots wrap up AFC home - field advantage '' . USA Today . December 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four Patriots Selected to the AFC Pro Bowl Squad '' . Patriots.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 New England Patriots Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011301/2017/POST19/titans@patriots?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000906166&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL playoffs schedule , Super Bowl LII coverage '' . ESPN . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011300/2017/POST19/falcons@eagles?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000905891&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Danny ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Super Bowl Rematch That Is n't '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krammer , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trading places : Eagles ' LeGarrette Blount , Chris Long bring Patriots intel to Philadelphia huddles '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` New England Patriots to wear white in Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why it 's better to wear white on Super Bowl Sunday '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hartman , Sid ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hartman : Twin Cities setting stage for Super Bowl LII in grand fashion '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruch , Michelle ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Navigating the Super Bowl '' . Southwest Journal . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Bank Stadium rail stop wo n't be an option in 48 hours before Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayerle , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Homeless Shelter To Temporarily Move During Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` A month of Super Bowl disruptions ahead for Metro Transit riders '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ; Pheifer , Pat ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl will limit light - rail use to ticket holders on game day '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ; Pheifer , Pat ; Sawyer , Liz ; Adler , Erin ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Protesters block light rail , rally outside U.S. Bank Stadium '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would play Super Bowl as visitor in their home stadium '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Super Bowl Host Committee raises $50 million , plans street closures '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` A ' very Minnesota ' Super Bowl Live lineup announced for free concerts on mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Birkebeiner Bridge will be part of Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Super Bowl Experience ' theme park ' go on sale Tuesday '' . TwinCities.com . December 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson to headline game - day parties for Super Bowl LII ticket holders '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remodeled Minneapolis Armory to host days - long entertainment during Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raihala , Ross ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , the Chainsmokers to play local concerts during Super Bowl '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons to play Armory during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pink added to Super Bowl concert lineup at Armory '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to party at Prince 's Paisley Park during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Liz ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake helps tout Prior Lake as suburban epicenter for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riemenschneider , Chris ; Olson , Rochelle ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Club Nomadic canceled at Mystic Lake , concerts move to much smaller venues '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Massive traveling nightclub with expected big acts coming to Mystic Lake for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake slashes prices , loses one act in Super Bowl concert mix '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ December 15 , 2017 . `` There 's still time to get paid to work the Super Bowl '' . KARE . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Andy ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Suburbs ready for NFL weekend '' . Sun ThisWeek . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Fans can watch Super Bowl players , coach , national media at St. Paul pregame party '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` For Super Bowl , Minneapolis can expect rooftop snipers , restricted access and lots of security '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl tickets available Friday -- for Taste of the NFL event '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zipline across the Mississippi River during Super Bowl festival '' . Fox9.com . Fox Television Stations . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival considering an ice palace for 2018 at the State Capitol '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival plans to build ice castle after all '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` St. Paul hopes to cash in on Super Bowl with palace - sized plans '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCardle , Ellery ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SB52 : Ice palace returning to St. Paul 's Winter Carnival '' . KARE . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ; Woltman , Nick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Haunted by 1992 , St. Paul Winter Carnival cancels Super Bowl ice palace '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul has big plans to capitalize on Super Bowl tourism '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Maze Coming To South Minneapolis Ahead Of Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . CBS Corporation . January 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your Definitive Guide To Super Bowl LII '' . Forbes Travel Guide . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN chooses IDS Crystal Court for Super Bowl week set '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Feherty Hosting Back - to - Back Nights of `` Feherty Live '' in Minneapolis During Week of Super Bowl `` . Golf Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Drumline to Perform Saturday at Super Bowl Live ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Drumline helps kick off Super Bowl Live event '' . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why you 'll be hearing ' Bold North ' all week and the story behind Minnesota 's new motto '' . Twin Cities . 2018 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Lights : NFL releases official brand renderings for Super Bowl '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NFL unveils logo for Super Bowl LII in Minnesota '' . Fox Sports . 2017 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC SPORTS ANNOUNCES SUPER BOWL LII ON - AIR TEAM FOR PATRIOTS - EAGLES -- NETWORK 'S 19TH SUPER BOWL BROADCAST '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO DEPORTES & UNIVERSO TO ONCE AGAIN PRESENT LIVE , EXCLUSIVE SPANISH - LANGUAGE NFL GAMES THIS SEASON -- INCLUDING SUPER BOWL LII '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Embarks on Largest - Scale Live Game Production in History '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC To Debut Virtual 3D Graphics Tech Incorporating Player Body Scans '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's the Philadelphia Eagles ' radio call of the final play to win Super Bowl LII '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , TV News . `` Spanish - Language Live Super Bowl Telecast Will Be Presented by Telemundo Deportes and Universo '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yahoo Sports will start streaming NFL playoff games this weekend , says Oath CEO Tim Armstrong '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL games will start streaming on all mobile carriers in January -- not just Verizon '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas wo n't work Super Bowl for NBC , even though he 's also not working the Olympics '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason . `` Live From Super Bowl LII : NBC Sports Regional Networks Are All About Synergy in Minneapolis '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ratings Slip To 8 - Year Low As Eagles Score Historic Win '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Madison Avenue , NBC Wrangle Over $5 Million Super Bowl Ads ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Erika ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ads Ca n't Save TV '' . Fortune ( print mail distribution ) : 11 . ISSN 0015 - 8259 ... and pay rapt attention to commercials that cost roughly $5 million a ( 30 - second ) pop . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What caused a nearly 30 - second ad blackout during Super Bowl '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian . `` NBC blames ' equipment failure ' for brief blackout during Super Bowl '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser benches famous Clydesdales for Super Bowl LII '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile 's ad : Nirvana , Kerry Washington and a timely statement about equality '' . Money.Cnn.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon to host ' Tonight Show ' live from Minneapolis after Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Fallon unveils guests for Mpls . Super Bowl show : Timberlake , the Rock , ' This Is Us ' cast '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mike ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Netflix 's surprise ' Cloverfield Paradox ' release could be a game - changer '' . Market Watch . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Darren ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 Brisbane : Best places to watch , when it starts , odds '' . News.com.au . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CTV 'S $300,000 Watch to Win Contest is Back -- Article -- TSN '' . January 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Football - Sonntag '' . ProSieben ( in German ) . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : TV channel , kick - off time and half - time show for Super Bowl 52 at the US Bank Stadium '' . The Sun . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Carlsonsports/status/960264692575895557 Jump up ^ Smith , George A. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` AFN Airing Super Bowl LII Live on TV and Radio '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom , Jr. to sing ' America The Beautiful ' at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Performer of ' America the Beautiful ' at Super Bowl LII is chosen '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl coin toss salute for Medal of Honor recipients '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWII Medal recipient does Super Bowl LII coin toss '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Felt , Hunter ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Checking the stats at halftime '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . Official website Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) LVIII ( 2024 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 37 Randall Goforth 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 84 Dom Williams 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 90 Aziz Shittu 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. Paganetti Justin Peelle Spencer Phillips Frank Reich Jim Schwartz Duce Staley Jeff Stoutland Press Taylor Cory Undlin Dino Vasso Chris Wilson Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Draft Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture `` Fly , Eagles Fly '' Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands 46 defense Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- 2017 ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless game `` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` The Comeback '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Interception '' `` Philly Special '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992 ) XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII&oldid=854409655 '' Categories : 2010s in Minneapolis 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota American football in Minnesota February 2018 sports events in the United States New England Patriots postseason Philadelphia Eagles postseason Sports in Minneapolis Super Bowl Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from February 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles contradicting other articles Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 04 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the super bowl held this year | [
"Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl[10] and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[11] This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season,[12] and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold-weather city.[13]\n"
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"U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota"
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3978528412752837293 | All India Institute of Ayurveda, Delhi | All India institute of Ayurveda , Delhi - Wikipedia All India institute of Ayurveda , Delhi All Indian Institute of Ayurveda , Delhi Type Public Established 10 October 2017 Director Prof. Dr Abhimanyu Kumar Location Gautam Puri , Sarita Vihar , New Delhi , India Campus Urban Affiliations University of Delhi . Website www.aiiianewdelhi.nic.in The All India Institute of Ayurveda , Delhi ( abbreviated AIIA Delhi or AIIAD ) is a public Ayurveda medicine & research institution located in New Delhi , India . Contents 1 History 2 Location 3 MoU with other Health Organisations 4 Academic Programmes 5 Departments 6 Centres 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The proposal of establishment of AIIA at New Delhi has emanated from the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee 's declaration to set up a state - of - the - art National Ayurveda Hospital at the ceremonial function of Vaidya Ram Narayan Sharma Memorial Award Distribution organized on 5 May 2000 under the aegis of All India Ayurveda Congress . The foundation stone of the institute was laid in 2007 onsequent upon grant of in - principle approval of the Finance Ministry in 2003 , the Hon'ble Vice President of India Shri . Bhairon Singh Shekhawat laid down the foundation stone on 14 February 2004 . The Government of India has considered the proposal and recommended in - principle to develop the institute focused on R&D , safety evaluation and quality standards of Ayurveda medicines . Shri S. Gandhiselvan , Hon'ble Minister of State for Health & Family Welfare inaugurated the Out Patient Services at Institute of Ayurveda on 26 October 2010 . The institute has been providing OPD services since 2009 . During 2014 the Government of India established the Ministry of Ayush with the need of Ayurveda as country 's traditional health care system to be promoted and Govt. of India established AIIA Delhi , an autonomous institute under the Ministry of AYUSH . Formal dedication to the nation on 17 October 2017 with PG courses and research activities have been taken over by the Institute in full swing . Location ( edit ) All India Institute of Ayurveda , Delhi is located in Gautam Puri Sarita Vihar , Mathura Road New Delhi MoU with other Health Organisations ( edit ) Memorandum OF understanding for the better medical cure and research of treatment are also signed by the organisation. 8 National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research Academic Programmes ( edit ) Ayurved Vachaspati ( MD / MS - Ayurved ) ( PGMET Ayurved ) Panchakarma technician course Certificate course on Hospital Administration ( about to start from January 2018 ) Departments ( edit ) Department of Kaumarabhritya Department of Dravya Guna Department of Kaya Chikitsa Department of Maulik Siddhant Department of Panchakarma Department of Prasuti & StriRoga Department of Ras Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana Department of Roga & Vikriti Vigyan Department of Shalakya Tantra Department of Shalya Tantra Department of Swasthavritta Department of Translational research & Biomedical Research Centres ( edit ) Center of Integrative Oncology See also ( edit ) National Institute of Ayurveda National Research Institute for Panchakarma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=66540 Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=66580 Jump up ^ http://ayush.gov.in/sites/default/files/2585085890-AIIA%20Webpages%20%20%20%20%20%20%201.pdf Jump up ^ `` President inaugurates Ayurveda institute '' . The Hindu . 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/first-aiims-like-institution-on-ayurveda-to-come-up-in-delhi/articleshow/52206629.cms Jump up ^ http://ayush.gov.in/sites/default/files/2585085890-AIIA%20Webpages%20%20%20%20%20%20%201.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/NICPR-AYUSH-join-hands-for-cancer-prevention/article16076200.ece External links ( edit ) AIIA Website Coordinates : 28 ° 30 ′ 50.57 '' N 77 ° 17 ′ 49.14 '' E / 28.5140472 ° N 77.2969833 ° E / 28.5140472 ; 77.2969833 This article about a university or college in Delhi , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_India_Institute_of_Ayurveda,_Delhi&oldid=850154003 '' Categories : Ayurvedic colleges Research institutes in India Universities and colleges in Delhi Educational institutions established in 2016 2016 establishments in India Ministry of AYUSH Modi administration India university stubs Delhi school stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use Indian English from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Instances of Infobox university using both image and image name Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 00 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | india's first ever all india institute of ayurveda has come up in which city | [
"The All India Institute of Ayurveda, Delhi (abbreviated AIIA Delhi or AIIAD) is a public Ayurveda medicine & research institution located in New Delhi, India.[1][2]\n"
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"New Delhi"
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-2876445795218935652 | Natural resources of India | Natural resources of India - Wikipedia Natural resources of India Jump to : navigation , search Resources are classified as either biotic or abiotic on the basis of their origin . The Indian landmass contains a multitude of both types of resource and its economy , especially in rural areas , is heavily dependent on their consumption or export . Due to over consumption , they are rapidly being depleted . Contents ( hide ) 1 General 2 Biotic resources 2.1 Forestry 2.2 Fish 2.3 Coal 2.4 Oil 2.5 Natural gas 3 Abiotic resources 3.1 Metallic minerals 3.1. 1 Copper 3.1. 2 Zinc 3.1. 3 Iron ore 3.1. 4 Chromite 3.2 Non-metallic minerals 3.2. 1 Garnet group 3.2. 2 Wollastonite 3.2. 3 Sillimanite group 3.2. 4 Ilmenite 3.2. 5 Pyrophyllite 3.3 Minor minerals 3.3. 1 Marble 3.4 Nuclear 3.4. 1 Uranium 3.4. 2 Thorium 4 See also 5 References General ( edit ) The total cultivable area in India is 1,945,355 km2 ( 56.78 % of its total land area ) , which is shrinking due to population pressures and rapid urbanisation . India has a total water surface area of 360,400 km2 India produces 4 fuels , 11 metallic , 52 non-metallic and 22 minor minerals . India 's major mineral resources include Coal ( 4th largest reserves in the world ) , Iron ore , Manganese ore ( 7th largest reserve in the world as in 2013 ) , Mica , Bauxite ( 5th largest reserve in the world as in 2013 ) , Chromite , Natural gas , Diamonds , Limestone and Thorium ( world 's largest along coast of Kerala shores ) . India 's oil reserves , found in Bombay High off the coast of Maharashtra , Gujarat , Rajasthan and in eastern Assam meet 25 % of the country 's demand . A national level agency National Natural Resources Management System ( NNRMS ) was established in 1983 for integrated natural resources management in the country . It is supported by Planning Commission ( India ) and Department of Space . Biotic resources ( edit ) Biotic resources are obtained from the living and organic material . These include forest products , wildlife , crops and other living organisms . Most of these resources are renewable because they can regenerate themselves . Fossil fuels are considered as biotic because they are formed from decayed organic matter . Fossil fuels are non-renewable . Forestry ( edit ) India 's land area includes regions with high rainfall to dry deserts , Coast line to Alpine regions . Around 21 percent of the total geographical area consists of Forests . Due to variations in climatic conditions and differences in altitude , different types of Forest are present in India including Tropical , Swamps , Mangrove and Alpine . Variety of forest vegetation is large . Forests are the main source of firewood , Paper , Spices , Drugs , Herbs , Gums and more . Forests contribute significant amount to nation 's GDP . Main article : Forestry in India Fish ( edit ) India has a long history in fishing and aquaculture . India has rich marine and inland water resources . It has an 8129 km long coastline . Inland fishery is carried out in Rivers , Reservoirs and Lakes . In Indian rivers more than 400 species of fish are found and many species are economically important . Shrimps , Sardines , Mackerels , Carangid , Croakers and other varieties are available . Major Fish species available are Carp , Catfish , Murrel and Weed fish . India is one of the major marine fish producer . In 2012 - 2013 , 9 Lakh tonnes of Marine products was exported . Main article : Fishing in India Coal ( edit ) Main article : Coal mining in India Coal mine in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand state Coal mining in India started in 1774 through East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar River in the Indian State of West Bengal . Growth of the Indian coal mining started when steam locomotives were introduced in 1853 . Production increased to Million tonnes . Production reached 30 million tonnes in 1946 . After Independence , National Coal Development Corporation was set up and colleries were owned by Railways . India consumes coal mainly for Power sector . Other industries like cement , fertilizer , chemical and paper rely coal for energy requirements . Oil ( edit ) India had about 750 Million metric tonne of proven oil reserves as April 2014 or 5.62 billion barrels as per EIA estimate for 2009 , which is the second - largest amount in the Asia - Pacific region behind China . Most of India 's crude oil reserves are located in the western coast ( Mumbai High ) and in the northeastern parts of the country , although considerable undeveloped reserves are also located in the offshore Bay of Bengal and in the state of Rajasthan . The combination of rising oil consumption and fairly unwavering production levels leaves India highly dependent on imports to meet the consumption needs . In 2010 , India produced an average of about 33.69 million metric tonne of crude oil as on April 2010 or 877 thousand barrels per day as per EIA estimate of 2009 . During 2006 , India consumed an estimated 2.63 Mbbl / d ( 418,000 m / d ) of oil . The EIA estimates that India registered oil demand growth of 100,000 bbl / d ( 16,000 m / d ) during 2006 . As of 2013 India Produces 30 % of India 's resources mostly in Rajasthan . India 's oil sector is dominated by state - owned enterprises , although the government has taken steps in past recent years to deregulate the hydrocarbons industry and support greater foreign involvement . India 's state - owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation is the largest oil company . ONGC is the leading player in India 's upstream sector , accounting for roughly 75 % of the country 's oil output during 2006 , as per Indian government estimates . As a net importer of all oil , the Indian Government has introduced policies aimed at growing domestic oil production and oil exploration activities . As part of the effort , the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas crafted the New Exploration License Policy ( NELP ) in 2000 , which permits foreign companies to hold 100 % equity possession in oil and natural gas projects . However , to date , only a handful of oil fields are controlled by foreign firms . India 's downstream sector is also dominated by state - owned entities , though private companies have enlarged their market share in past recent years . Natural gas ( edit ) Oil and Gas processing platform at Bombay High As per the Ministry of petroleum , Government of India , India has 1,437 billion cubic metres ( 50.7 × 10 ^ cu ft ) of confirmed natural gas reserves as of April 2010 . A huge mass of India 's natural gas production comes from the western offshore regions , particularly the Mumbai High complex . The onshore fields in Assam , tripura , Andhra Pradesh , and Gujarat states are also major producers of natural gas . As per EIA data , India produced 996 billion cubic feet ( 2.82 × 10 m ) of natural gas in 2004 . India imports small amounts of natural gas . In 2004 , India consumed about 1,089 × 10 ^ cu ft ( 3.08 × 10 m ) of natural gas , the first year in which the country showed net natural gas imports . During 2004 , India imported 93 × 10 ^ cu ft ( 2.6 × 10 m ) of liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) from Qatar . As in the oil sector , India 's state - owned companies account for the bulk of natural gas production . ONGC and Oil India Ltd . ( OIL ) are the leading companies with respect to production volume , while some foreign companies take part in upstream developments in joint - ventures and production sharing contracts . Reliance Industries , a privately owned Indian company , will also have a bigger role in the natural gas sector as a result of a large natural gas find in 2002 in the Krishna Godavari basin . The Gas Authority of India Ltd . ( GAIL ) holds an effective control on natural gas transmission and allocation activities . In December 2006 , the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas issued a new policy that allows foreign investors , private domestic companies , and Government oil companies to hold up to 100 % equity stakes in pipeline projects . While GAIL 's domination in natural gas transmission and allocation is not ensured by statute , it will continue to be the leading player in the sector because of its existing natural gas infrastructure . Abiotic resources ( edit ) Abiotic resources are obtained from the non-living and non-organic material . Some of the resources like Water and Air are Renewable . Other resources like Minerals are Non-renewable and exhaustible because they can not be regenerated. ( 10 ) Minerals have many categories like Metallic , Non-Metallic and Minor minerals . Metallic minerals ( edit ) Metallic minerals are the minerals which contain one or more metallic elements . They occur in rare , naturally formed concentrations known as mineral deposits . Metallic minerals available from India are Zinc , Iron ore , Manganese ore , Gold , Bauxite , Silver , Lead , Tin , Copper and Chromite . Copper ( edit ) 1st Century B.C. Copper coin signifies usage of Copper in India since ancient times Copper has been used since ancient times . Details of Copper mining and metallurgy are available in ancient works like Arthashastra . Copper is mainly used in Industrial applications , Electrical / Electronic equipments and Consumer products such as utensils . Major resources of Copper are available at Rajasthan , Madhya pradesh and Jharkhand . As on 2010 , India had 1.56 billion tonnes of Copper ore . India is one of the 20 major Copper producers . In 2008 , India produced 7 , 10,000 tonnes of copper . Hindustan Copper Limited , a public sector company is the only producer of primary refined copper . Post-pillar method and Blast hole stoping method are used for Mining . Some of the domestic demand is met through scrap recycling . In India , Copper scrap is recycled through Direct melting , which is a hazardous process . Zinc ( edit ) Zinc is a bluish - white , lustrous , diamagnetic metal . It is also a fair conductor of electricity . References to medicinal uses of zinc are present in the Charaka Samhita . Ancient Zinc smelting technique was found at a zinc production site in Zawar , Rajasthan . Zinc is recovered from a number of different zinc ores . The types of zinc ores include sulfide , carbonate , silicate and oxide . It is used in corrosive resistant coating for Iron and Steel . Also used in Automotive , Electrical and Machinery industries . India is the World 's fourth largest Zinc reserve as in 2013 . Hindustan Zinc Limited is the main producer of Zinc in India . Most of the resources are available in Rajasthan . Minor amount of resources are available in Andhra Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , Bihar and Maharashtra states . Iron ore ( edit ) India is the World 's third biggest exporter of Iron ore as in 2013 . As on 2010 , India had 27 billion tonnes or resource ( including Hematite and Magnetite ) . Major amount of Hematite is found in Orissa , Jharkhand , Chhattisgarh , Karnataka and Goa . Minor amount of Hematite is found in Andhra Pradesh , Assam , Bihar , Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh , Meghalaya , Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh . Major amount of Magnetite is found in Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu . Minor amount of Magnetite is found in Assam , Bihar , Goa , Jharkhand , Kerala , Maharashtra , Meghalaya and Nagaland . Mining is done by opencast method . Iron ore is mainly used for manufacturing of Pig iron , Sponge iron and Steel . It is also used in coal washeries , cement and glass industries . The public sector companies like National Mineral Development Corporation and Steel Authority of India contribute to 25 % of the total production . Private companies including Tata Steel provides major contribution . Chromite ( edit ) It is an oxide of Chromium and Iron . It is the only commercial source of Chromium . As on 2010 , India had 200 million tonnes of resource . Major amount of resources are available from Orissa ( Cuttack and Jajpur districts ) . Minor amount of resources are available from Manipur , Nagaland , Karnataka , Jharkhand , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh . In 2009 - 2010 , India produced 3.41 million tonnes and ranked second in world production . It is mostly mined by opencast method . Chromium provides additional strength to the alloys and it is resistant to corrosion . So it is mainly used in Metallurgical applications . It can withstand sudden temperature changes makes it use in Refractories . It is also used in Chemical applications . Non-metallic minerals ( edit ) Non-metallic minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting . They are generally associated with sedimentary rocks . Non-Metallic minerals available from India are Phosphorite , Dolomite , Gypsum , Garnet , Wollastonite , Vermiculite , Ochre , Perlite , Bentonite , Asbestos , Cadmium , Felspar , Soapstone , Kaolin , Sillimanite , Limestone , Diatomite , Pyrophyllite , Fluorite , Vanadium , Dunite , Ilmenite , Gallium and Zircon Almandine ( Garnet group ) from Rajasthan Garnet group ( edit ) It is a group of complex silicate minerals and has similar chemical compositions . There are three groups of garnet - Aluminum - garnet group , Chromium - garnet group , and Iron - garnet group . The minerals in Aluminium - garnet group are Almandine , Grossularite , Pyrope , and Spessartine . The mineral in Iron - garnet group is Andradite . The mineral in Chromium - garnet group is Uvarovite . Garnet group minerals occur in different rock types . It is a hard substance . It is resistant to chemical exposure . Used as a semi-precious stone and also in Abrasives , Sand blasting , Water filtration materials and Water jet cutting . Garnets are available in Andhra Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Kerala , Orissa , Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu . It is also found in beach sands of Kerala , Orissa and Tamil Nadu states . In 2007 - 08 , India produced 8 , 73,000 tonnes . Wollastonite ( edit ) It is a meta - silicate of Calcium . It is mostly white in color and occurs as bladed or needle like crystals . As on 2010 , India had 16 million tonnes of resource . Most of the deposits are available in Rajasthan ( Dungarpur , Pali , Sirohi and Udaipur districts ) . Minor amount of deposits are found in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu . It is mainly used in Ceramic industries and Metallurgical applications . It is also used as a filler in Wall tiles , Paint , Rubber and Plastic . India is one of the largest reserves . In 2010 , India produced 1 , 45,000 tons . It is mined by opencast method . It is also used as a substitute for short - fibre asbestos in brake - linings . Central Building Research Institute has found that Wollastonite can be used as substitute for chrysotile asbestos in cement products . Sillimanite group ( edit ) Sillimanite from Orissa It is a group of metamorphic minerals - Sillimanite , Kyanite and Andalusite . These are polymorphs of Alumino - Silicate . These are formed under high - pressure and high - temperature conditions . The three minerals are calcined to form Mullite . Mainly used as refractory materials . As on 2010 , India had 66 million tonnes of Sillimanite , 100 million tonnes of Kyanite and 18 million tonnes of Andalusite as resource . Most of the resources are found in Tamil Nadu , Orissa , Uttar Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala and Assam . Minor amount of resources are found in Jharkhand , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Meghalaya , Rajasthan and West Bengal . Granular Sillimanite is available in beach sands of South India . Sillimanite refractory bricks are used in Steel , Glass and Petrochemical industries . In 2004 , India produced 14,500 tonnes of Sillimanite and 6200 tonnes of Kyanite . Ilmenite ( edit ) It is a compound of Iron and Titanium . It will be iron - black or Steel - gray in color . It is non-toxic material and used in biomedical substances . Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology has developed an Environment friendly technology for processing Ilmenite . It is also used in production of Titanium dioxide pigment . It is available in Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Orissa . Mining is done at locations Chavara , Chatrapur , Aluva and Manavalakurichi by Indian Rare Earths limited . As on 2013 , India has 21 % of the world 's reserves and constitutes 6 % of the world 's production . Pyrophyllite ( edit ) It is a hydrous Alumino - silicate . It is chemically inert , has high melting point and low electrical conductivity . It is used in Refractories , Foundry dressings , Pesticides , Ceramics and Rubber . It is available as Hydrothermal deposits . Physical and Optical properties of Pyrophyllite is similar to Talc . It is also used in Electrical insulators , Sanitary - ware and in Glass industry . As on 2010 , India had 56 million tonnes of resource . Most of the resources are found in Madhya pradesh ( Chhatarpur , Tikamgarh and Shivpuri districts ) . Remaining resources are found in Orissa , Uttar pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra and Rajasthan . In 2010 , India produced 1.5 million tonnes . Minor minerals ( edit ) Quartzite rocks in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh White marble rocks in Madhya Pradesh Minor minerals available are building stone , brick earth , quartzite , marble , granite , gravel , clay and sand . These are mainly used in building constructions . Environmental impact of mining these minerals was significant over a period of time even the area was small . Impacts were Increasing water scarcity , damage to river beds and adverse effects on biodiversity . So from 2012 onwards , mining of these minerals are to be done after clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests ( India ) . Marble ( edit ) Marble is a metamorphosed limestone formed by re-crystallization . It is available in different colours and textures . Marble deposits are available in many states of India . It has been used in India for a long time . It was used in construction of Temples , Tombs and Palaces . Now it is also used for flooring in homes and offices . It is preferred for flooring because of its durability and water resistance . Marbles which are economically important are available in Rajasthan , Gujarat , Haryana , Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . As on 2010 , there was 1931 million tonnes of resource , including all grades of marble . Based on the chemical composition , types of Marble available are Calcite , Dolomitic , Siliceous Limestone , Serpentine and Travertine marbles . Other than construction , it is used in Paint and Agricultural lime . Nuclear ( edit ) India 's proven Nuclear reserves include Uranium , Thorium . Uranium ( edit ) In Nalgonda District , the Rajiv Gandhi Tiger Reserve ( the only tiger project in Telangana ) has been forced to surrender over 3,000 sq. kilometres to uranium mining , following a directive from the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests . In 2007 , India was able to extract 229 tonnes of U O from its soil . On 19 July 2011 , Indian officials announced that the Tumalapalli mine in Andhra Pradesh state of India could provide more than 170,000 tonnes of uranium , making it as the world 's largest uranium mine . Production of the ore is slated to begin in 2012 . The Department of Atomic Energy ( DAE ) recently discovered that the upcoming mine in Tumalapalli has close to 49,000 tonne of uranium reserves . This could just be a shot in the arm for India 's nuclear power aspirations as it is three times the original estimate of the area 's deposits . Thorium ( edit ) The IAEA 's 2005 report estimates India 's reasonably assured reserves of thorium at 319,000 tonnes , but mentions recent reports of India 's reserves at 650,000 tonnes . A government of India estimate , shared in the country 's Parliament in August 2011 , puts the recoverable reserve at 846,477 tonnes . The Indian Minister of State V. Narayanasamy stated that as of May 2013 , the country 's thorium reserves were 11.93 million tonnes ( monazite , having 9 - 10 % ThO ) , with a significant majority ( 8.59 Mt ; 72 % ) found in the three eastern coastal states of Andhra Pradesh ( 3.72 Mt ; 31 % ) , Tamil Nadu ( 2.46 Mt ; 21 % ) and Odisha ( 2.41 Mt ; 20 % ) . Both the IAEA and OECD appear to conclude that India may possess the largest share of world 's thorium deposits . See also ( edit ) Mining in India Geological Survey of India MOIL Limited Geology of India Agriculture in India Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute National Environmental Engineering Research Institute References ( edit ) Jump up ^ K.V. Gururaja & N.A. Aravind . `` V. Inland Waters Biodivers 's third largest fishing industry . '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Hindus : Kerala / Kochi News : Diversify fishing methods , says Pawar '' . Chennai , India : Hindu.com. 2008 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Mineral Sector '' . Ministry of Mines , Indian Government . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manganese Ore India plans to up production , invest Rs 1,200 cr in phases '' . Indian Express . Nagpur , India . 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATE 2 - India 's top court keeps bauxite mining ban , eases some iron ore curbs '' . Reuters . USA . 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ K.M.V , Jayaram ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` An Overview of World Thorium Resources , Incentives for Further Exploration and Forecasts for Thorium Requirements in the Near Future '' ( PDF ) . IAEA . Jump up ^ Datt , Mihir Bhojani & Vivek Sundharam , K.P.M. `` 7 '' . Indian Economy . pp. 90 , 97 , 98,100 . Jump up ^ `` CIA - The World Factbook - India '' . CIA . 2007 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` About NNRMS '' . NNRMS , Department of Space . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our resources '' ( PDF ) . NIOS , Ministry of Human Resource Development . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Resources - 3rd Five year plan '' . PLANNING COMMISSION , GOVERNMENT OF INDIA . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fisheries management - India '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( AOUN ) . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Export Trend '' . Central Institute of Fisheries Technology . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coal Mining in India : The Past '' . Ministry of Coal , Indian Government . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Analysis Brief Overview - India '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) '' . Statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Statistics on Indian Petroleum & Natural Gas '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas , Indian Government . 2011 -- 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Petroleum Monthly 2005 - 2006 '' . U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) '' . Statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Mineral Scenario '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Mines , Government of India . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Copper - Indian Minerals year book - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Indian Bureau of Mines , Government of India . October 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India to benefit from copper surplus in 2013 '' . The Hindu - Business Line . India . 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zinc '' . Geological Survey of India , Ministry of Mines , Government of India . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zinc prices likely to move sideways this year '' . The Hindu - Business Line . India . 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iron ore - Indian Minerals year book - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Indian Bureau of Mines , Government of India . October 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iron ore production likely to drop to 140 mt in FY13 '' . Business Standard . Bangalore , India . 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chromite - Indian Minerals Year book - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Indian Bureau of Mines , Government of India . October 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral and Metal Scenario - Annual report '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Mines . 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Minerals Year Book 2011 '' . Indian Bureau of Mines . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Garnet Group '' . Department of Geology , University of Minnesota , U.S.A . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Garnet - Indian Minerals Year Book - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Indian Bureau of Mines , Government of India . October 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` INDUSTRIAL & FERTILIZER MINERALS '' ( PDF ) . Geological Survey of India . 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wollastonite - Indian Minerals Year book - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Indian Bureau of Mines , Government of India . October 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WOLLASTONITE '' ( PDF ) . Mineral Commodity Summaries . U.S. Geological Survey . January 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sillimanite group '' ( PDF ) . Division of Resources and Energy , Government of Australia . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyanite , Sillimanite and Andalusite - Indian Minerals Year book - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Indian Bureau of Mines , Ministry of Mines , India . October 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plan to set up tech plant '' . The Telegraph . Bhubaneswar , India . 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Unit profile '' . IREL , Department of Atomic Energy . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mining industry association requests export duty rollback '' . Times of India . Chennai , India . 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pyrophyllite '' ( PDF ) . Division of Resources and Energy , Government of Australia . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pyrophyllite - Indian Minerals year book - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Indian Bureau of Mines , Government of India . October 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MoEF 's clearance must for mining minor minerals , too : Supreme Court '' . Down to Earth . India . 7 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian minerals year book - 2011 - Marble '' ( PDF ) . Indian Bureau of Mines . October 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marble remains best flooring option '' . The Hindu . Hyderabad , India . 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger reserve in Andhra made to shrink legally '' . Wildlifewatch.in. 7 January 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ 2007 Annual report of the Euratom Supply Agency Jump up ^ `` India reveals ' world 's biggest ' uranium discovery '' . AFP . 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ url : http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14196372 , title : India : ' Massive ' uranium find in Andhra Pradesh , Source : BBC Jump up ^ IAEA : Thorium fuel cycle -- Potential benefits and challenges ( PDF ) . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Availability of Thorium '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DETAILS OF THORIUM RESERVES '' ( PDF ) . Department of Atomic Energy ( India ) . 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` Over 1.25 MT thorium reserve found in 3 years '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_resources_of_India&oldid=794814177 '' Categories : Resource economics Mining in India Economy of India Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from August 2013 Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 06 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | india has the largest deposit of which mineral | [
"In 2007, India was able to extract 229 tonnes of U3O8 from its soil.[46] On 19 July 2011, Indian officials announced that the Tumalapalli mine in Andhra Pradesh state of India could provide more than 170,000 tonnes of uranium, making it as the world's largest uranium mine. Production of the ore is slated to begin in 2012.[47]"
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"uranium"
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636553896084106960 | White coat ceremony | White coat ceremony - wikipedia White coat ceremony Jump to : navigation , search A white coat worn by a Canadian gastroenterologist . The White Coat Ceremony ( WCC ) is a relatively new ritual in some medical ( MD , DO ) , dental , optometry , audiology , chiropractic , dietetic , occupational therapy , physical therapy , podiatric , pharmacy , physician assistant , pathologists ' assistant , nursing , naturopathic and veterinary schools that marks the student 's transition from the study of preclinical to clinical health sciences . At some schools , where students begin meeting patients early in their education , the white coat ceremony is held before the first year begins . It is an example of a matriculation . WCCs typically involve a formal `` coating '' of students . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 See also 4 References Description ( edit ) Over 100 medical schools in the USA now have a WCC , and many students now consider it a rite of passage in the journey toward a healthcare career . Some schools also use this as a graduation from the entire program . For example , Moreno Valley College has a White Coat Ceremony for the Physician Assistant students at the end of their final term , where the short coats are discarded and long coats are given as a symbol of being equal clinicians to others who have earned the long coats . According to some , WCCs have taken on a quasi-religious significance , that symbolizes a `` conversion '' of a lay person into a member of the healthcare profession and is similar to a priest 's ordination to the priesthood , although it is notable that the white coat is a recent adoption by the medical profession . However , in many medical schools around the world students begin wearing their white coats during first year anatomy class , so there is no official white coat ceremony . In the nineteenth century respect for the certainty of science was in stark contrast to the quackery and mysticism of nineteenth century medicine . To emphasize the transition to the more scientific approach to modern medicine , physicians sought to represent themselves as scientists and began to wear the most recognizable symbol of the scientist - the white laboratory coat . This led to the more recent association of the white coat with medicine since its continued adoption . History ( edit ) White Coat Ceremony in Graz ( Austria ) 2012 RCSI Bahrain students taking a group photo following the 2013 White coat ceremony WCCs originated in University of Chicago 's Pritzker School of Medicine in 1989 , but the first full - fledged ceremony was at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In 1993 , Dr. Arnold P. Gold , a teacher and pediatric neurologist , created the first full - fledged WCC at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . Before this ceremony , medical students typically received the Hippocratic Oath for the first time at commencement . This ceremony marks a change in tradition , introducing students to the Oath before starting their first year of study . This was intended to provide students with well - defined guidelines regarding the expectations and responsibilities appropriate for the medical profession prior to their first day of class . Since its conception at Columbia , the WCC has spread rapidly to schools of medicine , dentistry , osteopathic medicine , optometry , and nursing worldwide . Since starting in the US , several medical schools in countries outside of the United States ( such as Iran , Israel , Canada , UK , Dominican Republic , Brazil and Poland ) have also started holding WCCs . The ceremony is no longer limited to medical students ; starting in 1995 , US pharmacy schools started holding WCCs , with the difference that most pharmacy students receive their coats at the end of their first academic year . In 2003 a survey found that the majority of US pharmacy schools hold WCCs . The Gold - sponsored version of the WCC , or a similar rite of passage , is currently used by 97 percent of Association of American Medical Colleges ( AAMC ) - accredited schools of medicine in the United States , and takes place at medical and osteopathic schools in 13 other countries . In December 2006 the first white coat ceremony was held by Fatima Jinnah Dental College ( FJDC ) , in Karachi , Pakistan . In October 2008 the white coat ceremony was held at the VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , it was the first ceremony held in The Netherlands . In 2011 Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam also participated in holding the ceremony at their Medical Faculty . On October 13 , 2010 , the faculty of medicine at the University of Cologne , Germany , became the first German - speaking University to integrate this ritual into its programme . Initiated by then - student representative Hormos Salimi Dafsari in Cologne , the ceremony has been spread to various German cities such as Leipzig and Halle via channels of the German Medical Students ' Association ( bvmd ) . On April 12 , 2010 , The University of Queensland 's ( Australia ) School of Pharmacy became the first in Australia to adopt the ceremony for its incoming Bachelor of Pharmacy students . In September 2011 , Jagiellonian University in Kraków became the first medical school in Poland to introduce a white coat ceremony for the incoming class . ( 1 ) '' On February 28 , 2011 , the Faculty of Medicine at the Università del Piemonte Orientale `` Amedeo Avogadro '' in Novara became the first Italian medical school to introduce a white coat ceremony for its third year students . On October 5 , 2012 , the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy `` Gr . T. POPA '' of Iasi , Romania , became the first Romanian university to integrate this ritual , for its first year medical students , into the symbolism of developing as a physician . On October 8 , 2012 , the Medical University of Graz became the first university in Austria to celebrate a White Coat Ceremony of its third - year students . On December 6 , 2012 , the School of Medicine at the All American Institute of Medical Sciences , Jamaica , became the first in Jamaica to introduce this ritual , for its Basic Sciences medical students . In 2014 the Arnold P. Gold Foundation for Humanism in Medicine partnered with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing ( AACN ) to pilot the White Coat Ceremony at nursing schools . On 13th of July 2017 . The medical school of University Of Tripoli became the first Libyan University to introduce this event See also ( edit ) Pinning ceremony for nurses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Veatch RM ( February 2002 ) . `` White coat ceremonies : a second opinion '' . J Med Ethics. 28 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 28.1. 5 . PMC 1733513 . PMID 11834749 . Jump up ^ Jones VA , `` The White Coat : Why not Follow Suit ? '' JAMA. 1999 ; 281 : 478 . Full Text . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Peter M. `` For New Medical Students , White Coats Are a Warmup '' Los Angeles Times , 18 October 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 20 Years of the White Coat Ceremony '' . Columbia Medicine Magazine . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White Coat Ceremony '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony - History '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Medical College - Press Releases '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown DL , Ferrill MJ , Pankaskie MC ( October 2003 ) . `` White coat ceremonies in US schools of pharmacy '' . Ann Pharmacother. 37 ( 10 ) : 1414 -- 9 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1D124 . PMID 14519030 . Jump up ^ `` The Arnold P. Gold Foundation White Coat Ceremony - The Arnold P. Gold Foundation '' . The Arnold P. Gold Foundation . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony , Fachschaft Medizin Köln '' White Coat Ceremony , Fachschaft Medizin Köln Jump up ^ `` White Coat Ceremony Winter 2010 Cologne , Key Note Speech Hormos Salimi Dafsari '' White Coat Ceremony Winter 2010 Cologne , Key Note Speech Hormos Salimi Dafsari Jump up ^ `` Bundesvertretung der Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland e.V. ( bvmd ) '' Bundesvertretung der Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland e.V. ( bvmd ) Wikipedia Page Jump up ^ `` Debutto per la Cerimonia del Camice Bianco , NovaraOggi.com '' Jump up ^ `` American Association of Colleges of Nursing - The Arnold P. Gold Foundation and AACN Initiate White Coat Ceremony '' . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_coat_ceremony&oldid=796753465 '' Categories : Ceremonies Fashion - related occasions Medical education Medical ethics Rites of passage Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do you get your white coat in medical school | [
"The White Coat Ceremony (WCC) is a relatively new ritual in some medical (MD, DO), dental, optometry, audiology, chiropractic, dietetic, occupational therapy, physical therapy, podiatric, pharmacy, physician assistant, pathologists' assistant, nursing, naturopathic and veterinary schools that marks the student's transition from the study of preclinical to clinical health sciences. At some schools, where students begin meeting patients early in their education, the white coat ceremony is held before the first year begins. It is an example of a matriculation."
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"before the first year begins"
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